Department of Physics

Department of Physics Review 2013/14

Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Physics Review 2013/14

2 Contents

Department of Physics Review 2013/14

5 Introduction 101 Technical Development, Intellectual Property & Commercial 7 Department Information Interactions

8 Academic, Research and Support staff 107 Prizes awarded

7 Teaching 112 Grants awarded

13 Undergraduate studies 115 Alumni 19 International exchange scheme 22 Outreach 27 Postgraduate studies 117 Juno 28 Highlighted Postgraduate Case Studies

119 Artist in residence Research in progress 40 Groups 41 Astrophysics 46 Condensed Matter Theory 53 Experimental Solid State Physics 60 High Energy Physics 69 Photonics 74 Plasma Physics /ISP 82 Quantum Optics & Laser Science 88 Space & Atmospheric Physics 94 Theoretical Physics

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 3 4 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Introduction

Head of Departments Statement

The Physics Department has continued to thrive during 2013-14 and inside you will find an overview over the past two years across the considerable breadth of our activities. I took over as Head of Department in May 2014 from Jo Haigh and want to thank Jo on behalf of the department for her outstanding leadership which has left the department in fantastic shape going forward.

The department thrives as an environment where we can provide outstanding teaching delivered by world class researchers. We also have a mission to engage the public with the excitement of our work to try and encourage the next generation of physicists. Professor Jordan Nash Head of the Department of Physics Inside this report you will find an overview of the world leading research, which is going on within the nine research groups in the department. You will find a description of the activities of the staff members as well as a listing of a few of their key publications during this period. We have also listed the research grants which the department has received and which enable us to carry out our work, as well as the many awards and prizes which members of staff have received.

We teach around 840 undergraduates and around 400 postgraduate students. Inside you will find an overview of our undergraduate programmes as well as an indication of the many destinations where our undergraduate stu- dents continue after graduation. We were also delighted to introduce summer student exchanges with MIT, UBC, SNU, and KAIST allowing some of our top undergraduates to gain research experience overseas.

Postgraduate degrees are available as both taught Masters programmes as well as PhD programmes. You will find inside an overview of the degree courses as well as the topics of projects for the degrees which were awarded during the period of this review. Our Centres for Doctoral Training (CDTs) have been a real success and allowed us to provide a great training programme across these multi-disciplinary centres. In addition, the report provides a summary of the destinations for our PG students. We have continued to provide opportunities for our students to interact with commercial partners through our Industry Club, and a particularly successful event is the annual post- graduate research symposium.

Outreach remains an important fundamental part of our mission and as part of this we were delighted to sponsor an artist in residence some of whose work you will find inside the report.

The department renewed its Athena SWAN silver award in 2012, and immediately began planning as to apply for an upgrade to a gold award. This involves representatives from across the department on our JUNO committee looking at how we can improve the workplace environment and improve the gender and racial imbalance in physics departments.

We have also been working to keep our graduates in contact with the work which is going on here by sponsoring events inviting alumni into the department to hear about our research.

The report inside will give you a sense of the strength of the department, which remains one of the top destinations worldwide for research in and studying physics, and which is in an excellent position to continue to attract the best and brightest students and researchers.

Jordan Nash

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 5 6 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Department Information

Head Associate Operations Research Operations of Department Head of Department Manager Manager Professor Jordan Nash Dr Kenny Weir Linda Jones Louise Hayward Tel: 020 7594 7500 Tel: 020 7594 7501 Tel: 020 7594 7502 Tel: 020 7594 7679 Email: Email: Email: Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Executive Assistant to Head of Department (Maternity Cover) Plum Garland Tel: 020 7594 7503 Email: [email protected]

(Maternity Leave) Caroline Jackson Tel: 020 7594 7503 Email: [email protected]

Senior Administrator Kalvinder Chana Tel: 020 7594 6113 Email: [email protected]

