AFRICAN UNION JUNE SPECIAL EDITION - Issue 001- 2016 PEACE & SECURITY Review AFRICAN UNION

Munich Security Conference comes to Africa AU and Ethiopia host First Core Group Meeting in the Continent The African Union Peace & Security Review AFRICAN UNION Published by: the Office of the Commissioner AU Peace and Security Department (PSD) Editorial Advisor PEACE & SECURITY Review JUNE SPECIAL EDITION - Issue 001- 2016 Braham Khellaf

Editor-in-Chief Admore Kambudzi, PhD

Editors Sivuyile Bam Peace Support Operations Tarek Sharif, PhD Defense and Security Admore Kambudzi, PhD Peace and Security Council Ambassador Fred Ngoga-Gateretse Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Alhaji Sarjo Bah, PhD Conflict Management and Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development

Editorial Focal Point O.Bama Secretary Munich Security Senper Shimeles

Design / Layout Binyam Misgina Conference Printing In this Issue AMEYIB Communication & Marketing Plc Photography comes to AUPSD Africa Highlights of the Commissioner’s AU DIC activities Archives AU and Ethiopia host First Core Group Meeting in the UN Photos Continent Activities of the Special Envoy on Acknowledgement Women, Peace and Security The Peace and Security Department acknowledges and appreciates the support and collaboration of our sister departments, notably, the Directorate of Conference News from the Defence and Management and Publications (DCMP) and the Security Division Directorate of Information and Communication (DIC) Address News on Post-Conflict Peace and Security Department African Union Commission Reconstruction and Development Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected] News on Conflict Prevention and Website: www.peaceau.org Twitter: @AU_PSD Early Warning Facebook: http://goo.gl/qhiOR Staff News and more Telephone: +251 115 514518 / 4494 2 AU-Peace and Security Review AFRICAN UNIONSpecial Edition June 2016 3 normatifs - dont la plupart ont été ratifiés par nos États membres clairement où nous voulons aller. Mais nous devons nous rendre - visantà l’avènement d’un continent inclusif, démocratique compte que nous n’y serons pas en l’absence d’un engagement et prospère. Toutefois, de nombreux défis restent à relever résolu et d’une profonde réflexion sur le panafricanisme et le pour assurer que ces lois et ces normes cruciales deviennent principe de solidarité africaine, que nous avons démontrés effectivement une réalité pour notre peuple. Cela ne se fera pas il n’y a pas longtemps dans notre lutte commune pour notre en l’absence d’initiatives collaboratives du gouvernement, des libération et plus récemment contre Ebola. Pour cette raison je organisations la société civile et d’autres parties prenantes. Le suis confiante qu’une fois encore nous nous montrerons à la Malawi est un exemple récent, ayant mis en place un organisme hauteur des attentes placées en nous pour accélérer la mise en dont la seule mission consiste à assurer que tous les protocoles, oeuvre de nos priorités et programmes majeurs. chartes et traités de l’Union africaine sont ratifiés et intégrés Ainsi, alors que nous célébrons cette importante journée, que dans la législation nationale nous reprenions notre engagement à l’Afrique et to les idéaux Let us work qui nous ont été légués par nos mères et nos pères fondateurs. Chers compatriotes africains, Ensemble, nous pouvons faciliter l’intégration de l’Afrique, l’unité et les valeurs partagées de prospérité et de paix durable Nous devons nous poser certaines questions cruciales, légitimes pour tous. together to design et difficiles alors que nous nous apprêtons à réaliser la vision Message de S.E. Dr Nkosazana Dlamini de l’Union africaine pour une Afrique intégrée, prospère et paisible, dirigée par ses propres citoyens et s’exprimant d’une Vive l’Afrique et sa diaspora ! a world in which Zuma, Présidente de la Commission de voix forte sur la scène internationale. C’EST CELA, L’AFRIQUE Vive l’unité et la solidarité africaines ! l’Union africaine, QUE NOUS VOULONS, tel qu’exprimé par notre peuple dans all human beings l’Agenda 2063. La mise en oeuvre du premier Plan décennal est Bonne et Heureuse Journée de l’Afrique ! déjà entamée. Grâce à l’émission d’un passeport africain à nos lors de la Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement lors du Sommet de Kigali en can live and juillet prochain, nous espérons accélérer la libre circulation des personnes, des biens et des services, qui constitue l’un de nos commémoration projets phares. prosper free from Notre vision continentale ne sera menée à bien que si nous de la «Journée de oeuvrons collectivement avec les États membres ainsi que fear and want. toutes les autres parties prenantes, notamment la société civile, H.E. Olusegun Obasanjo, Former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria le secteur privé, les institutions religieuses, les universitaires et l’Afrique», le 25 mai 2016 les médias. Nous sommes tous logés à la même enseigne ! Oui, la bonne gouvernance et la démocratie inclusive Chers compatriotes africains du continent et de la sontbimportantes, mais les droitsbde l’homme vont au-delà de diaspora, ces principes fondamentaux. Les droits de l’homme signifient Chers amis de l’Afrique, que l’on investit dans la ressource la plus précieuse de l’Afrique : le milliard de personnes ou plus, dont la majorité sont jeunes, En ce jour historique du 25 mai, nous célébrons le 53e dont plus de la moitié sont des femmes. Cela signifie également anniversaire de la fondation de notre organisation continentale, qu’on investit, pour eux, dans la santé, l’éducation de qualité, l’Organisation de l’Unité Africaine (OUA), maintenant l’Union l’accès aux services de base et les infrastructures, dans la africaine (UA), je voudrais vous adresser mes salutations les plus libre circulation sur le continent et dans la valorisation de nos chaleureuses et les plus sincères en cette Journée de l’Afrique, ressources naturelles. Les droits de l’homme représentent en alors que nous célébrons les progrès continus réalisés par toutes effet le juste équilibre entre les aspirations civiques et socio- les filles et de tous les fils de notre continent bien aimé. économiques, qui nous offriront un continent paisible, dont le Cette année, nous célébrons cette journée spéciale alors que développement est axé sur ses populations, un continent qui nous aspirons à la transformation de notre continent, que joue un rôle dynamique sur l’échiquier international. nous faisons le bilan et réfléchissons sur nos réalisations dans Cette année, nous voulons nous concentrer sur les droits des notre quête d’une vie meilleure pour tous les segments de la femmes, parce que c’est une obligation fondamentale, qui se population africaine. Nous aspirons tous à une Afrique bien justifie du point de vue économique. L’investissement dans nos gérée et prospère, soucieuse des principes fondamentaux de femmes est une garantie de paix durable, de stabilité au sein démocratie, de l’État de droit et du respect total des droits de la communauté et de cohésion. L’investissement dans nos humains et des peuples. Ses aspirations s’alignent sur le thème femmes contribue à la prospérité des familles, des communautés suivant : « Année des droits de l’homme en Afrique avec et du continent. un accent particulier sur les droits des femmes », thème qui représente en effet une occasion autant qu’un défi pour tous les Africains. Chers compatriotes africains L’Union africaine a élaboré de nombreux cadres et instruments L’Agenda 2063, L’AFRIQUE QUE NOUS VOULONS, nous indique

4 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 5 AFRICAN UNION AU-UN Partnership for Peace nothing has been In March 2016, Commissioner Chergui led an AUPSD delegation to UN Headquarters in New York. During that visit, the done, until it has been Commissioner met with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and addressed the UN Security Council Open Session on Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region. He communicated also discussed African peace and security issues with other international personalities, including the Foreign Minister of , H.E Augusto Santo Silva, UK Min. for Africa H.E. James Duddridge, and France’s Ambassador to the UN, H.E. Francois Delattre.

A Word of Appreciation I am pleased to introduce this maiden edition of the news bulletin the implementation of our mandate. Our sincere appreciation of the African Union Peace and Security Department (PSD). Upon also goes to the Member States whose constant concern and my arrival in the department almost three years ago, I noticed, support, particularly within the framework of the Peace and with dismay, that neither PSD nor the Commission at large Security Council, has kept the Department alive and guided us to had a quality news publication that consistently recapitulates continue striving to make our Continent more peaceful, secure and analyses the myriad activities and programs we daily work and stable, and the African Union more visible and respected so hard under challenging circumstances to conceptualize globally. We may not have done a perfect job, but we are doing and implement. Considering the strategic importance of the best we can with the limited means at our disposal. We communication in today’s fast-globalizing world, it is imperative will continue striving to put to good use the resources made to adequately inform our stakeholders about the good work we available to us. are doing. Strategic communication is so vital nowadays that I now invite you to enjoy the pages of this bulletin. Please, feel some experts go as far as to assert that “nothing has been free to contact the editorial board with your comments and done, until it has been communicated.” suggestions, so that together, we can improve the quality of The soft power of smart Public Diplomacy is undeniable. That is our departmental news publication. why I gave instructions for some changes to be made in the way PSD communicates with its various stakeholders. The revival of this redesigned news bulletin is part of that process. It has taken Thank you. some time to finally come to fruition. I hope that from now on, this news bulletin will be published consistently and will not need to be “revamped” again. I thank the Heads of Division and their staff who have worked hard to provide material for Ambassador Smail Chergui AFRICAN UNION this maiden issue of the PSD news bulletin and I hope that those Commissioner for Peace and Security who were not able, for whatever reason, to contribute to this issue will do so in the future. The period under review in this maiden edition is from the last AU Summit in January to May 2016. During this timeframe and despite the Commission- wide budgetary constraints, the Peace and Security Department has continued to be active and busy designing and implementing a variety of quality programs and activities aimed at preventing and managing conflicts, sustaining peace, and assisting in the reconstruction of post-conflict societies across the continent. I thank the Department’s staff for their hard work and dedication. Your efforts are reflected in this publication and will continue to be appreciated and celebrated in future issues of the PSD news bulletin. I would also like to extend special gratitude to our bilateral and multilateral partners, whose financial, logistical and capacity support has proved indispensable in

6 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 7 AFRICAN UNION Au Mali, la période sous examen a nées de l’Accord d’Arusha de 2000, et Mr. Chairman, The State of Peace and Security in été marquée par le parachèvement du constituent une menace sur l’équilibre Ladies and Gentlemen, processus de signature et le début de régional en construction. Le Conseil n’a The Horn of Africa remains a source of la mise en oeuvre de l’Accord pour la pas cessé de suivre la situation dans le concern. In South , the signing, paix et la réconciliation. La réunion de pays, et a identifié les voies et moyens Africa in August 2015, of the Agreement haut niveau du Comité de suivi tenue devant permettre de relancer le dialogue facilitated by IGAD, opened a new à Alger, les 17 et 18 janvier 2016, s’est inter burundais inclusif, sous les auspices Remarques Introductives du Commissaireà la Paix et à la Sécurité de l’Union phase in the resolution of this bloody félicité des progrès accomplis dans la du Président Yoweri Museveni, au nom Africaine, au Rapport du Conseil de Paix et de la Sécurité sur ses activités et l’état conflict. Challenges are facing the consolidation de la paix au Mali, en de la région et de déployer la Mission implementation of the Agreement, in de la paix et de la sécurité en Afrique AddisAbéba, le 30 janvier 2016 dépit d’un contexte sécuritaire très de l’UA, MAPROBU, sous réserve particular the ceasefire arrangements fragile, marqué par la multiplication du consentement du Gouvernement and the formation of the Transitional des attaques terroristes, comme en Burundais. La Commission a fait tout certain nombre de questions thématiques Government of National Unity. The témoigne celle contre l’hôtel Radisson ce qui est possible à son niveau. La liées à la promotion de la paix et de la Assembly may call on all the South Blu de Bamako, le 20 novembre 2015. Présidente de la Commission a écrit sécurité. Sudanese parties to abide scrupulously by Je souligne, avec le Président Ibrahima par deux fois au Président Nkurunziza, the terms of the Agreement and promote Au titre des situations de conflits Boubacar Keita, l’urgence d’une action déployé des observateurs des droits de dialogue to overcome the challenges at spécifiques, permettez-moi de relever résolue contre les groupes terroristes et l’homme et des experts militaires, facilité hand. There is also an imperative need des développements encourageants l’économie criminelle au Nord du pays. le dialogue ; c’est à l’Assemblée de nous for enhanced humanitarian assistance to intervenus au cours du semestre guider maintenant. écoulé, dont votre Conférence pourrait Il convient par ailleurs de se féliciter the needy people in faced se féliciter. Il s’agit de la bonne tenue de l’évolution positive de la situation En République démocratique du Congo, by the consequences of the on-going des élections enCôte d’Ivoire eten politique à Madagascar et d’exhorter les l’année 2016 marquera une étape conflict and the prevailing drought in the Guinée qui ont permis de confirmer acteurs politiques malgaches à continuer importante dans la vie politique du pays, region. à oeuvrer à la consolidation des avancées avec les élections locales et nationales la consolidation de la paix et de la In Sudan, the national dialogue initiated démocratiques et à une participation envisagées. Dans cette perspective, les réconciliation et au BurkinaFaso où les by the President is an urgent need and massive à la table ronde prévue en acteurs politiques congolais sont saisis élections présidentielles et législatives all the Parties should demonstrate the juin 2016 pour soutenir les efforts de d’un appel au dialogue proposé par le du 29 novembre 2015 ont conclu la required political will to successfully développement socio-économique Président de la République sur la voie Transition certes difficile mais dont nous address the current outstanding issues in du pays. En perspective des élections à suivre par rapport aux élections. La sommes fiers des résultats. Nos plus vives the negotiations, with the support of the prévues en février prochain aux Comores, Présidente de la Commission, sollicitée félicitations au Président du Faso, présent AUHIP. parmi nous, et au peuple Burkinabé. l’ensemble des acteurs comoriens pour accompagner les acteurs congolais With regard to the relations between Nous tiendrons bientôt une session du devront oeuvrer à la consolidation des et faciliter le dialogue proposé, a désigné Sudan and South Sudan, we welcome Groupe International de Soutien pour acquis importants enregistrés sur la voie l’ancien Premier ministre Edem Kodjo the latest encouraging developments mobiliser l’Afrique et la communauté de la réconciliation et de la stabilité, dans à cet effet. S’agissant de la région, la between the two countries regarding internationale aux côtés du Burkina. La le strict respect de la Constitution. période sous examen a été marquée par la poursuite des efforts de mise en the issue of the border and oil transit, Tunisie où lesélections ont permis de Mr. Chairman, oeuvre de l’Accord-cadre pour la paix, but there is still need to expedite clore la période de transition, mérite Ladies and Gentlemen, efforts towards the full implementation d’être soutenue dans la consolidation de la sécurité et la coopération pour la Excellence, Monsieur le Président examen. Durant le second semestre Ces développements positifs ne sauraient of the September 2012 Cooperation ces acquis démocratiques et dans la lutte RDC et la région, avec comme priorité en exercice de l’Union Africaine; de l’année 2015, le Conseil s’est réuni pourtant nous faire perdre de vue les Agreement. contre le fléau du terrorisme, qui menace la neutralisation des forces négatives Excellences, Mesdames et Messieurs pratiquement un jour sur deux, pour, défis nombreux et complexes qu’il nous gravement l’équilibre socio-économique opérant à l’Est de la RDC, en particulier Regarding other parts of the Horn of les chefs d’État et de Gouvernement ; avec l’appui des États membres et de la reste encore à relever sur le chemin de la du pays. les FDLR et les ADF / Nalu. Il convient Africa, relations between Ethiopia and communauté internationale, rechercher paix et de la sécurité. Madame la Présidente de la de se féliciter de la signature hier de Eritrea have not recorded any progress les solutions les meilleures pour les En République centrafricaine, la tenue, en Commission; La situation au Burundi reste pour l’Accord entre le Gouvernement de la in the period under consideration. The situations de crise auxquelles notre Décembre 2015, dans un environnement l’UA une source de très grande RDC et la MONUSCO et des efforts same applies to the normalization of Mesdames et Messieurs les chefs de continent est confronté. Par ailleurs, le sécuritaire encore fragile, du referendum préoccupation. L’impasse politique conduits jusqu’ici par l’armée congolaise relations between Djibouti and Eritrea. délégation ; Conseil a également effectué des visites constitutionnel et des élections persistante, l’insécurité et la violence, avec ses propres ressources. sur le terrain, en témoigne celle conduite présidentielles est à saluer. Les autorités Mr. Chairman, Mesdames et Messieurs, le flux des réfugiés dont le nombre au Darfour, et a tenu des réunions de Transition et l’ensemble des acteurs, La situation en Guinée-Bissau doit retenir Ladies and Gentlemen, aujourd’hui dépasse les 240.000, ainsi L’honneur me revient de présenter à consultatives, parmi lesquelles il convient avec l’appui des pays de la région et du toute l’attention de la Conférence car au que les violations des droits de l’homme The situation in continued to be votre auguste Conférence, le rapport de citer celles avec le Comité politique et reste de la communauté internationale, moment où le Président du PAIGC, M. font craindre Remarques Introductives of utmost concern with escalation of du Conseil de paix et de sécurité sur de sécurité de l’Union européenne, avec devront tout mettr e en oeuvre pour Domingo Pereira, déclare que l’adoption du Commissaireà la Paix et à la Sécurité violence in various part of the country, ses activités et l’état de la paix et de la la Cour africaine des Droits de l’Homme que les disfonctionnements, qui ont du programme du Gouvernement par de l’Union Africaine, au Rapport du with the increasing presence of the sécurité en Afrique, depuis votre dernière et des Peuples et dernièrement avec le justifié l’annulation du premier tour des l’Assemblée représente le rétablissement Conseil de Paix et de la Sécurité sur so-called Islamic State in the country. session ordinaire tenue en juin 2015. Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies à élections législatives, soient corrigés, de la vie politique du pays, d’autres ses activités et l’état de la paix et de la The signing of the Libyan Political son retour du Burundi. Le rapport traite afin de permettre le parachèvement de forces politiques appellent le Président à Comme à l’accoutumée, le rapport qui sécurité en Afrique Addis Abéba, le 30 Agreement and the establishment of the également de l’état de la paix et de la la transition dans les délais convenus, à démettre le Gouvernement. vous est soumis rend compte des activités janvier 2016 une remise en cause de Government of National Accord opened sécurité sur le continent, ainsi que d’un savoir le 31 mars 2016. du Conseil au cours de la période sous la paix et la stabilité, encore fragiles, a window of hope. In this regard, all

