Munich Security Conference

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Munich Security Conference AFRICAN UNION JUNE SPECIAL EDITION - Issue 001- 2016 PEACE & SECURITY Review AFRICAN UNION Munich Security Conference comes to Africa AU and Ethiopia host First Core Group Meeting in the Continent The African Union Peace & Security Review AFRICAN UNION Published by: the Office of the Commissioner AU Peace and Security Department (PSD) Editorial Advisor PEACE & SECURITY Review JUNE SPECIAL EDITION - Issue 001- 2016 Braham Khellaf Editor-in-Chief Admore Kambudzi, PhD Editors Sivuyile Bam Peace Support Operations Tarek Sharif, PhD Defense and Security Admore Kambudzi, PhD Peace and Security Council Ambassador Fred Ngoga-Gateretse Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Alhaji Sarjo Bah, PhD Conflict Management and Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Editorial Focal Point O.Bama Secretary Munich Security Senper Shimeles Design / Layout Binyam Misgina Conference Printing In this Issue AMEYIB Communication & Marketing Plc Photography comes to AUPSD Africa Highlights of the Commissioner’s AU DIC activities Archives AU and Ethiopia host First Core Group Meeting in the UN Photos Continent Activities of the Special Envoy on Acknowledgement Women, Peace and Security The Peace and Security Department acknowledges and appreciates the support and collaboration of our sister departments, notably, the Directorate of Conference News from the Defence and Management and Publications (DCMP) and the Security Division Directorate of Information and Communication (DIC) Address News on Post-Conflict Peace and Security Department African Union Commission Reconstruction and Development Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected] News on Conflict Prevention and Website: www.peaceau.org Twitter: @AU_PSD Early Warning Facebook: http://goo.gl/qhiOR Staff News and more Telephone: +251 115 514518 / 4494 2 AU-Peace and Security Review AFRICAN UNIONSpecial Edition June 2016 3 normatifs - dont la plupart ont été ratifiés par nos États membres clairement où nous voulons aller. Mais nous devons nous rendre - visantà l’avènement d’un continent inclusif, démocratique compte que nous n’y serons pas en l’absence d’un engagement et prospère. Toutefois, de nombreux défis restent à relever résolu et d’une profonde réflexion sur le panafricanisme et le pour assurer que ces lois et ces normes cruciales deviennent principe de solidarité africaine, que nous avons démontrés effectivement une réalité pour notre peuple. Cela ne se fera pas il n’y a pas longtemps dans notre lutte commune pour notre en l’absence d’initiatives collaboratives du gouvernement, des libération et plus récemment contre Ebola. Pour cette raison je organisations la société civile et d’autres parties prenantes. Le suis confiante qu’une fois encore nous nous montrerons à la Malawi est un exemple récent, ayant mis en place un organisme hauteur des attentes placées en nous pour accélérer la mise en dont la seule mission consiste à assurer que tous les protocoles, oeuvre de nos priorités et programmes majeurs. chartes et traités de l’Union africaine sont ratifiés et intégrés Ainsi, alors que nous célébrons cette importante journée, que dans la législation nationale nous reprenions notre engagement à l’Afrique et to les idéaux Let us work qui nous ont été légués par nos mères et nos pères fondateurs. Chers compatriotes africains, Ensemble, nous pouvons faciliter l’intégration de l’Afrique, l’unité et les valeurs partagées de prospérité et de paix durable Nous devons nous poser certaines questions cruciales, légitimes pour tous. together to design et difficiles alors que nous nous apprêtons à réaliser la vision Message de S.E. Dr Nkosazana Dlamini de l’Union africaine pour une Afrique intégrée, prospère et paisible, dirigée par ses propres citoyens et s’exprimant d’une Vive l’Afrique et sa diaspora ! a world in which Zuma, Présidente de la Commission de voix forte sur la scène internationale. C’EST CELA, L’AFRIQUE Vive l’unité et la solidarité africaines ! l’Union africaine, QUE NOUS VOULONS, tel qu’exprimé par notre peuple dans all human beings l’Agenda 2063. La mise en oeuvre du premier Plan décennal est Bonne et Heureuse Journée de l’Afrique ! déjà entamée. Grâce à l’émission d’un passeport africain à nos lors de la Chefs d’État et de Gouvernement lors du Sommet de Kigali en can live and juillet prochain, nous espérons accélérer la libre circulation des personnes, des biens et des services, qui constitue l’un de nos commémoration projets phares. prosper free from Notre vision continentale ne sera menée à bien que si nous de la «Journée de oeuvrons collectivement avec les États membres ainsi que fear and want. toutes les autres parties prenantes, notamment la société civile, H.E. Olusegun Obasanjo, Former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria le secteur privé, les institutions religieuses, les universitaires et l’Afrique», le 25 mai 2016 les médias. Nous sommes tous logés à la même enseigne ! Oui, la bonne