WORLD of WORK the Magazine of the ILO SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE

WORLD of WORK the magazine of the ILO SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE

MIGRATION SHOULD BE A CHOICE World of Work magazines are published by the Department of Communication and Public Information of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in English, French and Spanish.

EDITOR Hans von Rohland

PRODUCTION Corine Luchini

PHOTO EDITOR Marcel Crozet

CONTRIBUTORS Moyette Gibbons, Isabel Gimenez, Inês Gomes, Jean-Luc Martinage, Minette Rimando, Hans von Rohland and Arianna Rossi

DESIGN Manuela Flamini, ILO Turin

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Cover: Marcel Crozet, ILO © Marcel Crozet/ILO Welcome In today’s globalized world, labour migration is a rising policy priority. Economic hardship and geopolitical crises leading to the lack of decent work are resulting in growing and diverse migratory movements. What’s more, the governance of labour migration has increased in complexity. New thinking and new approaches are needed here. Particularly, a fair sharing of the prosperity migrant workers help to create. Policies should respond equitably to the interests of countries of origin and destination, as well as to migrant workers, employers and national workers. This is why this year’s International Labour Conference (ILC) will hold a general discussion on 3 labour migration governance and fair recruitment. The discussion is expected to make a major contribution to the global debate on migration and a possible new Global Compact of the United Nations on migration. The world’s 150 million migrant workers make significant and essential contributions to the economic, social and cultural development of their host countries and their communities back home. Last December, an ILO team went to Nepal to produce a special report, which highlights the difficult choice migrant workers face between staying in their country or going abroad. In 2016, an estimated WORK magazine

1,500 people left the country every day, and the remittances they sent home make up almost one- of third of Nepal’s gross domestic product. The example of Nepal also powerfully demonstrates that in situations of crisis and post-disaster, social dialogue between government and the social partners contributes to strengthening civil peace, WORLD democracy and reconstruction. Another item on the Conference agenda is expected to support ILO efforts around the globe to promote decent work for people in countries emerging from conflict or disaster: the revision of ILO Recommendation 71 on employment and decent work for resilience. We present an overview of ILO activities in this area, while a feature story from the Philippines gives a concrete example of how social and economic development can help to build peace. This magazine features two other issues discussed at this year’s ILC: green jobs – the theme of the report of the ILO Director-General to the Conference, and the adaptation of international labour standards to new realities in the world of work. We also look forward to the discussions at the 2018 ILC that will consider possible new standards on violence at work. Last but not least, you will find the latest ILO publications in this magazine.

Hans von Rohland Editor, World of Work magazine

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE Contents © Marcel Crozet/ILO 4

6 © Marcel Crozet/ILO

Migration should be a choice: Sharmila’s story 13

An alternative to migration: Building roads and bridges © Marcel Crozet/ILO

18 © Marcel Crozet/ILO

Labour migration in Latin America and the Caribbean 21

Building back better

WORLD of WORK magazine © Minette Rimando/ILO © Marcel Crozet/ILO 25 28 Building peace through economic development in the southern Philippines Globally, most women prefer to be working and the majority of men agree © SESC

32 © Marcel Crozet/ILO

Switching to the green economy boosts local jobs 34 in Brazil How the ILO keeps a benchmark for social justice up-to-date © Marcel Crozet/ILO

WORLD 37 EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL OUTLOOK Ending violence at the

TRENDS workplace 2017 41 MEDIASHELF 6 NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT It took her sixmonths to get awork from permit Saudi the she waited one month to go to Arabian the peninsula. Gurung explains. encouragedthey me to road the take of migration,” Rai Saudi Arabia was 25at time. the minimum the because age to work as adomestic worker in shewhen was only 16,with age apassport giving afalse of 26, planthey to build own their house and finally have children. lives.their The couple alreadyhas bought a piece landof where month, probably will they stay both inNepal for rest the of from old their place. was destroyed by what’s is 2015earthquake...a all the wall left former house, building athree story situated up hill, the further income from vegetable farming and breeding poultry. Their (NPR)Nepalese (about rupees 92US$) ayear –and their earn life of its residents. favourite among trekkers and adventure seekers –and hard the lush, the between awe-inducing landscape of area the –a Kathmandu. Nepal’s capital school inCharikot, asixhour drive on abumpy road from her mother-in-law, and two younger brothers attend still who remittances. recovery,post-earthquake andtake accountofdeclininglabourmigration that createjobsandlivelihoodsathome.Theseactivitiessustainthe migration channelsand, alternatively, developing labourmarket policies inpromotingfair thecountry gross domesticproduct.TheILOsupports abroad,working sendinghomealmosttheequivalentofone-thirdNepal’s fourNepalesehouseholdshasafamilymember oneoutofevery Nearly WORLD Gurung paid 35,000 NPR (318US$)to arecruiter inIndia. She an had irregular used migration channel India via where “We were children seven and my parents were poor. So Gurung had gone to Saudi Arabia earlier, herself adecade When Gurung’s husband comes back from Dubai inone Gurung’s family lives on aplot of land –rented for 10,000 A visitor of Charikot can’t help but by struck be contrast the CHARIKOT, NEPAL Gurung, –Sharmila Rai 27,lives with of WORK magazine WORK Sharmila’s story SHOULD BEACHOICE MIGRATION buy piece the of land inCharikot. her destination. However, managed she still to save money to two years as she was deceived by Nepalese the recruiter about Kyrgyzstan. Then she ended up inwar torn Iraq for another Charikot where could she not still job find a and left again for lucky able to be to stay country. inthe discovered that age the inher passport was not correct. She was latterthe already worked himself. It was there that authorities recruitment agency. NPR (92US$)as indicated inher contract with Indian the paid equivalent the of 8,000NPR (74US$)instead of 10,000 she worked first the three months ‘on probation’, she was only family would not to other the lether family talk members. As Arabian authorities. For first the nine months, the head the of 184 US$)amonth –more than to she abroad. earn used alone. women and girls inSouth Asia, 40,000of inNepal them (Work inFreedom). The programmetargets some 200,000 Women Migrant Workers in South Asia and the Middle East Programme on Fair Recruitment and Decent Work for providedwho atoolkit under ILO-DFID the Partnership to ILO the and POURAKHI, its Nepaleseorganisation partner in Nepal where she learnt more farming about thanks poultry STAYING INNEPAL She spent two years (2010-11)inOman, returned to Aftertwo years, her cousin found job her a inOmanwhere Gurung’s income now is 15,000to 20,000 NPR (138to Afterthislast migratory experience, to decided stay Gurung By Hans von Rohland and Marcel Crozet(photos) By HansvonRohlandandMarcel