8 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 9 Libyan stakeholders who have yet to profit de la Force Multinationale, dans Je ne saurais conclure sans mentionner endorse the Agreement are urged to le prolongement du Mémorandum la conduite réussie de l’exercice AMANI Commissioner Chergui Welcomes Munich do so expeditiously, as well as the d’Entente signé le 16 octobre 2015. AFRICA, entre le 19 Octobre et le House of Representatives to endorse 8 Novembre 2015, ce qui constitue En Somalie, l’AMISOM et l’Armée the Government of National Accord. We une autre source de fierté pour toute Security Conference to Africa nationalesomalienne continuent de organized the ICG/ Libya meeting on 28 l’Afrique, en ce sens que cet Exercice récupérer de vastes zonesdes mains Also with regard to the climate change, although January, in the margins of your current représente une étape importante dans du groupeterroriste Al- Shabaab.Ces Africa is the most vulnerable to the impacts of session, where we pledged to help in le processus d’opérationnalisation de la acquis ont permis d’enregistrer des climate change without really contributing to the promoting national dialogue and security Force africaine en attente, un des piliers progrès remarquables dans le processus escalation of the phenomenon, we have been sector reform and agreed on a joint AU principaux de l’architecture africaine de politique, en vue notamment de la actively engaged in the negotiations process / UN effort in order to ensure a holistic paix et de sécurité. réalisation de la Vision Somalie 2016, à and we are committed to comply with the global and concerted international action while travers la mise en place des institutions Je vous remercie de votre bien aimable mitigation policies and standards. strengthening the Libyan ownership. fédérales et la tenue d’élections en attention. Africa has much experience to contribute on a With regard to the situation in Western 2016. Je réunirai dans les jours prochains host of other global security issues. Let me give Sahara, I can only reiterate the important les Chefs d’État-major des pays just three examples. This is not an exhaustive list: appeal made by the Chairperson of the contributeurs de troupes pour amener I present them to provoke our thinking. Commission to enable the Sahrawi people AMISOM a prendre les mesures qui We welcome to exercise its right to self-determination. s’imposent après les dernières attaques the judgment, One such issue is the agenda of stopping the We welcome the judgment, issued last criminelles des terroristes. Il convient de Your Excellency President Olusegun Obasanjo, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. In the wake of the December, by the European Union Court noter par ailleurs que la Commission a issued last Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger, Chairman of the historic agreement with Iran on nuclear issues, let us reflect that of Justice, annulling the trade Agreement procédé à la mise en place dans les pays Munich Security Conference, the only two countries in the world that have voluntarily given in agriculture and fisheries products de la région de l’Afrique de l’Est, du December, by the Distinguished President Kohler, up advanced nuclear weapons programmes, are both African- concluded in 2012 between processus de Djibouti, pendant de celui Honorable Tedros Adhanom, Minister of Foreign Affairs South Africa and Libya. For sure, there are lessons to be learned and the European Union; this judgment de Nouakchott, pour le renforcement de European Union of Ethiopia from that. marks an important step in protecting la coopération sécuritaire entre les pays Honorable Ministers, Another is terrorism. Africa has rich experience in fighting the natural resources. de la région. Court of Justice, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, terrorist groups, and also has unequalled experience in finding The Assembly may wish to condemn the M. le Président, It is a great pleasure to welcome you here to Addis Ababa, negotiated solutions to armed conflicts that involve groups delaying of the visit of the UN Secretary Mesdames et Messieurs, annulling the many of you for the first time. This is an opportunity for us to labeled as terrorists. A few months ago, African mediators met General to the and call to the reciprocate the hospitality that the Munich Security Conference for their annual retreat in to discuss these challenges. D’évidence, des efforts renouvelés sont early accomplishment of the visit of Mr. trade Agreement extended to us just recently. It is an opportunity to thank encore nécessaires pour une prévention A third is the mass migration of economic migrants and refugees. Ban Ki-moon in the region to expedite the leadership of the Munich Security Conference for putting plus efficace des conflits et une lutte For most of Europe, receiving hundreds of thousands of distress the search for a peaceful solution to the in agriculture Africa on the agenda of the Conference for the first time, and décisive contre le terrorisme. A cette fin, migrants is a new and unwelcome phenomenon. Europe hasn’t conflict. to make good on our promise to demonstrate that Africa has il est essentiel que l’UA mobilise encore and fisheries seen anything like the current flows of people across its eastern Mr. Chairman, an integral place in the global security agenda. Addressing the plus de ressources sur le continent aux fins borders and over the Mediterranean Sea, since the end of World Ladies and Gentlemen, global security issues of our time requires an African input into d’une meilleure promotion des solutions products War Two. the agenda: into framing the questions and developing the Le terrorisme et l’extrémisme violent africaines aux problèmes africains. La responses, and also an African partnership in implementing But European policymakers who have travelled to Africa have constituent sans aucun doute la menace décision de votre Conférence d’assurer concluded in those responses. found that, in this continent, we have been dealing with la plus dangereuse et nos États membres 25% des coûts des opérations de paix comparable numbers of migrants and refugees for decades. The ont collectivement renouvelé hier au de l’UA à compter de 2020 est salutaire 2012 between The security challenges facing the world as a whole and those numbers of Africans fleeing to Europe has suddenly spiked in niveau du CPS leur détermination à sur la voie d’un financement durable et facing Africa are indivisible. It would not be possible for me the last few years. In Africa we have seen much larger numbers combattre sans réserve ce fléau. prévisible de la mise en oeuvre de notre Morocco and to compile two separate lists, one entitled “global security of migrants and refugees, the totals fluctuating year on year. Agenda pour la paix. La nomination d’un challenges” and the other headed “African security challenges” En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement For sure, Africa’s experience in hosting these people is relevant Haut Représentant pour le Fonds de the European and treat them differently. That approach might have been la lutte contre BokoHaram, il convient de to Europe’s predicament. la paix de l’UA, en la personne du Dr. possible during the Cold War. Today, we must realize that se féliciter des efforts conjoints des pays Union; this Excellencies, Ladies and gentlemen, Donald Kaberuka, ancien Président de la global security is indivisible. de la Commission du Bassin du Lac Tchad BAD, constitue un pas important dans la There is a distinction to be made. That is between global et le Bénin, qui ont permis de reconquérir judgment marks However, some global security challenges are primarily African, mise en oeuvre de la décision de votre problems that require international partnership, in which Africa presque toutes les localités jusqu’ici while others affect Africa less. For now, let me emphasize the Conférence. should play a role or at least have a voice, and problems that are occupées par ce groupe terroriste. Des an important integrated nature of international security challenges. primarily internal to Africa, but for which we seek international mesures ont été mises en oeuvre pour Il nous faut également renforcer step in protecting For instance, the crisis in the European Union affects Africa- partnership. l’opérationnalisation effective de la Force nos synergies avec nos Mécanismes and indeed vice versa, African realities affect Europe. This is multinationale mixte (FMM) pour la lutte régionaux, et toujours affiner encore plus the Western clearest in the Mediterranean Sea which we see as a shared Let me enumerate several of the key strategic challenges facing contre le Groupe Terroriste BokoHaram. les divers partenariats en matière de paix space between three continents. Distress migration to Europe, Africa today. Dans ce cadre, il convient de se féliciter et de sécurité que nous entretenons avec Sahara natural transnational organized crime, and armed militants are all One is sustaining equitable economic growth in a highly de la signature, hier, avec la Commission la communauté internationale, avec au a shared problem. They must be addressed by all of us in turbulent global economy. Africa’s oil producers have suffered du Bassin du Lac Tchad, de l’Accord de premier rang, les Nations unies. partnership, or they will not be solved. from the sharp drop in the price of oil, even while its non-oil Mise en OEuvre du Soutien de l’UA au resources.

10 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 11 producers have benefited. The unpredictability of the global Operations in line with the initiative of President Obama, economy poses huge challenges for national economic planning, bearing in mind that the remaining 75% will be funded from Why Africa matters in the exposing us to high risks. the UN’s assessed contribution. A second challenge is sustaining our progress in democratic Most recently, the African Union has appointed the former governance. We have made vast strides in democratization over President of the African Development Bank, Dr. Donald international security agenda recent decades. The African Union has, in its Constitutive Act, Kaberuka, to design a clear roadmap on how to generate the a norm that prohibits unconstitutional change in government. 25%. I am confident that with a strong international partnership The Munich Security Conference meets for the first time in Addis Ababa We have succeeded in reducing military coups on the continent. we shall overcome the difficulties we face, and put African However, we should admit that more efforts are needed in this peace operations on a much sounder financial footing. This The joint fight against terror and landscape, as well as the state of Africa’s resilience,” he added, particularly in path. will not only be of profound practical importance to our peace extremism, crisis prevention and security architecture. There are a lot crisis management: agenda, but will be a strong symbol of multilateral partnership. A third challenge is violent extremism: although violent management in Northern and Eastern of international meetings in this city, extremism is a global phenomenon, we believe that the solutions I thank you for your kind attention. Africa, as well as the security risks posed Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam “Africa has become far to it must be found locally. This can include de-radicalization by epidemics and climate change were Desalegn said during a conference dinner and ensuring opportunities to our youth in a comprehensive among the central topics of the Munich at the National Palace. “But no meeting more ready to shoulder approach. Security Conference (MSC) Core Group is more timely and more important than Meeting in Addis Ababa. this one.” A fourth challenge, and one that preoccupies me particularly, its responsibility in is strengthening Africa’s peace and security architecture, and Under the chairmanship of Ambassador During his opening address, MSC conflict resolution.” in particular, making our peace operations more effective and An effective peace Wolfgang Ischinger, around 60 senior Chairman Ambassador Wolfgang more sustainable. leaders from Africa, Europe and the US Ischinger stressed: “It really is high Conflict prevention and management gathered in the Ethiopian capital, which time for a renewed special focus would not be possible without Africa More than eighty percent of the world’s peacekeepers are operation is not a is also the seat of the African Union (AU), on Africa. Africa’s young and fast- taking the lead. Participants emphasized deployed in Africa. The African Union and our regional to exchange ideas in an informal setting. growing population can offer enormous the high burden African states are organizations are commonly the first responders to crises, The MSC Core Group Meeting – the first opportunities for its societies. If states carrying in international peacekeeping dispatching troops at short notice. Our missions are diverse, cheap option. one on African soil – took place on the can build infrastructures and institutions efforts – not least in the AMISOM ranging from unarmed military observers to fully-fledged occasion of the 5th Tana High- Level that match this growth, the 21st century mission in Somalia. “African nations combat missions. There is no single template for an African Forum on Security in Africa and was will belong to Africa. If, on the other have been ready to deploy their troops peace support operation. actively supported by the governments hand, states fail to do so, the discontent at short notice in highly dangerous Let me focus however on the question of how best to fund of Germany and Ethiopia as well as the and frustration of Africa’s youth will fuel environments,” the African Union peace operations. African Union Commission. many of the security challenges we are Commissioner for Peace and Security Smail Chergui argued. “We are ready to An effective peace operation is not a cheap option. That is already witnessing today – with horrific deploy a peace operation where there is especially the case if peacekeeping is to be run in a manner consequences on the continent, but also no peace to keep, or where the mission that meets the high standards demanded by the international far beyond it.” Ischinger called for more We need requires combat operations against community and indeed also by the African people. African European-African cooperation in order to terrorists.” nations have been ready to deploy their troops at short notice in deal with these pressing issues. “Africa’s highly dangerous environments. more, not less security challenges are more and more Participants also debated the chances becoming the concerns and challenges of of cross- cooperation to create Quite often, as in CAR, Mali or Somalia, we have deployed the rest of the world – and vice versa,” regional conditions conducive to into situations in which the UN would not have been ready to former Nigerian President and Chairman stabilization. “The jugular vein of the deploy, on missions that the UN would not consider suitable. cooperation of the Tana Forum, Olusegun Obasanjo world economy, from the Horn of Africa We are ready to deploy a peace operation where there is no added. through the Red Sea, now has a knife peace to keep, or where the mission requires combat operations to it”, one participating leader warned: against terrorists. with Africa Africa is ready to respond “The area has never been less secure.” But African nations struggle to find the sustainable funding The Ethiopian Foreign Minister Tedros But discussants disagreed whether Adhanom Ghebreyesus stressed that for these operations. We have no mechanism like the United Debates also focused on the importance collaboration across the Red Sea was “despite the many challenges we are still Nations’ assessed contributions for providing secure and of Africa for international security, the feasible at all under current conditions. facing, today’s Africa is different from the reliable funding. problem of political violence surrounding 1980s and 1990s. It has made significant After an opening public session, the elections,the impact of large trends Our ablest leaders have grappled with this problem and progress and showed remarkable rest of the conference was held under committed themselves to fund 25% of AU-led Peace Support like demography on Africa’s security