Undergraduate Teaching Postgraduate Teaching Director of Undergraduate Studies Admissions and Disabilities Officer Director of Postgraduate Studies Professor Angus Mackinnon Ms Mery Fajardo Professor Lesley Cohen Tel: 020 7594 7505 Tel: 020 7594 7513 Tel: 020 7594 7598 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Senior Tutor Examinations and Information Officer Postgraduate Development Officer Professor Danny Segal Mr Edward Charnley Dr Andrew Williamson Tel: 020 7594 7779 Tel: 020 7594 7508 Tel: 020 7594 7631 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Admissions Tutor (Undergraduate) Undergraduate Administrator Postgraduate Administrator Dr Bob Forsyth Ms Stephanie Smallwood Mrs Loli Sanchez Tel: 020 7594 7761 Tel: 020 7594 7511 Tel: 020 7594 7512 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Examinations Co-ordinator Undergraduate Administrator Dr Julia Sedgbeer Ms Geetika Tewari Tel: 020 7594 7811 Tel: 020 7594 7510 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Undergraduate Education Manager Mr Derryck Stewart Tel: 020 7594 7561 Email: [email protected] www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 7 Academic, Research and Support Staff Professors Prof Alan Heavens, PhD Prof Steven Schwartz, BSc, PhD Prof Thomas Anthopoulos, BEng, PhD [Astrostatistics] [Space and Atmospheric Physics] [Experimental Physics] Prof Ortwin Hess, PhD Prof Daniel Segal, BSc, DPhil Prof Donal Bradley, BSc, PhD, ARCS, FRSA, [Metamaterials] [Quantum Optics] CPhys, FInstP, FRS [Experimental Physics] Prof Edward Hinds, BA, DPhil, FRS Prof Roland Smith, BSc, PhD Prof Jeremy Chittenden, BSc, PhD, DIC, [Quantum Optics] [Laser Physics] CPhys, MInstP [Physics] Prof Timothy Horbury, BSc, PhD Prof Kellogg Stelle, AB, PhD, FInstP Prof Kim Christensen, PhD [Physics] [Theoretical Physics] [Theoretical Physics] Prof Timothy Sumner, BSc, DPhil, CPhys, Prof Christopher Hull, BA, PhD, FInstP, FRS BSc, PhD FInstP, FRAS [Experimental Astrophysics] Prof Lesley Cohen, [Physics] [Solid State Physics] Prof Adrian Sutton, BA, MSc, PhD, FRS Prof Misha Ivanov, MSc, PhD Prof Carlo Contaldi, MSci, PhD [Nanotechnology] [Physics] [Theoretical Physics] Prof Roy Taylor, BSc, PhD BS, MS, PhD, MInstP, Prof Steven Cowley, BA, MA, PhD, FRS Prof Andrew Jaffe, [Ultrafast Physics and Technology] [Plasma Physics] FRAS [Astrophysics and Cosmology] Prof Richard Thompson, MA, DPhil Prof Michael Damzen, PhD Prof Myungshik Kim, BS, MSc, MBS, PhD, [Physics] [Experimental Laser Physics] PGCHET [Theoretical Quantum Information] Prof John Tisch, BSc, PhD Prof Paul Dauncey, BA, DPhil Prof Sergey Lebedev, MS, PhD, FInstP, F.APS [Laser Physics] [Particle Physics] [Plasma Physics] Prof Peter Török, DPhil, DSc Prof Gavin Davies, BSc, PhD Prof Kenneth Long, BSc, DPhil [Optical Physics] [High Energy Physics] [Experimental Particle Physics] Prof Ralf Toumi, BSc, PhD, ARCS Prof Michele Dougherty, BSc, PhD, FRS Prof Angus Mackinnon, PhD [Atmospheric Physics] [Space Physics] [Physics] Prof Arkady Tseytlin, MS, PhD Prof Fay Dowker, BA, MA, PhD Prof Joao Magueijo, BA, PhD [Physics] [Physics] [Physics] Prof Tejinder Virdee, Prof Michael Duff, BSc, PhD, DIC, FInstP, FRS Prof Stefan Maier, PhD PhD, FRS [Physics] [Theoretical Physics] [Nanophotonics] Prof Dimitri Vvedensky, PhD Prof Ulrik Egede, BSc, PhD Prof Jonathan Marangos, PhD, ARCS, DIC [Theoretical Solid State Physics] [Physics] [Laser Physics] Prof Daniel Waldram, BA, MA, PhD [Theoretical Physics] Prof Michael Finnis, BSc, PhD Prof Martin McCall, PhD [Theoretical Optics] [Materials Theory and Simulation] Prof Stephen Warren, MA, PhD [Astrophysics] Prof Matthew Foulkes, PhD Prof Raymond Murray, BSc, PhD [Solid State Physics] [Physics] Prof Jing Zhang, BSc, PhD, DIC, ARCS BA, PhD [ [Physics] MSc, PhD, FInstP Prof Zulfikar Najmudin, Prof Leszek Frasinski, Physics] [Atomic and Molecular Physics] Prof Jordan Nash, BSc, PhD Readers PhD Prof Paul French, [Physics] Dr Henrique Araujo, PhD [Physics] Dr Oliver Buchmueller, PhD Prof Mark Neil, BA, MA, PhD BSc, PhD,FInstP Dr Alasdair Campbell, BSc, MSc, PhD Prof Jerome Gauntlett, [Physics] [Physics] Dr David Colling, BSC, BA, PhD Prof Jenny Nelson, BA, PhD, FRS BSc, PhD Prof Andrey Golutvin, PhD [ Dr Michael Coppins, [Physics] PhD Physics] Dr Arnaud Czaja, Prof Sir John Pendry, MA, PhD, FRS Dr Robert Forsyth, BSc, PhD MA, MSc, DPhil, FInstP, Prof Joanna Haigh, [Theoretical Solid State Physics] Dr John Hassard, BSc, PhD FRMets, FRS, CBE [Atmospheric Physics] Dr Ji-Seon Kim, PhD Prof Christopher Phillips, MA, PhD, DIC, Prof Geoffrey Hall, BSc, PhD, DIC, ARCS Dr Arish Mostofi, PhD CSci, CPhys, FInstP [Physics] [Physics] Dr Ingo Mueller-Wodarg, MSc, PhD Prof Martin Plenio, PhD (Dr. rer. nat) BA, PhD Prof Jonathan Halliwell, BSc, PhD [Physics] Dr Carl Paterson, [Physics] Dr Juliet Pickering, BA, MA, PhD, DIC Prof Arttu Rajantie, BSc, MSc, PhD MSc, PhD BA, PhD Dr Sergei Popov, Prof Amihay Hanany, [Theoretical Physics] [Theoretical Physics] Dr Jürgen Pozimski, BSc, MSc, PhD Prof Steven Rose, BA, DPhil, CPhys, FInstP Dr William Proud, BSc, PhD, FlnstP, CPhys, Prof Peter Haynes, BA, PhD [Plasma Physics] CChem [Theory and Simulation of Materials] Dr Benjamin Sauer, BA, PhD Prof Terence Rudolph, BSc, PhD [Quantum Physics] Dr Paul Stavrinou, BEng, PhD

