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The Seizure of His Majesty's Fort William and Mary At THE SEIZURE OF HIS MAJESTY’S FORT WILLIAM AND MARY AT NEW CASTLE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, DECEMBER 14 - 15, 1774 By Thomas F. Kehr (Revised ed. © June, 2012, Thomas F. Kehr; All rights reserved to the author. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author. This article updates, revises and supersedes the original and revised versions © Thomas F. Kehr, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010. The article is periodically updated as additional information becomes available. See “Author’s Note” at end of article) Today’s Fort Constitution, New Castle, NH, formerly Fort William and Mary ( brickwork, gate, masonry and other features post-date the Revolution) Photographs © Thomas F. Kehr, 2000 Thirteen unique rebellions against British authority simmered in America prior to April 19, 1775. Four months before the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, New Hampshire’s rebellion crossed the line into overt insurrection. On December 14, 1774, patriots faced gunfire to storm the colony’s provincial arsenal; a fort in the British empire’s system of American defenses, manned by soldiers who reported to a royal governor appointed directly by the Crown. In the violent course of their assault, the raiders gave three cheers, hauled down the British flag and made off with about 100 barrels of gunpowder. It was plainly treason and New Hampshire’s friends of liberty added to their crime the following evening. On December 15, 1774, they again raided the fort, this time absconding with small arms, miscellaneous military supplies and, above all, 16 cannon clearly marked as the property of the King. These little-known and often misconstrued incidents marked the effective end of royal authority in one of Britain’s American colonies and warrant a place of honor in our collective memory of the struggle for American independence. I. Prologue to an Insurrection In 1770, New Hampshire’s young, popular and moderate Royal Governor, John Wentworth, mused that “[o]ur province is quiet yet, and the only one, but will, I fear, soon enter [protests]. If they do, they’ll exceed all the rest in zeal.” [1] The observation proved prophetic. New Hampshire’s rebel/patriot movement was closely linked to patriot activity in nearby Boston, where in 1770 the slaughter of Americans at the hands of the British Army came to be widely publicized as the Boston Massacre. Unrest in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, particularly the 1773 Boston Tea Party, resulted in Parliament’s passage of the Coercive Acts, known in America as the “Intolerable Acts.” One of those laws, the Boston Port Act, closed commerce in Boston Harbor, wreaking havoc on the city’s economy. A rising level of organized revolutionary activity spread north from Boston, carried to New Hampshire by Massachusetts Sons of Liberty. One of the matters that New Hampshire’s House of Representatives (the Provincial Assembly) addressed on an annual basis was funding for the company of soldiers stationed at the province’s only permanently manned military installation, Fort William and Mary. The fort, located on Great Island in the Town of New Castle, served as the provincial munitions depot and guarded the Piscataqua River passage to Portsmouth, New Hampshire’s colonial capital and seaport. Known generously as the “Castle,” Fort William and Mary was a compound with 6 to 8 foot walls (some of them crumbling) and, theoretically, 30 stations for cannon.[2] The Castle held arms, ammunition and supplies provided by both the province and the Crown. On hand were scores of artillery pieces of various size. Some were on small- wheeled naval carriages which rolled on platforms, poised to defend the Piscataqua. Others were ready for quick deployment on mobile field carriages. Many were in storage, available for use by British forces on land or at sea. More than 100 barrels of gunpowder were also stored in the fort, primarily paid for with money raised by fees imposed by the Provincial Assembly on “foreign” shipping. The empire as a whole provided many of the other items, including the fort’s cannon. Despite its shortcomings as a fortification, the British military considered the Castle one of the few seaboard defenses of any consequence north of New York. [3] In May of 1774, the increasingly liberty-minded Assembly approved funding for only three soldiers and one officer at Fort William and Mary. Governor Wentworth protested that the allotment was “inadequate” and that it was unsafe to entrust “so important a fortress” to the “care and Defence” of so few. [4] In fact, it was even fewer men than the Assembly had authorized in 1771, when a detachment from the fort had been called upon to defend the impounded brigantine Resolution. At that time, the fort’s captain, John Cochran, a native of Londonderry, NH, and four soldiers had been unable to hold back a mob of 50 armed liberty boys who descended on the ship in disguise to rescue untaxed molasses from the Piscataqua Customs Service.