Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 656-661 656

Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

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Document heading doi:10.12980/JCLM.2.2014JCLM-2014-0041 2014 by the Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Documentation of hypoglycemic and wound healing in Kodiyampalayam coastal village (southeast coast of India)

Satyavani Kaliamurthi, Gurudeeban Selvaraj*, Ramanathan Thirugnanasambandam Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, India

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer Objective: To document the hypoglycemic and wound healing species especially Dr. L. Ramkumar, Assistant Professor, halophytes and associates were carried out in the coastal village of Kodiyampalayam (Southeast D M S ) epartment of icrobiology, elvam Methods:coast of Ind ia . College of Arts & Science, Periyar The data were collected during the month of December 2011 to November 2012 with University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, personal interviews and group discussion of local coastal fisher women community and traditional I ndia. pResults:ractitioner. Tel:+91 80158 45658 The results indicated the traditional knowledge of 33 medicinal plant species, E 3996 -mail: ramk @gmail.com pCitrullushotogra pcolocynthis,hs, vernac Cocciniaular nam grandis,e, habit ,Rhizophora active pa rapiculata,t and the iRhizophorar mode of amucronata,ction. Amo Bruguierang these, Comments cylindrica, Excoecaria agallocha Andrographis paniculata Conclusions: and were discovered in huge number. This is a valuable research work in This study concludes medicinal uses of halophytes and associates in the coastal which authors have demonstrated the area. It will be needed scientific validation for development of novel therapeutic agents. diabetic and diabetic wound healing properties of medicinal plants on coastal life particularly coastal fisher KEYWORDS Rhizophora apiculata women community. Coastal village, Halophytes, Diabetes, Wound-healing, Details on Page 661

1. Introduction suffered with Type 2 diabetes a prototype multi-factorial complex it accounts for 90% to 95% in the incidence of Every living thing on the earth vary from flora to fauna diabetes[2]. Nearly 2.5% to 7% of the populations were system for their habits and habitats. There are twelve diagnosed with Type 2 and considered India as one as one mega- countries around the world, among of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around these India has the largest biodiversity of vegetation. In the the world[3]. Currently, insulin and oral hypoglycemic modern life style, people are lack of the physical workout. agents are used in the treatment of diabetes. The main As a result it leads to various kinds of metabolic disorders undesirable effect of insulin is that hypoglycemia can and diseases. Diabetes mellitus is the major metabolic cause brain damage, swelling, erythema and stinging[4]. disorder, caused by either inadequate insulin production Therefore several pre-clinical studies are ongoing to or resistance to insulin which leads to diabetes mellitus[1]. develop substitutes for treatment of diabetes mellitus from viz. There are three major types of diabetes , insulin- plant sources. Multi disciplinary ethno-botanical science dependent diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes deals with the direct relationship between the people and gestational diabetes. However most of the people and plants and also studys the complex use of plants in

*Corresponding author: Gurudeeban Selvaraj, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Article history: Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, India. Received 24 Mar 2014 Tel: + 91 97894 45377 Received in revised form 5 Apr, 2nd revised form 8 Apr, 3rd revised form 16 Apr 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 22 May 2014 Foundation Project: Supported by the authorities of Annamalai University and Available online 19 Jun 2014 University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Grant No: UGC Ref. No.: 39-439/2010. (SR) dated 06.01.2011. Satyavani Kaliamurthi et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 656-661 657 particular culture system for disease curing and healing[5]. Despite treatment, ulcers readily become chronic wounds. Unresponsive wounds on debilitated patients and those with multiple medical problems should be addressed based on a triad of care: intrinsic, extrinsic and wound ’ environment factors. Intrinsic factors include the patient s medical status, prescribed medication and concomitant E Figure 1. disease. xtrinsic factors include repetitive trauma, off- Satellite view of Kodiyampalayam coastal village, Nagai District, Tamil Nadu. loading and pressure reduction. The wound environment examination includes the amount of necrotic tissue, 2.2. Ethnobotanical survey fibrotic tissue, percent of granulation, re-epithelialization, cellular activity in the wound, and devices and dressings used for treatment. Previously, the antidiabetic potential of Present information on the medicinal plants used by the viz., Citrullus colocynthis and associates species local people of Kodiyampalayam coastal village has been C. colocynthis , Aegiceras corniculatum A. corniculatum , ( ) ( ) collected during 2011-2012 (Figure 2). Two to three attempts Excoecaria agallocha E. agallocha , Rhizophora apiculata ( ) were undertaken for the interview and discussion with R. apiculata Rhizophora mucronata R. mucronata ( ) and ( ) the local medicine man to gather maximum information were reported[6-11]. about the plants used in diabetes and wound healing. The coastal village of Kodiyampalayam is located in The information was further verified by cross checking Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu in southern India. and validated by the common response from the village There are wide ranges of halophytes and associated plant on some species of treatment. The plants were identified species were distributed in the village. But there is no comparing with authentic specimens. All the recorded report on ethno-botanical information in the coastal plants have been documented in the paper along with village. Hence, the present study was aimed to document their scientific and local names, useful parts, habit and the indigenous knowledge and utilization of medicinal medicinal values. The methods adopted for investigation plants along Kodiyampalayam coastal village. are those of Schultes[12].