gouvernance et la démocratie inclusive Chers compatriotes africains du continent et de la sontbimportantes, mais les droitsbde l’homme vont au-delà de diaspora, ces principes fondamentaux. Les droits de l’homme signifient Chers amis de l’Afrique, que l’on investit dans la ressource la plus précieuse de l’Afrique : le milliard de personnes ou plus, dont la majorité sont jeunes, En ce jour historique du 25 mai, nous célébrons le 53e dont plus de la moitié sont des femmes. Cela signifie également anniversaire de la fondation de notre organisation continentale, qu’on investit, pour eux, dans la santé, l’éducation de qualité, l’Organisation de l’Unité Africaine (OUA), maintenant l’Union l’accès aux services de base et les infrastructures, dans la africaine (UA), je voudrais vous adresser mes salutations les plus libre circulation sur le continent et dans la valorisation de nos chaleureuses et les plus sincères en cette Journée de l’Afrique, ressources naturelles. Les droits de l’homme représentent en alors que nous célébrons les progrès continus réalisés par toutes effet le juste équilibre entre les aspirations civiques et socio- les filles et de tous les fils de notre continent bien aimé. économiques, qui nous offriront un continent paisible, dont le Cette année, nous célébrons cette journée spéciale alors que développement est axé sur ses populations, un continent qui nous aspirons à la transformation de notre continent, que joue un rôle dynamique sur l’échiquier international. nous faisons le bilan et réfléchissons sur nos réalisations dans Cette année, nous voulons nous concentrer sur les droits des notre quête d’une vie meilleure pour tous les segments de la femmes, parce que c’est une obligation fondamentale, qui se population africaine. Nous aspirons tous à une Afrique bien justifie du point de vue économique. L’investissement dans nos gérée et prospère, soucieuse des principes fondamentaux de femmes est une garantie de paix durable, de stabilité au sein démocratie, de l’État de droit et du respect total des droits de la communauté et de cohésion. L’investissement dans nos humains et des peuples. Ses aspirations s’alignent sur le thème femmes contribue à la prospérité des familles, des communautés suivant : « Année des droits de l’homme en Afrique avec et du continent. un accent particulier sur les droits des femmes », thème qui représente en effet une occasion autant qu’un défi pour tous les Africains. Chers compatriotes africains L’Union africaine a élaboré de nombreux cadres et instruments L’Agenda 2063, L’AFRIQUE QUE NOUS VOULONS, nous indique 4 AU-Peace and Security Review Special Edition June 2016 5 AFRICAN UNION AU-UN Partnership for Peace nothing has been In March 2016, Commissioner Chergui led an AUPSD delegation to UN Headquarters in New York. During that visit, the done, until it has been Commissioner met with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and addressed the UN Security Council Open Session on Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts in the Great Lakes Region. He communicated also discussed African peace and security issues with other international personalities, including the Foreign Minister of Portugal, H.E Augusto Santo Silva, UK Min. for Africa H.E. James Duddridge, and France’s Ambassador to the UN, H.E. Francois Delattre. A Word of Appreciation I am pleased to introduce this maiden edition of the news bulletin the implementation of our mandate. Our sincere appreciation of the African Union Peace and Security Department (PSD). Upon also goes to the Member States whose constant concern and my arrival in the department almost three years ago, I noticed, support, particularly within the framework of the Peace and with dismay, that neither PSD nor the Commission at large Security Council, has kept the Department alive and guided us to had a quality news publication that consistently recapitulates continue striving to make our Continent more peaceful, secure and analyses the myriad activities and programs we daily work and stable, and the African Union more visible and respected so hard under challenging circumstances to conceptualize globally. We may not have done a perfect job, but we are doing and implement. Considering the strategic importance of the best we can with the limited means at our disposal. We communication in today’s fast-globalizing world, it is imperative will continue striving to put to good use the resources made to adequately inform our stakeholders about the good work we available to us. are doing. Strategic communication is so vital nowadays that I now invite you to enjoy the pages of this bulletin. Please, feel some experts go as far as to assert that “nothing has been free to contact the editorial board with your comments and done, until it has been communicated.” suggestions, so that together, we can improve the quality of The soft power of smart Public Diplomacy is undeniable. That is our departmental news publication. why I gave instructions for some changes to be made in the way PSD communicates with its various stakeholders.
