N6 KINNEGAD – ATHLONE SCHEME PHASE 2: KILBEGGAN TO ATHLONE

DUAL CARRIAGEWAY

SITE A016/032; E2660: WILLIAMSTOWN 1

FINAL REPORT

ON BEHALF OF WESTMEATH COUNTY COUNCIL

18 JUNE 2009

PROJECT DETAILS

N6 Kinnegad–Athlone Road Scheme: Project Phase 2, Kilbeggan–Athlone Dual Carriageway Project Reference No. WH/00/112 Ministerial Direction Reference No. A016/032 Registration Number E2660

Excavation Director Ed Lyne Senior Archaeologist Shane Delaney Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd, 120b Greenpark Road, Consultant Bray, Co. Wicklow Client Westmeath County Council

Site Name Williamstown 1 Site Type Burnt Mound Townland Williamstown Parish Ballyloughloe County Westmeath NGR (Easting) 212400 (Area A) & 212456 (Area B) NGR (Northing) 238450 (Area A) & 238415 (Area B) Chainage 7210–7290 Height m OD 71m OD (Area A) 70m OD (Area B)

RMP No. N/A

Excavation Start Date 05 April 2006 Excavation Duration 17 days

Report Type Final Report Date 18 June 2009 Report By Ed Lyne

N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report has been prepared by Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd on behalf of Westmeath County Council and the National Roads Authority in advance of the construction of the N6 Phase 2: Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme.

The excavation was carried out in accordance with the Directions of the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DOEHLG), in consultation with the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) issued under Section 14 of the National Monuments Acts 1930–2004.

CONSULTING ENGINEERS Project manager – Harry Meighan, ROD/RH WSP JV Project engineer – Morgan Hart, ROD/RH WSP JV Project Resident Engineer – Michael Brazil, ROD/RH WSP JV Resident Engineer – Cliff Webb, ROD/RH WSP JV

NRDO WESTMEATH COUNTY COUNCIL Senior Engineer – John Ahern Project Engineer – Michael Kelly Project Liaison officer – Niall Kennedy

NATIONAL ROADS AUTHORITY

Engineering Inspector – John McGuinness Senior Project Archaeologist – Ronan Swan Project Archaeologist – Orlaith Egan

NATIONAL MONUMENTS, DOEHLG Archaeologist – Martin Reid

IRISH ANTIQUITIES DIVISION, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF IRELAND

REPORT PRODUCTION Report Formatting and Editing – Joanne O’Meadhra Elder, Maeve Tobin, John Winfer, Shane Delaney and Fintan Walsh Report Research – Jonathan Kinsella and Eimear O’Connor

i Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

ABSTRACT

Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd (IAC), funded by Westmeath County Council (WCC) and the National Roads Authority (NRA), undertook an excavation in the townland of Williamstown at the site of Williamstown 1 in advance of the proposed N6 Phase 2: Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme (Figure 1). The following report describes the final results of archaeological fieldwork at that site. The area was fully excavated by Ed Lyne under Ministerial Direction (A016/032) and NMS Registration Number E2660 issued by the DOEHLG in consultation with the National Museum of Ireland. The fieldwork took place between the 5 and the 21 of April 2006.

Williamstown 1 consisted of two areas, A and B. The archaeological remains in both areas comprised of burnt mounds. Area A consisted of a large mound (12m x 11m x 0.6m deep), located on a dry elevated position on a southeast-facing hillside. It was adjacent to a low-lying former wetland. This mound was associated with a number of pits and possible troughs. In Area B, 100 m southeast of Area A, a smaller shallow spread (10.5m x 9m x 0.2m deep) was excavated; this was located in a low-lying wetland environment. No further features were identified in Area B, and it is likely that it represents satellite activity from Area A.

Two probable troughs appeared to be the key features on site; a sample of hazel and alder charcoal recovered from one returned a 2 Sigma calibrated date of 1600– 1420 BC (3220 +/- 40 BP, Beta 249537) placing the site within an early to middle Bronze Age date range. Burnt mounds generally date to the Bronze Age, and while various functions are suggested, they are often interpreted as cooking sites. Burnt mounds are generally located close to a water source. While Area A was on the side of a gravelly hill, the low lying area surrounding Area B appeared to be frequently waterlogged despite modern drainage. Area A was less than 20m from the edge of this wetland area. Analysis of material from Area B revealed plant remains of hawthorn, bramble, raspberry, elder and buttercup. This may simply reflect the growth of these plants in the environs of the site subsequent to its abandonment; alternatively these species may have been deliberately collected on site either to be used as a foodstuff or perhaps for dyeing.

Finds recovered included six pieces of worked flint and chert, including a retouched chert blade. This came from the base of the burnt mound in Area A. Analysis indicates that some of the lithic material may be Neolithic in date suggesting activity in the area during that period, or the re-use of Neolithic material on site in the Bronze Age. Williamstown 1 was located c. 700m west of another burnt mound at Williamstown 2, dated to between 910 BC and 595 BC. It post dates Williamstown 1 by at least 500 years but indicates a continuity of function within the later Bronze Age period.

Irish Archaeological Consultancy ii N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 General...... 1 1.2 Proposed Development...... 1 1.3 Archaeological Requirements ...... 1 1.4 Methodology...... 2 2 EXCAVATION RESULTS ...... 3 2.1 Phase 1: Natural Drift Geology...... 3 2.2 Phase 2: Prehistoric Archaeological Activity ...... 3 2.2.1 Southern Trough C25...... 3 2.2.2 Small Pit C21 cut into Southern Trough C25 ...... 3 2.2.3 Northern Trough C36 ...... 4 2.2.4 Possible Small Pit C33 ...... 4 2.2.5 Small Pits C31 and C32 ...... 4 2.2.6 Burnt Spreads C4 (Area A) and C6 (Area B) ...... 5 2.2.7 Possible Waste Pit or Trough C13 ...... 5 2.2.8 Stakehole C35...... 6 2.2.9 Possible Trough or Waste Pit C27 ...... 6 2.3 Phase 3: Medieval/Post-Medieval and Modern Activity-Area A and B...... 6 2.3.1 Drainage Ditch C11, Modern Ditch C37 and Furrow C38 ...... 6 2.4 Phase 4: Topsoil...... 7 2.4.1 Topsoil...... 7 3 SYNTHESIS AND DISCUSSION...... 8 3.1 Landscape Setting...... 8 3.2 Archaeological Landscape (The Bronze Age)...... 8 3.3 Archaeological Typology Background (Burnt Mounds) ...... 11 3.4 Discussion ...... 12 3.4.1 Phase 1: Natural deposits ...... 12 3.4.2 Phase 2: Prehistoric Archaeological Activity ...... 12 3.4.3 Phase 3: Post-Medieval and Modern Activity-Area A and B ...... 14 3.4.4 Phase 4: Topsoil...... 14 4 CONCLUSIONS...... 15 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 17 5.1 References ...... 17 5.2 Other Sources ...... 19 PLATES...... 20 APPENDIX 1 CATALOGUE OF PRIMARY DATA...... I Appendix 1.1 Context Register ...... i Appendix 1.2 Catalogue of Artefacts ...... iv Appendix 1.3 Catalogue of Ecofacts...... v 1.3.1 Animal Bone ...... v 1.3.2 Charcoal ...... v 1.3.3 Burnt Bone ...... v 1.3.4 Carbonised nuts, possible hazelnuts...... v 1.3.5 Seeds ...... v 1.3.6 Mollusc Shell ...... v Appendix 1.4 Archive Checklist ...... vi Appendix 1.5 Copy of Registration No. Document from DoEHLG...... vii Appendix 1.6 Copy of Ministerial Direction Document...... viii

iii Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

APPENDIX 2 SPECIALIST REPORTS ...... IX Appendix 2.1 Lithics Report – Dr. Farina Sternke MA, PhD ...... xi Appendix 2.2 Medieval and Post-Medieval Pottery Report – Clare McCutcheon... xix Appendix 2.3 Animal Bone Report – Camilla Lofqvist ...... xxi Appendix 2.4 Plant Remains Analysis Report – Susan Lyons...... xxix Appendix 2.5 Petrographical Analysis Report – Dr Stephen Mandal...... xxxiii Appendix 2.6 Charcoal and Wood ID Report – Ellen O’Carroll...... xxxvii Appendix 2.7 Radiocarbon Dating Results – Beta Analytical ...... xliii APPENDIX 3 LIST OF RMP SITES IN AREA ...... XLV APPENDIX 4 LIST OF N6 SCHEME SITE NAMES ...... XLVI

FIGURES

Irish Archaeological Consultancy iv N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

List of Figures

Figure 1 E2660 Williamstown 1 site location on OS Discovery Series background Figure 2 E2660 Williamstown 1 showing RMPs with OS background Figure 3 E2660 Williamstown 1 location of site within development Figure 4 E2660 Williamstown 1 site plan Area A Figure 5 E2660 Williamstown 1 pre-excavation plan area B Figure 6 E2660 Williamstown 1 sections Figure 7 E2660 Williamstown 1 illustrations of E2660:1:2 and E2660:4:2 Figure 8 E2660 Williamstown 1 matrix

List of Plates Plate 1 E2660: Burnt spread C4, pre-excavation, facing south Plate 2 E2660: Burnt spread C6, pre-excavation, facing northeast Plate 3 E2660: Trough C25, post-excavation, facing east Plate 4 E2660: Pit C27, post-excavation, facing west Plate 5 E2660: Pit C21, post-excavation, facing north Plate 6 E2660: Trough C36, mid-excavation, facing northeast Plate 7 E2660: Pit C33, mid-excavation, facing NNE Plate 8 E2660: Pits C31 (left) and C32 (right), mid-excavation, facing east Plate 9 E2660: Spread C8/C10, mid-excavation, facing NNE Plate 10 E2660: Spread C6 Area B, mid-excavation, facing northwest Plate 11 E2660: Area A, post-excavation, facing north

v Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General This archaeological report describes the final results of the excavation carried out at the site of Williamstown 1 in the townland of Williamstown, Co. Westmeath (Figures 1 and 2) as part of an archaeological mitigation program associated with the N6 Phase 2: Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme. Archaeological fieldwork was carried out under ministerial direction by Ed Lyne of Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd (IAC Ltd) and was funded by Westmeath County Council and the National Roads Association under the National Development Plan 2000–2006, 2007–2013 and the EU Structural fund. Williamstown 1 was identified during an archaeological assessment undertaken by IAC Ltd in August 2005 (Ministerial Direction No. A016/029). All features identified during the assessment phase (burnt spread and shallow linear ditch) were subsequently re-identified and fully excavated during the resolution phase of the project which took place between 5 April and 21 April 2006 with a team of 1 director, 2 supervisors and 13 site assistants. The site was located in flat pastureland at a height of 70–71m OD, to the north of the existing N6 and c. 5.5km west of Moate town (Westmeath OS sheet 30). Located immediately to the southwest was the site of a recorded ringfort – WM030:090. Williamstown 1 had not been previously identified and was not a recorded monument.

The site was assigned the following identification data:

Site Name: Williamstown 1; Ministerial Direction Number: A016/032; NMS Registration Number: E2660; Route Chainage (Ch): 7210–7290; NGR: 212400/238450 (Area A) and 212456/238415 (Area B).

1.2 Proposed Development The proposed N6 Kinnegad–Athlone Scheme is to be constructed in two phases. The Phase 2 Kilbeggan–Athlone scheme will consist of a dual carriageway that will run for a distance of approximately 29km. The location of the route is predominantly to the south of the existing N6 and there will be access to the local road network through the seven grade separated junctions located at Athlone, Farnagh, Moate and Kilbeggan. The cross-section of the mainline consists of 2m wide verges, 2.5m wide hard shoulders, 7m wide two-lane carriageways and a 3m wide central reserve. This central reserve will accommodate 1m hard strips and a safety barrier. In addition to the mainline dual carriageway there is a further 0.3 km of standard dual carriageway to the south of Athlone Interchange to connect to the existing N6 and 1.2km to the south of Kilbeggan Interchange to connect to the existing N52.

1.3 Archaeological Requirements The archaeological requirements for the N6 Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme, are outlined in the Ministerial Directions issued to Westmeath County Council by the Minister for Environment, Heritage and Local Government under Section 14A (2) of the National Monuments Acts 1930–2004 and in the terms of the contract between Westmeath County Council and Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd. These instructions form the basis of all archaeological works undertaken for this development. The archaeological excavation works under this contract are located between the townlands of Kilbeggan South, Co. Westmeath and Creggan Lower, Co. Westmeath.

Irish Archaeological Consultancy 1 N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

The proposed N6 was subjected to an Environmental Impact Assessment, the archaeology and cultural history section of which was carried out by Sheila Lane and Associates and presented in 2003. The Record of Monuments and Places, the Sites and Monuments Record, Topographical files, aerial photography, the Westmeath Archaeological Urban Survey and literary sources were all consulted. One phase of geophysical survey was also conducted at selected sites along the proposed route by Target Archaeological Geophysics. As a result of the paper survey, field inspections and geophysical survey, a number of potential sites were recorded in proximity to this section of the overall route alignment. Advance archaeological testing was completed by IAC Ltd and excavation of the sites identified during testing was conducted by IAC Ltd on behalf of Westmeath County Council.

1.4 Methodology The topsoil was reduced to the interface between natural and topsoil using a 20 tonne mechanical excavator equipped with a flat toothless bucket under strict archaeological supervision. The remaining topsoil was removed by the archaeological team with the use of shovels, hoes and trowels in order to expose and identify the archaeological remains. A site grid was set up at 10m intervals and was subsequently calibrated to the national grid using GPS survey equipment.

All features were subsequently fully excavated by hand and recorded using the single context recording system with plans and sections being produced at a scale of 1:50, 1:20 or 1:10 as appropriate.

A complete photographic record was maintained throughout the excavation. Digital photographs were taken of all features and of work in progress.

An environmental strategy was devised at the beginning of the excavation. Features exhibiting large amounts of carbonised material were the primary targets.

In the instances where artefacts were uncovered on site they were dealt with in accordance with the guidelines as issued by the NMI and where warranted in consultation with the relevant specialists. All artefacts, ecofacts and paper archive are currently stored in IAC offices, Lismore, Co Waterford and will ultimately be deposited with the National Museum of Ireland.