12 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 13 Chatham House Rule and featured perceived, whereas others noted that and former UN Secretary General Kofi extraordinarily frank discussions on even if that were the case, there were Annan. The host country Ethiopia key security issues, including on the still tens of millions of jobs missing. was represented by Prime Minister negative impact of corruption and the Moreover, many states lacked the Hailemariam Desalegn and Foreign quality of governments. “Sometimes, resources to build education and health Minister Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. security becomes an excuse for not systems that would keep up with the They were joined by the Foreign Ministers improving governance,” one participant growth of the population. On health, in of Ghana and Rwanda, Hanna Serwaah argued. “Military budgets are usually the particular, one participant argued, “we Tetteh and Louise Mushikiwabo as well hearts of corruption,” another pointed have to go from firefighting to building as the Minister in Charge of Mission at out. ”Good governance is not some sustainable solutions.” the Royal Youssef mysterious witchcraft.” Amrani. Participants from Germany The final session focused on the state and included former Federal President Horst A debate on the continent’s politics of future of Africa’s security architecture, Köhler and the Representative of the domestic change, “Electing Peace,” was including on the role of the AU and Federal Chancellor for Africa Günter also marked by very pointed contributions ongoing peacekeeping or peacebuilding Nooke, as well as Markus Ederer, State on whether the current trends were efforts. Several discussants stressed that Secretary in the Federal Foreign Office, positive. One leader remarked that it African states and institutions had made and Norbert Röttgen, chairman of the was always the violent elections that important strides. But, others argued, Committee on Foreign Affairs in the made the news while the numerous states still tended to blame conflicts on German Bundestag. The Director General encouraging, peaceful elections never international bodies instead of assuming of the International Organization for appeared on the front page. On the responsibility themselves. Yes, African Migration William Lacy Swing, the Special other hand, a participant argued, solutions were needed, one participating Advisor to the UN Secretary-General much too often elections in Africa still leader emphasized, but it was even more on the Prevention of Genocide Adama TH meant “One person, one vote – once,” important “to get back to African values: 27 ORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE Dieng, the UN Special Representative because winners then stayed in power the sanctity of life, respect for women. for Somalia Michael Keating, as well for decades. Elections, it was stressed, Leaders too often neglect that.” AFRICAN UNION also play an important total beyond as the Executive Secretary of the UN Whereas the sessions featured open, the electoral process itself: They “can Economic Commission for Africa Carlos frank, and controversial debates, there be cornerstones of the state formation Lopes represented key international was agreement about two critical process” by prompting debates on the institutions. observations: it would be foolish for census, borders, legal systems and other About the MSC Core Group the world to ignore or underestimate Kigali, Republic of Rwanda critical matters. Meetings the importance of Africa, and there Another spirited discussion centered on is a need for much closer dialogue Since 2009, the MSC has linked up with the spread of and fight against jihadism. andcooperation. And: “The world has a local partners to host so-called Core 10 – 18 July 2016 Several participants stressed that while lot to learn from Africa,” former German Group Meetings in capitals around the jihadism may be a global phenomenon, President Horst Köhler observed, not world. Limited to a small group of no the roots of its support are most often least the management and celebration more than 60 senior participants, the local – and sustainable solutions would of diversity. Since continuing this MSC Core Group Meetings provide an have to be local too. Thus, conflating discussion is essential, the MSC will exclusive setting for high-level decision- THEME different groups into one was unhelpful continue to look for opportunities to makers from around the globe to discuss or even dangerous. Many leaders strengthen the security dialogue with current security challenges in their host 2016: African Year of Human Rights, with particular focus emphasized how critical the current time African leaders. “We’ll be back!” region’s context. Meetings have already was for Africa, considering that these MSC Chairman Wolfgang Ischinger taken place in Washington, D.C. (2009 & next few years would determine whether concluded. Senior decision makers 2013), Moscow (2010), Beijing (2011), on the Rights of Women the continent’s states would be able to met in Addis Ababa: Among the Core Doha (2013), New Delhi (2014), Vienna manage the unprecedented population Group Meeting’s high-level participants (2015), and Tehran (2015). Further Core boom or not. But participants disagreed were the AU Commissioner for Peace Group Meetings are planned for Beijing about how positive the outlook was. and Security Smail Chergui, the former (November 2016) and Washington, D.C Some stressed that the economic Nigerian President and current chairman (2017). performances of states were better than of the Tana Forum Olusegun Obasanjo,

14 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 15 AFRICAN UNION Never Again! Terrorism AU Commemorates 1994 Rwanda Genocide The premier security threat of our time On 7 April, Commissioner Chergui joined Rwanda’s Ambassador to the African Union, H.E. Mrs. Hope Tumukunde Gasatura and other dignitaries, to commemorate the 1994 Rwanda Genocide against the Tutsi, and renew the Continent’s commitment to make Africa and the international community are united to defeat Boko Haram sure that Genocide never occurs again on African soil.

On 14 May 2016, French President Francois Hollande, British tasks of the Multinational Joint Task Force. Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond, U.S. Secretary of State 3. Subsequently, the AU Peace and Security Council noted with John Kerry and other international dignitaries, joined host- satisfaction the adoption by the UN Security Council, on President Muhammadu Buhari and several African Heads of 28 July 2015, of Presidential Statement S/PRST/2015/14 in State and Government in Abuja, Nigeria for the 2nd Regional which it called upon the international Community and donors Security Summit, which focused on the fight against the Boko to support the Multinational Joint Task Force operations on Haram terrorist group, the most deadly terror group in the the fight against Boko Haram. world, according to recent statistics. The meeting was aimed at enhancing regional and international efforts to counter 4. Since July 2015, significant progress has been made towards Boko Haram in particular and the regional threat of terrorism the full operationalization of the Multinational Joint Task in general. The African Union was represented at the meeting Force to enable it to effectively carry out offensive operations by the Commissioner for Peace and Security, Ambassador Smail against the Boko Haram terrorist group. Although successes Chergui, who, in his address to the Summit, underscored the have been achieved against Boko Haram, the group still progress made in the operationalization of the Multinational retains the ability to carry out isolated attacks in the Lake Joint Task Force (MNJTF) to counter the Boko Haram terrorist Basin area and continues to hide in isolated rural areas group. Following are highlights of the Commissioner’s and the Sambisa forest. The African Union commends the statement. determination and engagement of the LCBC Member States and the Republic of Benin against the terrorist group. The 1. The people of Nigeria and Africa, and the International MNJTF is a true reflection of our collective effort for peace Community owe H.E. President Muhamadu Buhari credit and stability in the continent, using African resources as the and respect for his determination and resolute action in primary means for intervention. combating the Boko Haram terrorist group, with the evident gains recorded to date. 5. The African Union and international partners recognize the efforts made by LCBC and Benin towards strengthening their 2. At the AU Peace and Security Council at the level of Heads relationship and their collective effort to combat the Boko of State and Government decided, on 28 January 2015 to Haram terrorist activities in order to create a safe and secure support the efforts of the Lake Chad Basin Commission environment in the areas affected by the group’s activities. (LCBC) Member States and the Republic of Benin through the Nigeria, in particular, has made a huge financial contribution deployment of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), towards the operationalization of the Multinational Joint Task and on 3 March 2015 endorsed the Concept of operations Force, which has enabled several key activities take place to (CONOPS) agreed upon at the Yaoundé meeting, increasing date, including the establishment of the Multinational Joint thereafter the troops strength from 7,000 to not more Task Force temporary Headquarters and Sector headquarters than 10,000 military and other personnel, with a view to as well as the sustenance of MNJTF forces. The African union facilitating the effective implementation of the mandate and

16 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 17 AFRICAN UNION appreciates the support being provided by our international and manage additional support to MNJTF generated partners. by AU and AU Partners. AU-EU Join hands First -Africa d. Holding of a donors conference,on 2 February 2016, 6. The increased cooperation and synergy between the MNJTF in support of MNJTF operations against Boko Haram. Forces and national/multinational forces within and around Most of the pledges made were bilateral to LCBC the MNJTF area of operations is commendable and should to Defeat Boko Ministerial Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs). The EU pledged be sustained. In light of the threat posed by Boko Haram 50 (fifty) million Euros to AU Peace Facility in support to the people and communities within the LCBC region, of MNJTF operations. (UK) committed Haram Conference held the AU PSC at its 567th meeting on 14 January 2016 5 (five) million Pounds to AU Peace Facility for the renewed the mandate of Multinational Joint Task Force for Joint Communiqué by Federica Mogherini, EU High operationalization of MNJTF. another 12 months effective from 14 January 2016. The AU Representative for Foreign Affairs and Smail Chergui, AU e. Recruitment of 35 (thirty five) Local and International in Rome Commission, therefore, reiterates the necessity to mobilize Commissioner for Peace and Security, at the Regional Security staff in different disciplines into the Mission Support the international community to support the regional efforts Summit in Abuja, 14 May 2016 Team (MST) and Civilian Component structures Peace and Security high on the of the LCBC Member States and Benin to rid the region of the supporting MNJTF HQ. Since 2014 the threat posed by Boko Haram has affected not Boko Haram terrorist group. agenda f. A Joint Technical Assessment Mission by the AU, only in the north-east of Nigeria, but also in Chad, Cameroon 7. The African Union and the Lake Chad Basin Commission United Nations Office to the African Union (UNOAU), and Niger. This has led to the establishment of a Multi-National Joint Declaration by H.E. Mr. Paolo Gentiloni, Minister of Foreign signed a Memorandum of Understanding for mobilization of European Union, and the United States Office to the Joint Task Force (MNJTF) in the Lake Chad area aiming at Affairs of the Republic of Italy, and H.E. Ambassador Smail additional support to the Multinational Joint Task Force on 16 African Union (USOAU) was conducted from 21 - 25 improving joint coordination, planning and implementation of Chergui, Commissioner for Peace and Security of the African October 2015, while the Support Implementation Agreement March 2016 in order to further ascertain the MNJTF operations. Union, on the Occasion of the First Italy – Africa Ministerial (SIA) was signed on 29 January 2016. The implementation of priority requirements. A number of recommendations Conference. The national contingents operating bilaterally and as part both agreements is key; the AU and LCBC should, therefore, were made and are already being implemented. A of the MNJTF have since been deployed and are conducting On the occasion of the First Italy-Africa Ministerial Conference continue to work hand in hand to ensure compliance and list of priority requirements was generated and the which took place today in Rome, Italy, with the aim of providing effective implementation of both agreements. The exemplary operations. The force however needs the necessary procurement process for some items is ongoing, with new impetus to the multifaceted relationship between Italy model of primary financing for the operations against Boko UK committed funds. infrastructure and transport and communication assets to and African Countries and Organizations, we wish to reaffirm Haram serves as a good example for future peace support allow it to effectively coordinate and command operations. 10. It is essential to quickly bring Boko Haram’s nefarious operations. the pivotal role of the African Union (AU) for the continuous terrorist activities to an end, particularly as this has negatively In the context of the EU-AU partnership, as reconfirmed during advancement of this process. 8. Based on partners’ pledges the AU has commenced the impacted the humanitarian situation within the region. the donor conference organized by African Union Commission procurement processes of services and equipment to According to current statistics, out of the 2.4 million people early February 2016 the European Commission adopted in While acknowledging the crucial importance of encouraging provide additional support to the MNJTF which include displaced by Boko Haram in the region, about 1.8 million are April 2016 a financing decision setting aside €50 Million from sustainable socio-economic development as well as the need procurement of 100 utility vehicles for operational use; in Nigeria. Some 94,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) the African Peace Facility in support of the MNJTF against to manage migration flows, we recognize that the promotion process for the construction of MNJTF Headquarters and and 6,000 refugees have been reported in Chad, while about Boko Haram. of peace and security in Africa still remains a priority. two Sector Headquarter camps; enhancing ground and air 130,000 IDPs and over 60,000 refugees are in Cameroun. Italy is committed to support the structures and initiatives of mobility with utility vehicles, Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) Niger hosts approximately 58,000 IDPs and 95,000 refugees. The action will put the multinational force central command in and In-Theatre air assets; provision of Command, Control, a position to co-ordinate operations among troop contributing the African Union Commission, in particular its Peace and 11. The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), Communication, Information System (C3IS); support in the countries in their respective . This should in turn Security Department (AUPSD). at its 592nd meeting, held on 19 April 2016, in Addis Ababa, areas of Intelligence, Reconnaissance and Surveillance (ISR) dedicated an open session to the theme: The decisive role prevent Boko Haram to continue to take advantage of its We will continue to do so within the framework of the service; provision of medical services and sundries; provision of deradicalization policies in the fight against terrorism and ability to move across borders when fighting uncoordinated partnerships established by the African Union with the of IT services and equipment; and the payment of salaries violent extremism in Africa. The Council noted that violent bilateral operations by any of the troop-contributing countries. European Union and the United Nations, and by relying on of recruited staff. The AU has also recently completed the extremism is a major threat to African peace and security, bilateral instruments, such as the Italian-Africa Peace Facility installation of V-SAT Communication equipment at the As we are getting ready to sign Contractual arrangements, therefore addressing violent extremism both by preventive (IAPF), which has been operational since 2007 and whose MNJTF HQ to have a link with AU HQ,The testing phase of which will translate the financing decision into a well- and counter actions is critical in the quest for a stable and financial resources currently amount to about 10 million Euros. this equipment has been completed. Once the Continental sequenced set of activities to achieve the expected results, prosperous Africa, in line with the peace goals established Logistics Base in Douala, Cameroun, is fully operational, it we reiterate our strong mutual engagement to contribute to We will contribute to the further operationalization of the in Agenda 2063. To this end, the AU will not relent in its will be at the disposal of the MNJTF, if required. support to the MNJTF. restore a safe and secure environment in the areas affected African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), through new 9. Other activities of AU regarding extension of support to by Boko Haram and other terrorist groups and to support joint initiatives to be defined by the Italian Foreign Ministry 12. Security efforts will not be enough to confront the current MNJTF operations against Boko Haram include: the Multi National Joint Task Force of the Lake Chad Basin and the AU-PSD, with a special focus on the Horn of Africa. challenges. The current collective efforts should also Commission in order to secure the civilian population. a. Provision of communication and other equipment from incorporate various measures to deal with radicalism. There The Italian Foreign Ministry and the African Union Commission the liquidated MISCA operation in Bangui, Central is also the need to accelerate efforts aimed at preparing the reaffirm their willingness to continue cooperating on African Africa Republic (CAR), and successful coordination of ground for post conflict stabilization and rehabilitation of the crises and promoting effective cooperation between the AU, their delivery to N’Djamena, Chad. The United States areas affected by Boko Haram. African sub-regional Organizations, and other international of America assisted in airlifting the equipment to Chad. 13. The African Union thanks the Federal Government of Nigeria Partners. b. Procurement and delivery of 14 (fourteen) utility for hosting this 2nd Regional Security Summit, and the Heads vehicles and Information Technology (IT) equipment We recognize that the implementation of APSA and the of States and Governments of the Region for their sustained for the MNJTF Headquarters. effectuation of security sector reforms in key African Countries collective efforts to end the threat posed by Boko Haram, and c. Activation of the Strategic Support Cell (SSC) at AU are goals of mutual interest, which will continue to underpin to this end, revive the economic activities of the region. Headquarters and recruitment of Officers to coordinate our common action.