Recommended publications
  • TUC-Annual-Report-2010.Pdf
    The 2010 financial year will be remembered assets. The strategic business and assets for the solid organic growth and robustness that fuel the core operations i.e. properties shown by the diversified Trustco business and education were retained. The Company model in challenging economic conditions. believes that the foundation has now been laid This is evident in the growth achieved in to move the business to the next phase and Group revenue and headline earnings. The to achieve its 5/5 business objective which is incremental increase in headline earnings in to achieve a market capitalisation of NAD 5 relation to revenue was the result of stricter billion by the end of FY 2014. At the time of expense control and organic growth. No this report, the Company was trading under a acquisitions were made during the year under cautionary announcement regarding its micro review. The Group continued with its strategy insurance business role out of Trustco Mobile to divest from all non-financial services activity into the rest of Africa. by disposing of its non-core businesses and Group revenue increased by 14% to NAD can be largely contributed to the exceptional 550.5 million and headline earnings increased growth shown by the micro finance loan book by 20% to NAD 85.3 million from 2009. of 34%. EBITDA increased by 83% to NAD Earnings increased by 47% to NAD 137.5 188.4 million. million (2009: NAD 93.3 million). This was achieved through the core business that In view of the fact that Trustco is a Namibian continued on its path of organic growth incorporated company, the results set out and the fair value adjustment of the Lafrenz as per this Annual Report are reflected in property.
    [Show full text]
  • Hermeneutics & Morocco's Family Code
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2020 From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code Rachel Olick-Gibson SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Law and Gender Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Religion Law Commons, Social Policy Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Olick-Gibson, Rachel, "From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code" (2020). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3362. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3362 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. From the Ulama to the Legislature: Hermeneutics & Morocco’s Family Code Rachel Olick-Gibson Academic Director: Belghazi, Taieb Advisor: Bordat, Stephanie Washington University in St. Louis Africa, Morocco, Rabat Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MOR: Multiculturalism and Human Rights, SIT Study Abroad, Spring 2020 1 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • Regime Crises, Political Exclusion and Indiscriminate Violence in Africa
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: RISKING WAR: REGIME CRISES, POLITICAL EXCLUSION AND INDISCRIMINATE VIOLENCE IN AFRICA Philip Gregory Roessler, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Directed By: Professor Mark I. Lichbach Department of Government and Politics Between 1956 and 1999 one-third of the civil wars in the world occurred in sub- Saharan Africa. The prevailing explanation given to account for this fact is the economic weakness of African states. While low income is a robust determinant of civil war onset in global models, it is not as precise a predictor within sub-Saharan Africa. Instead, I argue that civil war is often a consequence of how African rulers respond to threats to regime survival, such as failed coups d’etat and other regime crises. In the wake of regime crises, rulers, concerned by their tenuous hold on power, seek to reduce the risk of future coups by eliminating disloyal agents from within the government and increasing spoils for more trusted clients to try to guarantee their support should another coup or threat materialize. The problem for the ruler is distinguishing loyal agents from traitors. To overcome this information problem rulers often use ethnicity as a cue to restructure their ruling networks, excluding perceived ‘ethnic enemies’ from spoils. The consequence of such ethnic exclusion is that, due to the weakness of formal state structures, the ruler forfeits his leverage over and information about such societal groups, undermining the government’s ability to effectively prevent and contain violent mobilization and increasing the risk of civil war. To test this hypothesis, I employ a nested research design.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2010 3 “The Proof Is in the Pudding”
