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Johan Gadolin Johan Gadolin Jouko Koskikallio Suomen tunnetuin kemisti Johan Gadolin syn- roksidi-liuoksella. Osa tyi 250 vuotta sitten. Hän keksi uuden alkuaineen liukeni aluminaattina tai yttriumin. Hän toimi Turun Akatemian kemian oikeastaan beryllilaattina, professorina ja julkaisi 59 tutkimusta. Gadolinin jota silloin ei vielä tun- mukaan on nimetty alkuaine gadolinium. nettu. Hän mittasi pai- non muutoksen. Hän lisä- Johan Gadolin (1760–1852) keksi uuden alku- si rikkihappoa alkaaliseen aineen yttriumin ensimmäisenä 14 samankal- liuokseen ja kiteytti haih- taisen harvinaisen maametallin joukosta. Hän duttamalla siitä alunaa. Johan Gadolin lähetti vuonna 1794 tiedonannon keksinnös- Suurin osa alkalilla saa- tään Crell Chemische Analysen -lehteen Sak- dusta saostumasta ei liuennut lisättäessä alkalia. saan. Se julkaistiin vuonna 1796 sisältäen hänen Hän päätteli sen olevan uuden tuntemattoman käsiinsä saaman mustan mineraalin analyysi- maametallin. Hän suoritti monia lisäkokeita ja tulokset. Mineraalin oli löytänyt harrastelija- saosti oksaalihapolla happoliuoksesta uuden geologi ja tykistön kapteeni Carl Axel Arrhenius alkuaineen. (1757 –1824) Ytterbyn kylässä Reserön saarel- la Tukholman lähellä sijaitsevan, 170 metriä Analyysitulokset: syvän maasälpäkaivoksen jätekasasta. Maasäl- Silika SiO2 31 osaa pää käytettiin rautamiilussa sekä myöhemmin Aluna Al2O3 19 osaa Rautaoksidi Fe O 12 osaa 1700-luvulla Tukholman posliinitehtaassa. Kai- 2 3 Tuntematon Y2O3 38 osaa vos suljettiin vasta vuonna 1933. Mineraalia oli turhaan yrittäneet analysoida kemistit Bengt Reinhold Geijer (1758–1815) ja Sven Rinman Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767–1813) vahvis- (1720–72). ti vuonna 1797 Gadolinin löydöksen ja osoitti, Torben Bergman (1733–84) oli kehittä- että mineraali sisälsi uuden alkuaineen oksidia nyt kvantitatiivisen liuosten analyysimenetel- 47,5 %. Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743–1817) män. Gadolin sovelsi tätä menetelmää ja liu- ja Luis Nicholas Vauquelin (1763–1829) vah- otti hienoksi jauhettua mineraalia 40 %:een vistivat myös Gadolinin löydöksen. He antoivat typpihappoon. Hän suodatti liukenematto- vuonna 1800 mineraalille nimen gadoliniitti. Se man osan ja sulatti sen kuumentamalla soo- on yttrium-rauta(II)-beryllium silikaattimine- dan kanssa. Hän totesi sen olevan silikaa SiO2 raali Y2FeBe2Si2O10, vaikka Gadolin uskoi sen ja punnitsi sen. Alkuperäisestä happoliuokses- sisältävän alumiinia. Siihen aikaan ei vielä tun- ta hän saosti kaliumheksasyanoferroaatilla sini- nettu berylliumia, jonka Vauquelin löysi kol- sen rautaheksasya noferroaatin. Hän kuumensi me vuotta myöhemmin. Loput 14 harvinaista sakan hehkuvan kuumaksi rautatrioksidiksi ja maametallia löydettiin seuraavien 150 vuoden punnitsi tuloksen. Hän saosti suodoksesta kali- aikana. Viimeinen radioaktiivinen promethium umkarbonaatilla sakan sekä kuivasi ja punnitsi keksittiin vuonna 1945. J.-C. G. de Marignac sen. Hän liuotti sakan väkevällä natriumhyd- (1817–94) ja F. LeCoq de Boisbaudran (1838– T i e T e e s s ä Ta pa h T u u 6 / 2 0 1 0 23 1912) nimesivät vuonna 1880 keksimänsä uuden ja varsinaiseksi kemian professoriksi vuonna alkuaineen 64 gadoliniumiksi. The American 1798. Hänet valittiin Turun Akatemian rehto- Society for Minerals nimesi vuonna 1990 Ytter- riksi vuosiksi 1803–04 ja 1811–12. Hän tutki byn kaivoksen merkittäväksi muistomerkiksi. mm. nesteiden höyrystymislämpöjä ja aineiden Johan Gadolin syntyi Turussa 5.6.1760. ominaislämpöjä. Hän