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Study area

Kodiyampalayam coastal village is an extension of Pichavaram mangrove forest which is spread irregularly Figure 2. (unevenly) in the Kaveri delta. The artificial mangrove Local traditional plant practitioners with our team member. forest is situated away from 5 km southeast of the Kollidam, 3. Results Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India lying between 11.33 latitude and 79.73 longitude. Kodiyampalayam is 205 km distance from Chennai. The total area is covered by In the present survey revealed that the local people of the mangrove, about 500 hectares. This mangrove forest Kodiyampalayam coastal village, Nagapattinam District, is influenced by the sea water from the Bay of Bengal. Tamil Nadu, India were using twenty eight species of It received from brackish water from Colcroon estuaries medicinally important plants belonging to 25 families. They and fresh water from Kollidam. The average depth of the were listed by their scientific names and vernacular names estuary is 2.5 m and width 100 m to 200 m. The sand bars followed by active part and uses (Table 1). The medicinal appear at the mouth of the estuary. Their position and plants including were categorized into shrubs (4), extent very frequently due to tidal effect while water flow herbs (12), trees (13) and remaining were grass, climbers and due to flooding during the monsoon resulting in erosion creepers. Majority of species belongs to Cucurbitaceae (3), and later accretion in summer. The largest wetlands (3), Euphorbiaceae (2), Acanthaceae (2) and surrounding the eastern complex are used for aquaculture. Liliaceae (2). As a result, more than 20 species used to control Drainage canals from aquaculture farms and domestic blood glucose level in the case of diabetics mellitus followed sewage are discarded into the Kollidam (Figure 1). by diabetic wound, ulcer wound, itching, scabies, inducing Satyavani Kaliamurthi et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 656-661 658 Table 1 List of medicinal flora in Kodiyampalayam coastal village. Scientific name Vernacular name Habit Active parts Mode of Action A. vasica Adhatoda Shrub Leaves Leaf juice used to control blood sugar A. corniculatum Mukkuthi Tree Leaves Leaf juice used for reduce pain and diabetes Aegle marmelos A. marmelos ( ) Vilvam Tree Leaves The dried and powdered leaves are used to control blood sugar Allium cepa A. cepa ( ) Vengkaayam Herb Bulb Bulb of the onion is used to control blood sugar Allium sativum A. sativum ( ) Vellai poondu Herb Leaves Juices of the leaves is used to control blood sugar Aloe vera A. vera ( ) Kattraazhai Herb Leaves gel Leaf gels are taken orally to control blood sugar A. paniculata Nilavembu Tree Leaves The juice of the leaves used to control blood sugar marina Venkandal Tree Leaves Treatment for small pox and ulcer wound Azadirachta indica A. ( indica V T L P ) eempu ree eaves owdered leaves are used to control blood sugar B. cylindrica Leaf juice taken for digestion and inducing appetite in diabetic Pannu kuchi Tree Leaves, roots patients Calophyllum inophyllum Root and seed oil applied for the treatment of diabetic wound Punnai Tree Root and Seed oil and scabies Cissus quadrangularis Aerial part of the plant boiled in water and juice taken for digestion Pirandai Shrub Aerial part and inducing appetite in diabetic patients Citrullus colocynthis Paeikomati Prostrate Creeper fruit Leaves are used to control blood sugar Coccinia grandis Koovai Creeper Herb Fruit Fruits are used to control blood sugar Curcuma longa Kasturimanjal Herb Rhizome Rhizome is used to control blood sugar Cynodon dactylon Powdered leaf were taken orally to reduce blood pressure and Arugampul Grass Leaves excess blood glucose level Eclipta alba Karsalankanni Herb Leaves Leaf is used to control blood sugar Excoecaria agallocha Thillai Tree Leaves Leaf juice used for reduce blood glucose level and fish poison Ficus benghalensis Aalamaram Tree Bark Bark decoction is used to control blood sugar Hibiscus rosasinensis Fresh leaf juice is taken regularly for anti-diabetic effect and Semparathai Herb Hair growth Heliotropium curassavicum Leaves used for external application to ulcers, wounds, and Perennial herb Leaves local inflammations Ixora coccinea Flower juice is boiled with coconut oil and applied topically on Idlipoo Shrub Flower the itching places of diabetic wound to cure Melothria maderaspatana Powdered leaf juices used in the treatment for cold, cough and Musumusukai Climber Leaves maintain blood sugar level Mimosa pudica Thottasiniki Creeper Leaves Used for wound healing activities Ocimum sanctum Tulsi Shrub Leaves Early morning a pinch of leaf is taken to control blood sugar Phyllanthus emblica Nellikkaai Tree Fruit Fruits are very good antioxidant properties Rhizophora apiculata Surapunnai Tree Leaves Used as an antiseptic Rhizophora mucronata Juice of matured leaves and roots are used during childbirth Surapunnai Tree Leaves, roots and to control blood sugar Sesuvium portulacastrum Orputu Perennial herb Leaves Used as a pickles for human consumption Suaeda maritima Mottaumiri Herb Leaves and shoots The aerial parts were used for pickles preparation Suaeda monoica Pooumiri Herb Leaves Leaf paste were applied for wounds Solanum nigrum Leaf juice were taken orally for diabetes and reduce hot Manathakali Herb Leaves temperature conditions of our body Syzygium cumini Naaval Tree Seeds Dried seed powder taken orally to reduce the blood glucose level Table 2