8 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Academic, Research and Support Staff Dr Yvonne Unruh, MSc, PhD Outreach/Teaching Honorary Research Fellows Dr Toby Wiseman, PhD Dr Caroline Clewley - Teaching Fellow Dr Julian Lyubina, PhD Dr Mark Richards - Teaching Fellow Mr David Price, MA, DIC Senior Lecturers Dr Vijay Tymms - Teaching Fellow Dr Khadija Tahir, BSc, MSc, PhD Dr Will Branford, MSc, PhD Mrs Prudence Wormell, BSc Dr Helen Brindley, BSc, PhD Academic Leavers Dr Wenyi Zhong, MSc, PhD Mr Christopher Carr, BSc Prof Roger Evans Dr David Clements, BSc, PhD, DIC Dr Antonio Fernandez-Dominguez Honorary Lecturers Dr Christopher Dunsby, MSci, PhD Mr Ali Seyyed Mozaffari-Chinjani Dr Ken Bignell, BSc, PhD, ARCS Dr Ned Ekins-Daukes, MSci, MSc, PhD Dr Yannick Sonnefraud Dr Anne Curtis, PhD Dr Timothy Evans, BA, PhD Dr Kosmas Tsakmakidis Mr Edward Judd, HNC Dr Marina Galand, PhD Mr Kevin Middleton, BSc, MSc Dr Robert Kingham, BSc, PhD Ph Honorary Associations Dr Matthew Owens, D Dr Derek Lee, BA, PhD BA, MSc, PhD Senior Research Investigator Dr Alex Robinson, Dr Florian Mintert, PhD PhD & Distinguished Research Fellow Dr Alex Schekochihin, Dr Subhanjoy Mohanty, PhD Prof. Thomas Kibble, MA, PhD, FRS Dr Karl Sandeman, PhD Visiting Professors PhD, DIC Dr Julia Sedgbeer, Prof. John Allen, MA, PhD, DSc BSc, PhD Senior Research Investigators Dr Paul Tangney, PhD BSc, PhD Dr Jezsef Baranyi, MPhys, DPhil Emeritus Prof Peter Cargill, Dr Michael Tarbutt, PhD, MPhil, MSc, BSc BSc, DSc Prof. Farhat Beg, PhD Dr Aboubaker Dangor, Dr Roberto Trotta, MA, PhD, MInstP, CPhys, Prof. Peter Dornan, BA, PhD, FRS Prof Anthony Bell, Dr Yoshiyuki Uchida, BA, PhD FRAS Prof. Roger Evans, BSc, PhD, FInstP Dr Morgan Wascko, BA, MSci, PhD Dr Seton Bennett, PhD, CBE Emeritus Prof. Bruce Joyce, DSc, FRS Dr Kenneth Weir, BSc, PhD Prof March Burchell, PhD Prof. Sir Peter Knight, BSc, DPhil, FRS Dr Jeremy Burroughes, BSc, PhD Prof. Elliot Leader, BSc, MS, PhD Dr Gilbert Collins, PhD Lecturers Prof. Geoffrey New, MA, DPhil Dr Vitali Averbukh, PhD Dr William Dorland, BS, PhD Prof. Michael Rowan-Robinson, BA, PhD, PhD Prof. Sergei Dudarev, BS, PhD Dr Simon Bland, MSci, FInstP, FRAS Dr Amanda Chatten, BSc, PhD Dr Malcolm Dunlop, BSc, PhD Prof David Southwood, BA, DIC, PhD Dr Daniel Eakins, PhD Dr. Anthony Dunne, BSc, PhD, DIC, ARCS Dr Jonathan Eastwood, PhD Prof. John Ellis, BA, PhD Dr Vincenzo Giannini, PhD Distinguished Research Fellows Dr Lyndon Evans, BSc, PhD BSc, PhD Dr Heather Graven, PhD Dr Trevor Bacon, Prof. Vladimir Fortov, MSc, PhD MSc, DIC Dr Jonathan Hudson, MPhys, DPhil Emeritus Prof. Andre Balogh, Prof. Patrick Gill, BSc, DPhil PhD Dr Stuart Mangles, MSci, PhD Emeritus Prof. Keith Barnham, Dr Mark Glaser, MB BS, M.R.C.S.L.R.C.P, FFR MA, MSc, PhD Dr Adam Masters, PhD Emeritus Prof. David Caplin, (R.C.S.I), D.M.R.T, F.R.C.R PhD Dr James McGinty, PhD Emeritus Prof Jean Patrick Connerade, Dr Gianluca Gregori, PhD, ARCS, DIC PhD Dr Daniel Mortlock, PhD Dr Mikhail Gryaznevich, BSc, PhD PhD Dr Rupert Oulton, MSci, PhD Dr Jack Connor, Dr Edward Gumbrell, PhD PhD Dr Jaroslaw Pasternak, PhD Prof. Christopher Dainty, Prof. Richard Harrison, BSc, PhD Dr Mitesh Patel, PhD Dr Michel Della Negra, Prof. Timothy Hender, BSc, PhD BSc, PhD, CPhys, FInstP, Dr Peiro Posocco, PhD Prof. John Harries, Prof. Henry Hutchinson, BSc, PhD FRMets PhD Dr Jonathan Pritchard, PhD Prof Chan Joshi, BSc, PhD Dr Alex Tapper, PhD Emeritus Prof. Christopher Isham, Prof. Gannady Kanel, ARCS, PhD, FInstP BSc, MA, PhD Dr Apostolos Voulgarakis, BSc, MSc, PhD Prof. Karl Krushelnick, Emeritus Prof. Gareth Jones, BSc, PhD Prof. Michael Lockwood, PhD Dr Hugh Jones, BA, PhD Prof. Leon Lucy, BSc, PhD Research Fellows Emeritus Prof Peter Meikle, PhD, FRAS Dr. Louis Lyons, BSc, DPhil Dr Raymond Beuselinck, BSc, PhD Emeritus Prof. Gareth Parry, BSc, PhD, Professor Kirpal Nandra, BA, PhD Dr Joachim Hamm, PhD DIC, FREng