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The Routledge Handbook of Planning Megacities in the Global South

Deden Rukmana

Planning Chongqing

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781003038160-3 Asa Roast Published online on: 15 Jun 2020

How to cite :- Asa Roast. 15 Jun 2020, Planning Chongqing from: The Routledge Handbook of Planning Megacities in the Global South Routledge Accessed on: 01 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781003038160-3

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Li 2011; (Cui models development socialist and capitalist between — uha hnqn n t egbrChengdu neighbor its and Chongqing as such ’ a lie ob raiganwtp fct hc o which city of type new a creating be to claimed was ’ nadubnzto.Frmn omnaos the commentators, many For urbanization. inland s fl ec fteJaigadYntervr n lies and rivers Yangtze and Jialing the of uence ’ os nrcn er Ce ta.2019). al. et (Chen years recent in coast s ff ranwmd flf.Teso- The life. of mode new a er — aeo have lnigChongqing Planning ff rda explicit an ered ff ered 39 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:40 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781003038160, chapter3, 10.4324/9781003038160-3 s Roast Asa dpe ag finvtv oiiswihse oitgaerrllf n ra iein life urban and life have two. 40 rural the planners between integrate where gulf to socioeconomic place the seek a alleviate which and and policies ways, challenge, of innovative particular number increasing of a a range The presents a inconsistent. urban adopted and and rural rare between been has on planning villages development rural a with while individual cities, recently, for than Chinese relatively interests until in greater in law planning private of by scale urban ownership proscribed to of collective a planning formally tradition nominally leased state the remains strong of under state, a China outside remains is in local land There land Rural the urban villages. Urban law. between national system. of divide by land the ownership designated associated in and the evident the mechanisms clearly and market-facing under is planning, mechanisms and This institutional rural period 1980s. of and socialist the hybrid the since unique from introduced a motivations inherited represents distinctions China legal in and system planning urban The Planning Chinese of Context The 3.2 Figure ude hs aeoissmwa,adrvae hi ocpulicnitny(e Smith (see inconsistency conceptual their revealed and somewhat, categories these muddied 04.Tepann fCogigi signi is Chongqing of planning The 2014). fl ec fmre cosadtesaebce earjcso eetdcdshave decades recent of megaprojects state-backed the and actors market of uence u ra hw ihhthn;bde fwtrsoni black) (mountain- in 1980s shown since water of urbanization bodies of hatching; pattern with and shown areas city ous Chongqing of layout The fi atbcuei sact nwihtedivide the which in city a is it because cant fi e period xed Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:40 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781003038160, chapter3, 10.4324/9781003038160-3 oenetiln rmNnigt hnqn,dcaigi atm aia.Wiethe While capital. wartime a it declaring Chongqing, to Nanjing from inland government 2013). (Li day present the characteristic a typi tpe tet n es lseso ossbito abosit ( stilts bamboo on built houses of clusters ‘ dense and streets stepped city the for challenge eaae tfo h erystlmnso inbiadNan and which Jiangbei rivers wide of the the where settlements and port, peninsula, nearby the river the of a topography for from settlement, steep Three location the and it ideal human of cramped separated head an The for the east. it at the made site Lying to also rivers. of defensible Yangtze Yangtze 28 band and 2014, the region naturally Dykstra Jialing a of (see the of corridor a empire by center the Gorges sides provided of the three edge and on at the peninsula it surrounded on port isolated control Yuzhong historically river of both major point rocky has critical eastern a Chongqing north- a the of running As it marking positioning mountains made valleys. the mountains steep mountains, wooded of of forested bands range of thickly striated a side by of characterized either center basin, the to-south Sichuan at the lies of Chongqing edge China. of rest the Chongqing 1997 to Prior Chongqing Context: Historical ar rmto hv]li ontefudto nwihtelclsaehsbeen has state local the which on foundation the down transformed laid and [have] incentivized promotion cadre di at operating plans of types to 83 able least were and at system, identify planning (2010) Chinese the al. in of et the levels Shu under groups. operate interest and complex, extremely oretruhteeaiaino h atclrpsto fCogigwti these within Chongqing of due in and position on markets particular elaborated land contemporary be the of will system of The the This urban broader of examination 2009). neoliberal state. hegemony Wu the the transformations. a the and in and by through (He within embedded structured investment course embedded deeply be economy private to actor for be understood an Chinese competition to be as must state the understood cities local be such of facing must challenges transformation cities Chinese economic of planning constructing and planning city: market for the This Chinese mechanisms in urbanism. contemporary entrepreneurial created the the state instruments of termed in form be hybrid can space the which to system economic refers and political a which planning professional of auspices 211). as the of 2014, under land framework space rural urban conceptual and understands a rural of how homogenization split records a were (2014) These 2000s. 