Photograph of anti-diabetic and wound healing species along Kodiyampalayam coastal village. Images Systematic classification Images Systematic classification A. vasica L. A. paniculata (Burm.F.) Wall. ex Nees Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Order: Lamiales Family: Acanthaceae Family: Acanthaceae Adhatoda Andrographis Genus: Genus: A.vasica A. paniculata Species: Species: Satyavani Kaliamurthi et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 656-661 659 Table 2, continued Photograph of anti-diabetic and wound healing species along Kodiyampalayam coastal village. Images Systematic classification Images Systematic classification A. corniculatum (L.) lanco A. indica

Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliophyta Order: Ericales Order: Sapindales Family: Myrsinaceae Family: Meliaceae Aegiceras Azadirachta Genus: Genus: A. corniculatum A. indica Species: Species: Aegle marmelos L. Correa B. cylindrica (L.) Blume

Class : Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Sapindales Order: Family: Rutaceae Family: Rhizophoraceae Aegle Genus: Genus: A. marmelos B. cylindrica Species: Species: Allium cepa L. Cissus quadrangularis L.

Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Asparagales Order: Vitales Family: Amaryllidaceae Family: Vitaceae Allium Cissus Genus: Genus: A. cepa C. quadrangularis Species: Species: Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Class: Liliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida. Order: Asparagales Order: Cucurbitales Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae Family: Cucurbitaceae Aloe Citrullus Genus: Genus: A. vera C. colocynthis Species: Species: Coccinia grandis L.Voigt Ficus benghalensis L.

Class: Dicotyledonae Class: Equisetopsida Order: Cucurbitales Order: Rosales Family: Cucurbitaceae Family: Moraceae Coccinia Ficu Genus: Genus: s C. grandis F. benghalensis Species: Species: Curcuma longa L. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Class Magnoliopsida. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Zingiberales Order: Malvales Family: Zingiberaceae Family: Malvaceae Curcuma Hibiscus Genus: Genus: C. longa H. rosa-sinensis Species: Species: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Heliotropium curassavicum L.

Class: Magnoliophyta Class: Dicotyledons Order: Poales Order: Lamiales Family:Poaceae Family: Boraginaceae Cynodon Heliotropium Genus: Genus: C. dactylon H.curassavicum Species: Species: L. Eclipta prostrate L. Ixora coccinea L.