Dr Peter Norreys, BSc, MSc, PhD Dr Worawut Khunsin, PhD Emeritus Prof. John Quenby, BSc, PhD, Dr Andrew Randewich, Cphys, FLnstP Dr Jonathan Murray, PhD DIC, ARCS Prof. Sergey Razorenov, PhD Dr Gary Perkins, PhD Emeritus Prof Raymond Rivers, BA, MA, PhD, FInstP Dr Peter Roberts, BSc, PhD Dr David Raymond, BSc, MSc, PhD Prof. Robin Smith, MA, PhD, DIC Prof Carlos Silva, PhD Dr Jacqueline Russell, BSc, PhD Lady Anne Thorne, MA, DPhil Prof. David Smith, PhD, ARCS Dr Patrick Scott, PhD Emeritus Prof. David Websdale, PhD, Prof. Nigel Smith, BSc, PhD Dr Christopher Seez, PhD ARCS Prof Paul Smith, PhD Dr Stuart Solin, PhD Dr Michael Tatarakis, BSc, MSc, PhD Prof. John Thompson, MA, PhD www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 9 Academic, Research and Support Staff Prof Michael Thompson, MA, PhD Dr Nicholas Dover Dr Patrick Owen Dr Adrian Tuck, BSc, PhD Dr Emil Drabek-Maunder Dr Rhys Parfitt Prof. David Wark, BSc, MS, PhD, FRS Dr Nokuthula Dube Dr Siddharth Patankar Prof. Ronald Winter, FInstP, PhD Dr Anne Ducout Dr Bjorn Penning Dr Astrid Eichhorn Dr Ajay Perumal Visiting Readers Dr John Estes Dr Mark Pesaresi Dr Hendrik Faber Dr Joao Piroto-Pereira-Duarte Dr Katherine Brown, PhD Dr Stephen Feeney Dr Alexander Plato Dr Noah Fitch Dr Andreas Pusch Honorary Association Leavers Dr Cecilia Flori Dr Susarla Raghuram Dr Almut Beige Dr Yan Francescato Dr Mohsen Rahmani Dr Zsolt Gercsi Dr Aliaksandra Rakovich Dr Steffen Gielen Dr Duncan Rand Research Dr Adam Gilbertson Dr Alexander Richards Dr Tom Griffin Dr Tyler Roschuk Research Associates Dr Giulia Gubitosi Dr Matthew Ruffoni Dr Pablo Albella-Echave Dr Anne Guilbert Dr James R Rufus Dr Yuriy Alexandrov Dr Stina Guldbrand Dr Matteo Scala Dr Diego Alonso-Alvarez Dr Richard Hendricks Dr Benjamin Sherlock Dr Hemmel Amrania Dr Heli Hietala Dr Mark Sherlock Dr Brian Appelbe Dr Edward Hill Dr Yuri Shitov Dr Emma Arbabzadah Dr Daniel Hollington Dr Peter Spencer Dr Paloma Arroyo-Huidobro Dr Rosalind Hopwood Dr Christian Struber Dr Morteza Aslaninejad Dr Nicholas Hylton Dr Minwon Suh Dr Dane Austin Dr David Jennings Dr Suren Sukiasyan Dr Minas Bacharis Dr Euihun Joung Dr Francisco Suzuki-Vidal Dr Robert Bainbridge Dr Asher C Kaboth Dr George Swadling Dr Alexey Bak Dr Christos Kamperidis Dr Matthew Taylor Dr James Banks Dr Edmund Kelleher Dr Andrew Telford Dr Thomas Barillot Dr Youngchan Kim Dr Gabrielle Thomas Dr Piers Barnes Dr Paul Kinsler Dr Alfredo Tomas-Alquezar Dr Daniela Bauer Dr Sunil Kumar Dr Stefan Truppe Dr Francesco Benini Dr Ajit Kurup Dr Tommaso Tufarelli Dr Victoria Blackmore Dr Mikhail Kustov Dr Sachetan Tuladhar Dr Milan Bratko Dr Kwasi Kwakwa Dr Jeremy Turcaud Dr Avraham Braun Dr Jean-Baptiste Lagrange Dr Arthur Turrell Dr Maria Broadbridge Dr Guillaume Lepert Dr Kirika Uchida Dr Nicolas Bruneau Dr Yu-Hung Lien Dr Melissa Uchida Dr Aaron Bundock Dr Jongseok Lim Dr Benoit Vanniere Dr Guy Burdiak Dr Anne-Marie Magnan Dr Thomas Wall Dr David Burn Dr Robert Mahen Dr Sean Warren Dr Eoin Butler Dr Robert Maher Dr Peter Wass Dr Nelson Carreira-Lopes Dr Matthew Malek Dr Tobias Witting Dr Megha Chadha Dr Sarah Malik Dr Jorgen Wulff Dr David Chapman Dr Janusz Martyniak Dr Ying Yang Dr Christopher Chen Dr Kazunobu Maruyoshi Dr Japheth Yates Dr Luke Chipperfield Dr Lorenzo Matteini Dr Karen Yates Dr Alexander Clark Dr Michael McCann Dr Benjamin Yuen Dr Emiliano Cortes Dr Paul McFadden Dr Amelle Zair Dr Jian Cui Dr Katalin Mecseki Dr Katharina Zeissler Dr Alastair Currie Dr Alexander Mellor Dr Jan Zemen Dr Robert Currie Dr Nicolas-Pierre Niasse Dr Seth Zenz Dr Maria Dasi-Espuig Dr Dorota Niedzialek Dr Konstantinos Daskalakis Dr Alexander Nikitenko Dr Hannah Nissan Dr Florent Deledalle Research Associate Leavers Dr Carlo Di Franco Dr Robert A Nyman Dr Sang Soon Oh 2013/14 Dr Zsolt Diveki Dr Minas Bacharis Dr William Okell Dr Adam Dobbs Dr William Ball Dr Olof Olsson-Sax Dr Sean Donnellan Dr Fouad Ballout