18 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 19 Highlights of the Commissioner’s Activities The African Union Commissioner for Peace and Security is one of the busiest and most solicited personalities in the continent. During the period under review, Commissioner Chergui travelled around the world in response to official invitations to attend high-level meetings and present, discuss and defend Africa’s security agenda, priorities and concerns.

Equally important to the Commissioner are his meetings and consultations with various On 26 May 2016, the African Union and the Republic of important personalities in Addis Ababa and beyond. Here is a photographic overview of signed an MoU on Angola’s contribution of resources to the some of Commissioner Chergui’s audiences during the period under review, starting with African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises (ACIRC). his meetings with Ambassadors of AU Member States - Ladies first. Commissioner Chergui signed for the AU, while Ambassador Professor Mohamed El-HacenLebatt, former Foreign Minister Arcanjo Maria do Nascimento signed for Angola of Mauritania was appointed, in March 2016, to take over In February 2016, On 11 May 2016, from General Jean Marie Michel Mokoko as the AU Special Commissioner Commissioner Representative for the Central African Republic and the Central Chergui welcomed Chergui received the African region the new Ambassador new Ambassador of Rwanda to of the Republic of the AU, H.E. Chad to the AU, Hope Tumukunde H.E. Mr. Cherif Gasatura. Rwanda Mahamat Zene. took its seat as a The Commissioner new member of the welcomed him back On 10 May 2016, Commissioner Chergui received the new Peace and Security to the AU where he Ambassador of the DRC to the AU, H.E. Barrister Claude Council in April 2016 had previously served Nyamugabo, who briefed the Commissioner on the political and is scheduled to chair the Council in January 2017. Rwanda and said he very much looked forward to working with him, situation in his country and security situation in Eastern DRC. Commissioner Chergui received, in March 2016, H.E. Donald is also host of the 27th AU Summit in July 2016 during which especially this year when Chad is Chair of the Union. Kaberuka, former President of the African development new AU Commission Members are scheduled to be elected. In May 2016, Bank,appointed as the AU High Representative for the Peace In March 2016, Commissioner Fund. Following his meeting with the Commissioner, High Representative Kaberuka, on 14 March 2016, briefed the Peace Commissioner Chergui received Chergui received the the Ambassador of and Security Council on his mandate and his plan to implement new Ambassador Djibouti to the African it. of the Gabonese Union, H.E. Mohamed Republic H.E. Mme Idriss Farah. They Marie-Edith Tassyla discussed a broad Commissioner Chergui and former President Pierre Buyoya, the Doumbeneny. Gabon range of issues of AU High Representative for Mali and the Sahel, met several is the current Chair mutual interest, times during the period under review to discuss progress and of the Economic including AMISOM challenges in the implementation of the Mali Peace Agreement, Community of and the situation in and more generally the security and humanitarian situation in Central African Somalia. Djibouti is a the Sahel. States (ECCAS). Troop Contributing Country to the AU peacekeeping Mission in

Somalia (AMISOM). On 1 March 2016, Commissioner Commissioner Chergui welcomed Chergui, in February the new Ambassador 2016, welcomed the of Namibia, H.E. new Ambassador of Monica Nashandi. the Gambia to the Namibia concluded AU, H.E Mass Axi its tenure in the AU Gye, who chaired the On 6 April 2016, Commissioner Chergui received the AU High On 19 April 2016, Commissioner Chergui was briefed on the Peace and Security Peace and Security representative for Western Sahara, former President Joa- chim fragile post-crisis situation in Madagascar by the AU Special Council at the end Council the following Chissano, ahead of the former President’s briefing to the PSC on Representative in Madagascar, Ambassador Hawa Ahmed of that month. month the situation in Western Sahara. Youssouf.

20 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 21 following day on Children in Armed Conflict. The Commissioner and the Special Envoy emphasize the absolute necessity to protect children in conflict zones and stressed that under Highlights of the international Humanitarian and Human Rights Law, schools are protected zones, thus armed attacks on educatioanal facilities are potentially war crimes. This message was reiterated during Commissioner’s Activities the PSC Open Session.

The AU Special Representative for the Great Lakes Region and Head of the AU Office in Burundi, Professor Ibrahima Fall, on 19 April 2016, briefed the Commissioner on the situation in the Great Lakes in general and Burundi in particular. Commissioner Chergui, on 1 March 2016, met with UN Under- Secretary-General Jamal Benomar, Special Advisor to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the UN’s lead official on In February 2016, Commissioner Chergui traveled to Istanbul, Burundi. Both personalities discussed the situation in Burundi Turkey, to participate in the 3rd Ministerial high level following their respective recent visits to the country. partnership forum on Somalia. He addressed participants and held consultations with several personalities on the situation On 27 April to 2 May 2016, Commissioner Chergui, accompanied On 9 May, Commissioner in Somalia, including: Canada’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, by a high-level AU delegation notably including former President Chergui received Amb. Hon. Stéphane Maurice Dion. Pierre Buyoya, the AU High Representative for Mali the Sahel, Lisa Stadelbauer, Director undertook an official visit to the Nordic countries. The visit General for Pan-African took the Commissioner and his delegation to , , Affairs at Global Affairs and where he held discussions with senior Canada. They discussed government officials on a broad range of peace and security cooperation between the issues of common interest. In the above photo with President AU and Canadain the area On 23 April 2016, Commissioner Chergui received Lieutenant Buyoya (R), Denmark’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hon. Kristian of peace and security. Colonel (Retired) Larry Gbevlo- Larty, the new AU Special Jensen (2nd from Right) and Danish Ambassador to the AU, H.E. Representative in charge of Counter-Terrorism Cooperation and MetteThygesen (Left). Director of the Algiers-based African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT). The Special Representative, On 11 May 2016, Commissioner Chergui received the who was appointed by Chairperson Dlamini Zuma on 18 March Ambassador of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), H.E. Mr. 2016, came to receive a briefing on his mandate (and a good Moon-Hwan Kim, with whom he discussed the partnership luck handshake from the Commissioner), before moving to between the AU and South Korea and preparations for the Algiers to assume his duties. upcoming visit to President Park to the AU. Ambassador Abdou On 22 April 2016, Abarry of Niger Commissioner was appointed in 09 May 2016, Commissioner Chergui received the Commander Chergui received March 2016 as the the Director General new AU Special of the U.S. Combined Joint Task Force for the Horn of Africa, Gen. Kurt Sonntag with whom he discussed strategic for Africa at Japan’s Representative in Ministry of Foreign the Democratic cooperation between the AU and the US, particularly in the area of counter- terrorism. Affairs, Ambassador Republic of Congo Maruyama. They On 7 April 2016, Commissioner Chergui joined Chairperson (DRC) Commissioner Chergui met discussed the AU’s Dlamini Zuma, EU Vice President Federica Mogherini and other On 9 May 2016, on several occasions with partnership in the area of peace and security within the AU and EU Commissioners to discuss the partnership between Commissioner H.E. Michael Keating, the framework of the Tokyo International Conference on Africa’s both regional organizations, within the framework of the 8th Chergui received Special Representative of Development (TICAD). AUC-EC College to College Meeting, which took place in Addis the UaN Special the UN Secretary-General Ababa. for Somalia and Head of In March 2016, Envoy on Children Commissioner Chergui in Armed Conflict, UN Mission in Somalia. They discussed AU and UN received Portugal’s Under-Secretary- new Ambassador General Leila cooperation for peace and stability in Somalia. to the AU, H.E. Mr Zerrougui, ahead Afonso Henriques de of the PSC Open Azeredo Malheiro Session the

22 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 23

Special Envoy on Women Peace and Security It’s Time for Action, Time for Impact On 18 April 2016, Commissioner Chergui joined former UN Secretary-General, H.E. Mr. Kofi Annan (Keynote Speaker), Mr. Since her appointment in January 2014 by the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, H.E. Dr Dlamini Zuma, David Tolbert, President of the ICTJ, and several distinguished the AU Special Envoy on Women, Peace and Security, Mme Bineta Diop, has criss- crossed the continent and the globe participants, to discuss Truth and Reconciliation Commissions and Peace Processes in Africa, at a high-level seminar held at speaking out for Africa’s women, advocating for the rights and welfare of girls and women, and drawing attention to the the AU Headquarters, and co-organized by the AU, the Kofi plight of women in conflict zones across Africa. Her message has been concise, clear and consistent: Africa’s girls deserve Annan Foundation and the International Center for Transitional the same opportunities for a decent education as everybody else; society stands to benefit when women fully take their Justice (ICTJ). place at the table in conflict prevention, management and resolution and post-conflict reconstruction and development; and societies that respect women’s rights and treat women as equal partners in politics and economics are generally more stable and prosperous. Here is a round-up of Special Envoy Diop’s activities during the period under review.

On 10-11 March 2016, the Special Envoy participated in the New African Woman Forum in London, where she received the “New African Woman Award for Public Office and Politics” on behalf of the AUC Chairperson, Dr Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma. Upon her return to Addis Ababa, she handed over the award to the Chairperson. On 17 March 2016, the Office of the Special Envoy co-organized a high-level In Madrid with ’s State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, panel discussion on: “Africa’s Year of H.E. Ignacio Ybáñez. Human Rights with a particular focus on the Rights of Women: Opportunities and Commissioner Chergui Challenges”, during the 60th Session of granted several media the Commission on the Status of Women interviews during the On the 8 March 2016, the Special Women’s Day celebrations, she lauded (CSW60), which took place in New York period under review. On Envoy on Women, Peace and Security in AU member-states for combating sexual on 14-20 March 2016. On that occasion, 21 April, he discussed Africa, Mme Bineta Diop, joined African and gender-based violence, particularly Mme Diop stated that, “The prevention of the achievements and heads of security forces in on the through laws and policies, while noting violence, in all its forms, against women, challenges of the Peace occasion of the Fifth General Assembly that a lot more needs to be done to their protection and their participation in and Security Department of the Kigali Declaration on the role of translate these provisions into tangible decision-making at all levels are rights, in a video interview with security forces in preventing violence impact for women and girls on the not privileges.” Mrs. Esther Tankou, the against women and girls.At the event ground. which coincided with International On 22 March 2016, The Special Envoy AUC Acting Director participated at the World Bank in for Information and Washington, DC, in a panel discussion Communication. Mrs. on: “Reclaiming the Future: Overcoming Tankou later wrote to thank the Commissioner and inform Gender-Based Violence and Other him that the interview had been posted on Youtube and was Conflict-Related Challenges”, where receiving very positive feedback. she noted that, “The voice of the voiceless should be the driving force behind negotiations and reconstruction after any conflict”. 24 AU-Peace and Security ReviewAFRICAN UNION Special Edition June 2016 25 5th Tana High-Level Forum on Security in Africa, organized around the theme: Special Envoy Diop briefs PSC on “Africa in the Global Security Agenda” On 21 April 2016, the Special envoy Implementation of Women, Peace and participated in the UN High Level Forum on Africa, during which she reiterated the Security agenda in Africa importance of ensuring that women are at the forefront of consolidating peace and security on the continent. Kigali, Rwanda, in July 2016, aims to gauge the participation of women in institutional leadership On 4-5 May 2016, the Special Envoy and peace and security interventions. It further participated in the Women in Parliaments seeks to highlight the need for capacity building and Global Summit in Amman, Jordan. The Special Envoy also participated in a and Security agenda in Africa. She also technical assistance to Member-States that have meeting of the Steering Committee of held consultations with UN Women On 10 May 2016, Mme Diop addressed developed National Action Plans (NAPs) on UNSCR the Project on “Progress and Challenges on Women, Peace and Security priority the African Union Peace and Security 1325 and to countries which want to develop such of the PeaceAgenda in the Entities of the projects in 2016 and beyond. Council Open Session on Children in Plans. United Nations over the last 70 years.” Armed Conflicts. Special Envoy Diop briefs PSC on The briefing was part of the Envoy’s efforts to bring The meeting took place on 30-31 March Implementation of Women, Peace and The Special Envoy participated in the about significant impact on the lives of women and 2016 at the University of Abat Oliba, Security agenda in Africa World Economic Forum on Africa, which to push for more accountability for implementation Barcelona, Spain. took place in Kigali, Rwanda, on 11-13 of UNSCR 1325 in Africa. Since 2010, the PSC has On 14-15 April, the Special Envoy On 1-5 April 2016, Mme Diop attended, May 2016, and the World Humanitarian held six annual open sessions on women in armed participated in the Munich Security in Addis Ababa, the 17th Regional Summit on 23-24 May 2016, where she conflict, which have brought attention to WPS issues Conference Core Group Meeting which Coordination Mechanism between the spoke on: “Women and girls: catalyzing in Africa. was held in Africa for the first time. The AU Special Envoy on Women, Peace and Security (WPS), AU and the UN on Africa’s Agenda action to achieve gender equality.” The meeting took place in Addis Ababa Mme BinetaDiop, on Wednesday 18 May, 2016, briefed Africa is the only continent that has 2063 and the UN Agenda 2030 on and was co-hosted by the Government The Special Envoy is scheduled to the Peace and Security Council (PSC) on the importance of a Sustainable Development Goals. She committed to reporting on gender of Ethiopia and the African union. The undertake a solidarity mission to support continental results framework, to monitor progress on the participated in a panel discussion on: Special Envoy underscored the need for the Women of the Democratic Republic implementation of UNSCR 1325 in Africa. She noted that it is issues through the Solemn Declaration “Human Rights, with particular focus improved humanitarian responses to of the Congo (DRC). crucial for gender issues to be captured systematically in PSC on Gender Equality in Africa. on Women’s Rights”. Mme Diop called new security threats, such as terrorism sessions and urged the Council to mainstream gender in its on all African countries and the Ebola Virus Disease. On 16-17 thinking and practise: “I wish to call upon you April, Mme Diop traveled to Bahir Dar, to ratify the Maputo Ethiopia, where she participated in the to ensure that the Women, Peace Protocol on the Rights and Security (WPS) agenda is fully Despite progress of Women in Africa and integrated in our security practice for more men to support and champion a greater participation of women in and thinking, and not looked upon made by AU Member governance and peace. as a separate or marginal agenda.” On 13 April 2016, at AU Headquarters, States on protection the Special Envoy organized consultations Special Envoy Diop added: with the Peace and Security Department, “We now have a draft the Gender Directorate and other Continental Results Framework, of Women, Women stakeholders for synergy and the implementation of the Women, Peace constituting indicators for Member- States, RECs and the African Union are still abused in to report against – which will be validated and finalized by the third conflict situations in quarter of 2016, and presented to Africa She informed the Council that her office has drafted you”. – Special Envoy Bineta Diop. the AU Commission’s first report on the state of implementation of the WPS commitments at national, regional and continental levels, to support the advancement of the WPS agenda. The report, which will be launched during the 27th AU Summit in