    Trustco Group Holdings - Annual Report 2010 3 “the proof is in the pudding” 4 Trustco Group Holdings - Annual Report 2010 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS PROFIT BEFORE TAX HEADLINE EARNINGS 143% 20% NAD 161.5 M NAD 85.3 M The 2010 financial year will be remembered assets. The strategic business and assets for the solid organic growth and robustness that fuel the core operations i.e. properties 2010 AT A GLANCE shown by the diversified Trustco business and education were retained. The Company model in challenging economic conditions. believes that the foundation has now been laid This is evident in the growth achieved in to move the business to the next phase and Group revenue and headline earnings. The to achieve its 5/5 business objective which is incremental increase in headline earnings in to achieve a market capitalisation of NAD 5 relation to revenue was the result of stricter billion by the end of FY 2014. At the time of expense control and organic growth. No this report, the Company was trading under a acquisitions were made during the year under cautionary announcement regarding its micro review. The Group continued with its strategy insurance business role out of Trustco Mobile to divest from all non-financial services activity into the rest of Africa. by disposing of its non-core businesses and Group revenue increased by 14% to NAD can be largely contributed to the exceptional 550.5 million and headline earnings increased growth shown by the micro finance loan book FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS by 20% to NAD 85.3 million from 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • ACLED) - Revised 2Nd Edition Compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018
    EGYPT, YEAR 2015: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Revised 2nd edition compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; Hala’ib triangle and Bir Tawil: UN Cartographic Section, March 2012; Occupied Palestinian Territory border status: UN Cartographic Sec- tion, January 2004; incident data: ACLED, undated; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Conflict incidents by category Development of conflict incidents from 2006 to 2015 category number of incidents sum of fatalities battle 314 1765 riots/protests 311 33 remote violence 309 644 violence against civilians 193 404 strategic developments 117 8 total 1244 2854 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, undated). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, undated). EGYPT, YEAR 2015: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - REVISED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 11 JANUARY 2018 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Ad Daqahliyah, 18 incidents killing 4 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Al Mansurah, Bani Ebeid, Gamasa, Kom el Nour, Mit Salsil, Sursuq, Talkha.
    [Show full text]
  • Morocco: Current Issues
    Morocco: Current Issues Alexis Arieff Analyst in African Affairs June 30, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21579 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Morocco: Current Issues Summary The United States government views Morocco as an important ally against terrorism and a free trade partner. Congress appropriates foreign assistance funding for Morocco for counterterrorism and socioeconomic development, including funding in support of a five-year, $697.5 million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) aid program agreed to in 2007. Congress also reviews and authorizes Moroccan purchases of U.S. defense articles. King Mohammed VI retains supreme political power in Morocco, but has taken some liberalizing steps with uncertain effects. On June 17, the king announced he would submit a new draft constitution to a public referendum on July 1. The proposed constitution, which was drafted by a commission appointed by the king in March, aims to grant greater independence to the prime minister, the legislature, and the judiciary. Nevertheless, under the proposed constitution the king would retain significant executive powers, such as the ability to fire ministers and dissolve the parliament, and he would remain commander-in-chief of the armed forces. U.S. officials have expressed strong support for King Mohammed VI’s reform efforts and for the monarchy. Protests, which have been largely peaceful, have continued, however, with some activists criticizing the king’s control over the reform process and calling for more radical changes to the political system. Authorities have tolerated many of the protests, but in some cases security forces have used violence to disperse demonstrators and have beaten prominent activists.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Under Constraints: the PJD in the Aftermath of the 2016 Elections