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The directly et lower. country other far the the was western of coast in of eastern those urbanized driver 2004). of (Hong a urbanization 50% accelerate as program and national infrastructure Chongqing improve the to of of order in commencement huge role regions West the a The by by the displaced marked municipality. underlined residents Up to million Dam further the be one awarded was Gorges over powers within to investment of administrative Three resettlement the was project the the and facilitate which this region, of to the it model creation enabled in a Chongqing spending the The infrastructural providing for China. in western urbanization, increase preparation in and in cities development Chongqing other inland by China of emulated from pole message a a was Beijing that or China of regions national coastal the increased bene in di already municipalities: metropolises markedly had hugely well-established controlled were and cities directly and advanced controlled These pre-existing economically Shanghai. directly treatment, other and Tianjin, a three central Beijing, administrative joined increased of to Chongqing preferential status access prominence. administration streams, the the giving awarded funding Chongqing government, decades. and municipal e province-level two province a on coming In it the Sichuan set in which from municipality. expansion rescaling and separated administrative urbanization of was rapid act towards momentous path a the underwent Chongqing 1997 In Expansion and Privilege Administrative 1997: After ncmiain hs hne rdcdahbi ytmo tt nrpeera urbanism entrepreneurial state of system hybrid a produced changes these combination, In h iyisl ae atclreooi hlegs vrg ra noe eeabout were incomes urban Average challenges. economic particular faced itself city The Shanghai to status equivalent city inland city minor relatively the award to decision The ’ mrigmegacities. emerging s ’ ff ( rdfo nout an from ered fi iudakaifa xibu e ueyfo cnmcliberalization. economic from hugely ted ff c,ti rnfre Chongqing transformed this ect, fi e rmtepeiu ytm ein nwsenCia including China, western in Regions system. previous the from ted n20,wihcanldfrhrsaefnigt western to funding state further channeled which 2000, in ) fl ’ tt-we nepie eelreyunpro largely were enterprises state-owned s wo irto syugpol oe otecatto coast the to moved people young as migration of ow — ’ ainlgvrmn htCogigwudatas act would Chongqing that government national s noei h ua itradaon h oecity core the around hinterland rural the in income ‘ fl fi aigpopulation oating ainbsdland cation-based fl oigo h agz otews of west the to Yangtze the of ooding ’ oa ra oenneinto governance urban local s ff ’ rn rmCogig being Chongqing, from erent fi foe 0 ilo migrant million 100 over of acn,weeyrrlland rural whereby nancing, lnigChongqing Planning ‘ urban fi fi al (Cai table ainof cation ’ ‘ Open state- 43 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:40 01 Oct 2021; 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Second been city such the a has the often which during as Chongqing through China to has of innovations of transformation approach policy Chongqing inequalities the the ambitious which Historically, in with an also managed. speed and and taken place, scale have taken the in Chongqing both governing development, and authorities land-grabbing The of process developers. a brutal private Towards land and often government the local the that of argues part obscure convincingly agrarian the to on for (2018) dispossession land Zhang primarily by of urbanization. accumulation serves acreage expanding the of certain system of meet mechanism a for preserve to a face ticket to primarily as the income state serves presented in some national system While use the gain the use. by development, agrarian requirement villages equitable to mandated remote purposes and other rights, integration for urban-rural development used land land returning commodify to villagers eeomn.B rvn olclatoiista hyhdrtre adpreviously which ticket, land land returned a acquire had to they able are that villagers use, authorities be from agrarian then local remote to can as areas construction to functions in by essence proving living occupied bene residents in to By rural system able would which development. still ticket development by were rural land scheme, development and The transfer urban urban which rights diminished. by development inequalities means a the and The of inequity. integrated one this as be Model alleviate Chongqing to the intended of was which ( Model ticket policy Chongqing land a The included control urbanization. integration indirectly of rural-urban process could the state in state- the raised communities the developers, be from private would pro plots for the value releasing maximize market its and gradually the and prices state- By Chongqing to land, land the infrastructure. reserve urban to by adjoining land to added of land converted owned expropriated Rural construction be be market. the then would urban was would by that the and value reserve to land property, the land land below citizenship, the owned far whose bringing urban was by of remuneration achieved residents form such ultimately policies), the rural welfare (in preferential compensation some those direct received of municipality many While hspoesof process This fi sfo esn h adfrdvlpet(e hag21;Wlsn2016). Wilmsen 2015; Chuang (see development for land the leasing from ts dipiao ‘ ‘ sold hnqn Model Chongqing ytmwsitoue n20,adfaue rmnnl ntediscourse the in prominently featured and 2008, in introduced was system ) ’ ntemre vaasaeamnsee xhne opiaedevelopers private to exchange) state-administered a (via market the on ‘ land fi nancing fi eeae rmterlease. their from generated t ’ ’ nrnhsteieulte ewe ua n urban and rural between inequalities the entrenches ? fi rmtemreiaino ua adfrurban for land rural of marketization the from t ’ akg frfr and reform of package s ’ s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 20:40 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781003038160, chapter3, 10.4324/9781003038160-3 or ol erdcd h hnqn oe a natmtto attempt an was Model Chongqing The reduced. be would poor, un,Yui.2012. Youqin. Huang, 2011. C.C. Philip Huang, 2012. Gulbrandson. Andrew Song, Tao Webster, Douglas Zhenshan, Yang Jianming, Cai, References abr aiadZagXab.2005. Xiaobo. 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