SPECIAL 2015ISSUE 7 WORLD of WORK magazine NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT 8 NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT Poudel, aged 23,at same the place. This married woman MAKING ANINFORMED DECISION exist inNepal. Pokharel, organize who information these classes, didnot an age. But at mobilizers that time, like social Saangita 18 yet. Sharmila may have to migrate decided at young too informationwith these safe.” classes be here, Iwill Ithink “My brother information collect will for me, and together to have abetter life and that thinks safe. migration be will go abroad afterwhat she had heard, saysshe that she wants Sharmila’s account. When asked wants she whether still to information meeting and was listening carefully to avoid situations of labour exploitation and trafficking. about migration, regular use migration channels, and workers to exchange and ideas make an informed decision meetings aim at enabling potential and former migrant organized by Work the inFreedom programme. These atexperience ameeting of one of orientation the groups didnotthey exist at that time,” Gurung says. would not have gone through India to work abroad, but here…if Ihad known about classes beforehand, these I I could even double income. this Now Ifeel like staying “I have still to care for my family. But ifIworked time, full After long years abroad,After longyears hasdecidedtostay RaiGurung withherhusbandinNepal. Sharmila WORLD Abit later, we met another young woman, Pratima She has another year to make adecision, as she is not Seventeen-year-old Sabitai Karki attended also the The former migrant told us about her migration of WORK magazine WORK Nepal,” she says. shop.together grocery with asmall POURAKHI, and aloan from to abank open salon the as abeautician, some tools basic to open asalon from about She received 1,380US$for training his services. demandedwho exorbitant the sum of 150,000NPR or happy with price the asked by recruitment the agent, in Dubai. She already papers, the had but all was not salon inCharikot. with a three year old daughter is owner the of abeauty “I am happy with my decision, and Iwant to stay in She to stay decided after having planned to work Pratima Poudel dreamsofherbeautysalon inNepal. Lebanon,” her mother concluded. training before, Iwould not have migrated to for three years. “If Ihad received vegetable farming took to pay recruitment the agency,” she says. interest (35 per cent) of 40,000NPR the loan that I firstyear “The abroad was not sufficientto the pay (368 US$) to arecruitment agent to obtain job. this time.the inNepal, Back she had paid 40,000NPR leave, where she was obliged to stay at home all elderly woman –a24hour caring jobwithout any up by afamily. She ran away tojob findwith a an old mother, Sushila Tamang. things work out better didfor than they her 48-year- her about migration the process, to make sure that coffee processing company. Budhathoki informwill to go to Dubai as adomestic worker or work ina in Freedom programme business. to asmall start farming and received amount asmall from Work the a storage room. The mothertrained was in vegetable building, and basement the as of old the house serves lost house. their also They now live ina makeshift two women, mother and daughter, she met have neighbouring one was completely destroyed. The damagedpartly by the 2015earthquake, the while Gurung up Sharmila Rai hillside the settled. further for two hours to two meet of her clients living where woman next the day. She not does hesitate to walk potential migrants at home. We met 21-year-old this educators like Samana Budhathoki come to see informationjoin these classes, door-to-door peer What’s more, her daughter didnot her mother see Thelatter wentLebanon to where she was locked- Thedaughter, Manisha Tamang, aged 22,wants educator peer The lives ina housethat was For cannot who acouple those walk of hours to daughter oftheTamang family. Stay orgo:Thepeereducatorcounselsmotherand Peer educatorSamanaBudhathokiin heavily damagedby theearthquake. front ofherhouse, whichhasbeen SPECIAL 2015ISSUE 9 WORLD of WORK magazine NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT 10 NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT speaking country.speaking clothing, wants who to study abroad inan English- domestic worker, and 20-year-old Sunita Karki inWestern a traditional Nepalese dress and plans to go to Dubai as a passports: Ishwaritheir Budhathaki, aged wears 26,who Roshana Gautam and two future migrants just who got can go to MRC the office, where we met MRC officer hurry, can read they achecklist for migrants. The others administration issuing passports. For are who those ina by Work the inFreedom programme. complete of set the offers potentialproposed to migrants includingand Nepalese districts, several Charikot, MIGRATION RESOURCECENTRES WORLD In Charikot, MRC the is integrated into government the Migration Resource Centres (MRCs) inKathmandu of WORK magazine WORK translations of documents. scheme. Another officeLabour the in Village provides 55.20 US$) is paid to for be acompulsory life insurance and another death, while 5,000to 6,000NPR (46,00to The bank. ofamount alocal coversriskthe of disability towards Migrant the Welfare Fund at onsite the office documentsreceive for necessary the migration. migrants patiently wait for to names their called to be is acompound office with several buildings. Dozens of Village’, of and Labour under Ministry Employment, the ‘Labour Village’ since 2015with EUfunding. The ‘Labour Foreign Employment an to information run centre at the Employment Promotion and Board Department the of All workersAll pay 1,000NPR (9.20US$)as acontribution In Kathmandu, ILO the has supported Foreign the is called ‘re-legalization’is called ,” explains Niyama the Rai, encouraged to come Village. to Labour the This process and, consequently, were previously unregistered, are also United Arab Emirates. Kuwait, Malaysia, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the regulation applies destination to seven countries: Bahrain, and employer the costs bearsthe of tickets and The visa. (184 US$) to private employment agencies to process fees, potential migrants pay no more than NPR 20,000 introduced ‘Free the Free visa, ticket’ policy, whereby One yearrelated later, services. Government the of Nepal that houses under one roof foreign the all employment- Governmentthe of Nepal’s intent to establish an area “Workers irregular channels used who to migrate The creationLabour the of Village in2014 reflected SPECIAL 2015ISSUE 11 WORLD of WORK magazine NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT 12 NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT than 10 per cent of processed permits the by Labour the make an informed decision. brochures on destination countries, and advice to seek abuse or fraud. Thousands peopleof come here to collect government.withdrawn Theircanbe licenses case in of recruitment757 licensed agencies are accredited by the around required 500,000permits for labour migration. to work garment inthe industry. Nepalpractices between and Jordan, for workers migrating FAIR pilot is anew programme to foster fair recruitment Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Programme on Fair Recruitment (FAIR). Financed by the ILO’s National Project Coordinator for Integrated the happy, we arehappy,” sheconcludes. informed, trainedandwell prepared.“Ifouremployer is not suchathing.” Nowshewants togoDubai–better going abroad, whenIwent time, forthefirst there was we have hereinNepalagrandenvironment before to learn the timetoadaptnew environment abroad:“Now Sapkota thinksthatthetrainingwillconsiderablyreduce the familybefore. a week –comparedtotheround-the-clockjobshehadwith Kuwait perday, wheresheonlyworked 12hours 6.5days Her employer even in foundheranew jobinasupermarket and latershehadagoodrelationshipwithheremployer. somebasicArabic,It tookheronlythreemonthstolearn longer shoutedatme.” howtodealwiththekids,language andlearnt they no they were moreloving totheirdog, butonceIspoke the sad,”me andIfeltvery “At sheremembers. thebeginning, “I didnotknowthelanguage…theownerwas shouting at children. himandher she went toKuwait tosupport forfiveyears 38. Withherparalysedhusbandbeingunabletowork, Here we metdomesticworker-returnee, ShobhaSapkota, (for thosegoingtoIsrael). cooking andhowtotake people careofchildren orelderly Besides Hebrew orArabic, they ironing, learn cleaning, with “Salamaleikhoum”whenwe entered theroom. one oftheseinstitutesinKathmandu, greetedusinArabic The womeninthelanguageclassofSakuraAssociates, oftheseinstitutes. trained theinstructors government toreview oftheseschoolsand thecurriculum tothe in Freedom programmeprovided technicalsupport private traininginstitutestoprovide TheWork thistraining. ofLabourandEmployment,Ministry hasauthorized17 Employment PromotionBoard(FEPB), tothe whichreports intheMiddleEast.Nepal’sfor domesticwork Foreign heading forallmigrantworkers training, whichismandatory skillsandbasiclanguage ofdomesticwork 210 hours is offerforwomenmigrantworkers Another important TRAINING MIGRANTWORKERS WORLD “A major concern is that, according to official less data, In lastyear, the fiscal Labour the Village processed of WORK magazine WORK says Rai. go time the through India as aresult of complex factors,” risky way of irregular migration channels, most which of Centre are women. Many women to more the take seem numbersmall of people coming to Migration the Resource Village inKathmandu are for Nepali women. Similarly, a from most the remote areas. for migrant all workers country, inthe including those recruitment initiatives, and to make such areality policies an obligation but achoice”. He for called extending fair impressions, he insisted that “migration should not be Ryder visited Village. Labour the When asked about his of ILO-Nepal the partnership, ILO Director-General Guy her when she comes back after two years? her whenshecomesbackaftertwoyears? remember Willthelittlegirl mother goesabroadforwork. available, willstay thelittlegirl inaninstitution, whileher onherknees.Withnofatheroranyyear oldgirl relatives Another domesticworker, SanjuNepali, holdshertwo- Associates. and skills,” says KhemBhandari, theheadofSakura agoto210daysyears today focusingmoreonlanguage hasincreasedfrom120daysduration ofthecourses five consultantfromBahrain–the ofaninternational support have and–withthe migrant workers passedourcourses “In thelastthreemonths, morethan2,000domestic Last December,Last on occasion the of 50 the th anniversary 36 districts, targeting morethan15millionpeoplelivinginthesedistricts.Theprojectis 9,000 people, ofthecountry’s destroyed part andleftmillionshomeless. infrastructure and upgrading, andrivercrossingsin rehabilitatingandmaintaininglocalroadnetworks With financial support fromthe Bank,World With financialsupport theILOassistedGovernment ofNepal with oneofthecountry’s projectprogrammes–buildingbridges largestinfrastructure The 7.8-magnitude earthquake which struck Nepalon25April2015, whichstruck The 7.8-magnitudeearthquake killednearly An alternative tomigration: An alternative expected tocreate3.9milliondays ofpaiddecentjobs. Building roads and bridges SPECIAL 2015ISSUE