10 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Academic, Research and Support Staff Dr Daniel Bedingham Mr Luca Rigovacca Plasma Physics Dr Ian Bush Mr James Semple Mr Stephen Johnson – Hypersonis & High Dr Laurence Carson Mr Peter Shadbolt Speed Impact Laboratory Supervisor Dr Bridgette Cooper Mr Lee Suttle Dr Aristomenis Donos Mr Quentin Thiburce Space & Atmospheric Physics Dr James Farley-Nicholls Mr Sunil Varma Dr Seyed Adeli – Instrument Engineer Dr Jarvist Frost Mr Albert Verdeny-Vilalta Dr Leah-Nani Soledad Alconcel - Scientific Dr Marco Genoni Mr Thomas White Dr Anthony Allen - Scientific Dr Hannes Guhl Mr Bjorn Witt Dr Richard John Bantges – Scientific Dr Jaesuk Hwang Mr David Wood Mr Maciej Bendyk – Instrumentation Engineer Dr Stephane Kena-Cohen Miss Megumi Yoshida Dr Sujit Bhattacharya – Instrument FPGA Dr Kiang Wei Kho Designer Mr Patrick Brown - Senior Research Officer Dr Thomas Kirchartz Research Assistant Leavers Mr Emanuele Cupido - Research Officer Dr Matthew Lilley 2013/14 Dr Peter Fox – Instrument Calibration Engineer Dr Jad Marrouche Mr Michael Bloom Mr Stephen Kellock - Senior Research Officer Dr Andrei Paul Mihai Mr Gregory Ciezarek Ms Helen O’Brien - Research Officer Dr Edward Mitchell Miss Caroline Clark Mr Timothy Oddy - Spacecraft Operations Engi- Dr Beinn Muir Mr Konstantinos Daskalakis neer Dr Ahsan Nazir Mr Florent Deledalle Mr Md Rashid – Software Developer Dr Thomas Siegel Mr Stuart Higgins Dr Adri Peter Slootweg - Research Officer Dr Sarah Skoff Mr Christopher Hutchison Mr Lawrence Soung-Yee – Instrument Engi- Dr Ian Smallman Mr Stephen Logan neer Dr Benjamin Smith - Community Support Scien- Mr Marco Ruberti Dr Nathan Sparks Dr Mark Tame tist Mr Matthew Streeter Dr Stuart Thomas Mr Nikolay Vaklev Dr Andre Trindade-Pereira Research Support Leavers in 2013/14 Dr Nicholas Wardle Mr Alan Ashton-Smith - Project Administrator Dr James Wilgeroth Mrs Piera Brambilla - Technician Mr Gary Wilkes Research Support Staff Dr Shrawan Jha - Res Engineer Dr Thomas Zlosnik Condensed Matter Theory Dr James Spencer – Computational Administrative and Support Staff Research Assistants Science Support Specialist Ms Paula Alvarez-Cartelle Mr Federico Armata Head of Department's Office Experimental Solid State Mr Jim Bailey Kalvinder Chana - Senior Administrator Dr Shrawan Jha – Research Engineer Mr Dylan Banahene-Sabulsky Louise Hayward – Research Operations Man- Dr Xuhua Wang - CPE Glove Box Facility Offi- Mr Iain Barr ager cer Miss Rachael Boddy Linda Jones - Operations Manager for Physics Ms Francesca Bottacchi Caroline Jackson - Executive Assistant (mater- High Energy Physics nity leave) Mr Javier Cambiasso Dr Saad Mishal Hamid Alsari - Electrical Victoria Garland – Executive Assistant (mater- Mr Stefano Casasso Engineer nity cover) Mr Lionel Chaudet Mr Geoffrey Barber - Project Engineer Mr Kees de Vries Mr Simon Fayer - Computing System Research Groups Mr Frederik Dieleman Support/Administrator in Grid Computing Cluster Office (Astrophysics, Plasma, Mr James Garvie-Cook Dr Jonathan Fulcher – Data Acquisition Space & Atmospherics) Mr Joseph Goodwin System Computing Specialist Rachel Barker – Senior Group Administrator Mr Samuele Grandi Mr Michael Huffman - Computing System Sup- Sandie Bernor - Group Administrator Mr Farhang Haddadfarshi port/Administrator Mr Moritz Hambach Dr Gregory Michiel Iles - Electronics Engineer Condensed Matter Theory & Experi- Mr Edward Harry Dr Per Jonsson – Senior Instrument Manager mental Solid State Physics Groups Mr Vincent Jarlaud Dr Andrew Rose - Electronic Engineer Carolyn Dale - Senior Group Administrator Mr Allan Johnson Mr Peter James Savage - Project Engineer Juraci Didone - Administrative Assistant Mr Manoj Joshi Mr Trevor Edward Savidge - Project Engi- Bhavna Patel - Administrator Ms Paloma Matia-Hernando neer Mr Lukas Medisauskas High Energy Physics Group Mr Luis Melgar-Del-Pozo Carol Barlow - Experiments Manager Mr Thomas Nutz Photonics Group Paula Brown - Group Administrator Mr Ian Munro - Research Officer Mr Christopher Price Paula Consiglio – Assistant Group Administrator Ms Maria Richter www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 11 Academic, Research and Support Staff Institute of Shock Physics (ISP) Geoffrey Green - 3rd Year Laboratory Alice Moore – Programme Manager Lee Parker - 3rd Year Laboratory Ciara Mulholland - Senior Administrator for ISP Mechanical Instrumentation Work- Optics (Photonics & Quantum Optics shop and Groups Technicians Groups) Trevor Beek (SPAT) Judith Baylis - Senior Group Administrator Sofia Bekou (EXSS) Marcia Salviato - Deputy Group Administrator David Bowler Sanja Maricic - PA to the Centre for Cold Matter Stephen Cussell (EXSS) Prof Ed Hinds FRS Jonathan Dyne (QOLS) Alan Finch (PLAS) Theoretical Physics Group Andrew Gregory (QOLS) Graziela De Nadai-Sowrey - Group Adminis- Simon Johnson (PHOT / QOLS) trator Stephen Johnson (ISP) Kevin Ladhams (HEPH) DTC Alan Last (SPAT) Dr Sophie Armstrong-Brown - Programme Manager Stephen Maine Ms Lisa Cheung – Administrative Assistant Steven Nelson (PHOT) Dr Simon Foster – Outreach Officer Melvyn Patmore Miss Miranda Smith - DTC Administrative Martin Pettifer Assistant David Pitman (ISP) Alan Raper Student Administration Andrew Rochester Postgraduate Office Peter Ruthven (QOLS) Loli Sanchez Rey - Postgraduate Administrator James Stone (PHOT / QOLS) Dr Andrew Williamson - Postgraduate Devel- Brian Willey (QOLS) opment Officer David Williams

