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2D Seismic Data and Gas Chimney Interpretation in the South Taranaki Graben, New Zealand

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2D Seismic Data and Gas Chimney Interpretation in the South Taranaki Graben, New Zealand Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations Spring 2016 2D seismic data and gas chimney interpretation in the South Taranaki Graben, New Zealand Taqi Talib Alzaki Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons, and the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Department: Recommended Citation Alzaki, Taqi Talib, "2D seismic data and gas chimney interpretation in the South Taranaki Graben, New Zealand" (2016). Masters Theses. 7495. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7495 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2D SEISMIC DATA AND GAS CHIMNEY INTERPRETATION IN THE SOUTH TARANAKI GRABEN, NEW ZEALAND by TAQI TALIB ALZAKI A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS 2016 Approved by Dr. Kelly Liu Dr. Stephen Gao Dr. Wan Yang ii 2016 Taqi Talib Alzaki All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The Taranaki Basin is one of the major oil and gas producing basins offshore New Zealand. The study area covers an area of 10,000 km² in the basin, and includes 171 2D seismic lines and six wells, which are provided by the New Zealand Petroleum & Minerals. Some previous studies refer to the study area as the South Taranaki Graben. This thesis provides detailed mapping and interpreted subsurface stratigraphy and structure of five horizons, i.e. basement top, Pakawau Group top, Kapuni Group top, Wai-iti Group top, and seafloor. It undertakes studies of the relation between the basin evolution, faults, and depositional patterns. In addition, the gas chimneys were investigated along with hydrocarbon migration pathways to surrounding oil and gas fields. The horizons were identified based on observed discontinuities and seismic attributes. The seismic reflection characters of the horizons and their associated sequences are described in this study. The horizons have been mapped as time structural, isochron, and isopach maps. Seismic attributes were used in horizon interpretation and gas chimney detection. The mapping of these horizons combined with seismic facies character provides detailed overview of the structural evolution and depositional history in the study area. A map of the gas chimneys along with the late normal faults distribution shows that the gas chimneys are mostly common above the Cretaceous source rocks. Fault provide migration pathways for the gases through the seal rocks. Petrophysical analysis shows that the Kapuni Group contains a sizable amount of hydrocarbons, high porosities, and permeability. In combination with the structure of the Kapuni Group, the hydrocarbons within the group migrate to two producing fields through two migration pathways. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis has benefitted greatly from the combined input of many generous people who gave me their time, support, knowledge, and friendship. First I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Kelly Liu for her continuous support and guidance during my research work. In addition, I would like to spread my deep appreciation and respect to my committee members Dr. Stephen Gao and Dr. Yang Wang; Dr. Stephen Gao for his great advices to end up with a perfect thesis, and Dr. Yang Wang for his informative adds to my petroleum geology understanding. My thanks to the Saudi Ministry of Higher Education for the scholarship they honored me with to get my master degree. Accordingly, the thanks go to my technical advisor from Saudi Arabian Cultural Mission (SACM), Dr. Nabil Khoury for his help and support. In addition, I would like to thank all my colleagues in the Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering for motivating me. Thanks for all my officemates at McNutt B16 who made the lab such a friendly place. Special thanks to my colleague Mr. Aamer Alhakeem for his help and guidance. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................................. xii NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................ xiii SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. AREA OF STUDY ............................................................................................. 1 1.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES........................................................................................ 4 1.3. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 4 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGY ........................................................................................... 6 2.1. BASIN EVOLUTION ........................................................................................ 6 2.1.1. Early Basin History .................................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Middle Basin History. .............................................................................. 9 2.1.3. Late Basin History. ................................................................................. 10 2.2. GEOLOGICAL STRATIGRAPHY ................................................................. 10 2.2.1. Pakawau Group. ..................................................................................... 11 2.2.2. Kapuni Group and Moa Group ............................................................... 14 2.2.3. Ngatoro Group and Wai-iti Group ......................................................... 15 2.2.4. Rotokare Group ...................................................................................... 15 vi 2.3. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES ...................................................................... 16 2.4. PETROLEUM SYSTEM .................................................................................. 18 2.4.1. Source Rocks .......................................................................................... 18 2.4.2. Reservoir Rocks ..................................................................................... 19 2.4.3. Seals and Traps ....................................................................................... 20 3. DATA AND METHOD ........................................................................................... 22 3.1. DATA ............................................................................................................... 22 3.2. METHOD ......................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1. Software .................................................................................................. 22 3.2.2. Seismic Stratigraphy and Horizon Mapping .......................................... 24 3.2.3. Seismic Attributes. ................................................................................. 24 3.2.3.1. Chaos..........................................................................................26 3.2.3.2. Instantaneous frequency.............................................................27 3.2.3.3. RMS amplitude. .........................................................................27 3.2.3.4. Reflection intensity. ...................................................................27 3.2.4. Gas Chimney Identification. ................................................................... 27 4. STRUCTURAL INTERPERTATION ..................................................................... 28 4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 28 4.2. SYNTHETIC GENERATION.......................................................................... 28 4.3. SYNTHETIC MATCHING .............................................................................. 28 4.4. HORIZON INTERPERTATION...................................................................... 32 4.4.1. Basement ................................................................................................ 32 4.4.2. Pakawau .................................................................................................. 38 vii 4.4.3. Kapuni .................................................................................................... 38 4.4.4. Wai-iti/Ngatoro. ..................................................................................... 43 4.5. FAULT INTERPERTATION ........................................................................... 45 4.6. SEISMIC FACIES ............................................................................................ 45 4.7. ISOPACH MAP ................................................................................................ 47 5. HYDROCARBON DETECTION ...........................................................................
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