13 WORLD of WORK magazine NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT 14 NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT earn upto26,000NPR (218.80US$) earn sitesintown. Theworkers construction are local,workers whenwe visittwo One yearlater, we aretoldmostofthe after thequake. sending many workers construction migrated overseas. SoIndiafilledin, had as mostoftheNepaliworkers jobs,rehabilitation andreconstruction there was forthese alackofworkers We thatrightafterthequake, learn of theprogrammehereisawoman. As inKaskiDistrict, the chief engineer Programme (SNRTP)rehabilitatethem. Strengthening NationalRuralTransport the quake: undertheILO’s 53 workers of theroadshave beendamagedby been removed sofar. Morethanhalf More than2,000 m building datingbacktocolonialtimes. There isonlythestaircaseleftfromoldgovernment earthquake. represents 38 percentofalldeathsinNepalduetothe been rebuilt.3,570peoplewere killedatthetime, which damaged, butmorethanhalfofthetownhasalready Ninety-five per cent ofthecity was destroyed orheavily was inNepal. theplacemosthitby the2015earthquake Situated onasteephillsideatabout1400m, Chautera town inNepal’s SindhupalchockDistrict. tofindananswer We inChautera,perspective. try asmall makes sensefromaneconomic, socialandpolitical weworkers metraisethequestionwhethermigration andothermigrant RaiGurung The storiesofSharmila MIGRATING ORREBUILDINGNEPAL? WORLD of WORK magazine WORK 3 ofdebrishave Lok BahadurTamang to 276.00 US$, theupperrangeincludesovertime). Nepal, between heearns 18,000and30,000NPR(165.60 15,000 NPR(110.40to138.00US$)abroad.Backin Arabia, between we thatheearned 12,000and learn Talking Lama, toKarsan fromSaudi amigrantreturning their backs. heavy loadsofstonesinhugebaskets on see themcarry men”. We tohearthataswe aremorethansurprised can ononeofthesites,the works “Women lessthan perform According, toLokBahadurTamang, leading acarpenter a month, whilewomenarepaid10-20 per centless. Nepal today, migrationisnotnecessarilythebestoption– “If youcomparesalariesinthedestinationcountriesand fuelmigration Cultural factors Bhatta, Employment Counsellor atthe This view isconfirmed by Sawana inthepublicsector.work wants to job athomewhereeverybody Arab regionratherthandoing the same inthe work prefer togoforconstruction inNepal.Similarly,work many men not even beacceptedfordomestic casts (untouchablesorDalits)would womenbelongingtothelower Certain of theWork inFreedom Programme. Pokharel, NationalProjectCoordinator in Nepal,” explainsBharatiSharma be ashamedtodothesamejobhere women intomigrationasthey would and domesticwork, pushesmany occupations, including agricultural the lowvalueattributedtocertain But therearealsoculturalfactors: even fromaneconomical perspective. youth inNepal,” says Saurav RamJoshi, NationalProject forrural through expandedpublicemployment services is tofacilitatesmoothertransitionstrainingandwork inNepal.Theultimateobjective ofthisproject for work “The challengefortheLIfEProjectistoretainmorepeople threetofourmonths. visit hiswifeandchildrenevery with alocalTelecom company inthecapital, hecanonly Kathmandu. Nowthathehasfoundajobassecurityguard ofNepal,in thefarWestern part a24-hourbusridefrom The 27-year-oldyoungmancomesfromBaitadiDistrict Bhagi Chand, oneofBhatta’s clients, isagoodexample. mountainous country. between canbeconsiderableinthis homeandwork migrationisnotalwaysinternal easy, asthedistance canbedoneonlinenow.of thework We that alsolearn and hopesthatsoontherewillbemoreclients, asmuch Sawana Bhattasays. Shesees10-20jobseekers amonth “Most peoplelookforscarcegovernment jobshere,” choices abouteducation, trainingandemployment. aims tohelpNepalesejobseekers make well-informed the Korea CooperationAgency(KOICA). International It (LIfE)Project,Employment Services whichisfinanced by by ILO’sis supported and LabourMarketInformation CentreinKathmandu.The Employment Services Bhagi Chand financed by theGovernment ofJapan. represents 90 per centofthelocaleconomy. WOI is – tourism SNRTP programmetoboostlocalinfrastructure development –inPokhara its wheretheILOalsoruns promisingsectortopromotelocaleconomic particularly health, andskillstesting andcertification. Tourism isa subcontractors, thepromotionofoccupationalsafetyand help desks, sector theregistrationofconstruction andjobsinNepalthroughbusiness firms formal The ILO’s Way (WOI) OutofInformality projectpromotes economy.the informal of theeconomically-activepopulationinNepalengaged jobsforthemorethan70 per cent better-protected formal –findingmoreattractiveand improve thequalityofwork isto Another approachtoretainpeopleinthecountry the citiesandabroad. needed, soyoungpeoplewillhave noreasontomigrate willbe mind setandmoreinvestment infrastructure inrural unglamorous professioninNepalesesociety, achangein isseenasaback-breakingand back home.Sincefarming challenge:keepingface aformidable potentialmigrants year,labour market every ILOprojectslike LIfEandSNRTP With morethan500,000youngNepaleseenteringthe Coordinator forLIfE. Sawana Bhatta SPECIAL 2015ISSUE 15 WORLD of WORK magazine NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT 16 NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT team holds leader of aportable pharmacyincase injury. five the of workers we met are “untouchables” Dalits.or hiring practice favours landless the and poor lower cast; disadvantaged groups, and two thirds are women. The maintain road. this Dhalaugiri, we five the meet women and a manwho mountain range, including Annapurna 1,Fishtail and of years-old rhododendrons and a7,000-8,000mhigh to country. inthe one views of most the spectacular roads and bridges maintained under SNRTP. the But it leads represents only of part more the asmall than of 5,000km WORLD All ofAll workers the wear gloves and ahelmet –and the 80 per centOver of SNRTP the workers are from But before we enjoy stunning the on view hundreds Thekm 11.25 of Dhampus in Road Kaski District of WORK magazine WORK local people goinglocal for apicnic, Dashain the Festival, tourism operators, of sellers trekking material, peasants, SNRTP’sthe National Project Coordinator. fromrisen 0to 100 per cent,” says Shailendra Kumar Jha, save, and probability the to get acredit from has bank the providewhich advantages: further workers how learn to Workers bank. the are often associatedwith cooperatives, have account, abank make savings and get a credit from shopping and recreation. week isper aday-off,the usually marketday, allowto for insurance and get amonthly check-up. health One day regularly paid into account, abank workers have health Their monthly wage of 14,000NPR (126.80US$) is What’s more, road the many benefits people: tourists, “It is firstpeople the thattimepoor these are able to who is Director-Generalwho the of Department the of Local FOR THEPOOR A BRIDGETO DECENTWORK concludes Kumar Jha. deprived,the reduces costs, and simplifies management,” decent and safe jobsfor people, mainly local women and an advantage for whole the community here as it creates labour-intensive, manual labour approach turned out to be government office of in Kaski District Pokhara. DevelopmentDistrict Committee, housed local inthe on long the work run plan –under oversight the of the User Committee and engineer decide chief the district plan organizing aday’s work Road on road. the ALocal Bhandari. She proudly shows and us her logbook work hospital than before. now, and sick people arrive must faster at local the 0.5 hours, on average. Even buses can go by road the of road the has reduced from journeys their 1.5to and going kids to school. The regular maintenance has overcome aten-yearcivilwar, promulgatedanew andinclusiveConstituentAssembly.diverse Thecountry to createaunifieddemocraticstatethroughmore society.across thisdiverse Butfinally, Nepal was able growth andafairdistributionofwealth andopportunities have stemmedfromtheneedforinclusive history modern Many ofthechallengesthatNepalhasfacedinits although morestillneedstobeachieved inthisarea. toeliminatebonded labour,been commendableefforts Convention, 1989(No.169).Similarly, therehave Region, toratifytheILOIndigenousandTribal Peoples Asia, inAsiaandthePacific andonlythesecondcountry ofchildlabour.forms Itwas nationinSouth alsothefirst time-bound programmefortheeliminationofworst inAsiatoimplement a by country becomingthefirst hasdemonstrateditscommitment to children The country agenda. ofitsdevelopment anddecentwork heart hardship, Nepalhassoughttoplacesocialjusticeatthe politicalandeconomic Despite periodsofextraordinary labour laws andratifiedILOcorelabourstandards. promoted genderequalityandsocialprotection, amended toit.Theyalternatives have workers, unionizedinformal engaged inbettersteeringofmigrationandpromoting thethreegroupshaveBased onthispartnership, employers andworkers. between government, socialpartnership constructive roleinNepaldeveloping a has hadanimportant in1994.TheILO office was establishedinthe country Nepal becameamemberoftheILOin1966, andan ILO-NEPAL: 50YEARSOFPARTNERSHIP Back inKathmandu,Back we Krishna met Ram Sapkota, “Replacing of with ILO’s the use the heavy machinery The teamgroup leader the of is a woman, Ganga country now.” scope. We want to replicate projects these across the ofof Infrastructure Ministry the interms of budget and is one “This the of formost important poor: the projects as for amodel country, the and abridge to decent work maintenance –have for not elected last been the 12years. parliaments –responsible for adopting budget the for road andtechnical human capacities and that fact the local caused by destruction the earthquake, the inadequate of DOLIDAR cites problems the his department faces: roads mountainouscost inthis rural country. The head arethem responsible for maintaining high- 57,000km challenges afterearthquake.the 2015 than symbolic, as itscope the the reflects of reconstruction exception of facade. the The state the of building is more earthquake. It have will rebuilt to be from scratch with the to British colonial severely has times, been damaged by the prefabricated structures as main the building dating back ofreporting Infrastructure. to Ministry the Infrastructure and Agricultural (DOLIDAR) Roads Richard Howard, directoroftheILO’s officeinNepal. andsocialjusticeforall,”to achieve decentwork concludes The ILOwillcontinuetostandby partnership Nepalinfirm strengthening civilpeace, democracyandreconstruction. contributesto between government andthesocialpartners in situationsofcrisisandpost-disaster, socialdialogue “The exampleofNepalpowerfully demonstrates that, conditions andsocialprotectionforallworkers. freedom ofassociation, collectivebargaining, fair working and containsprovisions onDecentWork thatcallfor The new Constitutionhasastrongfocusonhumanrights inAprilandMay 2015.earthquakes Constitution in2015, andhadtofacetwomassive Krishna Sapkota ILO-World the sees SNRTP Bank-led DOLIDAR offices heads 35district and together with Krishna Sapkota’s offices are temporarilyhoused in SPECIAL 2015ISSUE 17 WORLD of WORK magazine NEPAL | SPECIAL REPORT © Marcel Crozet/ILO 18 Labour migration in Latin America and the Caribbean

Like in other parts of the world, labour migration flows in Latin America and the Caribbean have expanded and become more complex over the last decades. World of Work spoke with Gloria Moreno-Fontes, Senior ILO Migration Specialist for the region.