Undergraduate Office Electronics Workshop Technicians Edward Charnley – Examinations and Informa- Valerijus Gerulis tions Officer Shahid Hanif Mery Fajardo - Admissions Administrator Susan Parker Amira Hussain – Undergraduate Administrator Bandula Ratnasekara and Year in Europe Coordinaot Derryck Stewart - Undergraduate Education Manager Geetika Tewari – Undergraduate Administrator High Energy Physics Group Mechanical Workshop David Clark Ian Clark Facilities Paul Brown - Mechanical Instrumentation Work- shop Manager High Energy Physics Group Vivienne Frater - Departmental Facilities Man- Electronics Workshop ager Sarah Greenwood Simon Graham - Maintenance Vera Kasey Malcolm Hudson - Departmental Buildings Maria Khaleeq Manager Ranjana Poudel - Common Room Assistant Optical Mechanical Workshop Alice Powell - Common Room Assistant Martin Kehoe Neal Powell - Reprographics Meilin Sancho - Reprographics Research and Administrative Support Harry Vine - Departmental Services Manager Staff Leavers Mrs Sima Fulford - LCN Research Administra- Outreach tor Anna Lal – Outreach Coordinator Dr Christine Thompson - Programme Director Ms Lilian Wanjohi - Senior Administrator Teaching Laboratory Technicians Miss Hannah Wood - Outreach Coordinator Harish Dawda - 1st Year Laboratory Robert Whisker - 1st Year Laboratory Graham Axtell - 2nd Year Laboratory Paul Beaumont - 2nd Year Laboratory