    ISSUE BRIEF 05.29.18 Working Under Constraints: The PJD in the Aftermath of the 2016 Elections Driss Maghraoui, Ph.D., Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco have had electoral success and popularity THE CURSE OF THE MULTI-PARTY among the electorate, but they have been SYSTEM IN MOROCCO unwilling or incapable of challenging the A fragmented multi-party system is a regime in ways that can significantly fundamental feature of the Moroccan advance democracy. The PJD is no exception. political system and is often considered Moroccan politics has been shaped by what a critical conduit for political reform and is known in Morocco as the makhzen, also 4 democratization in the long term. While referred to as the deep state, which is the a multi-party system could be seen as political authority that is associated with an opportunity to encourage the political the monarchy and its hegemonic state participation of different political forces, apparatus. In what follows, I argue that, in elections also carry the prospect of its relations with the makhzen, the PJD faces sustaining authoritarian rule.1 The latter constraints similar to those experienced is indeed the case in Morocco, where by other parties, and, as a result, is unable the monarchy has used elections as a to change the underlying dynamics of mechanism to structure and control the Moroccan politics. country’s political arena. The power of the monarchy is preserved by preventing the MONARCHICAL POWERS AND THE emergence of a strong party, maintaining a CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS OF THE balance among political parties, and further Via formal and PARTIES dividing an already fragmented political elite.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Sponsored Female Religious Authority and The
    PIETY, HONOR, AND THE STATE: STATE-SPONSORED FEMALE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN MODERN MOROCCAN SOCIETY by SOPHIE HOOVER A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2015 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Anita Weiss and Professor Angela Joya for offering me invaluable advice, wisdom, and assistance while developing this thesis. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Professor Rick Colby for his generosity with his resources and time in developing my understanding of Moroccan Islam. Thanks are also in order to Professor Southworth for volunteering her time to serve on my thesis committee, and Ms. Miriam Jordan for all of her time and assistance in finalizing the format of this thesis. This paper would not have been possible without any of you, thank you. iii Table of Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Theoretical Framework 10 III. Overview of State Religious Authoritative Bodies 14 The Supreme Religious Council 17 The Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs 19 Religious Authority as Patriarchal State Power 20 IV. Implementation of Women as Religious Guides and Religious Scholars 24 ‘Alimat: Female Religious Scholars 24 Murshidat: Female Religious Guides 28 V. Profiles of ‘Alimat and Murshidat 34 Dr. Rajaa Naji Mekkaoui 34 Fatimah Bouselama 37 Bouchra 39 Hannane 41 Karima 43 VI. Impact on Patriarchal Notions of Society 45 Increasing Empowerment, Within Limits 45 Reduced or Enhanced Oppression? 52 VII. Conclusions 58 Bibliography 63 iv I.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuun 1 9 8 8
    UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS CENTRE AGAINST APARTHEID 5/88 ..' April 1988 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CALLS FOR A RENEWED EFFORT TO ABOLISH RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND APARTHEID [Note: On 21 March 1988 the Special Committee against Apartheid held a solemn meeting in observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. This issue, which is published at the request of the Special Committee, contains the texts of statements made at the meeting.] Inited Nations, New York 10017 88-11238 - 2- CONTENTS Page STATEMENTS MADE AT THE 614TH MEETING OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE AGAINST APARTHEID HELD ON 21 MARCH 1988 TO OBSERVE THE INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION A. Statement by Mr. Peter Florin (German Democratic Republic), President of the General Assembly ................................................ 4 B. Statement by Mr. Javier P~rez de Cuellar, Secretary-General of the United Nations ........................................... 5 C. Statement by Mr. Dragoslav Pejic (Yugoslavia), President of the Security Council ......................................... 6 D. Statement by Mr. Guennadi I. Oudovenko (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), Acting Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid .............................8 E. Statement by Mr. Peter Dingi Zuze (Zambia), President of the United Nations Council for Namibia ...................... 10 F. Statement by Mr. Oscar Oramas Oliva (Cuba), Acting Chairman of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ...... 12 G. Statement by Mr. S. Shah Nawaz (Pakistan), on behalf of the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa .......................................... 14 H. Statement by Mr. Tom Obaleh Kargbo (Sierra Leone), Chairman of the African Group of States .......................