1. What are the most dynamic migration corridors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)? neighbouring countries and the European Union, has increased since the early 1990s. The United States continues to play an important role As a result, a complex system of inter-regional labour as the main country of destination for Latin American migration corridors has evolved including the following and Caribbean migrant workers (in 2015, 51 per cent South-South employment migration corridors: workers of US immigrants originated from the Latin American from Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala migrating to and Caribbean region). However, the share of labour Costa Rica, Panama and Belize; Haitian workers moving migration flows to other destinations, including to the Dominican Republic; Caribbean workers of all

WORLD of WORK magazine © Marcel Crozet/ILO 19

nationalities to Trinidad and Tobago and the Bahamas; economy of destination countries’ labour markets. Their Bolivians, Paraguayans, Peruvians and Ecuadorians working conditions (particularly working time and wages) working in Argentina; Haitians and Paraguayans migrating are often considered deficient, and the large majority of to Brazil for employment purposes; and Peruvians and them have no access to social security. WORK magazine

Argentinians to Chile. of Importantly, major migration corridors outside the 3. What are the main challenges for governments region have developed mainly before the 2008 financial of the LAC region in terms of labour migration? crisis: Peruvians, Ecuadorians, Bolivians, Colombians and Labour migration is not a new issue in the region. WORLD other Latin American workers moving to Spain, Italy or What is lacking are medium and long-term policy other Western European countries such as Switzerland and responses and comprehensive governance measures that France. would recognize migrant workers’ labour and skills as an asset, and a contribution to economic growth and 2. What are the main characteristics of migrant sustainable development. workers in the LAC region? The main challenges encountered in the region are: the The feminization of the migrant labour force during strong national security and border-control influence on the past three decades is probably one of the most salient migration policies in most countries; a weak focus on legal features that could be mentioned. Women migrant migrants’ labour rights; the lack of social dialogue and workers now represent on average more than half of the participation in regional migration consultation processes total number of migrants in North and South America. (the Puebla Process and the South American Migration Another prominent aspect is the large numbers of Conference); the absence of Ministries of Labour in migrant workers finding themselves in irregular situations inter-governmental commissions on migration; the lack in destination countries. This partially explains the of coherence between migration policies and employment growing number of migrant workers in the informal policies; weak labour market institutions’ inability to work

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE on labour migration issues; insufficient participation of national and regional levels. migrant workers in trade unions and collective bargaining Within the social and labour framework of the processes; and lastly, weak information and statistics Andean Community of Nations (CAN), including systems and knowledge gaps about labour migration. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Perú, the Andean Labour Migration Instrument was adopted in 2003. It provides 4. What examples of good practices exist in the standards for the free movement and residence of LAC region on labour migration? citizens from the Andean countries for labour purposes Latin America and the Caribbean (particularly South in the sub-region. The two other relevant social labour America) is a region with a long tradition and experience instruments are the Andean Social Security Instrument in social dialogue between governments, employers and (Decision 583) and the Andean Instrument on Safety and workers on social and labour issues. Health at Work. However, it is important to mention The Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) is the that the CAN has had difficulties related to the three regional integration instruments mentioned process that has above, particularly to achieved most progress ensure that decisions made in building a common at the political level are migration policy based actually put into practice. on social dialogue. Its Sub-Working 5. What has been the Group No. 10 is a ILO’s role in labour 20 tripartite body that migration at the has agreed through regional level? social dialogue on The ILO promotes important instruments rights-based and fair such as the Multilateral systems of labour Agreement on Social © Marcel Crozet/ILO migration governance Security of MERCOSUR (1997), which is in force since worldwide. The current Latin American and Caribbean June 2005 and is implemented through the “MERCOSUR scenario is particularly conducive to deepening the ILO’s Retirees” program. work on labour migration, in line with its increasing global Another MERCOSUR best practice is the Residence positioning in recent years. Agreement for Citizens of MERCOSUR States Parties and Indeed, there are three major thematic areas on which Associates (signed in 2002 and in force since July 2009). the ILO’s work will focus on in the Latin America and It aims to facilitate access to residence status if migrants Caribbean region in the coming years: promoting the can accredit citizenship of one of the States Parties (now protection of migrant workers in an irregular situation, including all South American countries except Guyana, supporting the transition of migrant workers from the Surinam, and Venezuela). Initially, it gives two years of informal to the formal economy, and improving the temporary residence with the right to work, and then working conditions of all migrant workers. offers permanent residence. Migrant workers enjoy In order to develop such a strategy, the ILO will seek equality of treatment with citizens of the host country, to strengthen regional and global alliances with other especially in terms of wages, working conditions, and UN agencies, including the International Organisation social security. Family members who are not citizens of for Migration (IOM), both within the framework of the any of the countries party to the Agreement are granted Global Migration Group (GMG), as well as in discussion residence status for the same period of time as the one forums on migration such as the Global Forum on granted to the person they are dependents of. Migration and Development (GFMD), and others, Lastly, a recent development has been the 2013 Plan to such as the Inter-American System for the Protection Facilitate the Free Movement of MERCOSUR Workers, also of the Human Rights of Migrants and Members of an output of social dialogue and tripartite debate at the their Families.

WORLD of WORK magazine BUILDING BACK BETTER

Some 1.5 billion people live in countries experiencing situations of fragility and armed

violence, and another 200 million people are affected by the slow or sudden onset of WORK magazine disasters. Conflict and catastrophic events are triggered by a variety of factors and can of impact societies differently. One way or another, they all undermine peoples’ livelihoods and

create decent work deficits. Left unattended, these problems can lead to increased poverty, WORLD inequality and social unrest.

By Moyette Gibbons

The agenda of the 106th session of the International restore stability. The revised Recommendation is the only Labour Conference includes the revision of an ILO normative instrument covering employment and decent Recommendation: The Employment (Transition work – at the crossroads of developmental, humanitarian from War to Peace) Recommendation (No. 71) and peace-building initiatives, both at the national and that was adopted in 1944. The revision reflects the international levels. growing international concern with the importance The ILO has a long history of direct contribution to of employment and decent work in fragile and crisis- promote employment and decent work in crisis-affected affected countries. countries, such as Afghanistan, the Central African It relies on an increasing international consensus over Republic, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, both the need and the means to address such conditions Haiti, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Timor- in situations of fragility, conflict and disaster, and to Leste, and more recently, Ukraine. The work of the ILO

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE © Marcel Crozet/ILO RECOVERY SHOULD FOCUS ON JOBS One of the five ILO’s Flagship Programmes “Jobs for Peace and Resilience” (JPR), has been designed to build peace and resilience by creating jobs opportunities, enhancing employability and strengthening institutional capacity in conflict-affected and disaster-prone countries. The JPR supports employment-centered programmes aiming to facilitate immediate entry into the labour force through employment intensive investment strategies, building skills and enterprise capacity, as well as socio- economic recovery. The JPR will contribute to the employability of young women and men with potentially important peace and resilience dividends. It will help build the capabilities of countries to graduate from the vicious cycle of disasters, poverty and conflicts caused by economic, social and Typhoon Haiyan devastated parts of the Philippines killing environmental vulnerability. thousands. The ILO helped the victims to recover and build back better.

in these and several other nations covers all areas of promote youth employment in the slum communities the organization’s strategic agenda, namely promoting of Monrovia. As well as improving water and sanitation fundamental rights at work, creation of employment quality, it will also focus on solid waste management. opportunities, social protection, and promoting social To promote community engagement with the pilot, a dialogue and tripartism. Here are some examples: two-day launch and workshop was held last year in Clara Town. 22 “It’s in the interest of the community, especially the youth, who are the bulk of the people facing high unemployment rates... with this project there will be skills training of several kinds and this will also empower LIBERIA them to have a job in the future,” said Bestman Toe, President, Slum Dwellers Association of Liberia. Since the 14-year civil war ended in 2003, Liberia In other countries, conflict and violence are the most has made significant progress towards securing peace, important obstacles in achieving internationally agreed building the economy, improving social services, and development goals, and deprive citizens of income- engaging in wide-scale infrastructure reconstruction generating opportunities and socio-economic progress. and development. In 2013, it was one of the world’s fastest growing economies with an estimated 8.7 per cent growth rate. However, the Ebola crisis has eroded some of these important gains. Ninety-one per cent of young workers in Liberia are in informal employment and lack vocational training, AFGHANISTAN employment opportunities and access to adequate health care. Youth unemployment, particularly high among ex- Afghanistan has been at war for over 30 years, and is combatants, remains a major threat to peace and stability still in the midst of fighting and insurgency. More than in the country. 90 per cent of jobs in the country can be classified as As part of the post-Ebola recovery strategy, the ILO vulnerable employment. By supporting the development is collaborating with UNICEF, the UN-Habitat country of market systems, the Road to Jobs (R2J), a three-year office and Monrovian authorities on a Water, Sanitation Sida/ILO/Government of Afghanistan project, aims to and Hygiene (WASH) pilot project in Clara Town, one of create more and better jobs in the provinces of Samangan four beneficiary communities. and Balkh in Northern Afghanistan. The ILO project is expected to expand basic sanitation, “The project follows a market systems approach to improve environmental conditions and hygiene, and address important underlying constraints inhibiting