Class: Magnoliophyta Order: Family: Rubiaceae Order: Asterales Order: Gentianales Family:Asteraceae Family:Rubiaceae Eclipta Ixora Genus: Genus: E. prostrate I. coccinea Species: Species: Excocaria agallocha L. Mimosa pudica L

Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Order: Fabales Family: Euphorbiaceae Family: Fabaceae Excoecaria Mimosa Genus: Genus: E. agallocha M. pudica Species: Species: Ocimum sanctum L. Suaeda maritima L.

Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Dicotyedons Order: Lamiales Order: Chenopodiales Family: Lamiaceae Family: Chenopodiaceae Ocimum Suaeda Genus: Genus: O. sanctum S. maritime Species: Species: Satyavani Kaliamurthi et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 656-661 660 Table 2, continued

Photograph of anti-diabetic and wound healing species along Kodiyampalayam coastal village. Images Systematic classification Images Systematic classification Phyllanthus emblica L. Suaeda monoica Forsk. ex Gmel

Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Dicotyedons Order: Malpighiales Order: Chenopodiales Family: Phyllanthaceae Family: Chenopodiaceae Phyllanthus Suaeda Genus: Genus: P. emblica S. monoica Species: Species: Rhizophora apiculata Blume Solanum nigrum L.

Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Order: Solanales Family: Rhizophoraceae Family: Solanaceae Rhizophora Solanum Genus: Genus: R. apiculata S. nigrum Species: Species: Rhizophora mucronata Poir Syzygium cumini L. Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Dicotyledonae Order: Malpighiales Order: Myrtales Family: Rhizophoraceae Family: Myrtaceae Rhizophora Syzygium Genus: Genus: R. mucronata S. cumini Species: Species: appetite in diabetic patients, reduce blood pressure and of being investigated later by government agencies while good antioxidant properties. The systematic classification others did not wish to divulge their professional secrets and photographs of the plant species was showed in Table 2. and communication language. By mutual contacts, friendly approaches and financial compensation were useful in overcoming such obstacles. Medicinal plants play an 4. Discussion important role in providing knowledge to the researchers in the field of ethno pharmacology. Many valuable Coastal people use plant part either separately or mixed herbal drugs have been discovered by knowing that a together to treat diseases. The medical man pointed out particular plant was used by the ancient folk healers for the curative nature of diabetes totally depends upon the treatment of some kind of ailment[14]. Apart from this natural resources for collection of plants and their additional information were also gathered while comparing parts[13]. Generally, fresh part of the plant is used for the the same species with other districts ethno survey. For A. paniculata preparation of medicine. When fresh plant parts are not example, leaves paste of applied externally available, dried parts are also used. In the present study, on bitten site of scorpion sting and snakebites along the different types of preparation made from medicinally Madurai district of Tamilnadu[15]. Floral resources used in important plants such as leaf/flower juice, bulb, gels, the local health traditions are gradually becoming extinct seed oil, decoction, powder, rhizome, fresh fruits and due to population explosion and other anthropogenic leaves. Majority of the preparation were in the form of reasons. In order to reverse this trend, domestication of Adhatoda vasica juices (kasaya) obtained from leaves wild medicinal plants is of utmost importance[16]. Partially A. vasica , Aegiceras corniculatum A. corniculatum , ( ) ( ) we concentrated on conservation of coastal species like Allium sativum A. sativum , Andrographis paniculata A. C. colocynthis Heliotropium curassavicum in ( ) ( and through paniculata , Bruguiera cylindrica B. cylindrica Cissus vitro ) ( ), tissue culture techniques[17,18]. Farmers should be quadrangularis C. quadrangularis Excoecaria agallocha ( ), involved in the cultivation of medicinal plants at least in E. agallocha Hibiscus rosasinensis H. rosasinensis ( ), ( ), their uncultivated land this will enhance their income and Melothria maderaspatana M. maderaspatana Rhizophora ( ), in turn help in the conservation of the species. mucronata R. mucronata Solanum nigrum S. ( ) and ( In conclusion, the present investigation has highlighted nigrum ). the antidiabetic and wound healing therapeutic value of The people of Kodiyampalayam coastal area prescribed plant species along the Kodiyampalayam coastal village. combination of plant species to rapidly cure the diseases. It would help the researchers for chosen the study plant Ixora coccinea For example, flower juice of Idilipoo ( ) for screening the pharmacological activities especially boiled with coconut oil and applied totally for the diabetes. Also new approaches of conservation strategy treatment of itching places of diabetic wound. During the will be needed to restore the indigenous knowledge of ethno survey, we underwent several problems such as, medicinal plants and natural drug development for the some of them declined to answer few questions for fear future generation. Satyavani Kaliamurthi et al./Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014; 2(8): 656-661 661 Conflict of interest statement et al. Oxidative stress parameters in type I, type II and insulin- Clin treated type 2 diabetes mellitus: insulin treatment efficiency. Chim Acta 32 The authors declared no conflict of interest. 