12 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Undergraduate Undergraduate Teaching

Director of Undergraduate Studies Prof. A. MacKinnon Email: [email protected]

Senior Tutor Professor D. Segal Email: [email protected]

Admissions Tutor Dr. R. Forsyth Email: [email protected]

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 13 Undergraduate In October 2013 we welcomed Physics with Theoretical Physics. would like it to be is higher than 250 new students, making the The four-year BSc in Physics and the national average. Many of total number of undergraduates Music Performance, offered our exceptional overseas 844, one of the largest Physics jointly with the Royal College of students are female. departments in the country. This Music, is unique, and attracts was the second cohort in which small numbers of exceptional The basic structure of the degree home students were paying fees candidates. In the summer of programmes is two years of core of £9000 per annum. Students 2014 the second cohort of physics and mathematics, are enrolled onto one of six students graduated on our new followed by one or two years of programmes leading to an MSci BSc in Physics with Science advanced options in selected or BSc degree. Transfers are Education, offered jointly with areas of physics. easy between most of the Canterbury Christ Church programmes in the early years. University, which gives students All students, including those on a Physics degree as well as a theoretical physics degrees, do All three of our MSci degrees are teaching qualification in 3 years. about 6 hours/week of laboratory four-year programmes. The MSci From October 2015 we will also work during the first 2 years. in Physics is by far the most offer a 4 year MSci version of this popular, while Physics with a programme. All programmes include a Year in Europe and Physics with research project. Many students Theoretical Physics supply more Typically 12% of new students find that the project is the most specialist needs. register for BSc degrees and the enjoyable part of their degree as remainder for MSci. Just over they are then able to get to grips We offer three-year BSc 24% of our students are women, with a topic that may be at the programmes in Physics and in which although short of where we frontier of research.