WORLD of WORK magazine 23 WORK magazine of WORLD

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE © Marcel Crozet/ILO © Marcel Crozet/ILO

better growth and employment outcomes, which in “We have a great ambition of continuing our business, turn contribute to improving livelihoods and poverty repaying the loan and buying many other bajajs, and reduction,” said Julius Mutio, Chief Technical Adviser, applying what we learned from the training we received,” ILO Road to Jobs. “R2J targets poor and vulnerable rural Fartun said. “I strongly believe that we will be able to households and income earners who work either in invest in other businesses, if we manage our net income rural communities, or in urban centres and other major from this business effectively.” centres of employment.” R2J’s achievements so far include training more than 1,500 women dairy farmers in cattle and fodder management, linking grape farmers with a juice- producing business, establishing a chicken buy-back scheme to support poultry farmers, and improving access TIMOR-LESTE 24 to good quality livestock medicines. In Timor-Leste, the ILO’s Business Opportunities and Support Services (BOSS) project has helped local communities to improve farming practices, develop market access, create jobs and develop small and medium-sized enterprises. Jointly funded by Irish Aid SOMALIA and the New Zealand Aid Programme, it has boosted economic development for the poor, and quality Since the collapse of the Siad Barre government in 1991, employment for women and men, while contributing Somalia – one of the poorest countries in the world – has indirectly to peace consolidation and conflict prevention. undergone cycles of conflict that have fragmented the BOSS is embedded within Timor-Leste’s Institute of country and created widespread vulnerability. 47 per cent Business Support (IADE), an arm of the State Secretary of the population is unemployed and 75 per cent of young for the Support and Promotion of the Private Sector. The women (15-24 years-old) are illiterate. project has strengthened the capacity of IADE to deliver Fartun Abdi Omar and Rahma Abdi Omar took part effective business development services to Timor-Leste’s in the Youth for Change programme in mid-2014, a emerging private sector. joint ILO, UNDP and UNICEF initiative. The sisters, Decent work helps pull people and societies out of who dropped out of school because of the deteriorating crisis and onto a sustainable development path. It also security situation in their town, were trained in business, offers crisis-affected people freedom, security, dignity, entrepreneurship and financial management skills, after self-esteem, hope, and a stake in the reconciliation and which they participated in a business plan competition reconstruction of their communities. The ILO supports and won a start-up grant of US$700. national actors to cope with crises and avoid the rolling back They decided to buy a bajaj (tuk-tuk), a form of public of previous advances in sustainable development. The idea is transport which is widely used in Mogadishu. Since the to offer long-term investment strategies to the international money they won was not enough, they borrowed the community with a view to preventing the escalation of difference and hired their unemployed older brother, humanitarian crises, sustaining peace and securing the Mohamed, to be the driver. observance of human rights.

WORLD of WORK magazine BUILDING PEACE through economic development in the southern Philippines

An ILO project in the southern Philippines shows how the spirit of the possible new ILO standard can be put into practice by lifting conflict-hit communities out of poverty through local economic development.

By Minette Rimando, ILO Country Office for the Philippines

25 © Minette Rimando/ILO WORK magazine of WORLD

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE © Marcel Crozet/ILO 26

DAVAO ORIENTAL, PHILIPPINES – The southern This joint project of the ILO and the Bangsamoro Philippines looks back at a long history of insurgency Development Agency (BDA) was launched in 2013. and conflict. Decades of armed struggle have taken their The three-year programme supported confidence toll on people’s lives and livelihoods, fuelling poverty in and peace-building efforts through local economic conflict-affected areas in Mindanao. development of the conflict-affected provinces in Elmer Donaire is a 47 year-old farmer and father of four Mindanao. The Mindanao Trust Fund supported the children. When he was 13, Elmer dropped out of school to programme through a multi-donor grant facility by the work on the farm. His typical day would start at five in the European Union, Sweden, Australia, Canada, United morning to plow rice fields and to fetch water, carrying a States, New Zealand and the World Bank. load that was often too heavy for a young boy. PLEDGE was the first enterprise and economic “It is not bad to dream of big things. I promised that my development project of the BDA, a local development children will not suffer the same fate. I will work hard so agency created by the Philippine Government and the that they can finish their studies and find a decent job one Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) via the Tripoli day,” he said. Agreement on Peace in 2001. The agency is mandated to Elmer now heads the Tomaong United Lumad lead, manage and determine relief and rehabilitation in Association (TULAD) in Davao Oriental, which produces conflict-affected areas in Mindanao. organic banana ketchup, flavoured banana chips, native coffee, coco vinegar, banana cake, honey and custard PUTTING GUNS ASIDE candies. “We are for normalization. We have put aside our The association is one of the registered business groups guns because this is a programme for the Bangsamoro in Mindanao that was supported by the Programme community. It has changed the way we value things, for Local Economic Development through Enhanced and we have learnt how to run a project. They taught us Governance and Grassroots Empowerment (PLEDGE). everything. It really makes a big difference,” said Abu Saff

WORLD of WORK magazine © Minette Rimando/ILO © Minette Rimando/ILO

Elmer Donaire

Onofre, Brigade Commander of the MILF from Davao Oriental. When Onofre refers to normalization he summarizes what this project is all about: local communities benefit from a quality of life and work, and political participation that contributes to sustainable development and peace. Zuvaira Mangelin PLEDGE has provided the tools and strategies to build peace through sustainable livelihoods, enhanced 27 institutional capacities and community ownership. According to Zuvaira Mangelin, the voice of the people mattered in the programme. This 34-year old mother of four children is now earning a living as an officer of which serves as its home office, and is also rented for the Strongly United Koronadal Proper Organization events, meetings and other purposes in the area. (SUKOR). “The simplified business training has contributed to “PLEDGE brought communities and people’s the self-confidence of communities and allows them to WORK magazine organizations together. Our needs and ideas were pursue a productive life. The SIYB training was brought of considered from the onset of the project. I felt to rural communities in partnership with the Bangsamoro empowered when I started to earn a living, and I am now Development Agency,” explained Hideki Kagohashi, more confident. The project also helped to build human Enterprise Development Specialist of the ILO Country WORLD ties – whether we were Christians or Muslims – and it Office for the Philippines. strengthened these ties as we got to know each other “Community enterprises have introduced a simplified better and worked together,” said Zuvaira. bookkeeping system to better control costs and project SUKOR started its Halal catering business in Southern profits. They can now market their products beyond their Mindanao. The profit is shared among the members of neighborhood to include high schools, souvenir shops, and the organization. “The ILO’s Start and Improve Your city malls,” Kagohashi added. Business (SIYB) training helped us with procurement, So far, PLEDGE has reached more than 4,800 beneficiaries bookkeeping and marketing of our products. Women in in 11 conflict-affected communities, while some our community learned how to make business proposals 1,100 people were trained in local enterprise development. and promote their products,” Zuvaira added. Forty-two new businesses provided jobs to more than 1,000 people. However, there is still a need to scale up the GAINING CONFIDENCE programme building on these achievements. SUKOR used its profits to buy equipment to expand its With their potential to end decades of poverty, conflict catering and food packaging business. The organization and inequality, programmes like PLEDGE are at the heart was able to build its own Community Learning Centre, of peacebuilding efforts in Mindanao and elsewhere.

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE GLOBALLY most women prefer to be working and the majority of men agree

The World of Work Summit is one of the highlights of the International Labour Conference. This year it will address the role of women in the world of work. A recent ILO-Gallup report, “Towards a Better Future for Women and Work: Voices of Women and Men” published on International Women’s Day will also feed into this discussion.