[5] The affair made the Resolution’s owner, Samuel Cutts, something of a hero among local radicals. In 1774, Cutts was a staunch patriot and a member of the assembly that considered the Governor’s objection to the size of the contingent at the Castle. Before considering Wentworth’s request for additional troops, the Assembly turned to an even more contentious matter: whether or not to create a provincial committee of correspondence. The point of such a committee was to communicate with other colonies so as to present a unified response to British policies. In the eyes of loyalists, the establishment of this link in the patriot communication chain would signify that New Hampshire had “fatally joined the other provinces in what may be termed their revolt.” [6] The measure passed by a slim margin and Samuel Cutts was promptly elected to the new committee. The Assembly then grudgingly authorized a garrison at the Castle consisting of five enlisted men and one officer.[7] Governor Wentworth responded to the Assembly’s creation of a committee of correspondence by adjourning the House, intending to call it back into session once moderate legislators had a chance to rally. During the adjournment, however, the colony was asked to send delegates to an extralegal Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Rather than run the risk that the Assembly might do so, Wentworth dissolved the House. [8] A new assembly was not convened until 1775; a fact that some patriots saw as proof of Wentworth’s antipathy to representative government. In July, patriots gathered at an officially unsanctioned provincial congress and elected John Sullivan of Durham and Nathaniel Folsom of Exeter as New Hampshire’s delegates to the Continental Congress.[9] Discontent was mounting in New Hampshire. In June, Portsmouth patriots stopped the ship Grosvenor from disposing of her cargo of tea in the colony. In early September, they stopped the Fox from doing the same. [10] Meanwhile, even worse trouble erupted in Massachusetts. In 1774, General Thomas Gage, the military governor of Massachusetts, became increasingly afraid that unrest and the profusion of arms in his colony would soon lead to bloodshed. In the early morning hours of September 1, 1774, he dispatched about 260 redcoats from Boston into the surrounding countryside. Their mission was to quietly retrieve a supply of Massachusetts gunpowder from the magazine at Charlestown (now Somerville), MA and confiscate two small cannon recently acquired by the militia at Cambridge. The operation occurred without incident but when the people of Massachusetts learned that Gage had placed their munitions under the control of the regular Army, they exploded in anger. Wild rumors of marauding redcoats and Royal Navy bombardments spread. By the second of September, thousands of men under arms were in Cambridge and thousands more were marching in from outlying areas. [11] Gage was appalled by the beast that he had awoken and made matters worse by fortifying the approaches to Boston, where his Army was stationed. Since the Royal Navy had recently begun enforcing the Boston Port Act, it appeared to many Americans that Britain was preparing to go to war against Massachusetts. The colony resolved never again to be caught off guard. Following the September “Powder Alarm,” friends of liberty established a system of “express riders” to quickly spread word of troop movements. Local militia units were encouraged to form companies of men prepared to march at a minute’s notice. [12] By the end of 1774, Portsmouth boasted a profusion of patriot committees. In December of 1773, on the very afternoon of the Boston Tea Party, the town established a local committee of correspondence. Among its five members were Cutts and merchant John Langdon, a liberty-minded former sea captain and opponent of the Wentworth administration. [13] The town also had two committees to deal with the importation of tea, various ad hoc committees and a “Committee on Ways and Means” (also known as the “Committee of 45”), the duty of which was to “keep up the good order, & quiet of the Town, & . to examine into every Matter that may appear unfriendly to the Interest of the Community.”[14] When Governor Wentworth hatched a plan to secretly provide General Gage with New Hampshire carpenters to build winter barracks for the redcoats in Boston, the Committee of 45 issued a proclamation suggesting that he was an enemy to the community. [15] In December, Portsmouth established a “Committee of 25” to enforce the “Continental Association”; the set of patriotic agreements adopted by the First Continental Congress. [16] Meanwhile, some of New Hampshire’s leading patriots, John Langdon among them, probably considered what to do if it ever appeared that the Army had its eye on the munitions at Fort William and Mary.[17] II.
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