kehitti titrimetrisen rau- Hänen isoisänsä oli maanviljelijä Kalannissa dan analyysimenetelmän kaliumferrosyanidilla. Magnulan talossa. Hänen isänsä Jacob Gadolin Hän keksi vuonna 1788 tinan kaksi hapetusas- oli fysiikan professori Turun Akatemiassa sekä tetta saostaessaan kuparia viinihappoliuoksella. myöhemmin teologian professori ja Turun piis- Hän julkaisi 59 tieteellistä tutkimusta. Hän kir- pa. Gadolinin nimi tarkoittaa hepreaksi suurta, joitti vuonna 1798 kemian oppikirjan Inledning samoin kuin magnus on kreikaksi suuri. Hänen till Chemien, jossa hän vastusti yleisesti hyväk- äitinsä Elisabeth oli Turun Akatemian fysiikan syttyä flogistonteoriaa. professori Johan Browalliuksen tytär. Gadolin Gadolin kutsuttiin kemian professorik- meni naimisiin vuonna 1794 Hedwig Magdale- si Göttingenin yliopistoon, mutta hän kieltäy- na Thielmanin kanssa ja sai yhdeksän lasta. Vai- tyi tehtävästä. Hän kirjoitti Suomen ensim- mon kuoltua hän meni naimisiin vuonna 1820 mäisen farmakopean. Hänet kutsuttiin vuonna Ebba Katariina Palanderin kanssa. 1790 lääketieteen kunniatohtoriksi Ruotsin tie- Gadolinin isä opetti häntä lapsena kotona, deakatemiaan sekä jäseneksi 12 muuhun ulko- ja hänellä oli myös kotiopettaja. Hän luki pal- maalaiseen tiedeseuraan. European Chemical jon, mm. Euklideen 15 kirjaa ja Arkimedek- Society nimesi Gadolinin sadan merkittävim- sen Opera Omnian isänsä kirjastosta. Gadolin män kemistin joukkoon. Hän erosi kemian pro- aloitti 15-vuotiaana opiskella kemiaa ja fysiik- fessorin virasta 62-vuotiaana, mutta jatkoi ope- kaa Turun Akatemiassa. Kemian opetuksen tusta vuoteen 1827, jolloin Turun tulipalo tuhosi Turun Akatemiassa oli aloittanut vuonna 1761 hänen laboratorionsa. Silloin hän lopetti tutki- Per Adrian Gadd (1727–97). Suoritettuaan lop- mustyönsä. Gadolin muutti Mynämäelle, jossa pututkinnon Turun Akatemiassa Gadolin mat- hän kuoli 92-vuotiaana vuonna 1852. kusti Uppsalan yliopistoon Torben Bergma- nin (1735–97) oppilaaksi. Hän väitteli vuonna 1781 aiheesta Dissertatio chemical de analysi fer- Lähteet ri. Gadolin palasi Turkuun vuonna 1784 ja läh- Erämetsä, Olavi: Miten Gadolin löysi Yttriumin. Suomen Kemistilehti 1966 A 39, 51–56. ti vuosiksi 1786–88 opintomatkalle Saksaan ja Mäkitie, O., Niinistö, L.: Johan Gadolin and his Contribution Englantiin vieraillen Lorenz von Crellin (1748– to Analytical Chemistry, Euroanalysis IV. Reviews on Analytical Chemistry 1981. 1816) ja Johan Friedrich Gmelinin (1748–1804) Nortia, Teuvo: Johan Gadolin Turun Akatemian ylimääräi- luona. Englannissa hän tutki termokemiaa seksi professoriksi vuonna 1785. Eräs 200-vuotis- Adair Crawfordin (1748–95) ja Richard Kirwai- muisto. Kemia-Kemi 1985, 12, 1112–1115. Pyykkö, Pekka: Johan Gadolins Paper 1788 Mentioning the nin (1733–1812) luona. Kirwain kirjoitti kirjan Several Oxidation States of Tin and their Dispropor- liuosten analysoinnista. tionation Reaction. New J. Chem. 1988, 12, 881. Suomessa Gadolin rakensi uudelleen labora- torionsa ja otti vuonna 1803 sinne oppilaita har- joittelemaan. Euroopassa vasta Justus von Liebig (1803–73) aloitti Giessenin yliopistossa vuonna 1824 kemianopiskelijoiden laboratorioharjoituk- set. Turun Akatemian uusi laboratorio valmistui vuonna 1814. Gadolinilla oli kodissaan 3 600 kir- jan kirjasto ja 10 000 mineraalin kokoelma. Gadolin nimitettiin ylimääräiseksi kemian Kirjoittaja on Helsingin yliopiston fysikaalisen professoriksi Turun Akatemiaan vuonna 1785 kemian professori (emeritus). 24 T i e T e e s s ä Ta pa h T u 6 / 2 0 1 0.
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