Radiocarbon dating of the site was carried out by means of AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) dating of identified and recommended charcoal samples. All calibrated AMS dates in this report are quoted to 2 Sigma.

All excavation and post excavation works were carried out in consultation and agreement with the Project Archaeologist, the National Monuments Section of the DOEHLG and the National Museum of Ireland.

2 Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

2 EXCAVATION RESULTS

The site comprised a burnt mound which comprised a number of troughs, associated stakeholes and a flattened burnt mound spread.

Detailed descriptions of contexts are listed in Appendix 1. The site matrix is detailed in Figure 8.

2.1 Phase 1: Natural Drift Geology The dominant bedrock geology identified along the corridor of the proposed route are Lower Carboniferous rocks, mainly limestone lithologies, which overlay Devonian Old Red Sandstone rocks. Carboniferous volcanic rocks were also identified as being present locally in the form of sills passing through the bedrock sequences. The underlying geology of the area is overlain by occasional moraines and small glacial hillocks covered by grey brown podzolic soils (Riada Consult, 2003).

The subsoil C3 (in Area A) above bedrock encountered at Williamstown 1 was uniform across the area and consisted of orange-grey sandy clay. The subsoil C12 (in Area B) consisted of a dark brown peaty clay.

2.2 Phase 2: Prehistoric Archaeological Activity Phase 2 represents all of the prehistoric activity on site.

Sub-Spread Contexts The following contexts represent the cuts and fills of various features which were sealed by and/or directly associated with the burnt mound (Figures 4, 6 and 8).

2.2.1 Southern Trough C25

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 14 C25 2.3 1.05 0.41 Consists of black clay ash and stones Fill of possible trough 25 N/A 2.3 1.05 0.41 Irregular cut with concave base Cut of possible trough

Finds: None

Interpretation: C25 was a probable trough for heating water and is likely to have been a key feature on site (Figure 4; Plate 3). It was an irregular oval shape and appeared to have been in constructed with two semi-separate parts with a stepped base (70.67m OD at base). It was lined with a plaster-like substance and filled with black ashy clay which included heat affected stones, quite similar to C4, the burnt spread. One sample of hazel and alder charcoal recovered from fill C14 was submitted for AMS dating to Beta Analytical Dating Lab (Appendix 2.7). Based on the 2 Sigma reading the results dated the fill (C14) to Cal 1600–1420 BC (3220 +/- 40 BP, Beta 249537). This placed it within an early to middle Bronze Age date range. Specialist analysis of the charcoal retrieved from the fill (C14) revealed that hazel, oak, birch, alder, prunus and ash were all present (Appendix 2.6). This illustrates that there was specific selection of certain species, but also indicates that these species were available in the environs of the site.

2.2.2 Small Pit C21 cut into Southern Trough C25

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 15 C21 0.6 0.6 0.24 Dark brown loosely compacted silty clay Fill of pit 21 N/A 0.6 0.6 0.24 Circular cut with a smooth concave base Cut of pit

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Finds: None

Interpretation: Pit C21 consisted of a small circular pit with a smooth concave base cut into C14, the fill of trough C25 (Plate 5). While the purpose of this pit is unknown, it is clear that it post-dated the use of the main trough on site. This suggests that it is a late feature on site, but it may be prehistoric nonetheless, simply having been used after trough C25 had been abandoned. It was filled with C15, dark brown silty clay with ash and charcoal inclusions.

2.2.3 Northern Trough C36

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 20 C36 2.72 2.20 0.35 Dark brown loose silty/sandy clay Fill of possible trough 36 N/A 2.72 2.20 0.35 Irregular cut with uneven base and sides Cut of possible trough

Finds: None

Interpretation: C36 was a probable trough located directly to the north of C25 (Figure 4 and Figure 6; Plate 6). The two possible troughs were separated by an outcrop of bedrock. This trough had an irregular cut and an uneven base (71.17m OD at base), and was filled with dark brown charcoal-flecked loose silty clay C20. It is likely that C36 and C25 were both used for heating water for various purposes.

2.2.4 Possible Small Pit C33

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 23 C33 1.98 1.34 0.20 Dark brown loosely compacted silt Fill of pit 33 N/A 1.98 1.34 0.20 Irregular square cut in plan Cut of pit

Finds: None

Interpretation: This feature C33 may have been either a small pit or a stone socket (Figure 4; Plate 7). It was an irregular square in plan and was filled by C23, dark brown loosely compacted silt with flecks of charcoal and stone inclusions. C23 was similar in nature to the burnt mound material C4.

2.2.5 Small Pits C31 and C32

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 24 C32 1.46 1.02 0.45 Brown loose silty clay Fill of rectangular pit 30 C31 0.80 0.75 0.20 Dark brown loose silty clay Fill of pit 31 N/A 1.46 1.02 0.65 Rectangular cut with irregular base Cut of rectangular pit 32 N/A 0.47 0.47 0.10 Square cut with irregular base Cut of square pit

Finds:

Context Find Number Material Period Description 24 E2660:24:1 Flint Bronze Age Flint flake 24 E2660:24:2 Flint Bronze Age Retouched flake

4 Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Interpretation: Two small pits, C31 and C32, were uncovered immediately adjacent to the mound C4 (Figure 4 and Figure 6; Plate 8). C31 was a rectangular cut and was filled by C30, a dark brown loose silty clay with inclusions of stones and burnt hazelnut fragments. C32 was a square cut filled by C24, a loose brown silty clay with inclusions of stones and bone fragments. It also produced two pieces of flint (E2660:24:1 and 24:2).

Burnt Mound Spreads Two burnt mounds or spreads were recorded on site, one in Area A and a smaller shallower one in Area B (Figure 8).

2.2.6 Burnt Spreads C4 (Area A) and C6 (Area B)

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 4 N/A 12 11 0.6 Burnt stones, charcoal, sand Spread 6 N/A 10.5 8.9 0.2 Burnt stones and charcoal-rich clay Spread

Finds:

Context Find Number Material Period Description 4 E2660:4:1 Pottery 18th/19th C Glazed brownware sherd 4 E2660:4:2 Flint Prehistoric Retouched blade

Interpretation: These two contexts represented the main burnt spreads on the site. C4 was located in Area A, and consisted of a mound of burnt stones mixed with charcoal and lime- like lenses (Figure 4; Plate 1). The stone in this context appeared to be predominantly limestone (Appendix 2.5). C4 sealed all of the features described in the preceding tables. The presence of both a chert blade and a piece of post- medieval pottery within this deposit suggests that while its origins are certainly prehistoric it has been disturbed to some degree in more recent years, presumably as a result of ploughing or land reclamation. The chert blade recovered in C4 was finely retouched, and appeared to be Neolithic in type, suggesting that it may have been an old artefact that was re-used during the Bronze Age (Appendix 2.1; Figure 7).

C6 was located in Area B, and consisted of a shallow spread of burnt stones and charcoal rich clay perhaps indicative of satellite activity from Area A, perhaps during a dry period given its location on low-lying peat (Figure 5; Plate 2 and 10). It did not seal any further features and produced no artefacts. Specialist analysis of the charcoal retrieved from C6 revealed that prunus, oak, furze, alder, elm, alder buckthorn, yew and ash were all present (Appendix 2.6). This reflects the selection of certain species, but also indicates that these species were available in the environs of the site.

Isolated Features A number of features were recorded on site which were not sealed by the burnt mound, but which were likely to be associated with the same period of activity (Figure 8).

2.2.7 Possible Waste Pit or Trough C13

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 5 C13 1.01 0.59 0.27 Grey/black medium compacted silty clay Fill of possible pit 13 N/A 1.04 0.59 0.27 Sub-circular cut with a flat base Cut of pit or trough

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Finds: None

Interpretation: C13 consisted of a possible pit or trough to the east of C4, the main spread (Figure 4). It was sub-circular in shape with a flat base, and was filled by C5, a grey/black medium compacted silty clay with inclusions of burnt stones and charcoal. It was sealed by C1, topsoil.

2.2.8 Stakehole C35

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 19 C35 0.15 0.15 0.11 Greyish light brown loose silty clay Fill of stakehole 35 N/A 0.15 0.15 0.11 Circular cut with tapered base Cut of stakehole

Finds: None

Interpretation: C35 consisted of a tapered stakehole to the east of C4, the main spread (Figure 4). It was filled with a loose silty clay with charcoal flecking. This feature does not appear to be related to any other features on site and its purpose is unknown.

2.2.9 Possible Trough or Waste Pit C27

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 22 C27 1.25 0.9 0.09 Brown medium compacted clay silt Top fill of pit 26 C27 1.25 0.9 0.08 Black medium compacted clayey silt Lower fill of pit 27 N/A 1.25 0.90 0.17 Rectangular cut Cut of shallow pit

Finds: None

Interpretation: This rectangular feature was found to the south of the main spread C4 and may have represented a trough or a waste pit (Figure 4 and Figure 6; Plate 4). It consisted of a shallow rectangular pit (C27; 70.3m OD at base) with primary fill (C26) (black clayey silt with charcoal inclusions) sealed by secondary fill (C22) (brown clay silt with charcoal inclusions). This pit was sealed by C1 topsoil. Specialist analysis of the charcoal retrieved from C26 revealed that hazel, oak, cherry and pomoideae were all present (Appendix 2.6). This reflects the selection of certain species, but also indicates that these species were available in the environs of the site.

2.3 Phase 3: Medieval/Post-Medieval and Modern Activity-Area A and B The following contexts represent the post-medieval/medieval features on site. These were two deposits, a ditch and a drain (Figure 8).

2.3.1 Drainage Ditch C11, Modern Ditch C37 and Furrow C38

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 7 C11 Site 0.38 0.3 Pebble fill Modern drain fill 8 N/A 1.4 1.4 0.11 Grey compact clay silt Modern deposit 9 C37 2.6 0.77 0.1 Silty clay fill of ditch Drainage ditch fill 10 N/A 2.05 2 0.05 Light yellowish brown clay, orange flecks Modern spread 11 N/A Site 0.38 0.3 Linear cut with concave base Cut of modern drain 18 C38 5.35 0.7 0.09 Light brown loose silty clay Fill of furrow 37 N/A 2.6 0.77 0.10 Linear cut with flat base Cut of N–S ditch 38 N/A 5.35 0.7 0.09 Linear shallow concave cut Cut of furrow

6 Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Finds: Context Find Number Material Period Description 18 E2660:18:1 Flint Prehistoric Debitage 18 E2660:18:2 Flint N/A Natural chunk

Interpretation: The above contexts represent various deposits or features identified during excavation that did not belong to the main prehistoric phase of activity (Figure 4 and 5). In Area A, C10 was a light yellowish brown clay deposit with brick inclusions. It was partially sealed by C8, which was grey compact clay with brick inclusions filling a probable natural depression (Plate 9). Both these deposits were cut by a drainage ditch (C37) which had a flat base and was filled by C9. This ditch was sealed by C1 topsoil. A furrow (C38) was also identified and recorded in Area A, this was filled by C18, a light brown loose clay, and was sealed by topsoil (C1). C18 produced two pieces of flint, but these were considered to be intrusive. In Area B, a modern field drain (C11) was recorded which cut through the burnt spread C6 and through the peat deposit C12 underneath. This drain was filled by C7, a deposit of washed pebbles.

2.4 Phase 4: Topsoil

2.4.1 Topsoil

Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Basic Description Interpretation 1 N/A N/A N/A 0.25 Dark brown silty clay Topsoil 2 N/A N/A N/A 0.05 Mottled yellow, grey to brown silty clay Subsoil

Finds: Context Find Number Material Period Description 1 E2660:1:1 Flint Neolithic Retouched Artefact 1 E2660:1:2 Flint Neolithic Retouched Artefact

Interpretation: This group represents the topsoil that sealed all of the archaeological deposits and features at Williamstown 1. The topsoil on site (C1) was generally gravelly and dark brown in colour. It was approximately 0.2m–0.25m in depth. In the more low-lying Area B it was wetter and peatier in texture. Isolated pockets of subsoil (C2) were removed in parts of Area A. This was a very shallow deposit, approximately 0.05m in depth maximum. Two retouched flint artefacts were recovered from topsoil, one of which was a possible Neolithic hollow scraper (E2660:1:2). This suggests that there was some Neolithic activity in the area at some point prior to the burnt mound activity, or that this artefact was re-used on site during the Bronze Age (Appendix 2.1; Figure 7).

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3 SYNTHESIS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Landscape Setting The new route of the N6 runs from south of Kilbeggan town to east of Athlone Co. Westmeath, crossing through the northern part of Co. Offaly for approximately 7.5km of its entire length. The landscape of this area is comprised of generally flat to undulating terrain. The underlying geology of the area is dominated by carboniferous limestone and is overlain by occasional glacial features such as moraines and eskers. The eskers dominate to the north and south of most of the route, with moraines featuring along parts of the western section toward Athlone. The soil cover varies considerably across the scheme, passing through soil complexes, grey brown podzols, boglands and alluvial deposits. The area is drained by the River Shannon through its tributaries, the Brosna, Boor, Cloghatanny and Gageborough rivers.

The Burnt Mound site at Williamstown 1 was situated 5km west of the town of Moate, in an area of gently undulating lowland. It was divided into two areas. Area A was located on the eastern side of a small gravel hill (71m OD) while Area B (70m OD) was located about 100m to the southeast in a low lying wetland environment. The underlying geology of the area is carboniferous limestone, which is overlain by occasional moraines and covered by soil complexes of the Patrickswell/Baggotstown soil series, resulting in fertile pasture interspersed with pockets of wetland. Approximately 400m to the north of the site there is a small stream, while the closest sizeable bog is the small bog located on the boundaries between the townlands of Boyanaghcalry, Williamstown, Magheramore, Killinroan and Mackanrany 1.2km to the northeast (6” OS map 1834–1842).

3.2 Archaeological Landscape (The Bronze Age) Apart from the publication of archaeological inventories in some midland counties, such as Offaly (O’Brien and Sweetman 1999) for example (there is no archaeological inventory for Co. Westmeath) and peatland surveys by the Irish Archaeological Wetland Unit (Moloney et al. 1993) our knowledge of the prehistoric archaeology of the midlands is limited. We are reliant on data stored at the RMP (see Appendix 3) and information from a limited number of excavations within Westmeath and Offaly. The most important of these is Hencken’s (1942) investigation at Ballinderry crannog II in the barony of Kilcoursey, Co. Offaly, which revealed a late Bronze Age settlement phase (see also Newman 1997 for a reappraisal of the archaeological evidence). However, this picture is quickly changing as a result of commercially- driven archaeology such as the gas pipeline to the west (Grogan et al. 2007) which runs mostly parallel a short distance to the north of the N6, and excavations in advance of this road scheme.