By Moyette Gibbons

The report on global attitudes and perceptions of terms of quantity and quality, to decent work,” she said. women and men regarding women and work captures a “For example, better policies for the reconciliation of work first-hand account based on the 2016 Gallup World Poll. and family responsibilities, such as paid maternity and The poll was conducted in 142 countries and territories parental leave, affordable quality childcare, or flexible working and surveyed almost 149,000 adults. hours are measures that would make a huge difference.” The findings of the first ever attitudinal survey of this kind are revealing: a total of 70 per cent of women and a similar REGIONAL DIFFERENCES 66 per cent of men prefer that women work at paid jobs. Only The report highlights major regional differences in 27 per cent of women want to stay home. perceptions on women and work, but also common 29 Men’s views are very similar to those of women, attitudes towards these issues. according to the joint ILO-Gallup report. Twenty- The 70 per cent of women who would like to work eight per cent would like women in their families to have at paid jobs includes a majority of women who are paid jobs, 29 per cent would like neither in paid employment nor them to only stay at home, and looking for a job. This is true in 38 per cent would prefer that they almost all regions worldwide, be able to do both. Women and men including several regions where WORK magazine

with higher levels of education are women labour force participation is of also more likely to prefer that women traditionally low, such as the Arab are able to do both. States. According to Susan Maybud, Senior In the Arab States and territories, WORLD Gender Specialist at ILO headquarters where just 29 per cent of women in Geneva, social norms form the roles participate in the workforce, that women and men are assigned 64 per cent of the youngest group in their societies. She thinks that the of women (15 to 29) would like to survey responses point towards a shift only work at paid jobs, or to both in attitudes of what individuals accept work and care for their families. and prefer, moving beyond these However, this drops below the gender norms. majority level after the age of 30, “Whether driven by changes in and continues to decline after that. social models in an increasingly Women in Eastern Europe, globalized world where cross- Central and Western Asia, and © Marcel Crozet/ILO cultural influences abound, or by Northern Africa are among the economic necessity, the findings are providing policy- most likely to say they prefer working at paid jobs. makers with a mandate to accelerate the pace of proactive But in Northern Africa, there is a large disconnect measures to facilitate better access of women, both in between desire and reality. Sixty-seven per cent of women © Marcel Crozet/ILO SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE in Northern Africa would prefer to have mention work-family balance, but equal paid jobs, or to both work and care for pay is also viewed as an important obstacle. their homes and families. Women in this And in Northern America, people region are the least likely in the world to are most likely to cite unequal pay participate in the workforce (25 per cent), (30 per cent), followed by work-family

and of them, 31 per cent are unemployed. © Marcel Crozet/ILO balance (16 per cent) and unfair treatment/ These results may reflect cultural pressures; discrimination (15 per cent). In Northern 51 per cent of men – the highest percentage worldwide – Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia, and the would like to see them stay at home. Arab States, “family members do not approve of women Sizable majorities of adults in the Arab States and working” is among the top-five mentioned obstacles that territories (62 per cent) and Southern Asia (64 per cent) – women face. which together account for about 25 per cent of the world’s In all regions of the world, young women between the adult population – agree that it is acceptable for women in ages of 15 and 29 are more likely than older women to their families to work outside the home. However, they are mention unfair treatment, abuse or harassment at work. still the least likely regions in the world to agree with this. Meanwhile, those between 30 and 44 are more likely than In Northern Africa, the attitudes of men and women women in other age groups to mention lack of affordable are relatively far apart, as they are on their preferences for care for their children and families. As women get older, work: 79 per cent of women in Northern Africa believe they become more likely to mention unequal pay relative that work outside the home is acceptable, compared with to men. 57 per cent of men. And while women’s opinions do not 30 change with their age, younger men in the region are less WOMEN’S EARNINGS AND JOBS: likely than older men to find it acceptable for women in GROWING EQUALITY? their families to work outside the home. Worldwide, the majority of women who work for The gender gaps in perceptions about the acceptability an employer or are self-employed say what they earn of women working outside the home are wide in some is a significant source (30 per cent) or main source countries, most of which are predominantly in the Middle (26 per cent) of their household’s income. Men are East and North Africa. Gaps in Kuwait, Libyan Arab still more likely than women to report being the main Jamahiriya, Egypt, Palestinian Territory, and Azerbaijan providers: 48 per cent of employed men say what they earn range from 20 to 37 percentage points. In Kuwait, is the main source of their household’s income. 90 per cent of women believe it is acceptable, compared However, among employed women and men with with 53 per cent of men. higher levels of education, the gap regarding their contribution to their household’s income is smaller. WORK-FAMILY BALANCE Globally, women and men share similar views on women’s Reconciling work with care for their families, however, employment opportunities. The report found that, if a poses a significant challenge for working women globally. woman has similar education and experience to a man, In fact, both men and women in the vast majority of women and men worldwide are most likely to say that she countries mention “balance between work and family” as has the same opportunity to find a good job in the area where one of the top problems facing women in paid jobs. they live. Worldwide, 25 per cent of women and 29 per cent Other issues such as unfair treatment, abuse, of men say that women have better opportunities in finding harassment in the workplace, lack of good-paying jobs, good jobs. Existing evidence however, shows systematic and unequal pay also emerge among the top problems in gender gaps in labour markets worldwide. various regions of the world. These attitudes vary, however, from region to region, In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, about as many and largely along women’s educational attainment and cite reasons that fall into the response category of “unfair their level of participation in the labour force. Northern treatment/discrimination” in the workplace (19 per cent) America, for example, leads other regions in terms of as work-family balance (18 per cent). In Europe, more perceived equal opportunity. The majority in the region (55 per cent) say a woman with similar qualifications as a

WORLD of WORK magazine 31 WORK magazine of WORLD

man has the same opportunity to find a good job. Men In Northern Africa, the Arab States, and Central (60 per cent) are more likely than women (50 per cent) to and Western Asia, people living in rural areas are more feel this way. likely to perceive similarly qualified women as having Northern, Western, and Southern Europe as well as worse opportunities than better opportunities. In other Eastern Europe, on the other hand, lead other regions in regions, such as Latin America and the Caribbean and terms of perceiving worse opportunities for women who have South-Eastern Asia and the Pacific, the situation is the similar experiences and educational qualifications as men. opposite: People living in rural areas are more positive “In some cases, there is a wide difference between what about opportunities for women than are those living in women and men perceive regarding women’s opportunities urban areas. in finding jobs. For example in the Nordic sub-region, The report is expected to help shape future ILO action 47 per cent of women say that women have worse in the context of its women at work centenary initiative, opportunities than men, but only 39 per cent of men mention which aims at achieving full and lasting gender equality in that women have worse opportunities,” Maybud explains. a changing world of work.

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE © Marcel Crozet/ILO © SESC Switching to the 32 GREEN ECONOMY boosts local jobs in Brazil

The report of the ILO Director-General to the Conference this year will address the opportunities and challenges linked to the creation of green jobs. The following story from Brazil shows how green jobs not only benefit the environment, but also boost jobs in the local economy.

By Isabel Gimenez

Extending from the south of the Amazon rainforest, 1000 km2 in Brazil, makes it easier for tourists to see the Pantanal is the world’s largest tropical wetland. these wonders. It stretches across two Brazilian states and parts of SESC Pantanal has an innovative approach to the neighbouring Bolivia and Paraguay. A myriad of environment, extending renewable energy use beyond waterways swells and recedes with the seasons, giving solar water heating, to include the generation of electricity way to vast savannahs and thick gallery forests lining with a photovoltaic installation. The hotel also has water the banks. and sewage treatment, a solid waste treatment plant, The Pantanal is wild and remote and has one of the rainwater harvesting and solar heating, as well as the largest concentrations of biodiversity in the world. composting of organic waste, which becomes fertilizer. However, most parts can only be accessed by tiring, The director of the ILO office in Brasilia, Peter Poschen, bone-jangling drives along dirt tracks. recently visited the Reserve and its hotel. “SESC Pantanal The SESC Pantanal Private Natural Heritage Reserve is a sustainable tourism laboratory that can serve as a (Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural SESC model and training centre for other projects in the state of Pantanal), a privately owned nature reserve of more than Mato Grosso and in Brazil,” he said.

GOING SOCIAL, GOING GREEN In tourism and in other economic sectors, the Mato Grosso has a great potential for tourism, but population of Pantanal plays a special role. the fragility of its ecosystems requires the adoption of At the SESC hotel, the residents of the region have measures that respect the environment and preserve the preference in the selective hiring processes for all tourism local culture. and conservation services. When visitors arrive at the “I think it was very appropriate to visit SESC Pantanal, hotel, they find a butterfly garden that enchants all who since this hotel can be considered a kind of model for come to this place. The space contains three thousand sustainable tourism, while making nature its main butterflies from 20 different species. It is maintained attraction, it contributes in many ways to its conservation,” by the work of 25 local families in situations of social said the Director of the International Labour Organization vulnerability. They have managed to lift themselves (ILO) in Brazil, Peter Poschen. out of poverty with the extra income earned by rearing Before he visited the hotel, Poschen participated in butterfly larvae for the garden. Locals acting as guides the launch of the Ciclos programme in Cuiabá by the explain the nature and culture of the Pantanal to visitors, Governor of Mato Grosso State. Ciclos is part of the with a knowledge and authenticity that no one can Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a learn in a school or college. Thus, the importance of 33 global initiative of the United Nations Environment sustainable tourism lies not only in the preservation Programme (UNEP), the International Labour of the environment, but equally in the inclusion of the Organization (ILO), the United Nations Development local population. Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Industrial “Sustainable tourism preserves the environment, Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United natural resources and ensures that economic growth Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). benefits working people and satisfies the needs of present PAGE is aiming to assist 20 countries to move towards and future generations,” concludes Poschen. WORK magazine a green economy. It is currently supporting 11 countries of around the world. The partnering agencies argue that tourism development has significant potential to contribute to WORLD greening the economy, provided it preserves and restores rare and precious natural resources, especially water, GREEN JOBS energy and biodiversity, which should be encouraged by national, regional and local public authorities. Green jobs are central for sustainable development, and respond to the global BOOSTING THE LOCAL ECONOMY challenges of environmental protection, economic development and social inclusion. The main goal of the Ciclos programme is to develop By engaging governments, workers and and implement state and local economic policies and employers as active agents of change, the practices to promote economic growth in a sustainable ILO promotes the greening of enterprises, and inclusive way, fostering income generation and workplace practices and the labour market as a whole. These efforts create decent decent work, reducing poverty and social inequality while employment opportunities, enhance resource strengthening environmental sustainability. To this end, efficiency and build low-carbon sustainable it will support the development of family agriculture, societies. sustainable forestry, renewable energy, basic sanitation infrastructure and sustainable tourism.