26 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 27 MONTHLY CHAIR OF THE PEACE AND SECURITY COUNCIL OF THE AFRICAN UNION Peace and Security Council FROM APRIL 2016 TO MARCH 2018

MONTH OF COUNTRY EXPIRY OF MANDATE REGION New PSC Members take their seats CHAIRING The African Union Peace and Security Council (PSC) is the fulcrum of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA); 1. ALGERIA April 2016 31 MARCH 2018 Northern Africa it is the central organ of APSA that continuously watches over the continent and takes necessary action to prevent 2. BOTSWANA May 2016 31 MARCH 2018 Southern Africa simmering conflicts from exploding into full-scale violence, manage and resolve active conflicts, and support fragile 3. BURUNDI June 2016 31 MARCH 2018 Central Africa countries recovering from conflict and crises in their efforts to stabilize, rebuild and develop. The central role of the PSC 4. CHAD July 2016 31 MARCH 2018 Central Africa in the continent’s security architecture cannot be overstated. That is why the next issue of this publication will be devoted 5. CONGO August 2016 31 MARCH 2019 Central Africa to a comprehensive overview of the work and activities of the PSC. The current issue introduces the Council, as elected 6. September 2016 31 MARCH 2019 Northern Africa at the 26th AU Summit in January 2016, and renders public the roster for chairing PSC meetings until renewal of the 7. KENYA October 2016 31 MARCH 2019 Eastern Africa Notably, in January 2018, Council’s membership in January 2018.The eight new PSC Members are: Kenya, Botswana, Rwanda, Zambia, Republic of 8. NIGER November 2016 31 MARCH 2018 Western Africa there will be an election of Congo, Egypt and Sierra Leone. In addition to the new Members, seven PSC Members are continuing their service in the 9. NIGERIA December 2016 31 MARCH 2019 Western Africa Council: Burundi, Uganda, Algeria, Nigeria, Niger, Chad and South Africa. The African Union thanks the PSC Members ten (10) PSC Members of 2 10. RWANDA January 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Eastern Africa that concluded their service in the Council on 30 March 2016: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Namibia, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, 11. SIERRA LEONE February 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Western Africa Year Term, whose mandates Gambia, Guinea and Mozambique. 12. SOUTH AFRICA March 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Southern Africa expires on 31 March 2018 13. TOGO April 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Western Africa 14. UGANDA May 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Eastern Africa 15. ZAMBIA June 2017 31 MARCH 2019 Southern Africa 16. ALGERIA July 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Northern Africa 17. BOTSWANA August 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Southern Africa 18. BURUNDI September 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Central Africa 19. CHAD October 2017 31 MARCH 2018 Central Africa 20. CONGO November 2017 31 MARCH 2019 Central Africa 21. EGYPT December 2017 31 MARCH 2019 Northern Africa 22. KENYA January 2018 31 MARCH 2019 Eastern Africa 23. NIGER February 2018 31 MARCH 2018 Western Africa Incoming, re-elected and outgoing Members of the PSC join the Council’s Chair, 24. NIGERIA March 2018 31 MARCH 2019 Western Africa Ambassador Mass Axi Gye of the Gambia (front center), for group photo at the end of the last meeting of the “old” PSC, on 30 March 2016. LA PRESIDENCE MENSUELLE DU CONSEIL DE PAIX ET DE SECURITE DE L’UNION New and re-elected members of the AU Peace and Security Council pose for group photo with the Council’s Chairperson, Ambassador Rachid Benlounes of Algeria AFRICAINE POUR LA PERIOD DU 1ER AVRIL 2016 AU 31 MARS 2018 (front center), following their first meeting on 1 April 2016. New PSC Members elected in January 2016 DATE DE FIN DE DATE DE FIN DE PAYS MOIS DE PRESIDENCE PAYS MOIS DE PRESIDENCE and who took their seats in the Council in MANDAT MANDAT April 2016 1. ALGERIE avril 2016 31 mars 2019 17. BOTSWANA août 2017 31 mars 2019 2. BOTSWANA mai 2016 31 mars 2019 18. BURUNDI Septembre 2017 31 mars 2019 3. BURUNDI juin 2016 31 mars 2019 19. TCHAD Octobre 2017 31 mars 2019 4. TCHAD juillet 2016 31 mars 2019 20. CONGO Novembre 2017 31 mars 2019 5. CONGO août 2016 31 mars 2019 21. EGYPTE Décembre 2017 31 mars 2019 6. EGYPTE septembre 2016 31 mars 2019 22. KENYA Janvier 2018 31 mars 2019 7. KENYA octobre 2016 31 mars 2019 23. NIGER Février 2018 31 mars 2019 8. NIGER novembre 2016 31 mars 2019 24. NIGERIA Mars 2018 31 mars 2019 9. NIGERIA décembre 2016 31 mars 2019 10. RWANDA janvier 2017 31 mars 2019 11. SIERRA LEONE février 2017 31 mars 2019 12. AFRIQUE DU SUD mars 2017 31 mars 2019 13. TOGO avril 2017 31 mars 2019 14. OUGANDA mai 1017 31 mars 2019 Notamment, en janvier 2018, il y aura 15. ZAMBIA juin 2017 31 mars 2019 élection de dix (10) membres du CPS 16. ALGERIE juillet 2017 31 mars 2019 avec un mandat de 2 ans

28 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 29 AU-UN Working Together for Peace in CONFLICT PREVENTION & EARLY Africa WARNING Cooperation between the United Nations Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council has grown stronger in the past decade. UN Representatives and Envoys, including UNOAU, regularly brief the PSC on issues before Disputed elections top AU’s early warning list both Councils; in 2015 alone, the UN provided more than 40 such briefings and participated in a further 30 open sessions. Similarly, AU Commissioners and Envoys have briefed the UN Security Council and its subsidiary bodies on a range of for 2016 issues and the two Councils have increasingly sequenced and coordinated statements and decisions, most recently on The African Union has made an effort to prevent conflict through early warning. However, the situation in Burundi. In January 2016, the Security Council, after its visit to Burundi, held an informal consultative meeting with the Peace and Security Council in Addis Ababa, to discuss its findings and share views on possible solutions that has proven to be a very challenging task. The AU Peace and Security Review spoke to to the Burundi crisis. Ambassador Frederic Ngoga Gateretse, Head of the Early Warning and Conflict Prevention Division in the Peace and Security Department. On 23 May 2016, the AUPSC and members of the UNSC held their 10th Annual Joint Consultative Meeting in New York and agreed to mark the anniversary with an additional informal meeting to explore ways of enhancing collaboration Here are excerpts of that interview. We began by asking him if he thought that early between the two Councils and discuss recent reviews of peace operations and peacebuilding. Egypt, President of the warning is effective in conflict prevention in Africa. UNSC, and Botswana, Chair of the AUPSC for the month of May 2016, co-chaired the consultations. Amb. Fred: We Last year, a structural prevention of conflict framework have come a was adopted. Where are we in the implementation of that long way in the document? operationalization Amb. Fred: The framework was adopted by the PSC because of the Continental there is an acknowledgement that conflict prevention must Early Warning tackle structural issues. We need to act earlier rather than System [CEWS]. dealing with situations that have already degenerated into Today I can gladly crises. The tools exist and now we are reaching out to Member say that CEWS is States and encouraging them to take advantage of these fully operational, tools. The tools will help us to build the national capacities of Consultative Meeting in Addis Ababa between the AUPSC and the UNSC following although our Member States, and to have a conversation about their challenges remain, such as human resources constraints and UNSC visit to Burundi structural vulnerabilities and consider mitigation strategies. the necessary information and communications technology [ICT] infrastructure to enhance data collection efforts and exchange Aren’t you concerned that Member States are not ready to information more efficiently with our Regional Economic have such a conversation about their structural vulnerabilities? Communities [RECs]. We have also made considerable progress Amb. Fred: The Country Structural Vulnerability Assessment in strengthening coordination and collaboration with the is a voluntary process. I think Member States are committed early warning systems of the RECs. The challenge now is to to preventing conflicts and they will do everything humanly more efficiently link early warning to early response. We are possible to avoid crises. Some 30 or so countries are already making efforts in that regard through the horizon scanning having this conversation through the African Peer Review that we provide to the AU Peace and Security Council [PSC], Mechanism (APRM) and our Continental Structural Conflict the decision-making body on peace and security matters in the Prevention Framework [CSPF] will complement that. continent. Elections continue to be a major cause of crises. What do you What are the challenges in coordinating with the regional do to prevent that? mechanisms? Amb. Fred: As an issue, elections are within the purview of the Amb. Fred: I would not call it “challenges” but rather the need Department of Political Affairs. Elections are an opportunity to to enhance the already existing coordination mechanism. We consolidate democracy. With many elections planned for 2016, get most of our information from our RECs and we have been we expect that the majority of the elections will remain largely working hand in glove with them on many crises. As a matter of peaceful, but with the possibility that some might experience fact, our next biannual meeting with the RECs will take place in turmoil and violence. From past experience, disputes over the the coming months in Addis Ababa. The objective will be to look composition and membership of election management bodies; at potential crises. It is extremely important to have a common and complaints about the lack of adequate consultations on impending shared understanding of what is happening in order to develop a election timelines; debates around issues of succession and term common strategy. Our commissioner, Ambassador Smaïl Chergui, limits; as well as prevailing security situations have been some of has stressed on numerous occasions the concept of ‘jointness’. It is the issues that have led to heightened tensions and violence in essential because the AU alone cannot address the challenges we some Member States. But if you look at the majority of elections face on the continent. So we are compelled to forge strong strategic on the continent, they are peaceful and credible. partnerships – a priority in our conflict prevention endeavors.

30 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 31 As far as conflict prevention is concerned, we work with our moments of vulnerability. We have many elections this year; we colleagues from the DPA who have the lead on elections. The must work to ensure credible, transparent electoral processes. Border Disputes in Africa Panel of the Wise, which is in our division, has on numerous The second challenge is current crises, which risk escalating, occasions participated in preelectoral political missions. especially as you approach key milestones, such as, peace agreements or the implementation of different accords. We are But we also see it is a moment of vulnerability for our Member The AU Border Program: working to prevent and also observing a trend where countries in post-conflict situations States that have structural issues that have not been addressed. are facing the risk of relapsing into crisis. That is one of the reasons why we have developed the resolve border-related conflicts by transforming Continental Structural Conflict Prevention Framework – to help The threat of terrorism is also real. There are various groups Member States identify and address their vulnerabilities. affiliated to al-Qaeda and the so-called Islamic State competing interstate boundaries from barriers to bridges in the race to the bottom by stepping up attacks in different There was a PSC open session on Climate Change and Peace parts of the continent. This was demonstrated by the recent and Security. Is Climate Change a cause of conflict and This article aims to inform about current boundary conflicts and secessionist movements terror attacks in Libya, , Mali, Burkina Faso, Côte instability in Africa? in Africa. In 1964, at the first meeting of the Organization of African Unity, in , the d’Ivoire, Somalia, and Kenya. There are also new threats known Amb. Fred: The continent is facing some consequences related as ‘hybrid threats’, such as cyber security. Then there is also colonially established African borders were recognized, declaring that all Member States to Climate Change, such as environmental degradation, concern over bioterrorist threats, with two dozen conventional shall respect each other’s borders as of the moment of their respective independence. desertification, floods, drought and famine. The Climate Change biological agents, including anthrax, and an unknown number Despite this declaration, several border disputes already existed in 1964 and the majority caused by El Niño in Eastern and Southern Africa threatens of genetically engineered organisms that terrorists or other of borders have never been clearly defined or demarcated. In 2007, the African Heads of to create the worst humanitarian crisis in these regions in criminals could acquire and unleash on an unsuspecting public. State and Government create the African Union Border Program (AUBP) to prevent conflicts more than two decades and could escalate into complex The other issue that may affect peace and security is the bleak humanitarian emergencies in situations of armed conflict. The arising from ill-defined borders – particularly in resource-rich regions – and facilitate cross- economic outlook some countries are facing. International prevailing drought has already impacted on hydroelectric power border cooperation and peaceful integration across the African continent. The AUBP’s financial institutions have issued forecasts on the impact of generation and the resultant energy crisis in Southern Africa. The core components include border delimitation and demarcation, cross-border cooperation, global volatility on Africa’s economic growth in 2016, pointing AU on numerous occasions has warned that stresses induced by institution building and capacity development, and resource mobilization. to an increasingly challenging macro-economic environment in Climate Change may increase the risk of violent conflict and the short term and potential negative impact on investment, unrest on the continent. So the link between Climate Change commodities prices, agricultural production, employment and and security is real. Growing scarcity of natural resources, Structural prevention and peaceful stakeholders in supporting relevant Boundary conflicts and secessionist economic growth. such as water, will intensify the struggle over those dwindling settlement of border disputes and stakeholders at the continental, movements encompassing the whole resources, thus increasing the risk of violent conflict. Lastly, as I earlier mentioned, there is Climate Change, which conflicts lie at the heart of the AUBP. The regional, national and local levels on spectrum from dispute to war have can lead to the displacement of people and trigger tensions on AUBP and wider structures within the AU been included in the research. Not every How do you address Climate Change in the Early Warning borderrelated issues and in allocating national and regional scales. All these challenges require us to Commission and beyond are concerned boundary conflict needs to involve the division? resources effectively. This information work together at the sub-regional, continental and global levels. with the prevention and resolution of can, for example, be taken by AUBP as a threat or use of violence, as “states Amb. Fred: One of our priorities is to work with departments border conflicts. In 2010, the African basis for developing and implementing a may and do pursue claims against a that deal with issues related to Climate Change, for example Ministers in charge of border issues called Boundary conflicts resolution mechanism. background of normal and even close the Department of Agriculture and Rural Economy, and RECs, Conflict prevention upon “the Peace and Security Council relations”. The International Court of to identify early potential triggers of conflict, whether it is water (PSC) of the AU and the Chairperson of Methodology Justice describes disputes as “clearly scarcity or the displacement of populations caused by Climate the Commission to fully make use of the opposite views concerning a question” This research closely follows the change. is multidimensional powers conferred on them by the PSC by the involved parties, whereas the definitions suggested by the Heidelberg Protocol to contribute to the prevention UN charter narrows it down further to In the efforts to launch a conflict prevention policy within the Institute for International Conflict and settlement of border disputes”. The disputes whose “continuance […] is AU, what are the interdepartmental efforts? Research (HIIK). Accordingly, conflicts are and cross cutting. Niamey Convention (2012) on cross- likely to endanger the maintenance of classified into the following five groups: Amb. Fred: Conflict prevention is multidimensional and cross border cooperation also stipulates that international peace and security”. The dispute, non-violent crisis, violent crisis, cutting. Therefore, you need to work with other departments that disputes should be solved amicably next level of conflict sensitivity, the “non- limited war and war; reflecting the deal with governance issues, economic issues, social issues... Therefore, you need through direct negotiation or other violent crisis” on the other hand reflects respective conflict intensity and the We understand that. So we have created an Interdepartmental means, such as mediation and making a conflict where at least one of the two broader categories of non-violent Task Force on Conflict Prevention in order to have a holistic use of the various procedures and actors involved threatens to use violence conflicts and violent conflicts (see figure approach to dealing with the root causes of instability. to work with other mechanisms available within the AU. The to harm objects, refuse the surrender of below). “Conflict” is defined AU’s engagement in the resolution of How does this Interdepartmental Task Force work? as perceived incompatible boundary conflicts dates back to the first intentions between two – or Amb. Fred: The Task Force is co-chaired by the Department departments that years of the OAU. One example is the more – actors regarding certain of Political Affairs and the Department of Peace and Security. Algeria/Morocco border dispute of 1962, objects or issues. We hold several meetings a year. It is working well; we have deal with governance which had been submitted to mediation identified priorities and areas of intervention. by an OAU arbitration commission, What are the main threats to stability in AU Member States eventually resulting in an agreement on in the year 2016? the boundary in 1970. issues, economic issues, Figure 1 – The Concept of Conflict Amb. Fred: The list is not exhaustive but let me touch on a A regular review of existing boundary Sensitivity few. First, disputed elections. As I said earlier, elections are conflicts and secessionist movements Heidelberg Institute for International an opportunity to consolidate democracy, but they are also social issues... supports efforts by the AUBP and other Conflict Research, 2016, p. 6