The gas pipeline has been extremely informative for revealing a range of archaeological sites in south Westmeath, a county that has traditionally witnessed only minor scholarly research, similar to, although in smaller quantities, those in landscapes that have received more extensive attention, (Grogan et al. 2007, 24). This is most apparent for the Bronze Age as both the gas pipeline and excavations along the N6 have identified a wealth of domestic and burial evidence covering the early, middle and late parts of the period.

The area immediately surrounding Kilbeggan contains direct evidence for a range of Bronze Age sites including barrows, cists and an early Bronze Age pit burial (Grogan et al. 2007, 138, fig. 6.6). The cists, at Ardballymore (WM037-009) and Kilgaroan (WM037-010), are located in close proximity to a number of sites impacted by the N6 including those in the townlands of (moving east to west) Kilbeggan South, Tonaphort, Ballinderry Big, Kilgaroan, Ardballymore, Ballinderry Little, Correagh and

8 Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Kilbeg. This is significant because sites within the majority of these townlands (except Ballinderry Little 1 which was not dated) have produced early to late Bronze Age evidence almost exclusively represented by burnt mounds or components of these.

Prior to the gas pipeline, a small number of excavations had occurred to the north and the northeast of the N6 including the cemetery sites at Knockast (Hencken and Movius 1934; Grogan 2004), Edmondstown (Mount and Hartnett 1993) and Ballybrennan, Barrettstown and Redmondstown (see Waddell 1990). Added to this is the crannog at Coolure, on Lough Derravaragh within the barony of Moycashel, which was the focus of archaeological survey, environmental investigation and artefactual and landscape research (O’Sullivan et al. 2007). The island was first occupied in c. 850 BC, during the late Bronze Age, and several late Bronze Age weapons and ornaments have been recovered nearby in the small bay (ibid.). The gas pipeline excavations have added considerably to our knowledge of the Bronze Age in this region and Grogan et al. (2007, 139) have identified three principal Bronze Age focal zones in –

• The valleys of the Brosna and Clodiagh rivers to the south and east of Kilbeggan. • The hilly terrain around the Hill of Uisneach. • The slightly elevated area around Edmondstown to the west of Killucan.

Before the gas pipeline and N6 excavations south Westmeath was considered a ‘quiet’ zone but a much more intensive Bronze Age landscape has emerged possibly related to the major Bronze Age centre at Knockast (ibid. 161). The pipeline revealed a dominance of Bronze Age archaeology mainly dating to the middle and late parts of the period. Settlement, for example, is indicated by the middle Bronze Age house at Knockdomny 3km northwest of Moate town (Hull 2006), and by a number of burnt mounds such as Ballynagarbry, directly to the west of Moate, and at Williamstown (Grogan et al. 2007, 139). The N6 traversed the latter townland and revealed a burnt spread dating to the late Bronze Age.

Important late Bronze Age settlements were uncovered in advance of the N6 including the possible house at Creggan Lower 1 and the house, boundary fences and pits at Tober. When added to the large rectangular late Bronze Age house at Ballinderry crannog II (Newman 1997 has since argued for the presence of a second rectangular Bronze Age structure), identified as a thin black deposit which contained occupational debris and fragments of timbers and brushwoods and which produced many finds, mostly from the house, including pottery, knives, flesh-hooks, awls, rings, pins, beads and a variety of stone objects (Hencken 1942, 6–8), it demonstrates how this was a well-settled and established region notably in the later part of the period. This interpretation is further reinforced by the large number of burnt mounds that were discovered along the N6 and some notable clusters within certain townlands, for example, at Cregganmacar, Burrow or Glennanummer and Kilbeg.

In Athlone, at the western edge of the scheme and close to Creggan Lower, an assortment of high-status Bronze Age artefacts, mainly dating to the middle and late periods, are well represented including, for example, a gold lunula, bronze flat axes, rapiers and later gold items such as bar torcs, penannular bracelets, dress fasteners and ring money (Murtagh 2000, 9). The distribution of further high-status artefacts including the hoards from Ballinderry, Killulagh, Brockagh and Enniscoffey provide further evidence of a well settled Bronze Age landscape in this region (Eogan 1983; Grogan et al. 2007, 161). Both the pipeline and N6 excavations have demonstrated

Irish Archaeological Consultancy 9 N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1 how quickly perceptions and knowledge of archaeological landscapes can change as new sites are revealed in areas previously thought to be mostly devoid of such.

Williamstown 1 consisted of a large mound of burnt and heat-shattered stones that sealed two possible troughs. One of these returned a middle Bronze Age date of 1600–1420 BC (3220 +/- 40 BP, Beta 249537). Parallels, in terms of morphology and dating, are apparent across the scheme and within close proximity to Williamstown 1. Within the same townland, at Williamstown 2, a spread of burnt stones and charcoal- rich soil also sealed two possible troughs (Lyne 2009a). The troughs produced radiocarbon dates of 808–594 BC and 910–812 BC placing their use many centuries later than Williamstown 1. Therefore, although similar in form, the neighbouring burnt mound sites at Williamstown were not contemporary, showing the suitability of this landscape for the establishment of burnt mounds through the Bronze Age.

A contemporary burnt mound site was located just 1.5km to the east of Williamstown 1 at Boyanaghcalry (Walsh 2009a). It consisted of a spread of heat fractured stone and charcoal-rich clay that sealed a trough. Both the spread and trough were contemporary and were dated to 1605–1428 BC and 1608–1451 BC respectively.

A complex of burnt mound sites was uncovered approximately 4.5km further to the east in the townland of Cregganmacar along the N6 road scheme. Cregganmacar 3 consisted of a burnt mound that sealed a potential trough with postholes within its base (Lynch 2009a). The mound was dated to the middle Bronze Age and was contemporary with Williamstown 1. At Cregganmacar 1, a layer of burnt mound material overlay a single pit containing four postholes and was dated to 399–235 BC (Lynch 2009b). At Cregganmacar 2, a burnt spread sealed one trough while another, to the northeast, contained four postholes (Lynch 2009c). A pit directly north of the burnt spread and with a similar fill, was dated to 912–822 BC placing it in the late Bronze Age. Another burnt mound site was excavated in the townland at Cregganmacar 4 although no trough was located. It was dated to the early Bronze Age (Lynch 2009d). Although the four burnt mound sites in Cregganmacar had many similar features none were in use at the same time.

Examples of other middle Bronze Age burnt mound sites discovered on the scheme include Seeoge 1 (Lyne 2009b) and the complex of sites in the townland of Burrow or Glennanummer (Coughlan 2009a, 2009b, 2009c) and Kilbeg (Walsh 2009b, 2009c). The vast majority of burnt mound sites date to the Bronze Age and were most commonly utilised during the middle and later parts of the period (Brindley et al 1989−90; Corlett 1997), and the middle Bronze Age date at Williamstown 1 is consistent with this.

To conclude, the burnt mound site at Williamstown 1 is paralleled by a number of similar sites that were revealed along the N6 between Athlone and Kilbeggan. The clustering of burnt mounds in Williamstown is replicated in other townlands, for example, at Cregganmacar, Burrow or Glennanummer and Kilbeg and this was also evident at Newtown (Stevens 2004a, 2004b, 2004c) and Enniscoffey/Caran (Molloy 2007), during excavations in other parts of Co. Westmeath. In most cases this points solely to the suitability of an area for the location of a burnt mound, as the dating of sites within any one area is often varied. Archaeological investigation on other sections of the N6 has also uncovered various burnt mound sites, for example at Stonehousefarm 6.1 and 6.2 (McDermott 2004). While some of these sites are similar in form and even date, it is nonetheless possible that their actual function may have been quite different from Williamstown 1.

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3.3 Archaeological Typology Background (Burnt Mounds) Fulacht Fiadh or burnt mound sites are one of the most common field monuments found in the Irish landscape. The last published survey (Power et al. 1997), carried out over a decade ago, recorded over 7,000 burnt mound sites and in excess of 1,000 sites have been excavated in recent years through development led archaeological investigations. However, in spite of this no clear understanding of the precise function of these sites has been identified.

Burnt mound sites are typically located in areas where there is a readily available water source, often in proximity to a river or stream or in places with a high water table. In the field burnt mounds may be identified as charcoal rich mounds or spreads of heat shattered stones, however, in many cases the sites have been disturbed by later agricultural activity and are no longer visible on the field surface. Nevertheless even disturbed spreads of burnt mound material often preserves the underlying associated features, such as troughs, pits and gullies, intact.

Ó Néill (2003–2004, 82) has aptly identified these sites as the apparatus and by- product of pyrolithic technology. This technology involved the heating or boiling of water by placing fire-heated stones into troughs of water. Small shallow round- bottomed pits, generally referred to as pot boiler pits or roasting pits, are often associated with burnt mound sites. The purpose of these pits remains unclear. Occasionally large pits are also identified and may have acted as wells or cisterns. Linear gullies may extend across the site, often linked to troughs and pits, and demonstrate a concern with onsite water management. Post and/or stakeholes are often found on burnt mound sites and these may represent the remains of small structures or wind breakers.

Burnt mound sites are principally Bronze Age monuments and reached their pinnacle of use in the middle/late Bronze Age (Brindley et al. 1989−90; Corlett 1997). Earlier sites, such as Enniscoffey, Co. Westmeath (Grogan et al. 2007, 96), have been dated to the Neolithic and later sites, such as the site at Peter Street, Co. Waterford (Walsh, 1990, 47), have been dated to the medieval period. This demonstrates that although burnt mound sites generally form one of the components of the Bronze Age landscape, the use of pyrolithic technology has a long history through the various periods in Ireland.

Although there is a general consensus that burnt mound sites are the result of pyrolithic technology for the heating or boiling of water, the precise function of these sites has, to date, not been agreed upon. Several theories have been proposed but no single theory has received unanimous support. The most enduring theory is that burnt mound sites were used for cooking. O’Kelly (1954) and Lawless (1990) have demonstrated how joints of meat could be efficiently cooked in a trough of boiling water. The use of burnt mound sites for bathing or as saunas has been suggested as an alternative function (Lucas 1965, Barfield and Hodder 1987, O’ Drisceoil 1988). This proposal is largely influenced by references in the early Irish literature to sites of a similar character but is very difficult to prove, or disprove. Others, such as Jeffrey (1991), argue that they may have been centres of textile production for the fulling or dyeing of cloth. More recent demonstrations by Quinn and Moore (2007) have shown that troughs could have been used for brewing, however, this theory has been criticised by leading Irish environmentalists due to the absence of cereal remains from most burnt mound sites (McClatchie et al. 2007).

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3.4 Discussion The site comprised a burnt mound which comprised a number of troughs, associated stakeholes and a flattened burnt mound spread. Detailed descriptions of contexts are listed in Appendix 1.

3.4.1 Phase 1: Natural deposits The dominant bedrock geology identified along the corridor of the proposed route are Lower Carboniferous rocks, mainly limestone lithologies, which overlay Devonian Old Red Sandstone rocks. Carboniferous volcanic rocks were also identified as being present locally in the form of sills passing through the bedrock sequences. The underlying geology of the area is overlain by occasional moraines and small glacial hillocks covered by grey brown podzolic soils.

Phase 1 represents the natural subsoil, which was cut or sealed by all subsequent archaeological features. For the purposes of recording on-site this phase of activity was allocated the context number C3 in Area A and C12 in Area B. The subsoil encountered at Williamstown 1 was varied across the site with C3 consisting of orange-grey sandy clay and C12 consisting of a dark brown peaty clay.

3.4.2 Phase 2: Prehistoric Archaeological Activity

Sub spread contexts Six cut features that were sealed by or directly associated with the burnt mound spread C4 were recorded and excavated on site (Figures 4, 5, 6; Plates 1–4 and 6– 8). Of these, the two most significant were possible troughs (C25 and C36). C25 certainly appears to be a trough, and was coated around the edge with a hard render-like substance that appeared to be of a limey consistency (C4 mostly consisted of limestone; this substance may have been a by-product of the rapid cooling of limestone in water within this trough). This cut formed two parts, separated by a ridge (Plate 3) and was filled with charcoal-rich material (C14). One sample of hazel and alder charcoal recovered from fill C14 was submitted for AMS dating to Beta Analytical Dating Lab (Appendix 2.6). Based on the 2 Sigma reading the results dated the fill to Cal 1600–1420 BC (3220 +/- 40 BP, Beta 249537) within an early to middle Bronze Age date range. Specialist analysis of the charcoal retrieved from fill C14 revealed that hazel, oak, birch, alder, prunus and ash were all present (Appendix 2.6) which reflects the selection of certain species, but also indicates that these species were available in the environs of the site.

C21, a small concave rounded pit (Plate 5), was cut into the fill of C25 at its north- eastern edge, and may simply represent a waste pit. C36 was located just up-slope of C25, the two being separated by a flat area of bedrock. This feature is likely either to have been a second trough or to have been for storing water for use in the trough. Some scorching was noted along its northern edge (Plate 6).

The remaining cut features (C31, C32 and C33; Figure 4; Plates 7–8) all consisted of somewhat irregular small pits. These pits were filled with burnt mound material. Only one sub-spread feature (C32) produced artefactual material. This came in the form of two pieces of flint, a simple flake (E2660:24:2) and a retouched flake (E2660:24:1) (Appendix 2.1). Neither piece is out of place in a Bronze Age assemblage. A single piece of animal bone was also recovered from this pit. This was an almost complete tibia identified to the species Lepus or Hare (Appendix 2.4). No definite conclusions could be made from the Williamstown 1 hare bone due to the limited size of the bone sample.

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Burnt Mound Spreads Two burnt mounds or spreads, a feature type generally dated to the Bronze Age, were recorded and excavated on site. In area A, C4, consisted of a sizeable mound of burnt and heat-shattered stones on the side of a southeast-facing small hill (Plate 1). In Area B, C6 consisted of a much smaller and shallower spread of similar material, but in a low-lying wetland environment (Plate 2 and 10). Area B was located about 100m southeast of Area A, and may represent satellite activity from the main site, perhaps during a dry period.