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE 34

WORLD of WORK magazine How the ILO keeps a benchmark for social justice up-to-date

The abrogation of six International Labour Conventions is on the agenda of the 106th session of the International Labour Conference. Does it mean that a growing number of ILO standards have become obsolete, or that it is time to promote the ratification of up-to-date instruments corresponding to the new realities of the world of work? Word of Work spoke to Corinne Vargha, Director of the ILO’s International Labour Standards Department.

WoW: Why do we propose to abrogate or withdraw Following the entry into force of an amendment to a number of ILO conventions this year? the ILO Constitution in 2015, only the International The abrogation of outdated conventions is just one part Labour Conference can abrogate a convention in force of a comprehensive initiative to build a clear, robust and – upon recommendation by the Governing Body – if it up-to-date body of international labour standards, and to appears that it has lost its purpose or no longer makes promote their ratification and proper implemention. a useful contribution to attaining the objectives of the The current system of international labour standards Organization. A two-thirds majority is required for such has been developed since the creation of the ILO in an abrogation. If the 106th session of the Conference 35 1919, and stands as the global normative foundation decides to abrogate the four Conventions and withdraw of the Decent Work agenda and its related sustainable the two Conventions on its agenda, they will be removed development goals. from the ILO’s body of standards, and member States will However, the world of work has evolved significantly no longer have any obligations regarding to them. since those early days. New Conventions and At the same time, action is foreseen in the framework Recommendations have been adopted to reflect these of the Standards Review Mechanism, to ensure that any changes. Some older instruments have become obsolete, gaps in protection that might result from the abrogation of WORK magazine

while remaining in the ILO body of standards. ratified Conventions are filled-in through the ratification of As a result, the ILO normative corpus encompasses a of the more up-to-date instruments. Furthermore, few overlapping Conventions on the same subject-matter. identified gaps in protection will eventually be addressed A good example is the evolution of the international through initiatives for normative action. For example, the WORLD labour standards regulating night work for women. Standards Review Mechanism has already identified such The first Night Work (Women) Convention (No. 4) was a gap in the area of apprenticeships. Consequently, the adopted in 1919 to prohibit night work for women, and Governing Body asked the Office to develop a proposal revised first in 1934 by Convention No.41 and later in for placing relevant normative action on the agenda of a 1948 by Convention No. 89. In 1990, reflecting new future ILC session. regulatory approaches to gender equality, the International Labour Conference adopted a Protocol partially revising WoW: You mentioned the necessity to keep ILO Convention No. 89, as well as the Night Work Convention, conventions up-to-date and in line with changes in 1990 (No. 171) to regulate night work for men and women the world of work. Can you give us a few examples? alike. All these conventions are still part of the corpus of As I mentioned earlier, the ILO can adopt Conventions international labour standards, as it was not possible to to revise older ones. It can also adopt protocols to abrogate conventions. complement older conventions with new provisions. The most recent example is the Protocol of 2014 to WoW: What is the legal process to abrogate or the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, which entered into withdraw Conventions? force last year. The Forced Labour Protocol is a legally- © Marcel Crozet/ILO SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE binding treaty that requires governments to take measures legal instruments have been adopted over the last few to prevent and protect against modern slavery in all its years to regulate areas of the world of work that were forms. With this Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour not previously covered by ILO standards. A recent Convention, the international community is equipped to example is the Maritime Labour Convention adopted fight the modern scourge of human trafficking. in 2006, which establishes a level playing field for ship Even though not legally binding, Recommendations owners, and constitutes a bill of rights for seafarers provide equally useful guidelines to ILO member States on around the globe. Another example is the Domestic specific policy issues. Take for instance the Social Protection Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189), which extends Floors Recommendation (No. 202) adopted in 2012, or even basic labour rights to domestic workers, a group of the more recent Recommendation on the Transition from workers that previously enjoyed very little or no legal the Informal to the Formal Economy (No. 204) adopted in protection at all. 2015, which aims at moving workers from the informal to the formal economy. This year, the 106th session of the ILC WoW: How do you see the future of international may revise the Employment (Transition from War to Peace) labour standards? Recommendation, 1944 (No. 71). The first discussion at One of the seven Initiatives launched in the run up to the Conference in 2015 clearly established the continued the 100th anniversary of the ILO in 2019 aims at further relevance of the purpose of this Recommendation in strengthening the ILO’s unique standards system, so that responding to the contemporary challenges arising from international labour standards remain the benchmark for numerous crises, conflicts and disasters, which affect many social justice around the globe. countries and significant segments of the population. There The Standards Review Mechanism has launched was agreement on the proposed broadening of the scope a challenging but welcomed debate for the ILO and and purpose of the new Recommendation to include crisis the international community. The successful review situations arising from conflicts and disasters. of international labour standards will ensure that 36 Let me just add here that our normative action goes international labour standards are responsive to sweeping beyond revising or abrogating older conventions. New changes currently affecting the world of work.

WORLD of WORK magazine ENDING violence at the workplace

This article is a preview to the agenda of the 2018 International Labour Conference, which will discuss possible new international labour standards to fight violence at work. It features the ILO-IFC Better Work programme, which succeeded in reducing the number of cases related to sexual harassment at work – in line with recently adopted ILO guidelines on violence at work.

By Arianna Rossi, Better Work

Violence in the workplace is a violation of a member of the World Bank Group, engages with fundamental human rights, and a common occurrence employers and workers throughout the garment industry in the garment industry. In high-pressure environments, to address poor conditions, including violence, in the WORK magazine workers can be subjected to bullying, verbal and physical workplace. The programme provides several insights into of abuse, as a means to intimidate or, perversely, motivate the dynamics and ways to combat violence at work. them to reach production targets. Better Work offers three interlocking services One prevalent form of violence at work in the at the factory-level. Its locally recruited staff, or WORLD export-oriented garment industry is sexual harassment. Enterprise Advisors, are trained extensively on how to The industry is largely comprised of women workers use unannounced compliance assessments to detect under the age of 30, many of whom migrate from violations of international labour standards and national rural areas or from abroad for their first formal job. labour law. Enterprise Advisors also deliver Better They often occupy a position of low power in factories, Work’s advisory services. They are trained to assist in especially in relation to a line supervisor who assesses establishing worker-management dialogue mechanisms their performance. Supervisors can use their position designed to address compliance violations and ensure to sexually harass them, and disempowered workers continuous improvement. The programme also offers may interpret such conduct as a condition of their specialized training, including topics such as the skills employment or promotion. In addition to the damaging needed to become a successful line supervisor in a psychological and physical effects sexual harassment factory. can have on victims, it can negatively affect workplace Better Work compliance assessments cover issues communication and overall productivity. related to the ILO’s core labour standards addressing The Better Work programme, a partnership between discrimination at work. They are designed to detect the ILO and the International Finance Corporation, gender-based discrimination, and specifically whether

SPECIAL 2017 ISSUE © Marcel Crozet/ILO 38 sexual harassment is present in the workplace. They also work that proved difficult to detect during compliance attempt to discern if workers are being bullied, verbally assessments. abused, or subjected to other humiliating and violent Compliance assessments alone rarely detect treatment. definitively that sexual harassment existed in the workplace, when workers responded directly through CONFIDENTIAL SURVEYS Better Work’s impact assessment methodology. However, Many women may feel uncomfortable discussing the magnitude of the problem was better understood. sexual harassment at work in face-to-face interviews. Across several country contexts, the issue of sexual Researchers led by an interdisciplinary team from Tufts harassment was identified as a significant concern (see University, designed confidential worker surveys, which table on page 39). are delivered on tablet computers with Audio Computer- Assisted Self-Interviews (ACASI) software. The survey programme included a tutorial to assist Sothea Siv from Better Factories Cambodia conducting workers unfamiliar with how to manipulate a cursor on- an assessment at Xin Fang (Cambodia) Garment. screen. The survey script and questions were translated and read out in the local language, complemented in some cases with images to help low literacy workers. In this way, the researchers ensured workers felt maximum comfort and anonymity, in sharing their concerns about or experience of sensitive topics such as workplace violence. This method also shielded them from the risk of being overheard by supervisors or managers while sharing their responses. Results from the survey related to workplace violence showcase how researchers successfully provided a

