NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT and FEED DEVELOPMENT for HUMPBACK GROUPER, Cromileptes Altivelis

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT AND FEED DEVELOPMENT FOR HUMPBACK GROUPER, Cromileptes altivelis

By: Nyoman Adiasmara Giri, Ketut Suwirya and M. Marzuqi

Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture P.P. Box 140 Singaraja, Bali Indonesia 81101 Grouper Culture (Net Cages)

Wild SEED: Hatchery

Trash Fish: FEED: ¾Price, supply, quality, handling ¾Nutritionally unbalance ¾Source of pollution ¾Handling

Moist Pellet Improve growth & feed efficiency

Dry Pellet: ¾Acceptable ¾Nutrient (balance) ¾Handling P r a ctic al fee d ( C o st effectiv e ) NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT

Feeding Experiment : Tank : 30 lt, flow through system Protein: Fish : C. altivelis (avg. 5.5 g), 10 fish/tank Feed : Dry Pellet (different protein levels, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60 %), for 50 days

Weight gain T o ta l le n g th (C M ) FE (%) F eed intake 300

250 20 200 15 150 10 100 5 50 0 0 36 42 48 54 60 36 42 48 54 60 Protein level (% ) Protein level (%)

Dietary protein requirement : 54.2 % Dietary protein requirement of grouper

Species Requirement (%) Epinephelus salmoides 50 Epinephelus striatus > 55 Epinephelus malabaricus 47.8 Epinephelus malabaricus 50.2 Epinephelus areolatus 60 Epinephelus akaara 49.5 Cromileptes altivelis 54.2 Protein/Lipid Feeding experiment: Tank : 30 lt, flow through system Fish : C. altivelis (avg. 3.0 g); 10 fish/tank Feed : Dry pellet : for 84 days

Protein 44 50 56 Lipid 6 9 12

Lipid-6

Lipid retention Lipid-9 Protein retention

Lipid-12 n (% ) 50 540 520 40 500 (% ) ght gai ght 480 30 460 Wei 20 440 420 10 400 380 0 44 50 56 6912 Protein level (% ) Lipid level (% )

The best feed : 56% CP; 9% lipid; 4.77 kcal/g; cp/energy :118 mg/kcal LIPID REQUIREMENT

Feeding experiment: Tank : 30 lt, flow through system Fish : C. altivelis (avg. 6.5 g); 10 fish/tank Feed : Dry pellet : Lipid level: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 %, for 42 days

Weight gain (% )

FE (% )

180 Lipid requirement : 9 % (%150 ) 120 90 60 30 0 036912 Lipid Level (% ) Fatty acid n-3 HUFA

Feeding experiment: Tank : 100 lt, flow through system Fish : C. altivelis (avg. 5.0 g); 12 fish/tank Feed : Dry pellet : n-3 HUFA level: 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3%

Weigt gain (% )

FE (% )

200

160

(% ) Dietary n-3 HUFA 120

80 requirement : 1.0 %

0 00.511.52 3 n-3 HUFA level (% ) n-3 HUFA requirement for marine fish

Species Requirement (%) Red sea bream 0.5

Flounder 2.0

Sea bass 1.0

Yellow tail 2.0

Striped jack 1.8 Carbohydrate

Feeding experiment: Tank : 30 lt, flow through system Fish : C. altivelis (avg. 8.0 g); 11 fish/tank Feed : Dry pellet; for 63 days Dextrin level: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 %

Wg (%)

FE (%) Live r 9 0.08 300 1.0 8 Muscle 250 7 0.8 6 0.06 200 5 0.6 4 0.04 150 FE (% 3 0.4 G (% lycogen 100 2 0.02 W e ig h t g a in (% 1 50 0.2 0 0 0 0.0 0 7 14 21 28 0 7 14 21 28 D extrin level (% ) D extrin level (% )

¾ Juvenile humpback grouper requires at least 7 % dietary carbohydrate Vitamin C Feeding experiment: Tank : 100 lt, flow through system Fish : C. altivelis (avg. 13.5 g); 10 fish/tank Feed : Dry pellet; for 126 days Vit-C level: 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 250 mg APM/kg (APM = Ascorbyl-2-phosphate Mg)

APM -0 Weight gain (%) APM -15 400 FE (%) APM -30 400

n (% ) APM -60 320 350 APM -120 300 240 250 APM -250

(%) gai ght 160 200 150 Wei 80 100 50 0 0 0 15 30 60 120 250 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Vit-C level (mg/kg) Feeding period (week) Vitamin C

H b (g /1 0 0 m l)

Erythrocyte (m ill. cell/mm3) Leucocyte /mm3) l

40 7 6 30 5 4 20 3 10

2 cel (x1000 Luecocyte 1 0 0 0 15 30 60 120 250 0153060120250 Vit-C level (m g /k g ) Vit-C level (m g /k g ) Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C on grouper:

• Growth retardation • Lordosis and scoliosis • Hyperplasia on gill lamella •Anemia

Vitamin C requirement : 30 mg/kg feed Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C on C. altivelis Dietary Nutrient Requirement for growth of humpback grouper

Protein 54.2 %

Lipid 9 %

N-3 HUFA 1.0 %

Vitamin C 30 mg/kg FEED DEVELOPMENT

Feeding behavior of grouper

1. Type of feed :

Moist pellet

Dry pellet ¾ Floating ¾ Slow-sinking ¾ Sinking

2. Feeding level :

Fix number Satiation level 3. Feeding frequency : ¾ Once per day ¾ Twice ¾ Once every two days

4. Feed Size :

No. Fish Pellet diameter weight (g) (mm) 1 1 - 3 Crumble (1) 2 3 - 5 2 3 5 - 25 4 4 25 - 50 6 5 50 - 100 7 - 8 6 > 100 10 Ingredient composition of practical feed for humpback grouper

Ingredient (%) Fish meal 55.0 Soy bean meal 10.0 Squid liver meal 16.5 Shrimp head meal 6.0 Squid oil 6.0 Mineral mix 2.5 Vitamin mix 2.0 Binder 2.0

Crude protein 50% Lipid 12% n-3 HUFA 1.3-1.6% Fiber 4% Vitamin C 30 mg/kg Feeding trial in net cages

Cage size : 2 x 2 x 3 m Fish : C. altivelis 30 – 38 g 300 fish/cage Feed : * Dry pellet (Gondol) * Dry pellet (commercial) * Trash fish

DGR Survival FCR (%) (%)

180 160 ght (g) 140ght G-feed 2.23 98.7 1.3 Dry pellet (G) 120 100 Wei 80 Dry pellet © 60 C-feed 1.10 98.0 1.6 40 Trash fish 20 0 01234 T.fish 1.71 95.1 6.0 Feeding period (m onth)