Analysis of a sample of the burnt stone from Williamstown 1 confirmed that it consisted of limestone (Appendix 2.5). Limestone is part of the underlying geology at Williamstown, and would have been widely available in the environs of the site. It is not, however, an ideal stone for use in a burnt mound, as its ability to absorb heat is not as good as sandstone for example (Appendix 2.5). Therefore it is likely that it was chosen because of its widespread availability on site; or alternatively it was specifically required for the overall purpose of the site.

Burning limestone and adding it to water produces Calcium Hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2); this chemical is poisonous if ingested (MedlinePlus website) (O’Kelly 1954). This suggests that this burnt mound site is unlikely to have been used for cooking or preparing food. Calcium Hydroxide has a number of known uses, but the one perhaps of most interest in relation to a site such as this is in the liming of hides during the tanning process. This can be done as a preliminary stage of making leather from hide. Animal skins can be added to a solution of lime-rich water and allowed to rest in it before being stretched over a frame to dry. The effect of the liming is to help remove flesh and hair from the hide without allowing it to decompose. Taking this into account, it is a very real possibility that this site was used for tanning leather. Furthermore, if this were the purpose of the site, it would help to explain the location of the site – not just close to a water source but also in an area rich in limestone with frequent boulders sitting on the ground surface.

Two finds were recovered from C4, find E2660:4:2 (Figure 7) was found at the very base of spread C4, resting on the natural clay C3, and is very clearly a prehistoric flint artefact in the form of a Neolithic retouched chert blade (Appendix 2.1). Such a piece may have been re-used in the Bronze Age, and perhaps was considered special in some way. It might even represent some sort of foundation offering, deliberately placed when the burnt mound site was being established. Find E2660:4:1 (post-med pottery sherd) was found close to the surface of the mound, indicating that the mound was disturbed in the modern era, perhaps by ploughing or land reclamation.

The curved plate rim sherd was identified as a piece of red earthenware common to England and Ireland during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and also known as brown ware (Appendix 2.2). This type of pottery generally has a number of regional variations due to the glaze and firing process but predominantly consists of a sandy earthenware, usually oxidised buff to light orange through to brown. The sherd is likely to have been used as kitchenware of a dairy.

The burnt spread material (C6) in Area B sealed no features and produced no artefacts. Analysis of charcoal from the spread revealed that it contained uncarbonised wild taxa in the form of hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), bramble/blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), elder (Sambucus nigra), raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and buttercup (Ranunculus sp.) The hawthorn, bramble/blackberry, raspberry and elder are all commonly found on the margins of woodland whilst the buttercup is more common to disturbed ground or wasteland. The specialist analysis concluded that the plant

Irish Archaeological Consultancy 13 N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1 remains were a collection of natural species which shared no direct correlation with the function of the site. The taxa recovered from this sample were similar to those from a waterlogged pit at Creggan Lower 2 (also a burnt mound site) (Lyne 2009c). Therefore it seems a possibility that some of these species were being deliberately collected on site either to be used as a foodstuff or perhaps for dyeing. Specialist analysis of the charcoal retrieved from C6 revealed that prunus, oak, furze, alder, elm, alder buckthorn, yew and ash were all present (Appendix 2.6). This reflects the selection of certain species, but also indicates that these species were available in the environs of the site.

Isolated Features A total of three probable prehistoric archaeological features were identified on the site which were not sealed by the burnt spread (C4) (Figure 4 and 6). C13, located a few metres east of the main spread C4, was a sub-circular pit with concave sides and a flat base that contained a charcoal-rich fill (C5) including some burnt stones. It has been interpreted as a possible waste-pit. C27 was a shallow rectangular pit located south of the main spread C4 (Plate 4). The lower of its two fills C26 was very rich in charcoal. Specialist analysis of the charcoal retrieved from C26 revealed that hazel, oak, cherry and pomoideae were all present (Appendix 2.6). This reflects the selection of certain species, but also indicates that these species were available in the environs of the site. This pit may represent the partial remains of a trough or a waste or storage pit. C35 was an isolated stakehole located east of the main spread C4. No specific function could be suggested for it.

3.4.3 Phase 3: Post-Medieval and Modern Activity-Area A and B All of the Phase 3 contexts represent modern deposits or features identified during excavation of the site. They consist of modern deposits C8 and C10 which contained flecks of red brick material (Plate 9), a shallow drainage ditch C37 and a very recent gravel-filled drain C7. A probable post-medieval furrow was also identified and recorded on site (C38). Two finds were recovered from the fill of this furrow, a piece of flint debitage (E2660:18:1), and a probable natural chunk of flint (E2660:18:2) (Appendix 2.1). These finds are likely to be intrusive and hence are not indicative of the age of the furrow. In Area B, a modern field drain (C11) was recorded which cut through the burnt spread C6 and through the peat deposit C12 underneath. This drain was filled by C7, a deposit of washed pebbles

3.4.4 Phase 4: Topsoil Topsoil sealed all of the archaeological deposits and features on site. The topsoil was removed by mechanical excavator fitted with a toothless bucket under strict archaeological supervision. Two retouched flint artefacts including a possible Neolithic hollow scraper were recovered from topsoil C1 (Appendix 2.1; (Figure 7). This suggests that there was some Neolithic activity in the area prior to the burnt mound activity, or that this artefact was re-used on site during the Bronze Age.

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4 CONCLUSIONS

Williamstown 1 consisted of two areas comprising of burnt mounds and spreads. A substantial mound, measuring 12m x 11m x 0.6m, was excavated on a dry elevated position on a southeast-facing hillside, adjacent to a former wetland in Area Associated with this mound in Area A were several pits and possible troughs. Area B was located 100m southeast of Area A and comprised a smaller shallow spread, measuring 10.5m x 9m x 0.2m, which was situated in a low-lying wetland environment. No further features were identified in Area B, and it is likely that it represents satellite activity from Area A.

Two probable troughs, C25 and C36, were excavated, the former of which produced one sample of hazel and alder charcoal recovered from fill C14. This sample was submitted for AMS dating to Beta Analytical Dating Lab (Appendix 2.6) and returned a 2 Sigma result of Cal 1600–1420 BC (3220 +/- 40 BP, Beta 249537). This date places the site within an early to middle Bronze Age date range.

A total of six pieces of worked flint and chert, one of which was a retouched chert blade, were among the finds from the site. The blade was recovered from the base of the burnt mound in Area A; raising the possibility that it might have acted as some form of foundation offering or deposit. Expert analysis suggests that some of the lithic material recovered (including the blade from the base of the mound) may be Neolithic in date, thus predating this site, and suggesting activity in the area during that period (or the re-use of Neolithic material on site in the Bronze Age) (Appendix 2.1).

Burnt mounds are generally located close to a water source, be that a lake, river, pond, bog or former wetland. Williamstown 1 was in the latter category. While Area A was dry, being on the side of a gravelly hill, the low lying area surrounding Area B appeared to be frequently waterlogged, with much evidence for drainage up to the present day. Area A was less than 20m from the edge of this low lying wetland area of peaty soil. Environmental analysis of material from Area B revealed plant remains of hawthorn, bramble, raspberry, elder and buttercup. This may simply reflect the growth of these plants in the environs of the site subsequent to its abandonment (Appendix 2.4). It should be borne in mind however that the taxa recovered from this sample were similar to those from a waterlogged pit at Creggan Lower 2 (also a burnt mound site) (Lyne 2009c). Therefore it seems at least a possibility that some of these species were being deliberately collected on site either to be used as a foodstuff or perhaps for dyeing.

In terms of function, the use of limestone as the dominant stone type (Appendix 2.5) means that cooking is not likely to have been carried out at this site due to the release of poisonous Calcium Hydroxide when burnt limestone is added to water. As discussed in Section 3.4.2, an alternative use may well have been as a place for tanning hides to produce leather, as Calcium Hydroxide-rich water can be used as a key ingredient in the cleaning of hides of flesh and hair.

Williamstown 1 was located c. 700m west of another burnt mound site at Williamstown 2. That site has been AMS Radiocarbon dated to between 910 BC and 594 BC (2716 +/- 27 BP/2574 +/- 27 BP: UBA 8627, 8628) based on samples taken. Williamstown 2 therefore post-dates the activity at Williamstown 1 by at least 500 years, showing that this landscape was considered suitable for the establishment of a burnt mound for much of the Bronze Age; presumably based on the availability of water, fuel and stone in one location.

Irish Archaeological Consultancy 15 N6 Kinnegad - Athlone Road Scheme: Phase 2, Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

It might previously have been presumed that prior to modern drainage and reclamation Williamstown was mostly a wet and inhospitable peripheral area in the past, with peat wetland dominating. However, the evidence from the mounds at Williamstown 1 and 2 paints a different picture; of a place where the natural resources available meant that it was quite a rich environment in prehistory, one that would be used and re-used through the Bronze Age.

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5 BIBLIOGRAPHY

5.1 References

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Molloy, B 2007 Enniscoffey/Caran, Co. Westmeath, burnt mound. In E Grogan, L O’Donnell and P Johnston The Bronze Age Landscapes of the Pipeline to the West, 341. Wordwell, Bray.

Mount, C and Hartnett, P J 1993 Early Bronze Age cemetery at Edmondstown, Co. Dublin, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 93C, 21–79.

Murtagh, H 2000 Athlone History and Settlement to 1800. Old Athlone Society, Athlone.

Newman, C 1997 ‘Ballinderry crannóg No. 2, Co. Offaly: the later Bronze Age’, Journal of Irish Archaeology 8, 91–100.

NRA (2003) Archaeological Guidelines for Reporting on Constraint, Route Selection, Environmental Impact Assessment on Archaeological Aspects of NRA Road Schemes. Draft Consultation Document. National Roads Authority

O’Brien, C and Sweetman, D 1999 Archaeological Inventory of Co. Offaly. Dublin, The Stationary Office.

O' Drisceoil, D A 1988 Burnt mounds: cooking or bathing, Antiquity 62, 671–680.

O' Kelly, M J 1954 Excavations and experiments in ancient Irish cooking-places, JRSAI 84, 105–155.

Ó Néill, J 2003−2004 Lapidibus in igne calefactis coquebatur: The historical burnt mound 'tradition', The Journal of Irish Archaeology 12−13, 79−85.

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O’Sullivan, A, Sands, R and Kelly, E P 2007 Coolure Demesne Crannog, Lough Derravaragh: An Introduction to its Archaeology and Landscapes. Wordwell, Bray.

Power, D et al. 1997 Archaeological inventory of County Cork. Volume 3: Mid Cork, The Office of Public Works, Dublin.

Quinn, B and Moore, D 2007 Ale, brewing and fulachta fiadh, Archaeology Ireland 21 (3), 8–10.

Riada Consult, Westmeath County Council 2003 N6 Kinnegad to Athlone Dual Carriageway Environmental Impact Statement.

Waddell, J 1990 The Bronze Age Burials of Ireland. Galway, Galway University Press.

Walsh, C 1990 ‘A Medieval Cooking Trough from Peter Street, Waterford’ in Buckley, V (ed.), Burnt Offerings: International Contributions to Burnt Mound Archaeology, 47– 48. Wordwell, Bray.

Walsh, F 2009a Site A016/035 Boyanaghcalry 1. Final Report. Unpublished report prepared for Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd.

Walsh, F 2009b Site A016/062 Kilbeg 4. Final Report. Unpublished report prepared for Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd.

Walsh, F 2009c Site A016/063 Kilbeg 5. Final Report. Unpublished report prepared for Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd.

5.2 Other Sources Record of Monuments and Places (RMP), The Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 7 Ely Place Upper, Dublin 2.

Topographical Files of the National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2.

Cartographic References Ordnance Survey Map, scale 1:10560, 1842

Electronic References McDermott, C 2004 Stonehousefarm 6.1 and 6.2, Co. Westmeath: Fulachta fiadh. http://excavations.ie/Pages/Details.php?Year=&County=Westmeath&id=12708

Medline Plus Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002910.htm

Stevens, P 2004a Newtown 2, Co. Westmeath, burnt mound. http://excavations.ie/Pages/Details.php?Year=&County=Westmeath&id=12694

Stevens, P 2004b Newtown 1, Co. Westmeath, fulacht fiadh and ironworking site. http://excavations.ie/Pages/Details.php?Year=&County=Westmeath&id=12693

Stevens, P 2004c Newtown 3, Co. Westmeath, fulacht fiadh. http://excavations.ie/Pages/Details.php?Year=&County=Westmeath&id=12695

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PLATES

Plate 1: E2660: Burnt spread C4, pre-excavation facing south

Plate 2: E2660: Burnt spread C6, pre-excavation, facing northeast

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Plate 3 E2660: Trough C25, post-excavation, facing east

Plate 4 E2660: Pit C27, post-excavation, facing west

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Plate 5 E2660: Pit C21, post-excavation, facing north

Plate 6 E2660: Trough C36, mid-excavation, facing northeast

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Plate 7 E2660: Pit C33, mid-excavation, facing NNE

Plate 8 E2660: Pits C31 (left) and C32 (right), mid-excavation, facing east

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Plate 9 E2660: Spread C8/C10, mid-excavation, facing NNE

Plate 10 E2660: Spread C6 Area B, mid-excavation, facing northwest

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Plate 11 E2660: Area A, post-excavation, facing north

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APPENDIX 1 CATALOGUE OF PRIMARY DATA

Appendix 1.1 Context Register

Context Context Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Interpretation Description Finds Above Below 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Topsoil. Dark brown silty clay. Flint scraper and lithic - Various 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A Subsoil. Mottled yellow, grey to brown silty clay. 1 Various 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A Subsoil Area A. Orange-grey sandy clay. Various - Burnt stones, charcoal, sand, pebbles, inclusions of Post medieval pottery, Neolithic 4 N/A 12 11 0.60 Burnt Mound. 1, 2 Various lime like lenses (cream coloured). chert blade Charcoal rich fill of a possible Grey/black medium compacted silty clay, with 5 C13 1.01 0.59 0.27 1 13 pit. inclusions of burnt stones and charcoal. 6 N/A 10.5 N–S 8.9 0.20 Burnt Mound. Thin spread of burnt stones and charcoal-rich clay. 1 12 0.38 N– Linear in plan. Soft in compaction. Consists entirely of 7 C11 Unknown 0.30 Fill of modern drain. 1 11 S pebbles. Circular, cut by ditch C9, N–S. Grey compact clay silt This is a modern feature cut 8 N/A 1.40 1.40 0.11 filling possible natural depression. Inclusions of small 9 3 by modern ditch C37. amounts of charcoal. 9 C37 2.60 0.77 0.10 Fill of drainage ditch. Light brown sandy clay. 37 8, 10 Half oval E–W, the E part extends under the baulk. Modern spread possibly cut 2.05 NW– Light yellowish brown with orange flecks. Medium 10 N/A 2 0.05 by C9. E part extends under 9 3 SE compacted clay silt with inclusions of flecks of orange the baulk. burnt stone or red brick. Cut of modern drain. Cutting Linear in plan. Break of slope top: sharp with steep 11 N/A N/A 0.38 0.30 7 12 C1, C6, C12. sides. Break of slope base: gradual. 12 Subsoil Area B. Peaty natural layer. 6, 11 - Sub-circular in plan. Break of slope top: sharp except Cut of charcoal rich feature. 13 N/A 1.04 0.59 0.27 at S facing side that is not perceptible. Concave 5 3 Represents a possible pit. sides. Break of slope base: gradual with a flat base. Somewhat oval in shape N–S. Black ashy colour Large pit in the centre of burnt 14 C25 2,30 N–S 1.05 0.41 loosely compacted. Consists of black clay ash and 4 25 mound. Possible trough. stones with inclusions of stones, charcoal. Small pit cut into C14 filled Circular in plan. Dark brown loosely compacted silty with burnt stones& dark 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A clay and small stones with inclusions of ash and 4 21 brown silty clay with flecks of charcoal specks. charcoal.