WORLD of WORK magazine THE ILO EMBARKS ON A STANDARD-SETTING 2016. The experts proposed that violence and harassment PROCESS ON VIOLENCE AND HARASSMENT be seen as a “continuum of unacceptable behaviours and IN THE WORLD OF WORK practices that are likely to result in physical, psychological or sexual harm or suffering.” They also recommended an Violence and harassment in the world of work affect integrated approach, which could include aspects such millions of workers and employers every year, causing as prevention, protection, enforcement and monitoring, anxiety, harm, and suffering, and can result, in extreme remedies, victim protection, and policy tools to assist cases, in murder and suicide. Violence and harassment employers, workers and their organizations, as well as also cost enterprises billions in absenteeism, replacement other stakeholders in eliminating violence and harassment costs and productivity. in the world of work. Promoting laws and policies to prevent and protect Based on the meeting’s conclusions, the International against violence and harassment in the world of work is Labour Office is currently producing a Law and Practice at the heart of the ILO’s mandate. Some of the ILO’s first report. This preliminary report contains a systematic international labour standards were in response to violence legal analysis of 80 countries’ regulatory frameworks to in the world of work. A number of its recent standards refer address violence and harassment in the world of work, and to violence and harassment, although none defines it or a questionnaire. The report was sent to all ILO member gives guidance on how to address it. States by 30 April 2017. The deadline to receive replies to Continuing this tradition, the ILO is embarking on a the questionnaire is September 2017, the results of which standard-setting process on “Violence and harassment will facilitate the discussion at the 2018 ILC. against women and men in the world of work”, with a first The second discussion of this historic process is currently discussion on the subject scheduled for the International being scheduled, and may take place either in 2019 or Labour Conference (ILC) in June 2018. In preparation for 2020. the Conference, a Meeting of Experts was held in October

Based on workers’ responses, researchers assessments, the programme decided to roll-out in demonstrated that the remuneration system of workers factories an approach to prevent sexual harassment 39 and line supervisors plays a role in the likelihood of in the workplace, regardless of their non-compliance sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is most common findings on the issue. In 2012, Better Work developed in factories where workers are strongly incentivized to a template factory toolkit consisting of a model policy work (i.e. they are paid ‘by the piece’), while supervisors on harassment, an awareness raising poster, a training have weaker incentives (i.e. they are paid a fixed salary). brochure and a quick reference ‘do’s and don’ts’ to display When a factory’s pay scheme is misaligned, supervisors on the factory floor. lack the incentive to improve the overall efficiency of Tools are adapted to the specific cultural context WORK magazine their production line. In addition, supervisors who are in which Better Work countries operate, after focus of charged with monitoring individual worker productivity group discussions with industry stakeholders, as well as and determining bonuses, may exercise their power over collaborations with local NGOs. A training module on workers by forcing them into sexual encounters. sexual harassment prevention, targeting general managers, WORLD Because of the important insights provided by Better middle management, line supervisors and workers, was Work’s impact assessment surveys on workers’ sexual also developed. Better Work Jordan was the first country harassment concerns, and the difficulty in identifying programme to adapt the toolkit, and to implement the evidence to support non-compliance during factory training in factories in 2013.

“IS SEXUAL HARASSMENT A CONCERN FOR WORKERS IN YOUR FACTORY?”

JORDAN INDONESIA HAITI NICARAGUA VIETNAM PER CENT, BASELINE N=444 N=626 N=63 N=277 N=2,207 No, not a concern 70.1 15.7 58.3 70.4 97.6 Yes, discussed with co-workers 8.8 12.8 19.1 13.7 0.9 Yes, discussed with supervisor or manager 10.1 36.7 7.9 8.7 0.7 Yes, considered quitting 2.5 20.9 – 2.9 0.5 Yes, nearly caused a strike 3.2 8.6 4.8 3.3 0.2 Yes, caused a strike 4.5 4.3 – – 0.1

IMPACT ASSESSMENT aware of the problem, worker concerns decline by Through their extensive longitudinal analysis, impact 29 percentage points. It is arguable that manager assessment researchers have identified a reduction in awareness could translate to broader organizational concerns about sexual harassment attributable to Better awareness, such as the establishment of anti-harassment Work’s efforts. Even after taking into account external policies. The Tufts analysis suggests that change is driven factors, the programme’s services account for a significant by a combination of Better Work interventions, starting share of a reduction in sexual harassment concerns. with the compliance assessment, the introduction of anti- The impact of Better Work is most evident in sexual harassment policies, and the provision of targeted Jordan, where the programme reduced the probability training services. of workers being concerned with sexual harassment by Despite falling levels of concern, sexual harassment 18 percentage points by the sixth year of participation remains a pressing problem for workers in many in Better Work. While the average level of sexual factories. This is exemplified by the high percentage of harassment concern reported per factory is higher in workers who did not want to answer the question on Indonesia than in Jordan, there is evidence to suggest impact assessment surveys about sexual harassment, that workers are more comfortable in doing something suggesting continued reticence to report concerns about about their concerns. This includes seeking help the issue. from their trade union representative or from human Understanding the magnitude of the problem of resources, which suggests workers are becoming more violence at work is an important first step to addressing aware of their rights, and are increasingly confident about its root causes. Using the experience and analysis of seeking help to address the issue. data gathered through programmes like Better Work, In Nicaragua, despite the small number of factories can help in this endeavour and support efforts to ensure evaluated, there is evidence that when managers are workplaces free of violence.

WORLD of WORK magazine Berlin SchoolofEconomicsandLaw. publication foreconomists,tradeunionists,employersandtheinterestedpublic.”−HansjörgHerr, as welltothetheoreticaldebateaboutroleoflabourineconomy. Itisanindispensable “The regarding wages. well aswageinequalitywithinenterprises.Thereportalsoincludesareviewofkeypolicyissues on theextenttowhichwageinequalityisresultofbetweenenterprisesas The 2016/17editionalsoexaminesinequalityattheworkplacelevel,providingempiricalevidence income shares,wageinequality, minimumwagesandgenderpaygaps. trends globallyandbyregion.Itprovidesdataonthelinksbetweenwagesproductivity, labour This reportanalysestheevolutionofrealwagesaroundworld,givingauniquepicturewage Wage inequalityintheworkplace Global Wage Report2016 / Global Wage Reportiscentraltotheanalysisofwagetrendsandlabourmarketdevelopments

17 ILO Global Wage Report 2016 / 17 Wage inequality in the workplace 2017 TRENDS Voices of women and men Towards abetter future for women and work: Wage inequalityintheworkplace Global Wage Report2016 / 17 W

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ILO Assessment of labour provisions in trade and investment arrangements ILO Assessment of labour provisions in trade and investment arrangements

PREPRINT PREPRINT W EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK SOCIAL GROWTH WITHEQUITY STUDIES ON GROWTH WITHEQUITY STUDIES ON ORLD GROWTH WITHEQUITY STUDIES ON CONVERGENCE EUROPEAN PILLAR FOR A SOCIAL BUILDING INVESTMENT ARRANGEMENTS PROVISIONS INTRADEAND ASSESSMENT OFLABOUR INVESTMENT ARRANGEMENTS PROVISIONS INTRADEAND ASSESSMENT OFLABOUR 2016 FOR YOUTH TRENDS

CHF 30;US$GBP20;EUR28 ISBN 978-92-2-130375-6 labour provisions. rights. This examinationgives full report a scope the of and effectiveness these of important tool for raising awareness and improving laws with to respect workers’ instruments.so farevidence Thesuggests that labour provisions have been an labour chapter or provision that refers to international labour standards and ILO Nearly of half agreements trade concluded past inthe five years included either a July 2016 Assessment oflabourprovisions intradeandinvestment arrangements CHF 20;US$GBP14;EUR19 ISBN 978-92-2-131174-4 support forsocietal continued the construction of EU. the at EUand the national levels, is key to building consensus and strengthening the Claude Juncker, in2015.It argues that further role the both partners, of social the Rights, announcedof Social by President the of European the Commission, Jean- and institutional levers at EUlevel, the considered central to European the Pillar Guided by international labour standards, report this presents arange of policy July 2016 Building asocialpillarfor Europeanconvergence Publication notforsale ISBN 978-92-2-131277-2 prospects, notably gaps the young between men and women. and barriers the inequalities inopportunities affecting youthlabour market unemployment, working poverty and employment quality. It discusses also and outlook the for anumber of labour market indicators, including youth young people throughout world. the In particular, it at looks recent developments This tries to lightshed report currentthe on futureand challenges faced by August 2016 World Employment andSocialOutlook2016:Trends for Youth CHF 45;US$GBP30;EUR40 ISBN 978-92-2-130381-7 class.middle Co-published with Edward Elgar. of work, wages and income, and at looks how changes these have impacted the over last the 20years interms of labour the conditions market,dialogue, social class. This volume examinesthe maintransformations the in world of work on trends relating to mid-income the range that generally represents middle the top the inequalities between and bottom, the little research out carried has been While recent studies have phenomenon highlighted the and risks of increased October 2016 Europe’s ofwork disappearingmiddleclass?Evidence fromtheworld 43 WORLD of WORK magazine MEDIASHELF Sign up to end modern slavery

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