2002; : 89-96. [4] P atil RN, Patil RY, Ahirwar B, Ahirwar D. Evaluation of antidiabetic and related actions of some Indian medicinal plants Acknowledgements Asian Pac J Trop Med 4 in diabetic rats. 2011; : 20-23. [5] H edberg I. Research on medicinal and poisonous plants of Past, present and future in T A tropics. In: Leewenerg AJM, editor. he authors are grateful to the authorities of nnamalai medicinal and poisonous plants of the tropics. University and University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Dehra Dun, India: G N UGC R N 39 439 2010 (SR) 06 01 2011 International Book Distribution; 1987, p. 9-15. rant o: ef. o.: - / . dated . . for Citrullus [6] G urudeeban S, Ramanathan T. Antidiabetic effect of providing all support during the study period. colocynthis Invent Rapid in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ethnopharmacol 1 2010; : 112. Comments [7] G urudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T, Balasubramanian T. Aegiceras corniculatum Antidiabetic effect of black mangrove in Background J Adv Pharm Technol Res 3 alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 2012; : Ethnobotanical study deals with the relationship between 52-56. T [8] S atyavani K. Nanoencapsulation, characterization and ointment the practioners and plant species. he complex usage of Excoecaria agallocha plants and their parts in coastal system. Therefore there is formulation of rutin from L. on control need of documentation. of type II diabetes and diabetic foot ulcer using Wistar Albino rats [dissertation]. Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India: Annamalai Research frontiers University; 2013, p. 241. This paper explains diabetic and diabetic wound healing [9] G urudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T. Alpha glucosidase inhibitory effect and enzyme kinetics of coastal medicinal plants. properties of coastal medicinal plants documented based on Bangladesh J Pharmacol 7 the information collected from coastal people. 2012; : 186-191. [10] G urudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T, Balasubramanian Related reports in silico T. An approach of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent Rhizophora mucronata E dioxygenase FTO inhibitors derived from . thnobotanical information was collected based on the Drug Inven Today 4 personel interview of coastal people. The folklore is useful to 2012; : 594-598. document coastal life medicine. [11] G urudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T, Ravikumar P. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors derived from a mangrove Innovations and breakthroughs Rhizophora mucronata in silico Bangladesh J flora : an approach. Pharmacol 7 Coastal plant diversity, identification and authentication of 2012; : 203-210. [12] Schultes RE. The role of the ethnobotanist in the search for new plant materials with medicinal importance were carried out. Lloyida 25 medicinal plants. 1962; : 257-266. Applications [13] K ala CP. Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of Curr Sci 89 Based on this survey it has been found that coastal amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India. 2005; : medicinal plant is safe to humans. This is useful information 1331-1338. [14] E kka NR, Dixit VK. Ethno-pharmacognostical studies of for pharmaceutical industry. Int J Green medicinal plants of Jashpur district (Chattisgarh). Peer review Pharm 1 2007; : 2-4. This is a valuable research work in which authors have [15] I gnacimuthu S, Ayyanar M, Sankara Sivaraman K. Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu demonstrated the diabetic and diabetic wound healing J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2 properties of medicinal plants on coastal life particularly (India). 2006; : 25. [16] U niyal B, Shiva V. Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants coastal fisher women community. Ind J among rural women of the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Trad Knowl 4 2005; : 259-266. References [17] S atyavani K, Ramanathan T, Gurudeeban S. Effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction and plantlet regeneration of bitter Citrullus colocynthis Asian J Biotechnol [1] P areek H, Sharma S, Khajja BS, Jain K, Jain GC. Evaluation apple ( ) from stem explant. Tridax 3 of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic potential of 2011; : 246-253. procumbens BMC Complement Altern Med 9 (Linn.) 2009; : 48. 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