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Context Context Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Interpretation Description Finds Above Below 16 VOID VOID 17 VOID VOID 5.35 NE– 0.70 18 C38 0.09 Fill of furrow. Linear in plan NE–SW. Light brown loose silty clay. Chert debitage 1 38 SW NW–SE Stakehole isolated from any Circular in plan. Greyish light brown fairly loose silty 19 C35 0.15 0.15 0.11 1 35 other features. clay with inclusions of flecks of charcoal. Irregular, roughly N–S. Dark brown loose silty to Very charcoal rich fill with 20 C36 2.72 2.20 0.35m sandy clay. Inclusions of charcoal, stones, pebbles 4 36 inclusions of burned stones. and sand. Circular in plan. Break of slope top: sharp with steep Small pit cut into C014. Cut 21 N/A 0.65m 0.60m 0.24m sides. Break of slope base: gradual with a concave 15 3 very even, concave. and smooth base. 0.90 E– Rectangular N–S. Brown medium compacted clay silt 22 C27 1.25 N–S 0.09 Top fill of pit. 1 26 W with inclusions of charcoal. Uneven/rectangular in plan. Dark brown loosely 1.98 NE– 1.34 23 C33 0.20 Fill of C33. compacted silt with flakes of charcoal and stones. 4 33 SW NW–SE The E side is very rocky. Rectangular NE–SW. Brown loose silty clay with C31, 1.46 NE– Brown fill of a rectangular pit. 24 1.02 0.45 inclusions of stones and small bones, 2 pieces flint Re-touched flints 4 32 C32 SW Associated with cut C33. debitage. Cut of possible trough. Two Irregular, roughly N–S. Break of slope top: sharp with oval cuts in the bottom 25 N/A 2.0 1.6 0.27 uneven sides. Break of slope base: concave and 14 3 possibly dug at the same gradual with an even base. time. Lower fill of pit. Fill under 0.90 E– Rectangular in plan N–S. Black medium compacted 26 C27 1.25 N–S 0.08 C022. Black, very rich in 22 27 W clayey silt with inclusions of charcoal. charcoal. Rectangular in plan N–S. Break of slope top: sharp, 0.90 E– 27 N/A 1.25 N–S 0.17 Cut of shallow rectangular pit. sloping on N side. Vertical sides. Break of slope base: 26 3 W sharp with a rectangular shape of base. 28 VOID VOID 29 VOID VOID Irregular N–S. Dark brown loose silty clay with 30 C31 0.80 N–S 0.75 0.20 Pit assoc with burnt mound. 4 31 inclusions of stones and 3–4 burnt hazelnuts.

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Context Context Context Fill of L(m) W(m) D(m) Interpretation Description Finds Above Below Rectangular N–S with sharp corners. Break of slope top: sharp with steep sides, except on the S side 31 N/A 1.46 1.02 0.65 Cut of rectangular feature. 30 3 which is sloping. Break of slope base: sharp, except on the S side where gradual. Base is irregular. Square in plan with sharp corners. Break of slope top: sharp, except the N side which is sloping. Sides are Very square but the base is 32 N/A 0.47 0.47 0.10 steep, except at NE side which is gradual. Break of 24 3 highly irregular. slope base: steep, except at NE side which is gradual. Base is irregular. Irregular square in plan with one distinct corner, N, rounded. Break of slope top: W rounded and E & S 1.98 NE– 1.34 The north side of this pit is 33 N/A 0.20 gradual. N sides are smooth and E side is stony, S: 23 3 SW NW–SE possibly a human cut. none. Break of slope base: gradual. Shape of base: at N smooth, E uneven and stony, at S uneven. 34 VOID VOID Cut of tapered stakehole Circular in plan. Break of slope top: sharp with steep 35 N/A 0.15 0.15 0.11 19 3 randomly positioned. sides. Break of slope base: tapered. Irregular, roughly N–S. Break of slope top: sharp at 36 N/A 2.72 N–S 2.20 0.35m Possible trough or pit. NW, otherwise gradual. Uneven sides. Break of slope 20 3 base: gradual. Uneven base. Cut of ditch N–S direction. Linear N–S. Break of slope top: sharp with sloping 37 N/A 2.60 N–S 0.77 0.10 9 3 Appears to be modern. sides. Break of slope base: gradual, flat, even. 38 N/A N/A 0.7 0.09 Cut of furrow. Modern. Linear shallow concave cut. 18 3

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Appendix 1.2 Catalogue of Artefacts

Registration Number Context Item No. Simple Name Full Name Material No. of Parts Description E2660 1 1 Lithic Retouched Artefact Flint 1 Undiagnostic retouched artefact E2660 1 2 Lithic Retouched artefact Flint 1 Possible concave scraper E2660 4 1 Pottery Rim sherd Ceramic 1 18th–19th C Brownware E2660 4 2 Lithic Blade Chert 1 Neolithic retouched artefact E2660 18 1 Lithic Debitage Chert 1 Undiagnostic retouched artefact E2660 C18 2 Stone Natural Chunk Limestone 1 Natural Chunk E2660 C24 1 Lithic Retouched Artefact Flint 1 Undiagnostic retouched artefact E2660 C24 2 Lithic Flint Flint 1 Undiagnostic retouched artefact

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Appendix 1.3 Catalogue of Ecofacts

A total of 19 bulk soil samples were taken during the course of excavation at this site. Of these 17 were processed by means of flotation and sieving through a 1mm mesh. The resulting retrieved samples of this process are listed below. In addition to this 1 animal bone sample and 1 charred hazelnut sample were hand retrieved on-site. Details of these samples can also be found listed below.

1.3.1 Animal Bone Context number Sample number Feature Sample weight (g) 24 13 Pit 3

1.3.2 Charcoal Context number Sample number Feature Sample weight (g) 6 1 Burnt spread Area B 2.5g 26 5 Fill of C27 trough/pit Area A 84.3g 18 15 Fill of C38 furrow Area A 2.4g 14 19 Fill of C25 trough Area A 3.1g 5 2 Fill of C13 possible pit 7.7g 20 11 Fill of C36 probable trough 104.7g 20 16 Fill of C36 probable trough 23.5g 14 18 Fill of C25 trough Area A 8.2g

1.3.3 Burnt Bone Context number Sample number Feature Sample weight (g) 5 2 Pit < 0.1 14 18 Probable trough < 0.1 20 11 Possible trough < 0.1 20 16 Possible trough 0.8 The burnt bone was in poor condition and in such small pieces that despite specialist examination little information could be gained from it. Sample 2 was identified as animal bone; in every other case this could not be determined.

1.3.4 Carbonised nuts, possible hazelnuts Context number Sample number Feature Sample weight (g) 30 12 Pit c.2

1.3.5 Seeds Context number Sample number Feature Sample weight (g) 6 1 Burnt Spread 0.1

1.3.6 Mollusc Shell Context number Sample number Feature Sample weight (g) 6 1 Burnt Spread 0.1 20 11 Possible trough <0.1 20 16 Possible trough <0.1 14 18 Possible trough 0.4

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Appendix 1.4 Archive Checklist

Project: N6 Kilbeggan – Athlone Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd Site Name: Williamstown 1 NMS Number: E2660 Ministerial Directive: A016/032 Site director: Ed Lyne Date: October 2008 Field Records Items (quantity) Comments Site drawings (plans) 19 Site sections, profiles, elevations 12 Other plans, sketches, etc. 0 Timber drawings 0 Stone structural drawings 0

Site diary/note books 1 Site registers (folders) 1

Survey/levels data (origin information) On plans Digital copy also

Context sheets 38 Wood Sheets 0 Skeleton Sheets 0 Worked stone sheets 0

Digital photographs 131 Photographs (print) 0 Photographs (slide) 0

Finds and Environ. Archive Flint/chert 6 Stone artefacts 1 Pottery (specify periods/typology) 1 Post-med/brown ware Ceramic Building Material (specify types eg daub, 0 tile) Metal artefacts (specify types - bronze, iron) 0 Glass 0 Other find types or special finds (specify) 0

Human bone (specify type eg cremated, skeleton, 0 disarticulated) Animal bone 1 4 burnt bone frags also Metallurgical waste 0 Enviro bulk soil (specify no. of samples) 19 Enviro monolith (specify number of samples and 0 number of tins per sample)

Security copy of archive 1 On IAC Server

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Appendix 1.5 Copy of Registration No. Document from DoEHLG

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Appendix 1.6 Copy of Ministerial Direction Document

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APPENDIX 2 SPECIALIST REPORTS

Appendix 2.1 Lithics Report – Dr Farina Sternke MA PhD

Appendix 2.2 Medieval and Post-Medieval Pottery Report – Clare McCutcheon

Appendix 2.3 Animal Bone Report – Camilla Lofqvist

Appendix 2.4 Plant Remains Analysis Report – Susan Lyons

Appendix 2.5 Petrographical Analysis Report – Dr. Stephen Mandal MIAI PGeo.

Appendix 2.6 Charcoal and Wood ID Report – Ellen O’Carroll

Appendix 2.7 Radiocarbon Dating Results – Beta Analytical

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Appendix 2.1 Lithics Report – Dr. Farina Sternke MA, PhD

LITHICS FINDS REPORT FOR A016/032 WILLIAMSTOWN 1

DR. FARINA STERNKE MA, PHD

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK

Irish Archaeological Consultancy xi N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Introduction Seven lithic finds from the archaeological investigations of a Neolithic habitation site along the route of the N6 Kilbeggan - Athlone Road at Williamstown 1, were presented for analysis (Figure 1 and Table 1). The finds are associated with the remains of a fulacht fiadh.

Figure 1 Location of Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

Find No. Context Material Type Cortex Condition (mm) Length (mm) Width Thickness (mm) Complete Retouch E2660:001:001 1 Flint Retouched Artefact Yes patinated 30 17 6 Yes distal inverse low angle E2660:001:002 1 Flint Retouched Artefact No patinated 25 29 6 Yes distal inverse abrupt E2660:004:002 4 Chert Retouched Artefact Yes slightly weathered 74 27 9 Yes left edge direct low angle E2660:018:001 18 Chert Debitage No reasonably fresh 18 14 6 Yes No E2660:018:002 18 Limestone Natural Chunk Yes waterrolled 44 41 33 Yes No E2660:024:001 24 Flint Retouched Artefact? No patinated 18 29 4 No possibly distal inverse abrupt E2660:024:002 24 Flint Flake Yes reasonably fresh 25 20 7 Yes No

Table 1 Composition of the lithic assemblage from Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

Methodology All lithic artefacts were examined visually and catalogued using Microsoft Excel. The following details were recorded for each artefact: context information, raw material type, artefact type, the presence of cortex, artefact condition, length, width and thickness measurements, fragmentation and the type of retouch (where applicable). The technological criteria recorded are based on the terminology and technology presented in Inizan et al. 1999. The general typological and morphological classifications are based on Woodman et al. 2006.

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Quantification The lithics are four worked flints, two flaked chert artefacts and one natural water rolled chunk of limestone (Table 1).

Provenance The artefacts were recovered from the topsoil, a burnt spread and a posthole (Table 2).

Find Number Context Description Type E2660:001:001 1 Topsoil. Retouched Artefact E2660:001:002 1 Topsoil. Retouched Artefact E2660:004:002 4 Burnt Spread Retouched Artefact E2660:018:001 18 Fill of furrow Debitage E2660:018:002 18 Fill of furrow Natural Chunk E2660:024:001 24 Posthole Retouched Artefact? E2660:024:002 24 Posthole Flake

Table 2 Context Information for the Assemblage from Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

Condition The lithics survive in variable condition (Table 3). With the exception of one possible retouched flake (E2660:024:001), all artefacts are complete.

CONDITION AMOUNT Reasonably Fresh 2 Patinated 3 Slightly Weathered 1 Water-rolled 1 Total 7

Table 3 Assemblage Condition from Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

Technology/Morphology The artefacts represent two types of flaking products and four retouched artefacts (Table 4).

TYPE AMOUNT Flake 1 Debitage 1 Retouched Artefact 4 Natural Chunk 1

Table 4 Assemblage Composition from Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

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45

40

35

30

25

Width 20

15

10

5

0 0 1020304050607080 Length

Retouched Artefact Retouched Artefact? Flake Debitage Natural Chunk

Figure 2 Dimensions (mm) of the Assemblage Components from Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

The small simple flake (E2660:024:002) was produced using a direct percussion technique on a beach pebble core.