32 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 33 arms, pointing weapons against each other and sanctions. Territory: Districts of Moyo, Adjumani and Yumbe – conflict between border A further distinction can be made between interstate conflicts and intrastate conflicts. Interstate conflicts encompass conflicts South Sudan Uganda 2000 Violent crisis between internationally recognized state actors, which are herereflected in the conflicts over international – land and maritime – communities Kuku (S.Sudan) and Mandi boundaries and related territories and/ or resources. (Uganda) Equatorial Intrastate conflicts are those that occur between state actors and non-state actors. For the purpose of this research, the focus lies Gabon Territory: Mbanié, Cocotier, Conga Islands 1970 Dispute on secessionist movements and, if applicable, resource-related aspects will be mentioned as well. According to the HIIK, “secession Guinea refers to the aspired separation of a part of a territory of a state aiming to establish a new state or to merge with another state” Maritime boundary Angola D.R.C. 2009 Dispute (2016, p. 6). They are included in this document because, as the example of South Sudan illustrates, successful secessions change Resources: Oil colonial boundaries and involve the delimitation of new boundaries, which often holds significant conflict potential. Territory: KaNgwane area, Ngavuma The following two tables give an overview of current interstate conflicts over boundaries in Africa. They also list existing secessionist South Africa Swaziland (which would grant Swaziland access to 19th century Dispute movements on the continent. Conflict settings often limit the availability of accurate information, and conflicting information, the sea), Nsikazi Area misrepresentations and different interpretations occur. Therefore, the selection of conflicts is not exhaustive; it provides a first *reflecting the conflict intensity in 2015 – italics show that data has been taken from the HIIK (2016), whereas the other conflicts overview of current issues, which can then be substantiated by further research. have been classified following the HIIK’s methodology.

Overview of current boundary conflicts and secessionist movements 2. Secessionist Movements In 2015, nine secessionist conflicts were fought and as the conflicts in Senegal and Nigeria both escalated to a violent level, four 1. Boundary Conflicts of those are now of a violent nature. The conflicts in Kenya, Tanzania, and Angola de-escalated on the other hand to a non-violent level. No notable change occurred regarding the conflicts in Somalia, Cameroon and Morocco. Country 1 Country 2 Disputed Start Intensity* Country 1 Secessionist actor Disputed Start Intensity* Benin Burkina Faso Territory: Koualou area 1991 Dispute Front for Liberation of the Enclave Cabinda Ghana Ivory Coast Maritime boundary, Resources: Oil, gas 2007 Dispute Angola Territory: Cabinda 1991 Dispute (FLEC) Algeria Libya Territory: 32,000 sq km in Ghat region Not defined Dispute, dormant Cameroon Bakassi Self-Determination Front (BSDF) Territory: Bakassi 2006 Dispute Territory: Hala’ib Triangle, (Bir Tawil) Egypt Sudan 1958 Dispute Resources: Oil, possibly manganese D.R.C. Bundu dia Kongo Territory: Bas-Kongo 1969 Non-violent crisis Territory: Ethiopia Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) Territory: Ogaden 1984 Violent crisis Resources: Oil, river Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and its armed Ethiopia Territory: Oromiya region 1973 Violent crisis Sudan South Sudan Territory: Heglig 2011 Violent crisis wing, the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) Other territories: Jodha, Kafia Kingi, Kaka, Territory: Coastal area Kenya Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) 2008 Non-violent crisis River Bahr el-Arab/Kiir. and Mombasa Burundi Rwanda Territory: Sabanerwa and Rufunzo Valley 2006 Dispute Popular Front of the Liberation of Saguia al- Morocco Territory: Western Sahara 1975 Violent crisis D.R.C. Rwanda Exact boundary demarcation in North Kivu 1998 Non-violent crisis Hamra and Rio de Oro (POLISARIO) Territory: Rukwanzi Island (Lake Albert) Namibia Caprivi Liberation Army (CLA) Territory: Caprivi Strip 1994 Non-violent crisis and areas on the Semliki River D.R.C. Uganda 2006 Dispute Territory: South-eastern Resources: hydrocarbon potential and oil states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Movement for the Actualization of the reserves Nigeria Anambra, Bayelsa, Edo, 1967 Violent crisis Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) Territory: Border village Ras Doumeirah, Cross River, Ebonyi, Enugu, Djibouti Eritrea 1996 Dispute and Doumeirah Island Delta, Imo, and Rivers Territory: border villages Badme, Tsorona, Casamance Movement of Eritrea Ethiopia 1961 Dispute Senegal Territory: Casamance region 1982 Violent crisis Bure, Zalambessa Democratic Forces (MFDC) Maritime boundary between the two Somalia Self-declared government of Somaliland Territory: Somaliland 1991 Dispute Kenya Somalia countries 2012 Dispute Tanzania Uamsho Territory: Zanzibar 2003 Non-violent crisis Resources: oil, hydrocarbon, fish Territory: Zambia’s Territory: Ilemi Triangle Zambia Barotseland 1964 Dispute Kenya South Sudan 1978 Dispute Western Province Resources: possibly oil, minerals *reflecting the conflict intensity in 2015 – italics show that data has been taken from the HIIK (2016), whereas the other conflicts Territory: Nadapal boundary 2005 Dispute have been classified following the HIIK’s methodology. Resources: Pasture, water Territory: Migingo Islands in Lake Victoria Kenya Uganda 2004 Dispute Resources: fishing rights Territory: Lake Malawi/Nyasa Malawi Tanzania 1967 Dispute Resources: Oil

34 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 35 African Standby Capacity (ASC) Roster in June 2015 to facilitate specifically to strengthen their role at the negotiation table, The AU Panel of the Wise the identification recruitment and regular trainings of civilian the Panel of the Wise launched in January 2016 a long term experts in AU Peace support operations, Conflict prevention/ project to empower women’s role in mediation processes. The Mediation processes and Post Conflict Reconstruction and project, as approved by the Chairperson of the Commission, According to Article 11 of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the AU Peace and Security Development (PCRD). The department, therefore, convened aims to provide intense capacity building activities for Council (PSC), the Panel of the Wise is mandated to support the efforts of Council and those of the a workshop from 21 to 23 March 2016 in Nairobi, Kenya, women constituencies and create a critical mass of women to review the rostering, staffing, training and deployment Chairperson of the Commission, particularly in the area of conflict prevention, at their request or on who can mediate at all levels (international, continental, requirements for mediation/preventive diplomacy, as well regional, national and local); create a repository of women its own initiative. In this respect, and based on the Modalities for its Functioning as adopted by the as to consider the existing ASC workflows on recruitment, in mediation, as well as a community of women practitioners Council at its 100th meeting held on 12 November 2007, the Panel may, inter alia, advise Council and/ deployment and selection guidelines, and how these can be that can caucus regularly by sharing best practices and identify or the Chairperson of the Commission on all matters within their respective competences; carry out adapted to address the unique requirements for mediation/ possible opportunities to initiate mediation actions at the fact-finding missions as an instrument of conflict prevention; encourage parties, where appropriate, to preventive diplomacy roster pools. communal and local levels on specific issues in support of engage in political dialogue and promote confidencebuilding measures. the mediation efforts of the AU and RECs; develop tools on Establishment of a Continental gender mainstreaming mediation processes; and invest in the During the period under review, the Panel of the Wise focused its attention on carrying out the next generation of women peacemakers by collaborating with following operational mediation and preventive diplomacy activities; enhancing and harmonizing Inter-generational Association of academic centers of excellences. conflict prevention and mediation approaches between the AU, RECs and partners on issues relating African Women in Mediation The Panel of the Wise is also working towards the establishment to peace and security, more specifically relating to strengthening African truth commissions and the In line with a decision by AU Heads of State and Government, of a Continental inter-generational association of women AU transitional justice framework; facilitating a workshop on the rostering requirements of the AU taken at the 25th AU Summit, in Sandton, South Africa, in in mediation, as well as the holding of the first congress of and the RECs in mediation and preventive diplomacy; and the establishment of a Continental Inter- June 2015, and in response to the call for action to empower women in mediation generational Association of African Women in Mediation. women towards implementation of Africa’s Agenda 2063,

Operational mediation and as examples and inspiration, if necessary; 6. identify any support measures that the AU can provide to ensure that the PoW Upcoming Events preventive diplomacy gains realized are sustained and promoted; and 7. above all, to impress upon political actors the need to place the interests of The Chairperson of the Commission appointed on 5 April 2016 their nation above any factional or party interests. • The Panel of the Wise will launch in the third quarter of 2016 its report on “Eliminating Violence Against Women and Children in one of the members of the Panel of the Wise, Mr. Edem Kodjo, Armed Conflicts through Accelerated Implementation of Existing Frameworks”. as the Facilitator of the political dialogue in the Democratic • In line with step 13 of the existing AU Knowledge Management Framework, which calls for the regular convening of current and Republic of the Congo (DRC). The appointment of Mr. Kodjo Strengthening African Truth former mediation actors who are active on the continent for experience sharing purposes, the Peace and Security Department, followed his initial appointment in January 2016 as Special Commissions and the AU in collaboration with the Panel of the Wise, has launched preparations to convene the flagship AU High Level Retreat on the Envoy for the DRC with a mandate to assist the government Promotion of Peace, Security and Stability in Africa and the Annual AU Special Envoys/Mediators Meeting. The theme for 2016 and people of the DRC to convene a national dialogue aimed Transitional Justice Framework at resolving issues related to the upcoming elections in the The Panel of the Wise undertook in 2009, at the request of the will relate to crisis prevention, management and mediation. This year’s retreat will take place in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, in early country. Peace and Security Council, a study which led to the production of a October 2016. comprehensive report titled “Non-Impunity, Truth, Peace, Justice, • The Secretariat of the Panel will continue to undertake efforts to strengthen the alignment of AU and RECs mediation guidelines Furthermore, pursuant to the Assembly’s decision No. 254 of and Reconciliation in Africa: Opportunities and Constraints”. and support the effective implementation of the principle of subsidiarity in the relationship between the AU and RECs. In this July 2009 which “requests the Commission to take all necessary This report proposes a draft Policy Framework on Transitional regard, the Secretariat of the Panel will hold consultative meetings with the Mediation mechanisms of ECCAS in Libreville from 17 steps to implement the recommendations of the Panel and Justice for adoption by the relevant organs of the AU. It aims to to 20 May 2016, and with ECOWAS in Addis Ababa from 30 May to 3 June 2016. report to it regularly on progress made in this respect”, the reinforce guiding principles on the rule of law and transitional Panel of the Wise has continued to undertake routine pre- • The Secretariat of the Panel will convene the 4th retreat of the Pan-AfricanNetwork of the Wise, in collaboration with COMESA, justice across Africa. In order to expedite the finalization of the election assessment missions to a number of countries, and with the participation of all RECs, to contribute towards creating approaches in linking non-state efforts in mediation with AU Transitional Justice Frameworkfor adoption by our Member including Madagascar and Comoros. The objective of these those of the AU and RECs; to contribute to the establishment of a good network of national peace infrastructures. States, the Panel of the Wise convened a high level workshop on missions was to: 1. seek firsthand information on the prevailing 18-19 April 2016 with senior staff from the African Union and • The AU will also conduct Horizon Scanning/Thematic Reflection exercises in order to promote conflict prevention approaches. situation in the concerned countries, and to demonstrate the member states, representatives from Truth Commissions in Africa, These initiatives will result in the development of Reports that will be submitted to the Peace and Security Council and pertain to continued support of the AU to the efforts of the respective as well as international and national experts to reflect on lessons all issues of promoting and maintaining peace, security and stability in Africa. governments, as well as civil society and all political actors, learned from truth commissions that have emerged from peace in the consolidation of democracy and the rule of law in the processes in Africa and other continents. Relevant countries that continent by holding elections in a free, transparent and peaceful were discussed included: Tunisia, South Africa, Sierra Leone, manner; 2. express the international community’s, and Mali, Kenya, Cote d’Ivoire, and Colombia. Africa’s support for the continuation of the democratic process; 3. consult government officials, politicians, civil society, development partners and all stakeholders to understand the Facilitated a workshop on the challenges, the efforts already made and what remains to be rostering requirements of the AU done to ensure successful general elections; 4. call on the government to ensure that grievances relating to electoral issues and the RECs in mediation and are addressed to the satisfaction of stakeholders; 5. share with preventive diplomacy the concerned parties the most positive experiences in electoral The African Union Peace and Security Department launched the matters, collected throughout the continent, which can be used

