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Technical Report Number 41 Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum

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Technical Report Number 41 Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Technical Report Number 41 Y Alaska OCS y::::. :y:~..{ socioeconomic B!!%!?@ Studies Proaram .:.:.:.. Bureau of 1:3. Land Management .. :.:.:.:.:.:?wk.:. .. .. .. .. Alaska Outer . ..:::::” ... .. ... F:.:.:.:. v%%%.... Continental Shelf E?& Office Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Kodiak Native Sociocultural Impacts ‘The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the mineral leasing and develop- ment of offshore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of offshore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OCS deci- sion making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsibilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BLM has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program (SESP). The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a multi-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the effects of Alaska OCS Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environ- ments within the state. The overall methodology is divided into three broad research components. The first component identifies an alterna- tive set of assumptions regarding the location, the nature, and the timing of future petroleum events and related activities. In this component, the program takes into account the particular needs of the petroleum industry and projects the human, technological, economic, and environmental offshore and onshore development requirements of the regional petroleum industry. The second component focuses on data gathering that identifies those quantifiable and qualifiable facts by which OCS-induced changes can be assessed. The critical community and regional components are identified and evaluated. Current endogenous and exogenous sources of change and functional organization among different sectors of community and region- al life are analyzed. Susceptible community relationships, values, activities, and processes also are included. The third research component focuses on an evaluation of the changes that could occur due to the potential oil and gas development. Impact evaluation concentrates on an analysis of the impacts at the statewide, regional, and local level. In general, program products are sequentially arranged in accordance with BLM’s proposed OCS lease sale schedule, so that information is timely to decisionmaking. Reports are available through the National Technical Information Service, and the BLM has a limited number of copies available through the Alaska OCS Office. Inquiries for informa- tion should be directed to: Program Coordinator (COAR), Socioeconomic Studies Program, Alasks OCS Office, P. O. Box 1159, Anchorage, Alaska 99510. Technical Report No. 41 Contract No. AA550-CT6-61 ALASKAOCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM WESTERN GULF OF ALASKA PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS KODIAK NATIVE SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS Prepared by NANCY YAW DAVIS CULTURAL DYNAMICS Prepared for BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFICE DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 October 1979 III NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Office, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Governmei]t assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Kodiak Native Sociocultural Impacts Prepared by Nancy Yaw Davis, Cultural Dynamics, for Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. October 1979 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . .......o. IX LIST OF TABLES . ..~~”.””” . x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . .~....~.. XII CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 Relation of this study to others in the OCS series , . 2 Format . ● . 4 The Peopl;: : : : : : ~ : : : : : : : : : : . ✎ . 6 CHAPTER II METHODS, STANDARDS, AND ASSUMPTIONS . ✎ . 9 Introduction. ✎ . 9 . ✎ . Definitions , ● ● w “ c c ● “ “ “ “ “ “ ● 10 A Theoretical Perspective . ✎ . 13 A Methodological Perspective . ✎ . ● FIELD RESEARCH . ✎ . ✎ ;: LIBRARY SEARCH . ✎ . ✎ 26 A Perspective on Assumptions . ✎ . ✎ 28 Data Availability . ✎ . ✎ 30 CHAPTER III CHANGES IN THE PAST - AN OVERVIEW . ✎ . ✎ 39 Introduction . ✎ . ✎ Prehistory . ● . ✎ . ✎ ;; Traditional Culture . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 42 Traditional Subsistence” : : : ~ . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 44 Language. , . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 45 The Russian Period . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 45 POPULATION . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 46 SOCIOCULTURA~ iH~N~E “ : : : : . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ The American Period 1897-1939 . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ :: POPULATION . * . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 49 SOCIOCULTURA~ tH/iN&E” : : : : . ● . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ 51 The American Period 1939-1970 . ● . ✎ ● ✎ . ✎ POPULATION . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ :: SOCIOCULTURAi ~H~NiE ‘ : : : : . ● ● , ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ 56 CHAPTER IV KODIAK NATIVE REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 61 Introduction . ✎ . ✎ 61 Kodiak Area Native Association (KANA). ✎ . ✎ 61 v Koniag, Inc . 63 ENROLLMENT IN THE REGIONAL CORPORATION . 64 DISTRIBUTION OF KONIAG ENROLLEES. ● . 66 67 AT-LARGE ENROLLEES. ✎ ● . NATIVES OF KODIAK, INC. ✎ ✎ . 67 THE UNLISTED VILLAGES . ✎ ✎ . 68 69 THE APPEALED VILLAGES . ✎ ✎ . 71 CHAPTER V. THE COMMUNITIES . ✎ ✎ . The Southern Villages . ✎ ✎ . 73 AKHIOK . ✎ ✎ . 74 KAGUYAK . ✎ ✎ . 84 OLD HARBOR. ✎ ✎ . 85 93 The Northern Villages. ● . ✎ ✎ . 93 OUZINKIE . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . 100 PORT LIONS” : : : : . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . The Western Villages . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ● . 104 LARSEN BAY . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 104 KARLUK. ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 106 The Citv of Kodiak . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 110 OLD~IMERS, NEW IMMIGRANTS, AND TRANSIENTS . 110 POPULATION . 112 EMPLOYMENT . 113 THE FUTURE . ‘. 116 Comparison of the Villages . 118 POPULATION . 118 EMPLOYMENT . 120 PERSONAL INC6M~ : : : : . ● . 126 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION . ✎ . 128 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES . ✎ . 130 HEALTH SERVICES . ✎ . 130 HOUSING . ✎ . 133 COMMUNICATION FACILITIES. ✎ . 135 COSTS OF SERVICES . ● . 135 . CHAPTER VI: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES: SOCIOECONOMIC. 141 Introduction . 141 Land Issues . 141 Fisheries Development . 145 THE SALMON INDUSTRY . 145 SHELLFISH . 147 BOTTOMFISH . 148 FISH PROCESSING” IliDtiS~RiE; : : . 149 FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATION . 151 LIFESTYLES OF FISHING PEOPLES . 152 OCS Events- 1975-1977 . 155 CURRENT INTEREST . 157 Other Economic Activities . ● . 158 FORESTRY . ✎ . 158 TOURISM . ✎ . 159 Economic Priorities . ✎ . 160 Oil Industry vs. Fishing Industry Impacts . 161 Siting of OCS Facilities. 163 OLD HARBOR ANDOCS DEVELOPMENT . 164 CHAPTER VII CONTEMPORARY ISSUES: . 171 Introduction . 171 Subsistence . 171 Intra-island relationships . 177 CURRENT RELATIONSHIPS. 178 VILLAGE-BOROUGH TIES . 181 Church Relationships . 183 Heal th . 184 ALCOHhL~R;LAT~D”PliOBLkM: . 184 Other Concerns of Native Peoples. 186 Response Capacity . 188 CHAPTER VIII NON-OCS PROJECTIONS . 191 Introduction . 191 Roles of the Regional Native Orgar izations . 192 General Observations . 194 The Southern Villages . 195 AKHIOK. 195 OLD HARBOR . 198 The Northern Villages . zoo OUZINKIE . 200 PORT LIONS. 202 VII The Western Villages . 203 The City of Kodiak . 204 Population . 205 Economy . 206 Social Impacts. 208 CHAPTER IX PROJECTIONS FROM OCS DEVELOPMENT . 213 Introduction . 213 Low Case 95% Probability Scenario . 215 AKHIOK . 217 OLD HARBiIR”: :::::::::: . 217 WESTERN AND NORTHERN VILLAGES . 218 Mean Probability Resource Level Scenario . 218 AKHIOK. ~ . 219 OLD HARBOR . 219 CITY OF KODIAK”::::::::: . 221 NORTHERN AND WESTERN VILLAGES . 222 REGIONAL NATIVE IMPACT . 222 High Case - 5% Probability Scenario . 224 AKHIOK . 228 OLD HARBOR . 230 THE NORTHERN ”ViL~A6E: : . 231 THE WESTERN VILLAGES . 232 CITY OF KODIAK . 232 REGIONAL NATIVE iM~A6T” . 237 CHAPTER X CONCLUSIONS . 241 OCS Impact Studies . 241 Recommendations . 243 STANDARDS . 244 Evaluation of the Method . 246 Major Findings . 247 REFERENCES . 263 VIII LIST OF FIGURES 1. Mapofthe Pacific Eskimo area. 7 2. Kodiak Island and Adjacent Regions . 40 3. Location of Villages. 72 4. Health Delivery System Model . .134 IX LJJII TCT vrfir TAIZIIMULL-J CC 1. Village Population by Census - 1880-1939 . 50 2. Population Figures - 1950-1978 . ● . ● 57 3. Koniag Shareholders by Enrollment Category . 65 4. Koniag Enrollees living in other Regions . 65 5. Cost of Living Comparisons: 1977 . 91 6. Compilation of Population by Race and Sex . ,..
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