14 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 In the third year students can choose from a wide students see the wider relevance of their studies. range of physics options and can also take a We have exchange agreements with 14 Humanities or Business School course. Students universities in western Europe. In 2013, 24 on the MSci degrees take advanced physics students went abroad for a full year in Europe options in their final year, alongside their major programme and we welcomed 35 visiting students research project. to the department.

Changes to our lecture courses are made regularly Introduced for the first time in 2012, we have to ensure that they remain topical, but from begun to set up an overseas summer research October 2012 we have been rolling out a revised project scheme for under-graduate students in programme. their third year who are on a four year integrated Masters degree. The project is eight weeks in We understand that arriving in a class of 250 length and fully funded through the international students can be daunting and impersonal, so office, the Blackett Laboratory industry club on alongside the lectures we have activities where page 18. students meet in smaller groups and are able to get to know each other better. Each student is a member of a group of about 20, who meet regularly for tutorials as well as laboratory and professional skills sessions. Two members of the academic staff are associated with each group and act as personal tutors, remaining with the group throughout their time at Imperial. On each course in years 1 and 2 students have a tutorial each week in addition to lectures. Tutors encourage discussion about other topics within physics to help www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 15 Undergraduate Teaching Awards The high standard of our lecturing is regularly recognised in the College’s Teaching Awards. Nominations for these awards come from the students themselves. In 2014 ,the Faculty of Natural Sciences Awards for Teaching Excellence were awarded to:

• Prof Steven Cowley • Prof Matthew Foulkes • Dr Subhanjoy Mohanty • Prof Terry Rudolph • Dr Richard Hendricks • Dr Edward Hill Many of our graduates continue or information technology. Since • Dr Alexander Richards their studies within the physics a physics degree develops skills • Dr Francisco Suzuki Vidal area either by direct entry into a such as problem solving and • Miss Giulia Ferlito PhD research programme, or a communication as well as • Mr Peter T Fox specialist MSc degree such as technical skills, our graduates are • Mr Jeremy Turcaud those discussed in the following in heavy demand from a wide • Mr John Wood section. range of employers.

The Department was also Other graduating students use recognised in the Student their physics skills in areas such Union’s “Student Academic as the financial services industry Choice Awards”: Joachim Hamm (Best Supervision), Toby Wiseman(Best teaching for PGs). The department is keen to make sure its students have positive memories of their time at Imperial. It is gratifying, therefore, to see the results from the National Student Survey (NSS) continuing to improve, with notable progress on “overall satisfaction” and on “assessment and feedback”.

The Commemoration Day Reception late in October each year is the setting for our departmental prize giving. In 2014 28 students were awarded prizes.

16 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 UndergraduateDestinations Destination Graduates Entered Employment 54 Further Study 67 Unemployed 9 Time Out / Unavailable for Work 12

Graph 1 – Destinations of 2013 graduates Graph 2 – Comparison with previous year

Graph 3 – Sector of employment entered www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 17 Undergraduate What do Physics Undergraduates do? Examples of employers Examples of Occupations: Examples of courses for Statistics and Machine and occupations for • Actuarial Analyst those Physics graduates Learning Physics graduates who • Actuary who entered further • MSc Environmental entered employment: • Analyst study or training: Technology Examples of Employers: • Analyst - Penetration • ACA • MSc Information Security • AMEC Tester • Astroparticle Physics • MSc Integrative Neuro • Aon • Associate - Accounting Research science • Applied Laser Engineer • Audit Associate • BBSRC Doctoral • MSc Nanotechnology ing Ltd. • Business Consultant Training Program; Year • MSc Philosophy of • BAE Systems Detica • Compliance Officer 1: MRes in Systems and Science • Bank of America Merrill • Consultant/Engineer Synthetic Biology • MSc Physics Lynch • Cyber Security Consultant • Biomedical and Medical • MSc Physics and • BlackRock • Developer Imaging Doctoral Engineering in Medicine • British Army • Development Engineer Training Programme • MSc Physics and • Codis Ltd • Efficiency Consultant • Cancer Research Technology of Nuclear • Deloitte • Engineer • Japanese Language, Reactors • Dollar Finance Group • Event Technician Tokyo School of • MSc Plasma Physics • