Håb Og Forræderi Ken Loach Fra Cathy Come Home Til Sweet Sixteen

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Håb Og Forræderi Ken Loach Fra Cathy Come Home Til Sweet Sixteen The Navigators Håb og forræderi Ken Loach fra Cathy Come Home til Sweet Sixteen A f Jesper Andersen ’’The problem is that political cinema is usu­ sammen til den kjole, som datteren ally very right-wing. It is represented by Coleen skal bære ved sin første altergang i Patriot Games, one guy with a gun who will den lokale katolske kirke. I filmens indle­ go and solve all your problems.” Ken Loach dende scene stjæler Bob sammen med vennen Tommy et får fra en eng og for­ Humoren i Ken Loachs Raining Stones søger at afhænde det på en pub. Senere (1993) er især knyttet til de fantasifulde skræller de to venner græstørv af plænen og mere eller mindre håbløse måder, ar­ foran det konservative partis hovedkvarter bejdsløse Bob forsøger at skrabe penge i Manchester i håb om at kunne videre- 165 Håb og forræderi ændre systemet med militante politiske aktioner (”Look, Jimmy the last thing I need right now is a leeture”).Ved kun at give Jimmy en mindre rolle i filmen er­ kender Loach og hans manuskriptforfatter Jim Allen indirekte den begrænsede ind­ flydelse, som radikal venstrefløjspolitik har på det liv, Bob lever i post-Thatcher England. Ordvekslingen mellem Bob og Jimmy kan samtidig opfattes som en selv­ ironisk kommentar til de ’’foredragsholde- re”, der optræder i Ken Loachs film. I 40 år har Ken Loach m ed sine tv- dramaer, dokumentarfilm og spillefilm le­ veret indtrængende hverdagshistorier om mennesker, der lever på kanten af indu­ strisamfundet, og dramaer om kollektive arbejdskampe før og nu. Hans kompro­ misløse film har ofte bragt ham på forsi­ den af de engelske aviser og i centrum af den offentlige debat. Som erklæret socia­ list har det for Ken Loach hele tiden været afgørende at demonstrere forholdet mel­ Cathy Come Home lem det personlige, levede liv og de socia­ le, økonomiske og politiske forhold, som ifølge Loach styrer vores liv. Til det formål har han forsøgt at udnytte den nuancere­ sælge det. Efter at have inkasseret et blåt de indsigt i personlige forhold og erfarin­ øje i sit seneste job som dørmand, opsøger ger, som fiktionen kan give, og samtidig Bob sin svoger Jimmy, der er leder af det via dokumentarfilm-teknikker placeret si­ lokale socialkontor: Da Jimmy ser Bobs ne filmfortællinger i en konkret ’’virkelig” øje, siger han smilende: ”1 hope you got it sammenhæng. fighting for the working class”. Bob svarer irriteret: ”1 don’t have time fighting for the Onsdagsspil. Den britiske nybølge (1958- working class! I am the working class.” 1964), der satte fokus på den engelske ar­ Det håb, der motiverede hovedperso­ bejderklasse og dens hverdagsproblemer, nerne i tidlige Ken Loach-film som The fandt et nyt udtryk i de mange tv drama­ Big Flame (1969) og Days of Hope (1975) er, der blev produceret i England fra mid­ - at kollektive arbejdskampe kan tenskabe af ra­1960’erne, heriblandt Cathy Come dikale samfundsændringer - er i 1990’er- Home (1966). Cathy Come Home etablere­ ne blevet til et håb om individuel overle­ de Ken Loach som et navn i britisk film. velse og om at bevare en smule værdig­ TV-filmen blev produceret som et hed. Jimmy forsøger uden større held at ’’Wednesday Play”, et fast programindslag, 166 overbevise Bob om nødvendigheden af at som BBC startede i 1964 og som i seks år a f Jesper Andersen blev sendt hver onsdag aften efter 21.00- Cathy og Reg skildres som to helt almin­ nyhederne. Ken Loach instruerede i alt 10 delige unge mennesker. De er anbragt i en ’’Wednesday Plays”, herunder også Up the sammenhæng, der på en meget direkte Junction (1965) og In Two Minds (1967). måde lader os forstå, at hvad der sker for Sidstnævnte var udgangspunkt for spille­ Cathy og Reg ikke er et isoleret tilfælde, filmen Family Life (1971). men symptomatisk for det britiske sam­ Cathy Come Home er historien om det fund. Dette formidles blandt andet ved, at unge ægtepar Cathy og Reg. De er heldige Cathys voice-over sammenkædes med ud­ at få en moderne lejlighed i et højhus. sagn fra anonyme, autentiske personer i Cathy bliver gravid, m en Reg kommer ud samme situation som Cathy og Reg. Cathy for en mindre arbejdsulykke og bliver ar­ Come Home leverer en omfattende kritik bejdsløs. Det unge par må derfor finde et af boligforholdene og det sociale system i billigere sted at bo og vælger at flytte ind England. Filmen skabte stor offentlig, po­ hos Regs mor, hvor der i forvejen er meget litisk debat i hjemlandet og medførte æn­ trangt. Det ender i skænderi og de må dringer i det britiske velfærdssystem. Den rykke til en lille lejlighed i en forfalden be­ førte desuden til etableringen a f’’Shelter”, boelsesejendom, hvor to børn mere kom­ et hjælpeprogram for hjemløse. mer til. En ny udlejer sætter Reg og Cathy Loach har senere udtalt, at han ikke be­ på gaden, da