    [Show full text]
  • Ifbb Elite Professional Qualifier 2021 Ifbb World
    IFBB ELITE PROFESSIONAL QUALIFIER 2021 IFBB WORLD RANKING EVENT WELCOME Dear Brothers, Friends & Colleagues, The Egyptian Federation of Bodybuilding & Fitness (E.F.B.F) is proudly inviting all athletes from IFBB-affiliated National Federations from Europe, Africa and Asia to participate in the Muscle Tech Egypt IFBB Diamond Cup that will be held in the wonderful city of Cairo, Egypt during the period from the 18th till the 20th of February, 2021. Special Thanks to Dr. Rafael Santonja, the President of the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) for his continuous support for our beloved sport and his special care of these championships. We are all proud of our great leader whom we learned from him a lot, and experienced from his great talented character. I would also like to convey my sincere thanks & gratitude to Mr. Abdelazeem Hegazy, the Chairman of the Muscletech Egypt for sponsoring such an important sports event, confirming his vision to support bodybuilding sport as a healthy lifestyle. The event will include Junior Men’s Bodybuilding, Men’s Bodybuilding, Men’s Classic Physique, Men’s Physique & Masters Men’s Bodybuilding. Once again welcome to the marvelous Cairo; one of the most attractive cities all over the world; and I hope that your stay in our country will be a memory of joy and pleasure. Dr. Eng. Adel Fahim Executive Assistant & Vice-President, IFBB President Egyptian, Arab & African Federations ABOUT EGYPT: Egypt, country located in the northeastern corner of Africa. Egypt’s heartland, the Nile River valley and delta, was the home of one of the principal civilizations of the ancient Middle East and, like Mesopotamia farther east, was the site of one of the world’s earliest urban and literate societies.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Anti-Apartheid Newsletter, Nov. 1985
    Student Anti-Apartheid newsletter, Nov. 1985 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.acoa000117 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Student Anti-Apartheid newsletter, Nov. 1985 Alternative title Student Anti-Apartheid newsletter Author/Creator American Committee on Africa (ACOA) Contributor Nessen, Joshua Publisher American Committee on Africa (ACOA) Date 1985-11 Resource type Newsletters Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) United States, South Africa, Namibia Coverage (temporal) 1985 Source Africa Action Archive Rights By kind permission of Africa Action, incorporating the American Committee on Africa, The Africa Fund, and the Africa Policy Information Center.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal System of Morocco
    August 2020 The Legal System of Morocco An Overview Leila Hanafi The history of Morocco shows a divide between the rigid and enforceable nature of the French civil code and the traditional Amazigh informal justice system as well as Sharia law that focuses more on custom than strict adherence to text. Thus, there is a strong basis for access to justice and the legal system generally, but with room to follow a less legally principled path. This overview further considers the way these primary influences coexist in the context of legal pluralism. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V. The Legal System of Morocco – An Overview August 2020 2 I. Historical Influences The first known inhabitants of Morocco were Amazighs and other tribal groups. Their legal structure was 1 defined by informal systems based primarily on Islamic and non-Islamic customary law.0F Initially, most Amazighs were Christian, but through encounters with Arabs, beginning in the 7th century, many converted to Islam and thus their informal legal systems became increasingly informed by Islamic 2 teachings.1F Despite embracing Islam, however, the Amazighs followed a unique brand of Islamic Shi’ism, 3 incorporating their own cultural differences.2F The Amazigh culture is distinguished from other Moroccans primarily through language, which leads many children to drop out of school because they are taught in 4 a ‘foreign’ language, Arabic.3F Approximately two-thirds of the Amazigh population in Morocco live in rural 5 regions, where the culture remains the strongest.4F The Amazigh political system is centred on tribes and 6 7 family.5F Families remain close together and patriarchy is strong.6F Each tribe has a chieftain and communities often have Sharifs, families who claim descent from the prophet, who are afforded 8 significant respect in mediation of matters.7F The rejection of formal education based on language barriers, and the value of traditional authority figures lead modern day Amazigh communities, particularly in rural areas, to be most affected by IJS as defined by the original Amazigh inhabitants.
    [Show full text]