Retouched Artefacts The four retouched artefacts are an invasively retouched form made on a large chert blade (E2660:004:002), a possible hollow scraper (E2660:001:002) and two miscellaneous retouched flakes (E2660:001:001 and E2660:024:001).

The invasively retouched form was made on a large chert blade which possessed a natural cortical back on its right edge. The possible hollow scraper was made on a broad thick flake and was abandoned in it early stages of use. Both these finds are produced on larger nodules.

Dating The invasively retouched form and possible hollow scraper date to the Neolithic period (Woodman et al. 2006), but were recovered from the topsoil and therefore, are probably not directly associated with the fulacht fiadh. The remainder of the assemblage is technologically and typologically un-diagnostic, but would not be out of place in a Neolithic or Bronze Age context.

Conservation Lithics do not require specific conversation, but should be stored in a dry, stable environment. Preferably, each lithic should be bagged separately and contact with other lithics should be avoided, so as to prevent damage and breakage, in particular edge damage which could later be misinterpreted as retouch. Larger and heavier items are best kept in individual boxes to avoid crushing of smaller assemblage pieces.

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Comparative Material With the exception of the invasively retouched form and the hollow scraper which are usually associated with Neolithic assemblages, the size and composition of the assemblage is typical for Irish burnt mounds. Recent excavations in the southeast of Ireland revealed a similar pattern of very small assemblages found in associated fulachta fiadh, e.g. the N25 Waterford By-Pass (Woodman 2006). These assemblages are dominated by the use of beach pebble flint which is often worked using the bipolar method or a very simple platform technology (see also O’Hare 2005).

Further to the presence of an invasively retouched form and a hollow scraper in the assemblage, it has to be stated that these are not expected at fulachta fiadh, but are often recovered from court tombs (Herity 1987). While invasively retouched forms are known for the entire Neolithic period, hollow scrapers are predominantly a Late Neolithic phenomenon (Woodman et al. 2006). The fact that these finds were recovered from the topsoil suggests a possible late Neolithic presence in the area prior to the creation of the fulacht fiadh.

Discussion The lithic finds from the archaeological investigations at Williamstown 1 along the route of the N6 Kilbeggan - Athlone Road are predominantly retouched tools and waste from lithic production associated with domestic activities. Part of the assemblage can be dated with certainty to the Neolithic period based on typological grounds, which suggests Neolithic activity in the area at some point.

Recommendations for Illustration

• Invasively retouched form (E2660:4:2) • Possible hollow scraper (E2660:1:2)

Bibliography

Herity, M 1987 The finds from Irish court tombs. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 87C, 103–281.

Inizan, M L, Reduron-Ballinger, M, Roche, H and Tixier, J 1999 Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone 5. CREP, Nanterre.

O'Hare, M B 2005 The Bronze Age Lithics of Ireland Unpublished PhD Thesis. Queen's University of Belfast.

Woodman, P C, Finlay, N and Anderson, E 2006 The Archaeology of a Collection: The Keiller-Knowles Collection of the National Museum of Ireland. National Museum of Ireland Monograph Series 2, Wordwell, Bray.

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Plates

Plate 1 Invasively retouched form (E2660:4:2) front

Plate 2 Invasively retouched form (E2660:4:2) reverse

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Plate 3 Possible hollow scraper (E2660:1:2) front

Plate 4 Possible hollow scraper (E2660:1:2) reverse

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Appendix 2.2 Medieval and Post-Medieval Pottery Report – Clare McCutcheon

MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL POTTERY REPORT FOR A016/032 WILLIAMSTOWN 1

CLARE MCCUTCHEON MA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK

Irish Archaeological Consultancy xix N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Introduction A single rim sherd of glazed red earthenware was presented for study. The site is described a typical burnt-mound type site and the context containing the pottery is described as the burnt spread (C4). No precise find location is given for the sherd, coming anywhere from the burnt spread in Areas A or B.

Discussion The sherd is a piece of glazed red earthenware, the commonly used dairy and kitchen ware of the time. The fabric is generally sandy earthenware, usually oxidised buff to light orange through to brown. The clear lead glaze takes its colour from the fabric with variations due to firing conditions (Jennings 1981, 157). These are also known as brownwares and were made widely in England and Ireland in the later 17th and 18th centuries (Dunlevy 1988, 24–5). A typical kiln was excavated at Tuam, Co. Galway with milk pans and dishes comprising the majority of the vessels (Carey & Meenan 2004). The sherd from this site is the curved rim of a large bowl and dates to the 18th or 19th century. It was most likely deposited in the field during contemporary agricultural work.

References: Carey, A & Meenan, R 2004 Excavation of a post-medieval pottery kiln, Tuam, Co. Galway, In Journal of the Galway Archaeological & Historical Society 56, 37–45.

Dunlevy, M 1988 Ceramics in Ireland. Dublin.

Jennings, S 1981 Eighteen centuries of pottery in Norwich. Norwich.

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Appendix 2.3 Animal Bone Report – Camilla Lofqvist

OSTEOARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL BONES FROM A016/032 WILLIAMSTOWN 1, N6 ATHLONE TO KILBEGGAN ROAD SCHEME COUNTY WESTMEATH

MOORE GROUP

ANIMAL BONE REPORT PREPARED FOR IAC LTD

AUTHOR: CAMILLA LOFQVIST

OSTEOARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES SECTION

DATE: SEPTEMBER 2007

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Non Technical Summary This report describes the results of the osteoarchaeological analysis of animal bones retrieved during archaeological work carried out at A016/032 Williamstown 1 along the N6 Athlone to Kilbeggan Road Scheme, Co. Westmeath. The author undertook the bone analysis for the Osteological Services Section of Moore Group (MOORE) on behalf of the client, IAC Ltd. The bone analysis was commissioned in order to get an osteoarchaeological aspect of the development site and to see if the bone material could provide additional information on the interpretation of the site. The purpose is also to broaden the understanding of animal consumption and animal husbandry at the site, through the osteological study of the animal remains. Only one fragment from a hare was retrieved. The fragment was an almost complete tibia with a weight of 3g.

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction The Osteoarchaeological Services Section of Moore Group was commissioned to undertake an osteoarchaeological analysis of disarticulated animal bones retrieved during archaeological work at A016/032 Williamstown 1, N6 Athlone to Kilbeggan Road Scheme, Co. Westmeath. The osteoarchaeological analysis was carried out on behalf of IAC Ltd.

1.2. General osteological information The purpose of this report is to broaden the understanding of animal consumption and animal husbandry at the site, through the osteological study of the animal remains. The aim is to use the bones as a means of archaeological interpretation of the site, either to support suggested theories or to point to other possible interpretations of the cultural heritage. As the osteological materials contain a large quantity of information; it is important from the start, to define the type of information that is going to be collected. The data gathered from this report was based on five different variables: · Species distribution · Anatomical distribution · Age distribution · Sex ratios and size variations · Cut-/gnaw-marks and disease distribution. In order to enable comparisons between the different materials it is important to be consistent in the use of analysis methods. If this is not fulfilled, the results would be impossible to compare. The osteological methods used in this report are presented in the section below.

2 METHODOLOGY Identification of the bones was made by reference to Sisson and Grossman The anatomy of the Domestic Animals (1975), Schmid Atlas of Animal bones (1972), Hillson Teeth (1996), During´s Bildkompendium i Animalosteologi (unpubl) and a comparative collection of bones belonging to the author. A systematic bird bone identification was made by reference to Cohen & Serjeantson A Manual for the Identification of Bird bone from Archaeological Sites and where possible, the bones were identified to family level. During analysis of the material, all fragments were counted and identified to species, anatomical unit, part of anatomical unit, side and fusion stage. Pathology and cut/gnaw marks were also examined. Quantification was based on three methods:

NISP: Number of Identified Specimens. Indicates the total number of fragments found. The NISP is decided by different factors like the age of the animal, the size of the animal and how well the preservation was at the place where the bones were

xxii Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1 deposited. MNI: Minimum Number of Individuals. Indicates the minimum number of individuals from every species that were present in the material. The MNI is calculated on the specimen of the most abundant skeletal element present, taking left and right side in consideration, as well as looking at the age of the animal. However, it is important to point out that MNI is only an estimate.

MNE: Minimum Numbers of Elements. Indicates the minimum number of anatomical units that are present and what side they are from. MNE is used to calculate MNI and is used in the Fusion data tables. To allow for a young individual to grow the bones from a juvenile at birth are made up of several different parts. When the individual gets older the different parts grow together and form one bone. The parts of the bone grow together at different age-stages and this makes it possible to estimate the age of an animal. This means that three bone fragments can be part of the same bone element. For example: Proximal and distal epiphyses fused with the diaphysis. To avoid getting a higher MNE all loose epiphyses have to be paired with all unfused diaphysis. Age is based on fusion data and tooth eruption. Habermehl (1961) and Silver (1969) have been used to determine stages of fusion while Schmid (1972) and Hillson (1996) have been used to determine tooth eruption data. It should be noted that bone elements from juveniles are often underrepresented in bone materials, because they are very fragile and very easy to break.

Different formula are used to calculate Estimated Shoulder Heights (ESH) for the different species. Matolsci (1970) and Fock (1966) are used to estimate height of withers for cattle while Teichert (1975) is used for sheep.

The average height of withers and average weight of the meat-producing animals has increased from Bronze Age to Modern time. For example, cattle during medieval times had an average height of 1.05m but by the late 18th century had this increased to an average height of 1.35m (Davis, 1987:178; tab 8:7). Along with size, the average weight of the animals had increased. The dressing-out weight for cattle and caprinae is 50% of the animal’s total, live weight. The dressing-out weight for pig is 80% of the animal’s total weight (McCormick, 1997:200). The size figures of cattle are based on Davis (1987:178; tab 8:7).

The genders of the animals are estimated from measurements of the horncore and the coxae. For cattle, Armitage & Clutton Brock (1976) is used for the estimation based on the horncore and Vretemark (1997) for the estimation based on the coxae. For caprinae Vretemark (1997) is used for the coxae. For pig and horse, the upper and lower Canine teeth are used to determine the sex.

The bones were searched for traces of gnawing, cut marks and pathology. The gnaw marks give information about how exposed the bones were after being discarded. A high percentage of bones with traces of gnawing indicates that the bones were left exposed so animals like dogs, rats and other scavengers had access to the bones. The cut marks can give valuable information about how the carcasses were butchered. These marks can also give information about if the animals were kept for their milk, as a source of meat, or if they played an important part in industrial production of for example hide or bone objects.

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3 RESULT One bone fragment was submitted for examination. This bone fragment was identified to species; Lepus (Hare). (Table 1)

Table 1. NISP, MNE, MNI and weight for all species. (*MNI=Minimum Number of Individuals) Showing the total number of fragments (NISP), total number of anatomical elements (MNE), total number of individuals (MNI) and total weight for all species present. Species NISP NISP in MNE MNE in MNI* MNI in % Weight Weight % % %

Hare 1 100.0% 1 100.0% 1 100.0% 3.0 100.0% Grand 1 100% 1 100% 1 100% 3.0 100% Total:

3.1. Hare; Lepus The single bone fragment retrieved from Williamstown 1 was identified as a diaphysis and distal epiphysis of a hare. The MNI was 1, one adult and the total weight was 3g The mountain hare (Lepus timidus) is native to Ireland while the Brown hare (Lepus capensis) was introduced to Ireland in the 1850s. The Irish name for the mountain hare derives from gearr, meaning short or small and fia, meaning deer or game animal. It has been suggested that this name might have ancient and long established association with hunting. The hare was sometimes reared at large estates where they were kept in semi-captivity in hare parks or hare ‘warrens’ (Hyden & Herrington 2001). In Bretha Comaithchesa, the main law-text on farming written around the 8th century AD, the hare has been classed with the domestic hen. Possibly due to the hare making its nest (comparable to a hen’s nest) in the open for its young (Kelly 1998). Wild hares live in meadows, brushy country, and woodland clearings; they are largely nocturnal although they may forage in the day if undisturbed. When not foraging, the hare rest in shallow hollows, called forms which they make in the vegetation.

4 SUMMARY Only one fragment from a hare was retrieved. The fragment was an almost complete tibia with a weight of 3g. No definite conclusions could be made from the Williamstown 1 hare bone due to the limited size of the bone sample.

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Armitage, PL & Clutton-Brock, J 1976 A system for classification and description of the horncores of cattle from archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, Academic Press.

Cohen, A & Serjeantson, D 1996 A Manual for the Identification of Bird bone from Archaeological Sites.

Davis, S J M 1987 The archaeology of animals. London.

Driesch, A von den 1976 A guide to measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites.

During, E 1997 Bildkompendium i animalosteologi, Arkeosteologiska Forsknings Laboratoriet. Ulriksdal, Stockholm.

Foch, J 1966 Metrische Untersuchungen an Metapodien einiger europäischer Rinderrassen. Unpublished dissertation, University of Munich.

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Getty, R 1975 Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. Vol 1+2. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, London, Toronto.

Habermehl, K H 1961 Die Altersbestimmung bei Haustieren, Pelztieren und beim jagdbaren Wild . Parey, Hamburg – Berlin.

Hillson, S 1996 Teeth. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Kelly, F 1998 Early Irish Farming, a study based mainly on the law-texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Early Irish Law Series Volume IV, Dublin.

Lisle, L 1957 Observations on Husbandry. (2 vols), London.

Luff, R M 1984 Animal Remains in Archaeology. Aylesbury.

Matolsci, J 1970 Historische Erforschung der Körpergröße der Rindes auf Grund von ungarischem Knochenmaterial. Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 87, 89–137.

McCormick, F & Murphy, E 1997 In Walsh, C (ed) Archaeological excavations at Patrick, Nicholas and Winetavern Streets, Dublin. Dublin.

O’Connor, T 2000 The archaeology of animal bones. Gloucestershire.

Peabody Museum Bulletin 1. Peabody museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.

Schmid, E 1972 Atlas of Animal Bones. For Prehistorians, Archaeologists and Quaternary Geologists. Amsterdam.

Silver, I A 1969 The aging of domestic Animals, In Science in Archaeology (283– 309), London.

Sten, S 1992 Borgar fran forntid och medeltid I Vastsverige. Arkeologi i Vastsverige 5. Goteborgs arkeologiska museum, Goteborg.