de kommer bagud med hu­ tragter Cathy Come Home som en politisk slejen. Herefter havner de i en camping­ film, da den ikke afdækker de strukturelle vogn. Beboerne i kvarteret lægger imidler­ og økonomiske årsager til hjemløshed og tid ’’campingpladsen” for had og sætter ild ikke indeholder handlingsanvisninger: til nogle af vognene. Cathy og Reg slår sig Cathy er en film om en social situation. Det ned i en ubeboet lejlighed uden vinduer er ikke en politisk film, da den ikke om hand­ og flytter herfra til et telt. Til sidst må ler det system, som skaber hjemløshed. Den Cathy søge ind i en institution for hjem­ accepterer hjemløshed som et faktum uden at løse. Her må Reg ikke opholde sig efter kl. analysere årsagerne. Det er en film om en personlig tragedie. (Loach i Fuller 1998, s. 24) 20.00, ”da mænd ødelægger sengetøjet”. Da Cathy og Reg fortsat ikke kan finde en I filmens sluttekst, der projiceres heno­ bolig og klare sig selv økonomisk, erklærer ver Cathy, da hun sidder alene tilbage på myndighederne, at de vil fjerne børnene. en bænk, hedder det: ”4.000 children are Det sker i den hjerteskærende slutscene, separated from their parents and taken in- hvor de tre børn bliver taget fra Cathy to care each year because their parents are m ed magt. homeless. West Germany has built twice Den fiktive fortælling om Cathy og Reg as many houses as Britain since the war”. ledsages af dokumentar-optagelser, spea­ Henvisningen til boligbyggeriet i Vesttysk­ kerkommentarer, statistikker om boligfor­ land er der ganske rigtigt ikke så meget hold og hjemløshed i England og inter­ politisk perspektiv i, da Vesttyskland be­ views med tilfældige personer på gaden. fandt sig i en helt speciel situation efter For hvert trin, Cathy og Reg falder ned ad krigen. Landet var sønderbombet og den sociale rangstige, bringer Loach kom­ modtog desuden massiv Marshall-hjælp. mentarer til den situation, de nu befinder Cathy Come Home udløste ikke blot for­ sig i. Cathys opfattelse af begivenhederne andringer i det britiske velfærdssystem, præsenteres i voice-over. men også en ophedet debat om, hvad tv- 167 Håb og forræderi drama er. Loach blev beskyldt for at vild­ sin første spillefilm, Poor Cow (1967), der lede publikum ved at blande fiktion og anvender stilelementer som lange indstil­ fakta - en kritik som har fulgt ham i det linger, mellemtekster a la Godard, voice- meste af hans karriere og især har været overs, interviews direkte til kameraet og rettet mod Cathy Come Home, tv serien en noget påtrængende Donovan på lyd­ Days ofHope (1975) og Ladybird, Ladybird sporet. Poor Cow er løst struktureret og (1994). Loach har kommenteret disse an­ indeholder dokumentariske montage-se­ greb i flere interviews som her i forbindel­ kvenser, f.eks. close-ups af kunderne i den se med premieren på Days o f Hope: “Kritik bar, hvor hovedpersonen Joy arbejder, og af at sammenblande kendsgerninger og optagelser af børn og voksne der spiser is i fiktion er af nogle aviser forbeholdt politi­ en badeby. ske film, men glemmes, når Edward VIII Poor Cow handler om den unge kvinde eller Churchills mor romantiseres og glo­ Joy (Carol White), der bor i en snusket rificeres” (citeret fra Petley 1997, s. 47). London-lejlighed med mand og barn. Da Ifølge Ken Loach skyldtes den indflydelse hendes mand bliver sendt i fængsel for et Cathy Come Home og de øvrige amatøragtigt røveri, indleder hun et for­ “Wednesday Plays” fik, at de kom um id­ hold til Dave (en ung Terence Stamp), der delbart efter nyhederne: “Vi var meget iv­ er en af hendes mands kammerater. Dave rige efter, at vores tv-spil ikke skulle be­ viser sig at være omsorgsfuld og kærlig tragtes som dramaer men som fortsættel­ over for Joy og hendes søn. Deres lykkelige ser af nyhederne” (Loach i Fuller 1998, s. tid sammen får imidlertid en brat ende, 15). Loach var i dette tilfælde således selv da Dave idømmes 12 års fængsel. Joy for­ interesseret i at tilsløre forskellen mellem søger nu at klare sig alene - som barpige, fiktion og dokumentär for derved at kun­ nøgenmodel og halvprostitueret. Poor Cow ne bidrage direkte til den politiske debat. skildrer, hvorledes Joys handlemuligheder Samtidens anmeldere roste Carol White er bestemt af hendes sociale situation og (Cathy) og Ray Brooks (Reg) for deres de mænd, hun omgås. Filmen handler om troværdige og nuancerede skuespilpræsta­ en kvindes magtesløshed i en rå mands­ tioner. Når man ser filmen i dag, er det verden, hvor kriminalitet synes at være dog tydeligt, at filmens dokudrama-stil i eneste overlevelsesmulighed. høj grad hæmmer udviklingen af perso­ nerne og deres forhold til hinanden. Cathy Det historiske blik. Kes (1969) markerede og Reg bliver ikke udfoldet som hele ka­ Ken Loachs gennembrud som spillefilm- rakterer, men drukner i statistikker og instruktør og et afgørende skift i fortælle­ speaker-kommentarer og kommer blot til stil.
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