36 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 37 through the creation of the Pan-African ability to provide support to the AU to promote dialogue, confidence building New Book Network of the Wise (PanWise). Special Envoys, Special Representatives and communication. and Mediators is of critical importance. It is my view that enabling the Panel to I am pleased to recommend this book to In practice, this may include good take action, or pronounce itself on its anyone interested in mediation, conflict offices and fact-finding missions, as The AU Panel of the Wise: A Concise History own initiative, gives it the unique ability prevention, preventive diplomacy, peace- well as conciliation and facilitation. The Co-authored by PSD’s Yvette Ngandu, Coordinator of the Panel of the Wise to have a strong voice of its own, as building, Africa and the African Union. Panel has demonstrated its ability to well as to support, undertake, facilitate act in confidence and away from media This book comes at the right time. Since mitigating vulnerabilities of women and and, perhaps more importantly, initiate a attention. The experience and prestige of Ambassador Smail Chergui its inception, the Panel of the Wise has children in armed conflicts in Africa; and variety of preventive diplomacy measures Panel members allow them to intervene captured international curiosity and strengthening political governance for aimed at resolving disputes. The Panel’s Commissioner for Peace and Security imagination. We created a structure at peace, security and stability in Africa. the heart of our organisation – of our It was also during the tenure of the decision-making on conflict prevention, first Panel that members began, management and resolution – inspired tentatively at first, to engage directly in by the centuries’ old practice of preventive diplomacy and other forms AU Supports Ethiopia’s Candidacy for African elders’ centrality in dispute and of peace making on behalf of the AUC conflict resolution in our communities. Chairperson and the PSC. The Panel’s Independence, experience, maturity and work on the prevention of election- UNSC Seat respect… these are some characteristics related violence is an example of value of our Panel’s members since its addition to the overall peace and security inception. Above all, as called for in efforts of the Union. Since 2007 the the 2002 Peace and Security Council Panel has conducted numerous missions Statement in Protocol, Panel members must be highly to countries holding elections, despite respected African personalities who severe resource limitations and, at times, The African Union’s Panel of the Wise have made outstanding contributions to Support of Ethiopia’s resistance from Member States. has, since its launch in December 2007, peace, security and development in the become a key component of the African Continent. At the July 2010 AU Summit in Kampala, Candidacy for a Seat Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). Uganda, and in order to ensure a Late President of Algeria H.E. Ahmed In eight years, the Panel has matured to smooth transition to a second Panel, Ben Bella, former President of São Tomé in the UN Security become a key conflict prevention and the Assembly reappointed former and Príncipe H.E. Miguel Trovoada, resolution instrument, thus contributing President Ahmed Ben Bella (North former OAU Secretary General Dr Salim to strengthening the AU’s ability to better Africa) and Dr Salim Ahmed Salim (East Council Ahmed Salim, Dr Brigalia Bam then address violence, wherever it occurs Africa) for a further and final mandate. We are delighted that Ethiopia is seeking to be elected into Chairperson of the Independent Electoral on our Continent. The inauguration of New Members appointed to join them the United Nations Security Cuncil for the period 2017- Commission of South Africa and Mme the third Panel of the Wise, in Addis included former President Kenneth 2018. We know that Ethiopia has played an important and Elizabeth Pognon, former president of Ababa, in December 2014, with five new Kaunda (Southern Africa), Mme Marie exemplary role in contributing to Africa’s peace efforts and the Constitutional Court of Benin were members, has renewed our belief in the Madeleine Kalala- Ngoy (Central Africa) to UN peace operations. Ethiopia is currently one of the the Panel’s first members who served continued relevance of this important and Dr Mary Chinery Hesse (West Africa). major contributors of troops to UN Peacekeeping Missions from 2007 and 2010. As documented in component of APSA. We salute the This second Panel was inaugurated in In February 2016, Ethiopia launched in Darfur, Abyei, Somalia and South Sudan, and has in the this book, theirs was not an easy task; current Panel Members: Dr Lakhdar December 2010 in Algiers, Algeria. Of its campaign for election as one of the past participated in peace missions in Liberia, Burundi, they oversaw the operationalization of Brahimi from Algeria (representing critical importance for the strengthening 10 nonpermanent members of the UN Rwanda and the DR Congo, among other places. Ethiopia the Panel and dedicated a lot of their ), Mr Edem Kodjo from Togo of our conflict prevention efforts, was Security Council for the period 2017-2018. has also consistently played an active and important role in time and energy to creatively devise (representing West Africa), Dr Albina the decision taken by the Commission to Commissioner Chergui expressed strong the African Union Peace and Security Council. practical steps to transform the Panel’s Faria de Assis Pereira Africano from create the “Friends of the Panel” group Modalities of Operation into realities on support for the bid and urged the entire Therefore, I Urge the entire continent and Africa’s friends Angola (representing Central Africa), in 2010 - a body that includes all former the ground. continent to support Ethiopia’s candidacy. He to support Ethiopia’s candidacy for election to a non- Dr Luísa Diogo from Mozambique Panel members - to support the activities highlighted the important and consistent role permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (representing Southern Africa), and Dr The members of the first Panel also broke of the Panel. The group has proven Ethiopia has played over the years in Africa’s Specioza Naigaga Wandira Kazibwe from new ground in establishing “horizon invaluable in strengthening the Panel’s peace efforts, and Ethiopia’s significant Ambassador Smail Chergui Uganda (representing East Africa). Their scanning” as an activity of the Panel ability to address the multitude of conflict contribution of troops to international commitment to our Continent and to the in which the Panel monitors, reflects prevention needs in our Continent. AU Commissioner for Peace & Security and pronounces itself on current and peacekeeping missions in Darfur, Somalia, African Union; their readiness to support The tenure of the second Panel has future peace and security issues, and Abyei, South Sudan, Liberia, Burundi, Rwanda the AU’s quest for peace, stability and demonstrated the importance of this brings them to the attention of the AU and the DRC. He also commended Ethiopia’s development for all peoples of Africa; body within the framework of APSA. The Commission, the PSC and the Assembly. Ambassador Wahide Belay (pictured above) and their experience, knowledge and Panel has worked to expand its portfolio, The Panel has devoted its attention to for chairing the Peace and Security Council expertise will undoubtedly strengthen our develop closer relations with other four thematic reflections: election related with calm and poise during the challenging efforts in the prevention, management institutions within the AU, and spread disputes and political violence; peace, and resolution of violent conflicts in the concept and work of the Panel month of February 2016. Africa. justice and reconciliation in Africa;

38 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 39 implementation of the regional and international conventions The AU is also actively engaged in conventional arms control Defence and Security and treaties on arms control and disarmament. Working within issues. As early as 2000, the AU adopted the Bamako Declaration this framework, the AU has remained strongly committed to the on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, multilateral disarmament and nonproliferation regimes. Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons in preparation for the UN Conference which adopted the UN AU reiterates need for universal adherence to The AU’s role is centered on the principle that universal program of Action. adherence to the disarmament and nonproliferation regimes disarmament and nonproliferation regimes will serve to strengthen their effectiveness and authority and More recently, the AU adopted, in 2013, the AU Strategy provide the required transparency and confidence-building and Action Plan on the Control of the Illicit Proliferation, refrain from supporting by any means non-State actors from measures. This would consequently ensure that regional and Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons The proliferation of nuclear, developing, acquiring, manufacturing, possessing, transporting, international resources are effectively channeled to enhance which was developed through a series of consultations with chemical and biological weapons transferring or using nuclear, chemical or biological weapons international cooperation where all states can equally benefit Member States’ experts and Regional Economic Communities. and their delivery systems. from the peaceful applications of nuclear, chemical and The Strategy and Action Plan outline the roles of the AU, the and their means of delivery Resolution 1540 (2004) imposes binding obligations on all biological sciences and technology. Regional Economic Communities and Regional Bodies with a Small Arms mandate, and the Member States which must all States to adopt legislation to prevent the proliferation of In 2002 the Assembly of the Organization of African Unity constitute a threat to international work together in a coordinated and reinforcing manner towards nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, and their means adopted a decision in which it expressed its commitment to the a continental, sustainable and effective approach to addressing peace and security of delivery, and establish appropriate domestic controls over global chemical weapons disarmament and nonproliferation illicit small arms. During the period under review, the AU Commission, in related materials to prevent their illicit trafficking. It also efforts and encouraged the call to achieve universality of the collaboration with the UN Security Council Committee encourages enhanced international cooperation on such efforts. Chemical Weapons Convention in Africa and encouraged its The Strategy was adopted in tandem with the African Common established pursuant to UNSC Resolution 1540 (2004) and The resolution affirms support for the multilateral treaties whose full and effective implementation. This position was reaffirmed Position on the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) which formed the with the support of the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs aim is to eliminate or prevent the proliferation of WMDs and the by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding, in 2006, reference for Member States that have participated in the (UNODA), organized an assistance and review conference on importance for all States to implement them fully; it reiterates between the AU Commission and the Technical Secretariat of final UN Conference. This common position was based on the the implementation of United Nations (UN) Security Council that none of the obligations in resolution 1540 (2004) shall the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. The principles of the recognition of the full responsibility of all States resolution 1540 (2004) in Africa. conflict with or alter the rights and obligations of States Parties Memorandum aims to establish an effective mechanism for to regulate the manufacture and transfer of conventional arms in to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, collaboration and joint action between the Commission and the their simultaneous and changing roles as exporters or importers; The conference was organized within the framework of the the Chemical Weapons Convention, or the Biological Weapons OPCW in assisting States Parties meet their obligations under the prohibition to transfer conventional arms, including SALW decision of the 20th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Convention or alter the responsibilities of the IAEA and OPCW. the Convention as well as benefit from the peaceful use of to unauthorized non-State armed groups and/or unauthorized Union, held from 27 to 28 January 2013 in Addis Ababa, which On 20 April 2011, the Security Council adopted Resolution chemistry for industrial and socio-economic development. non-State actors; the obligation and accountability of all States requested the Commission to take the necessary steps, in to fully comply with UN Security Council and AU Peace Security 1977, which reaffirms that the proliferation of nuclear, The AU has also taken the lead in advancing the implementation collaboration with the 1540 Committee and other stakeholders, Council arms embargoes; and the respect for international law, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of to further promote and enhance the implementation of the including international human rights law and international th constitutes a threat to international peace and security, and Pelindaba). In this regard the AU Commission is working resolution in Africa. The conference was a follow up to the 584 humanitarian law. The AU continues to sensitize Member States extends the mandate of the 1540 Committee for a period of towards the timely and effective operationalization of the meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 29 March on the ATT and promote its universality. 2016, which considered the report of the Chairperson of the ten years to 2021. The Security Council thus recognizes that African Commission on Nuclear Energy (AFCONE) established Commission on the theme “Arms Control, Disarmament and full implementation of resolution 1540 (2004) by all States is a by the Treaty of Pelindaba and mandated to monitor states In the area of mine action, and since 1995, the OAU/AU, Nonproliferation”. long-term task that will require continuous efforts at national, parties’ compliance with their obligations as well as to promote launched a number of initiatives aimed at addressing the scourge regional and international levels. Resolution 1977 (2011) the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. of anti-personnel landmines and other explosive remnants of It brought together AU Member States, the 1540 Committee, also provides for two Comprehensive Reviews, one after five war. These initiatives include the Kempton Park Plan of Action Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Pelindaba in 2009, Regional Economic Communities, and a range of regional and years and one before the end of the mandate. Additionally, adopted by the First Continental Conference of African Experts AFCONE has made notable progress, including the development international bodies specialized in chemical, biological and the 1540 Committee is mandated by resolution 1977 (2011) on Landmines, held from 19 to 21 May 1997. This was followed and adopted its program of work, and establishing working nuclear disarmament as well as science and technology. The to continue to strengthen its role to facilitate the provision of by the African Common Position on anti-personnel mines, relations with the relevant regional and international bodies Conference focused on addressing the assistance requests technical assistance and to enhance cooperation with relevant adopted in preparation to the First Review Conference of the as well as with other nuclear weapons fee zones in order to submitted by Member States to enhance the national international organizations. The Committee is also mandated Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC) which took consolidate efforts towards the full elimination of nuclear implementation of resolution 1540 at the national level, and to continue to refine its outreach efforts, and to continue to place in late 2004. weapons and strengthening inter-regional cooperation in the served as an opportunity to gather the views and inputs of institute transparency measures. Member States to the 2016 Comprehensive Review of the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. In April 2014 the Commission launched the Mine Action and Explosive Remnants of War Strategic Framework project status of implementation of Resolution 1540. In January 2013, the 20th Summit of the Assembly of the Union, Document for the period 2014 to 2017. The objective of the held in January 2013 adopted a decision requesting the AU The AU’s role in regional Strategic Framework is to support AU Member States in reducing Commission to takeall necessary steps, in collaboration with the the threat posed by conventional weapons, mines, explosive UN Security Council Resolution disarmament and nonproliferation 1540 Committee and the relevant partners, to support Member remnants of war, cluster munitions and Improvised Explosive States in their efforts in the implementation of the resolution. The The Common African Defense and Security Policy (CADSP), Devices (IEDs) in accordance with the relevant international 1540 (2004) AU has since taken a number of important initiatives including adopted by the 2nd Extra Ordinary Summit of the AU on 28 instruments and best practices. The Strategic Framework On 28 April 2004, the United Nations Security Council the organization of sensitization workshops and trainings for February 2004, recognizes that the accumulation, stockpiling, promotes the concept of national ownership and recognizes unanimously adopted Resolution 1540 (2004) under Chapter the national points of contact designated by Member States proliferation and manufacturing of nuclear, chemical and that while substantial regional and international support and VII of the United Nations Charter which affirms that the pursuant to the resolution. The AU is also working closely with biological weapons, and their means of delivery, pose a threat assistance is required national governments hold the primary proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the 1540 Committee and the relevant regional and international to regional security and call for collective efforts by Member responsibility for developing and implementing mine action and their means of delivery constitutes a threat to international States to address their threat. The CADSP therefore mandates partners towards organizing an assistance conference in early peace and security. The resolution obliges States, inter alia, to the relevant AU organs to promote and encourage the 2016. explosive hazard management programs.