Teichert, M 1966/69 Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Wiederisthöhe bei vorund frühgechichtlichen Schweinen. (Habil.-Schr. Univ. Halle 1966 oder Ethnogr.-Arch. Zeitschr 10, 1969, 517–525).

Troy-Smith, R 1957 A history of British livestock husbandry to 1700. London.

Vretemark, M 1997 Fran ben till boskap. Kosthall och djur hallning med utgangspunkt I medeltida benmateral fran Skara. Del 1 . Skrifter fran Skaraborgs Lansmuseum, Nr 25.

Wiseman, J 2000 The pig. A British History. London Unpublished.

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Appendix 1-Animal Bone Database

Bag Sample Context Animal Element Part of NISP MN E Sid e Pr P M D Di J M/F C G P Burnt Descry Meas Comment Weight No element epi 1/3 1/3 1/3 epi C/P/G 1 13 24 Lepus Tibia Diaph+dist 1 1 Sin - 1 1 1 F ------3 epi frag

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Appendix 2.4 Plant Remains Analysis Report – Susan Lyons

SUSAN LYONS MSC MIAI ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

N6 KILBEGGAN TO ATHLONE: PLANT REMAINS ASSESSMENT FROM WILLIAMSTOWN 1 A016/032 [E2660]

PROJECT CODE: PM/028 CLIENT: IAC LTD DATE: AUGUST 2008

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1 INTRODUCTION This report discusses the plant remains assemblage recovered from the soil samples associated with the archaeological excavations at Williamstown 1, Co. Westmeath, along the N6 Phase 2 Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme.

2 BACKGROUND An archaeological excavation was carried out at Williamstown 1, Co. Westmeath by Ed Lyne of Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd (IAC Ltd) on behalf of Westmeath County Council and the National Roads Authority as part of the archaeological mitigation program associated with the N6 Phase 2 Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme under the Ministerial Direction Number A016/032 [E2660].

The site is located in the townland of Williamstown, c. 5.5km west of Moate town, Co. Westmeath and situated immediately to the northeast of a recorded ringfort (WM030:090) (Lyne 2007). The excavation at Williamstown 1 was divided into two areas; Area A consisted of a mound of burnt and heat-shattered stones and Area B, some 100m SE of Area A, consisted of a much smaller and more shallow spread of similar material, but in a low lying wetland environment (Lyne 2007). A number of cut features were also identified and excavated upon removing the burnt spread material. Two of these appeared to be possible troughs, these being typical features of burnt mound sites. A number of possibly later features were also identified and recorded on site (Lyne 2007). Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from the site has returned a date of Cal BC 1600 to 1570 (2 sigma calibration) for the activities at the site.

3 SAMPLE STRATEGY An on-site soil sampling strategy was implemented and features and deposits deemed archaeologically significance were sampled. Soil samples were processed by a system of flotation, whereby each sample was soaked in water in order to suspend the carbonised material; this floated material (flot) was then poured off and trapped in a sieve (mesh size 300µm). The flot was then dried and stored in a sealed plastic bag for further specialist analysis. The remaining material (retent) was wet- sieved through a 1mm mesh and air-dried. This would then have been sorted by eye and any material of archaeological significance would have been removed and recorded. The samples were processed by post-excavation staff at IAC Ltd under the supervision of Sarah Cobain.

The remains of one flot (Context 6, Sample 1) were subsequently submitted to Susan Lyons in October 2007 to identify and analyse the plant material within. The primary objective of this project was to identify where possible any botanical remains present in order to help with interpreting the function or use of the site, or indeed the features themselves.

4 METHODOLOGY The flot material was viewed under a low powered binocular microscope (magnification x0.8 to x5) and any carbonised or potentially waterlogged botanical materials were removed and identified to genus/species level where applicable. The plant remains were recorded using an abundance key to highlight the concentrations of material identified from each sample; + = rare (1–5), ++ = occasional (6–10), +++ = common (11–50) and ++++ = abundant (>50).

Identifications were made using reference to the author’s seed collection and standard seed atlases and references; Flora of the British Isles (Clapham, A R, Tutin, T G, Warburg, E F, 1957), Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora (Beijerinck 1976),

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New Flora of the British Isles 2nd Edition (Stace 1997) and Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands (Cappers, Bekker and Jans 2006).

5 RESULTS

Table 1. Composition of the plant remains from Williamstown 1 (A016/032)

Context Sample Uncarbonised Context Description Comments Number Number wild taxa Crataegus sp. ++ Rubus fruticosus ++ Rubus idaeus + 6 1 Burnt mound deposit (Area B) +++ Rubus sp. + Sambucus nigra + Ranunculus sp. +

Key: + = rare (1–5), ++ = occasional (6–10), +++ = common (11–50) and ++++ = abundant (>5)

All plant remains identified were uncarbonised and were deemed potentially waterlogged.

Uncarbonised wild taxa – Context 6 (burnt mound deposit) contained what may be considered once waterlogged plant remains, which had dried out. These included species associated with the margins of woodland and scrub; hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), brambles (Rubus sp.), bramble/blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), elder (Sambucus nigra) and those common to disturbed ground and waste places buttercup (Ranunculus sp.).

6 DISCUSSION The archaeobotanical assemblage recorded from Context 6 (burnt mound deposit) at Williamstown 1 contained no convincing plant remains reflecting domestic activity. The potentially waterlogged plant remains recovered are generally indicative of disturbed/waste ground, such as buttercup and woodland environments, such as elder, brambles and hawthorn. It is likely these species were growing locally in and around the site.

The seeds of fruit bearing plants, blackberries and raspberries are also identified as gathered foodstuffs and have been interpreted from other prehistoric assemblages as being anthropogenic or cess material (Greig 1991). However, since these seeds are present in such low quantities they are more likely to have entered this feature via other means such as faunal (e.g bird droppings) and/or fluvial (e.g. surface run-off) transport.

7 CONCLUSIONS The plant remains recovered from Context 6 at Williamstown 1 are likely to be a collection of natural species which entered the feature inadvertently. Since the assemblage was void of domesticates and cultivated species it is difficult to ascertain the level of occupational activity at the site.

8 REFERENCES

Beijerinck, W 1976 Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Backhuys & Meesters, Amsterdam.

Cappers, R T J, Bekker, R M, & Jans, J E A 2006 Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands. Groningen, Barkhuis Publishing & Groningen University Library, Netherlands.

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Clapham, A R, Tutin, T G, Warburg, E F 1957 Flora of the British Isles Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Greig, J 1991 The British Isles. In van Zeist, Wasylikowa & Behre (eds) Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany, 299–334. Rotterdam.

Lyne, E 2007 N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Scheme Phase 2: Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Site A016/032 Williamstown 1: Final Report. IAC Ltd Unpublished Report.

Stace, C 1997 New Flora of the British Isles (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

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Appendix 2.5 Petrographical Analysis Report – Dr Stephen Mandal

PETROGRAPHICAL REPORT ON STONE SAMPLES TAKEN DURING ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT WILLIAMSTOWN 1, CO. WESTMEATH. (A016/032)

EURGEOL DR STEPHEN MANDAL MIAI PGEO

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1 Introduction This report is based on the macroscopic (hand specimen) examination of stone samples taken during archaeological excavations at Williamstown 1, Co. Westmeath (Licence Number A016/032). The purpose of the study was to identify the rock types from which the stone objects were made, to highlight potential sources for them, and to comment on their possible function. It is important to note that macroscopic petrographical studies have been considered of limited value in comparison to microscopic (thin section and geochemical analysis) studies. On the other hand, macroscopic studies provide an excellent preliminary assessment tool and have proven to be of considerable value in petrographical studies (e.g. see Mandal 1997; Cooney and Mandal 1998).

2 Results

Site License Sample Notes Williamstown 1 A016/032 - Decayed & Burnt; Angular blocks; Limestone, fine grey

3 Solid Geology and Soils of the Site The bedrock under the site consists of Lower Carboniferous Age Navan Group limestone, sandstone and mudstone (see below).

The geology of the area is predominantly made up of Carboniferous Age rocks. The oldest rocks in the area occur as inliers (areas of older rocks surrounded by younger rocks) of Devonian age Old Red Sandstone (shown as ORS on Figure 1); red conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones. These are stratigraphically overlain unconformably by the Upper Carboniferous (basal Courceyan) Navan Group (NAV), consisting of limestones, sandstones and mudstones. The Old Red Sandstone (a coarse to very coarse quartz iron rich sandstone very common in the southwest of Ireland) represents the erosion and (mainly riverine) deposition of the mountains uplifted during the Caledonian Orogeny. The Upper Carboniferous rocks represent periods of shallower and deeper water deposition respectively.

Overlying these rocks stratigraphically are the Upper Courceyan age Ballysteen Formation (BA) consisting of fossiliferous dark grey muddy limestone, in turn overlain by the Waulsortian Limestones (WA) of massive unbedded lime-mudstones. These are overlain comformably by the Chadian-Asbian age Allenwood Formation (AW); thick bedded limestone which is locally peloidal, and trhe Lucan Formation (LU); dark limestones and shales (known as Calp). These Carboniferous rocks, which make up much of the Midlands of Ireland, represent the northward return of the sea at the end of the Devonian, c. 360 million years ago, owing to the opening of a new ocean to the south called the Palaeo-Tethys in what is now central Europe (see Morris et al. 2003; Gatley et al. 2005)

Bedrock is not generally exposed in the area, instead it is covered by boulder clay, which are the result of glacial action during the last glaciation. Eskers - elongated ridges of stratified gravel, probably formed by streams flowing beneath or on a glacier - are common in the area. The soils of the area consist of grey/brown podzols (luvisols), and are generally very fertile (Aalen et al. 1997)

4 Potential Sources It is likely that the sources for all of the samples are local. There are abundant sources for limestone, sandstone, quartz sandstone and quartzite. It is, however, important to note that these rock types were probably not sourced from bedrock, but from secondary sources, such as in the glacial tills / sub-soils at the site.

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5 Discussion Whilst it is not possible to determine a definitive source for these stone samples based on macroscopic examination alone, it can be stated that these rock types are available locally in outcrop and within the glacial tills / sub-soils. It is therefore highly probable that the material in these samples were sourced in the immediate vicinity of the site.

Fifteen samples were examined from sites across the N6 Kilbeggan to Athlone scheme. All are decayed; all but the sample from Moyally 3 (A016/047: Sample 7) and that from Kilbeggan South (A016/082: Sample 10) are clearly burnt. All bar one are composed of angular pieces; crushed and broken stone. It is not possible to determine with a degree of certainty whether the material was used in its broken state, or if large blocks were deliberately broken. The exception is that from Burrow – Glennanummer (A016/054: Sample 25) which consists of sub-rounded blocks, possibly indicative of the selective crushing of cobbles. Nine of the samples, including that from this site consist of coarse grained quartz sandstone; the samples from Burrow – Glennanummer (A016/054: Sample 25) and Ballinderry Big 1 (A016/076) also contain limestone. Coarse grained sandstone of this type is typical of fulacht fiadh material. The remaining six samples, including that from this site, consist of limestone, which is atypical of fulacht fiadh material – fine grained rock types such as limestone do not absorb heat in the manner that coarse rock types such as sandstone and dolerite (e.g. see Mandal 2004).

6 Bibliography

Aalen, F H A, Whelan, K and Stout, M 1997 Atlas of the Irish Rural Landscape. Cork University Press, Cork.

Cooney, G and Mandal, S 1998 The Irish Stone Axe Project: Monograph I. Wordwell, Wicklow.

Gatley, S, Somerville, ID, Morris, JH, Sleeman, AG and Emo, G 2005 Geology of Galway-Offaly: to accompany the Bedrock Geology 1:100,000 Scale Map Series, Sheet 15. Geological Survey of Ireland Publications. Westprint Ltd, Sligo.

Mandal, S 1997 Striking the balance: the roles of petrography and geochemistry in stone axe studies in Ireland. Archaeometry 39 (2), 289–308.

Mandal, S 2004 Petrographical Report on Stone Samples found during Archaeological Investigations relating to the Sligo Inner Relief Road (Licence No. 03E0535). Unpublished report commissioned by ACS Ltd for the NRA.

Morris, J H Somerville ID, and MacDermot, CV 2003 Geology of Longford and Roscommon: to accompany the Bedrock Geology 1:100,000 Scale Map Series, Sheet 12. Geological Survey of Ireland Publications. Westprint Ltd, Sligo.

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Appendix 2.6 Charcoal and Wood ID Report – Ellen O’Carroll

CHARCOAL IDENTIFICATIONS

N6 KINNEGAD – ATHLONE SCHEME PHASE 2: KILBEGGAN TO ATHLONE DUAL CARRIAGEWAY

MINISTERIAL DIRECTION NUMBER: A016/032 NMS REGISTRATION NUMBER: E2660 WILLIAMSTOWN 1

ELLEN O’CARROLL MA DIP. EIA MGT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY & WOOD SPECIALIST 8 CUMBERLAND STREET, DUN LAOGHAIRE, CO. DUBLIN MOB: + 353 (0) 086 8241753 TEL/FAX:+ 353 (0)1 2360795 EMAIL: [email protected]

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1 Introduction Four charcoal samples were identified and analysed from excavations from a burnt mound dated to the Middle Bronze Age and excavated at Williamstown 1, Co. Westmeath. This site is located in the townland of Williamstown, c. 5.5km west of Moate town, Co. Westmeath. The archaeological excavation was carried out by Irish Archaeological Consultancy Ltd on behalf of Westmeath County Council and the National Roads Authority in advance of the construction of the N6 Phase 2: Kilbeggan to Athlone Dual Carriageway Scheme.

The analysis of charcoal and wood can provide information on two different levels. The analysis is an important component of any post-excavation environmental work as it can help in re-constructing an environment hitherto lost to us, although this must be done with caution as sufficient sample numbers are required for a complete and full understanding of the immediate environment. Keepax suggest 50 charcoal samples in a European temperate climate. Charcoal and wood are also analysed and identified to determine what species are used and selected for particular functions on site i.e. postholes, wall posts, burnt remains of wattle and so on.

2 Methods The process for identifying wood, whether it is charred, dried or waterlogged is carried out by comparing the anatomical structure of wood samples with known comparative material or keys (Schweingruber 1990). A wood reference collection from the Botanical Gardens in Glasnevin, Dublin was also used.

Charcoal The soil samples were processed on-site. The flots were sieved through a 250 micron or a 1mm sieve, while the retent was put through a 2mm or 4mm sieve. All of the charcoal remains from the soil samples were then bagged and labeled.

The identification of charcoal material involves breaking the charcoal piece along its three sections (transverse, tangential and radial) so clean sections of the wood pieces can be obtained. This charcoal is then identified to species under a universal compound microscope reflected and transmitted light sources at magnifications x 10 - 400. By close examination of the microanatomical features of the samples the charcoal species are determined.

The purpose of the charcoal identifications was two-fold. In some cases the identifications were carried out prior to C14 dating in order to select specific species for dating and in other cases the charcoal was analysed for fuel selection policies and selection of wood types for structural use. Each species was identified, bagged together and then weighed. Insect channels were noted on the charcoal fragments identified as this may indicate the use of dead or rotting wood used for fuel or other such functions. The distinction can sometimes be made between trunks, branches and twigs if the charcoal samples are large enough. This was noted where possible. When charcoal samples showed indications of fast or slow growth this was also recorded. The samples identified for environmental reconstruction and wood usage were counted per fragment and then weighed. The smaller sample amounts with less than 50 fragments were all identified while 50 fragments were identified from the larger samples. In general the fragment count for charcoal was low from these features.

There are inherent problems in re-constructing the environment at the time of use of the site due to the low quantity of samples and charcoal fragments identified from the assemblages. Keepax concludes that, when working in a temperate climate, at least fifty samples should be identified from an archaeological site, to make it a viable

xxxviii Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1 charcoal study, with a minimum of 25 samples (Keepax 1988). Notwithstanding the charcoal sample numbers, it is clear that the charcoal results coupled with the wood analysis throw up some interesting results and trends in relation to wood selection and use and woodland cover in the middle Bronze and modern periods in Co. Westmeath.

A number of wood taxa cannot be identified to species or sub-species level anatomically. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) are both native and common in Ireland and the wood of these species cannot be differentiated on the basis of their anatomic characteristics. English elm (Ulmus procera) and wych elm (Ulmus glabra) cannot be separated by their wood structure and identifications of elm are shown as Ulmus spp. There are also two species of birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) and several species of willow therefore the identifications are given as Betula spp and Salix spp respectively. Prunus includes blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and cherry (Prunus padus/avium) and sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between the different species of Prunus spp.

3 Description of the feature types Williamstown 1 comprised a sizeable mound of burnt and heat-shattered stones on the side of a southeast facing small hill. In form and material the spreads recorded at Williamstown 1 appear to fall into the category of a burnt mound site, which are typically Bronze Age in date. On removal of the spreads a number of cut features were identified and excavated; two of these appeared to be possible troughs. A number of possibly later features were also identified and recorded on site. The remaining cut features all consist of somewhat irregular small pits, some of which may represent no more than stone-sockets. These pits were all filled with burnt spread like material.

Seven lithic finds from site Williamstown 1 were sent for specialist analysis and were deemed to be retouched tools and waste from lithic production. Initial analysis of the lithic assemblage dates some of the lithic finds to the Neolithic period. This therefore suggests Neolithic activity in the area of Williamstown 1.

4 Results One hundred and thirty one fragments of charcoal were identified from four samples submitted for dating and environmental re-construction and woodland use. Two of the samples contained small fragment counts. The charcoal is related to the burnt mound activity dated to the middle Bronze Age and a furrow dated to the recent past. The fragment count of each taxon represented in the samples is given below in Figure 1 and Table 1. There was a wide range of taxa identified from the assemblage.

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Figure 1: All taxa identified from the charcoal samples analysed

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Fragment count 15 Weight 10 5 0 Ash Elm Oak Yew Alder Birch spp Hazel Furze Cherry Prunus Alder buckthorn Blackthorn Pomoideae

Table 1: Identifications from charcoal from Williamstown 1 Date & Site no. Context no. Context type Sample no. Species Comment Hazel (2f*, 0.6g*), Oak Fill of trough/ (35f, 8.3g), Cherry (8f, Fungal threads in A016/32 26 5 waste pit 6g), Pomoideae (7f, hazel 5.1g) Oak (7f , 0.05g,), Hazel (5f, 0.1g), Birch (1f, A016/32 14 Fill of trough 19 0.01g), Alder (4f, 0.2g), 1600–1420BC Prunus spp (8f, 0.1g), Ash (1f, 0.01g) Prunus spp (12f, 0.3g), Oak (5f, 0.2g), Furze (1f, 0.01g), Alder (6f, A016/32 6 Spread 1 0.15g), Elm (3f, 0.1g), Alder buckthorn (3f, 0.2g), Yew (1f, 0.1g), Ash (1f, 0.1g) Blackthorn (20f, 2.4g), Branch wood. All A016/32 18 Furrow 15 Oak (0.1g, 3f) identified

*g = grammes * f = fragment count

5 Discussion and Conclusions of Charcoal and wood assemblage

Wood types identified in the assemblages There were twelve taxa types present in the charcoal remains. Oak, hazel, alder, blackthorn/cherry (Prunus sp), pomoideae, ash, birch, alder buckthorn, elm, yew and furze were present in the charcoal remains.

The range of taxa identified from the features analysed includes large trees such as oak, elm, ash and yew and smaller scrub or hedgerow trees (hazel, furze, cherry, blackthorn & pomoideae). Birch, alder and alder buckthorn are generally associated with wetland areas.

The charcoal is related to wood selection in relation to firewood used at the site. It is difficult to suggest a function for the sample from the furrow C18 but it is modern in origin.

xl Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

The results suggest that there was a wide variety of woodland types and habitats surrounding the sites during the middle Bronze Age period at Williamstown. Blackthorn a hedgerow taxon grew in the area in the modern period. The inhabitants of the site had access to oak, ash, elm and yew trees as well as scrub-like taxa such as cherry, blackthorn, hazel and pomoideae. Wetland areas were also located close to the site as indicated by the presence of birch, alder and alder buckthorn.

Further analysis, discussions and comparisons of results will form part of a final integrated charcoal and pollen study of the sites and the surrounding environment on this scheme which is being undertaken as part of the authors PHD thesis. These results will be published accordingly.

6 References

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Eogan, G 1983 Hoards of the Irish Later Bronze Age. University College Dublin, Dublin.

Grogan, E, O’Donnell, L, Johnston, P 2007 The Bronze Age Landscapes of the pipeline to the west. Wordwell, Wicklow.

Hall, V 1995 Woodland Depletion in Ireland over the last Millennium, In JR Pilcher and S Mac An tSaoir (eds), Wood, Trees and Forests in Ireland, 23–35.

Hurley, MF 1982 Wooden artefacts from the excavation of the medieval City of Cork, In S McGrail, Woodworking Techniques before A.D 1500 BAR 129, 301–311.

Hurley, MF 1986 A study of Skeletal and Wooden Artefacts from Medieval Cork. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University College Cork.

Hurley, M & Scully, O 1997 Late Viking Age and Medieval Waterford Excavations 1986–1992. Waterford Corporation.

Keepax, C A 1988 Charcoal analysis with particular reference to archaeological sites in Britain. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London.

Kelly, F 1988 A Guide to Early Irish Law. Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin.

McCracken, E 1971 The Irish Woods Since Tudor Times. Institute of Irish Studies, Belfast.

Moloney et al, 1994 Excavations at Clonfinlough, Co. Offaly. Crannog Publications.

Morgan, R 1975 The Selection and Sampling of Timber from Archaeological Sites for Identification and Tree-ring analysis, Journal of Archaeological Science 2, 221–230.

Nelson E C 1993 Trees of Ireland. The Lilliput Press, Dublin.

O’Carroll, E 1996 The analysis of two wooden assemblages from Corlea Bog, Co. Longford and King John’s Castle, Co. Limerick. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University College Cork.

O’Carroll, E 2004 The analysis of wood and charcoal from Monanny, Co. Monaghan, Unpublished report for IAC.

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O’Carroll, E 2007 The analysis of wood and charcoal from Cashelduff, Co. Mayo, Unpublished report for Mayo County Council.

O’Carroll, E 2007 The analysis of wood and charcoal from the N11, Arklow to Rathnew, Co. Wicklow, Unpublished report for the NRA/Wicklow County Council.

O’Carroll, E 2007 The wood and charcoal analysis from the Charlestown By-pass, Unpublished report for the NRA /Mayo County Council.

O’Donnell, L 2005 Wood and charcoal identifications from Charlesland, Co. Wicklow, Unpublished specialist report for Margaret Gowen and Co.

O’Donnell, L 2005 Wood and charcoal identifications from Ballynagran, Co. Wicklow, Unpublished specialist report for Margaret Gowen and Co.

O'Sullivan, A 1987 Wood in Archaeology, Archaeology Ireland 4, 69–73.

O'Sullivan, A 1994 The use of Trees and Woodland in early medieval Ireland, Irish Forestry 51, 80–94.

Rackham, O 1976 Trees and Woodlands in the British Landscape. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London.

Rackham, O 1980 Ancient Woodland: its history, vegetation and uses in England. Edward Arnold, London.

Sands, R 1997 Pre-historic woodworking. The Analysis and Interpretation of Bronze and Iron Age toolmarks. Institute of Archaeology, University of London, London.

Schweingruber, F H 1990 (3rd edition) Microscopic Wood Anatomy. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf.

Webb, D A 1977 An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk.

Western, C A 1970 Wood and Charcoal in Archaeology, Science in Archaeology, 178–187.

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Appendix 2.7 Radiocarbon Dating Results – Beta Analytical

RADIOCARBON DATING RESULTS WILLIAMSTOWN 1

BETA ANALYTICAL, RADIOCARBON DATING LABORATORY, FLORIDA

Irish Archaeological Consultancy xliii N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Beta - 249537 3200 +/- 40 BP -24.0 o/oo 3220 +/- 40 BP SAMPLE : E2660C14S19 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 1600 to 1570 (Cal BP 3550 to 3520) AND Cal BC 1540 to 1420 (Cal BP 3490 to 3370)

xliv Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

APPENDIX 3 LIST OF RMP SITES IN AREA

RMP No Description WM029-037 Church site WM029-039 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-068 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-07001 Burial Ground WM030-07002 Earthwork WM030-087 Grave Yard WM030-088 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-089 Castle Site WM030-090 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-091 Castle WM030-092 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-093 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-094 Earthwork WM030-098 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM030-119 Architectural Fragment WM036-001 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM036-002 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) Site WM036-00301 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel) WM036-00302 Souterrain WM036-004 Ringfort (Rath/Cashel)

See Figure 2 for location details.

Irish Archaeological Consultancy xlv N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

APPENDIX 4 LIST OF N6 SCHEME SITE NAMES

Site Name Ministerial Direction No. NMS Registration Number Seeoge 2 A016/007 E2635 Moyally 7 A016/015 E2643 Kilcurley 1 A016/019 E2647 Cappydonnell Big 1 A016/025 E2653 Ardballymore 2 A016/028 E2656 Creggan lower 1 A016/030 E2658 Creggan lower 2 A016/031 E2659 Williamstown 1 A016/032 E2660 Williamstown 3 A016/033 E2661 Williamstown 4 A016/034 E2662 Boyanaghcalry 1 A016/035 E2663 Seeoge 1 A016/036 E2664 Aghafin 1 A016/037 E2665 Cregganmacar 1 A016/038 E2666 Cregganmacar 2 A016/039 E2667 Cregganmacar 3 A016/040 E2668 Curries 1 A016/041 E2669 Curries 2 A016/042 E2670 Culleenagower 1 A016/043 E2671 Moyally 2 A016/044 E2672 Moyally 1 A016/046 E3274 Moyally 3 A016/047 E2674 Moyally 5 A016/048 E2675 Moyally 6 A016/049 E2676 Tober 1 A016/051 E2677 Burrow or Glennanummer 1 A016/052 E2678 Burrow or Glennanummer 2 A016/053 E2679 Burrow or Glennanummer 3 A016/054 E2680 Russagh 4 A016/055 E2681 Russagh 1 A016/056 E2682 Russagh 2 A016/057 E2683 Russagh 3 A016/058 E2684 Kilbeg 1 A016/059 E2688 Kilbeg 2 A016/060 E2689 Kilbeg 4 A016/062 E2691 Kilbeg 5 A016/063 E2692 Kilbeg 6 A016/064 E2693 Kilbeg 7 A016/065 E2694 Correagh 1 A016/066 E3374 Ballinderry Little 1 A016/067 E2695 Ardballymore 1 A016/068 E2696 Kilgaroan 1 A016/069 E2697 Kilgaroan 2 A016/070 E2698 Kilgaroan 3 A016/071 E2699 Kilgaroan 4 A016/072 E2700 Kilgaroan 6 A016/074 E2702 Ballinderry Big 1 A016/076 E3275 Ballinderry Big 2 A016/077 E3276 Ballinderry Big 3 A016/078 E3277 Tonaphort 1 A016/079 E3278 Tonaphort 2 A016/080 E3279 Tonaphort 3 A016/081 E3280

xlvi Irish Archaeological Consultancy N6 Kinnegad – Athlone Road Scheme, Phase 2: Kilbeggan – Athlone Dual Carriageway Williamstown 1

Site Name Ministerial Direction No. NMS Registration Number Kilbeggan South 1 A016/082 E3281 Kilbeggan South 2 A016/083 E3282 Kilbeggan South 3 A016/084 E3283 Cregganmacar 4 A016/085 E2703 Williamstown 2 A016/086 E2704 Kilbeg 8 A016/087 E3966

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PHA SE 4: C1 TOPSOIL C2

C9 PHASE 3: MEDIEVAL/POST Area B MEDIEV A L A ND MODERN Area A C37 ACTIVITY C8 C18 C7

C10 C38 C11

PHA SE 2: PREHISTORIC C4 Burnt Mound Deposit ARCHAEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

C15 C24

C21 C22

C5 C14 C20 C23 C30 C26 C19 C6

C13 C25 C36 C33 C31 C32 C27 C35

Troughs C3/C12 PHA SE 1: NA TURA L DRIFT GEOLOGY

CXXX = SPREADS AND FILL CONTEXTS CXXX = CUT CONTEXTS