40 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 41 Consultative Meeting in Algiers on the AU Hosts Strategic Review Meeting on Completion of Phase I of the start-up of AFRIPOL AUDDR Capacity Program In January,the African Union (AU), Participants congratulated the AU on As a way forward, in-order to solidify United Nations (DPKO) and the World achieving the objectives set out in the this tripartite collaboration between the Bank (TDRP) met in Addis Ababa to project document and expressed hope organizations in the future, the three close phase one of the DDR Capacity that the capacity created within the AU parties agreed to sign a cooperation Program (2013- 2015). The DDR heads will be maintained and strengthened agreement which expresses their from the three organizations: Dr. in the future. Both the UN and World commitment to work together, as Tarek A. Sharif (AU), Mr. Simon Yazgi Bank stated that there continued to well as identify the modalities for (UN DPKO) and Mr. AbderrahimFraiji be a significant role for the AU to play future cooperation. This co-operation (World Bank- TDRP), together with in DDR on the continent and further agreement which will be signed in their team, reviewed the results of the expressed their strong desire and February 2016 will look at ways of DDR Capacity Program and outlined commitment to work with the AU in complementing DDR activities already key steps on the way forward for phase phase two which would have a strong included in the APSA support program. two of the program, building on the emphasis on operational support to successful gains of phase one. Member States.

AU and EU intensify fight against the illicit accumulation and trafficking of firearms in Africa

Consultative Meeting of Ad-Hoc Committee on Start-up of AFRIPOL Algiers, 27-28April 2016

At the 2nd Extraordinary Meeting of the Specialized Technical development of concrete next steps whilst also informing the Committee on Defense Safety and Security (STCDSS), held on 15 identification of the relevant expertise needed to design and January 2016, the AU Commission was commended on progress effectively implement the specific areas of organized crime as made in the operationalization of the African Union Mechanism identified in the draft Program of Work for AFRIPOL (2015- for Police Cooperation (AFRIPOL) and further requested to 2018). make the necessary follow-up on all aspects regarding the full commencement of AFRIPOL activities and to render AFRIPOL lessons learned fully and rapidly operational. In April 2016, the AU-EU project steering committee on Small were from: AU, RECSA, EU, ECOWAS, EAC, ECCAS, COMESA, Pursuant to that decision, the AU Commission, in partnership and best practices, Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) held its second meeting in IGAD, SADC, Central African Police Chiefs’ Committee, Eastern with Algeria as host of the AFRIPOL Headquarters, convened Addis Ababa, under phase two of the project titled “The Fight African Police Chiefs’ Cooperation Organization, West African a “Consultative Meeting on the Start-Up of AFRIPOL” from which will give the against the Illicit Accumulation and Trafficking of Firearms in Police Chiefs Committee, Southern African Regional Police 27-28 April 2016 in Algiers. The meeting brought together Africa”. This Project which is being implemented by the Regional Chiefs Co-operation Organization, United Nations Office on various organizations for police cooperation, including the operationalization of Centre on Small Arms (RECSA), seeks to strengthen relevant Drugs and Crime, United Nations Regional Centre for Peace African regional police chiefs’ cooperation organizations: the institutional and civil society actors in Member States, including and Disarmament in Africa and International Criminal Police Central African Police Chiefs Committee (CAPCCO), the East AFRIPOL the opportunity the African Regional Police Chiefs Organizations (RPCOs) and organization. African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization (EAPCCO), law enforcement agencies, is guided by the steering committee the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation which provides strategic oversight. Organization (SARPCCO) and the West African Police Chiefs to learn from the With the recent receipt of funding for Phase Two of the project Committee (WAPCCO). from the European Commission, the steering committee Participants shared experiences, lessons learned and best experiences of similar to review the status of implementation of the project, and practices, which will give the operationalization of AFRIPOL discussed the challenges facing implementation, concluding the opportunity to learn from the experiences of similar organizations. with a way forward on the implementation of the remaining organizations. The outcomes of the meeting would enable the activities of the project. Participants who attended the meeting

42 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 43 Fifthly, The Commission continues to engage a number of 2. The Commission and RECs/ RMs should provide regular Post-Conflict Reconstruction and partners in the implementation of the AU’s PCRD Policy. The briefings on PCRD to this Council. Doing so would strengthen key partners that have been engaged include: the UN Peace the PSC’s political oversight and support to the AU’s PCRD Building Commission and other UN agencies, the African efforts. The agenda of consultative meetings held twice a Development Development Bank, the Economic Commission for Africa, civil year between this Council and the RECs and RMs, should society organizations, and bilateral actors. include discussion and monitoring and evaluation of PCRD The AU’s fundamental weakness remains its dependence on external financial support activities in the continent. for PCRD 3. The AU should scale up its engagement with the RECs and RMs to develop their capacities to serve as the regional Dr. Admore Kambudzi focal points for PCRD. At the national level, the Commission should support post-conflict Member States in establishing On Tuesday, 26 April 2016, the Peace and Security Council received the African Union inter-ministerial committees or other appropriate follow-up Commission Chairperson’s second Progress Report on the AU’s efforts to promote post- mechanisms, on PCRD. conflict reconstruction and development in Africa. The Report was submitted to the 4. Member States should expedite the process of establishing Council by the Acting Director for Peace and Security, Dr. Admore Kambudzi, on behalf the Centre for PCRD. The issue has been pending for quite of Commissioner Chergui. Recalling that the first PCRD Progress Report was submitted a while and Council needs to make a decision on it sooner to Council in January 2013, Dr. Kambudzi outlined the efforts of the AU Commission to rather than later. The action would further enhance the implement the AU’s PCRD policy over the last three years. He informed Council that all Commission’s efforts in the implementation of the PCRD Policy. PCRD programs and policies at the African Union are now obliged to mainstream gender Observations and comply with UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security and 1. Notwithstanding the existence of a normative framework 5. The AU should ensure that a percentage of the Peace Fund is related AU instruments. The Acting Director reminded the PSC that, with regard to PCRD, which is conducive to the implementation of robust PCRD dedicated to PCRD, as this would facilitate needs assessments and consultations in the postconflict Member States. the AU’s fundamental weakness remains its dependence on external financial support. strategies and programs, the effective implementation of various overarching strategies on the continent, and making Here are highlights of the executive summary of the AUC Chairperson’s Progress report on critical linkages with PCRD implementation platforms, African Solidarity Initiative Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development. remains weak. With specific regard to the African Solidarity Initiative, the 2. The African Solidarity Initiative (ASI) has faced a number of Commission wishes to submit the following three specific recommendations to Council, in order to address the funding participation in democratic processes and institution building challenges since its inception. The biggest challenge has been challenges confronting this noble initiative: in post-conflict settings. The Special Envoy of the Chairperson and continues to be poor funding. Efforts are still underway of the Commission on Women, Peace and Security, Mme Bineta to obtain the pledged resources totaling US$ 3 million, and 1. A funding window should be established by the AU and the Diop, advocated for the rights of women in peace and security to engage with Africa’s private sector and business entities. RECs for PCRD interventions, especially for those relating to by participating in international, continental and national 3. There is need to enhance coordination both at the policy regional and cross-border initiatives. platforms on areas of priorities of the AU 2015 Year of Women and operational levels. To this end, the Commission 2. Needs of post-conflict Member States should be assessed Empowerment and Development towards Africa’s Agenda is engaged in consolidating the PCRD implementation regularly and systematically, and reported on, to better 2063. framework and strategic coordination with the UN Peace inform resource mobilization efforts. The PSC Sub-Committee Thirdly, steps have been taken by the Commission to support Building Commission, the African Development Bank, the on PCRD should contribute to this follow-up effort. UN Economic Commission for Africa, other UN System the Regional Economic Communities and Mechanisms (RECs/ 3. AU-led roundtables and pledging conferences should be RMs) in initiating regional PCRD strategies and actions with institutions working in Africa, civil society organizations, and other AU partners. organized regularly to generate additional support for post- a view to enabling them to spearhead the implementation of conflict Member States. PCRD activities. A validation workshop is planned for this year 4. The AU’s fundamental weakness remains its dependence on to finalize the draft PCRD Policy for the Economic Community external financial support for post-conflict reconstruction and In conclusion, based on the experiences and lessons learned of Central African States (ECCAS), for its adoption and approval development, which, given the lack of effective coordination, from past activities in PCRD implementation in post-conflict by its policy organs. In addition, the Commission has worked raises its own constraints. countries in Africa, it can be deduced that the architecture of the Firstly, at the Commission level, intra and interdepartmental AU PCRD requires multi-layer institutional enhancement. The collaboration has been enhanced, with significant results. with the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa report submitted to Council today proposes practical measures to Sustained collaboration between the Peace and Security strengthen the continent’s PCRD architecture. The Commission Department and the Political Affairs Department brought up (COMESA) to implement projects on women’s empowerment Recommendations and peacebuilding. hereby submits the report for your consideration. the development of a capacity building program to strengthen In view of the preceding, the Commission would like to submit During the period women’s participation in post-conflict settings and enhance the Fourthly, the AU Liaison Offices have continued to engage the following recommendations for consideration by Council: role of women and youth in preventing pre-electoral violence. with these countries and continuously follow up on the under review, Dr 1. The Commission should increase its efforts in facilitating the Alhaji Sarjo Bah Secondly, all PCRD programs and policies are now obliged to implementation of specific PCRD activities such as the implementation of Quick Impact and Peace Strengthening establishment of PCRD mechanisms at different levels, and took over as the mainstream gender and comply with United Nations Security in particular enhancing the capacity of the Commission, Acting Head of the Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security Projects, aimed at providing tangible peace dividends to the population, as well as contributing towards effective regional and subregional bodies, as well as ensuring greater Conflict Management and related AU instruments. In furtherance of the objective contribution, in the spirit of the ASI, by AU Member States, and Post-Conflict of fostering women’s empowerment and gender equality, coordination of peace and stabilization efforts, to avoid the risk of relapse into conflict. to the efforts on the ground. Reconstruction the Commission sponsored initiatives to promote women’s Division in PSD.

44 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 45 The Nouakchott Process Burundi

In February 2016, Five African Heads of State and Enhancing Security Cooperation and the Government, representing all five regions of the continent, carried out a peace mission to Burundi, Operationalization of APSA in the Sahel in implementation of a decision by the Assembly of African Union at the January 2016 Summit The first ministerial meeting on the Niamey on 17 and 18 February 2014; of the region, held in Niamey, Niger, on which took place in Addis Ababa. The mission was Enhancement of Security Cooperation the fifth in Ouagadougou on 19 and 20 19 February 2014, and the Declaration led by H.E. President Jacob Zuma of South Africa, and the Operationalization of the APSA May 2014; the sixth in Dakar on 13 and of the 1st Summit of the Nouakchott pictured above being welcomed at Bujumbura in the Sahelo-Saharan region, held 14 November 2014; the seventh meeting Process, organized in the Mauritanian airport by H.E. President Pierre Nkurunziza of in Nouakchott, on 17 March 2013, in Algiers on 15 and 16 April 2015, and capital on 18 December 2014. Burundi. identified a set of measures to address the 8th in Abuja on 5 May 2016, which These meetings, which result in the the security challenges facing the region. was followed by the second meeting of adoption of operational conclusions, It was agreed, in particular, that the the Ministers of Defense of the member provide an ideal platform to exchange Ministers concerned would meet at least countries of the Nouakchott Process, on views on the overall situation in the once every six months, while the Heads of 6 May 2016, also in Abuja. Sahelo-Saharan region, the enhancement Intelligence and Security Services (HISS) The 1st meeting of the Ministers of of security cooperation among the would meet once every two months. Commissioner Chergui accompanied the high- Defense of the member countries of the countries concerned and the review level AU mission to Burundi. Commissioner As a follow-up to the communiqué of Nouakchott Process was held in Bamako, of national and regional activities for Chergui arrives in Bujumbura, in February 2016, the Nouakchott ministerial meeting, the Mali, on 4 September 2015. The meeting, capacity building aimed at improving the to accompany a high-level AU delegation of Heads AU Commission has, to date, organized which was preceded by preparatory effectiveness of the efforts towards the of State and Government on a peace mission to seven meetings of the HISS. The first meetings of experts and Chiefs of prevention and combatting of terrorism Burundi. meeting was held in Bamako on 18 April Defense Staff, on 2 and 3 September and transnational organized crime. They 2013; the second in Abidjan, on 20 and 2015, respectively, were held as part of have also proved to be a valuable tool for 21 June 2013; the third in N’Djamena the follow-up on the Conclusions of the confidence building. on 10 September 2013; the fourth in 3rd ministerial meeting of the countries

Western Sahara

The question of the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara has been on the decolonization agenda of the United Nations (UN) over the past fifty-three years. In fact, Western Sahara has been inscribed since 1963 on the list of territories to which UN General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960 on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples would apply. To-date, Western Sahara remains on the UN list of the 17 non-selfgoverning territories yet to exercise their right to self-determination. In spite of the fact that both the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council have adopted numerous resolutions, calling for the exercise of the right to self-determination of the people of the Territory, the question of Western Sahara remains stalled. The AU Commission, on its part, in compliance with the decisions of AU organs, has continued its initiatives with the international community, designed to bring about increased engagement towards effective action to terminate the unyielding stalemate in the peace process for the Territory. On the other hand, the AU Special Envoy for Western Sahara, the former President of Mozambique. H.E. Mr Joaquim Chissano, held extensive consultations with the UN Secretariat, the UN Security Council and the international community, as part of AU efforts to find a solution to the conflict, in conformity with the international The African Union congratulates the Saharawi people, on the occasion of the celebration this year of the 40th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence for legality, that will enable the people of Western Sahara to exercise Western Sahara. their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.

46 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 47 AFRICAN UNION Staff News AU Bids Farewell to El-Ghassim Wane In February 2016, Commissioner Chergui joined PSD staff to bid farewell to Mr. El-Ghassim Wane, the PSD Director, who was leaving the African Union after20 years of service at the AU, to assume his new duties at UN Headquarters in New York, as the Assistant-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations. The Commissioner and PSD staff wished Mr. Wane well in his new position and future endeavors and expressed the hope that he would continue to speak out for Africa and unofficially serve as an ambassador/advocate of the African Union. Mr. Wane, in response, thanked PSD colleagues for their collaboration over the years, and added that he was leaving the AU but would always carry the AU in his heart. The farewell ceremony was attended by the PSC Chair of the month, Ambassador Wahide Belay of Ethiopia and other PSC members, including Ambassador RachidBenlounes of Algeria. here are photographic highlights of the event.

48 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 49 In Memoriam

In February 2016, Africa lost one of its most illustrious sons when Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali passed away. He was the first African to serve as UN Secretary- General (Jan1992-Dec1996). Commissioner Chergui extended his condolences to the Government and people of Egypt and the family of Dr. Boutros-Ghali whom he described as a great African intellectual and diplomat. This first issue of the African Union Peace and Security Review is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali. May His Soul Rest in Peace!

This publication is also dedicated to all the peacekeepers who have paid the ultimate price for peace in Mali, Somalia, CAR, Sudan, South Sudan, DRC and other peacekeeping missions in Africa. May their Souls Rest in Peace!

50 AU-Peace and Security Review African Union Commission P. O. Box: 3243 Roosevelt Street Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 251-11 551 77 00 Ext. 2047

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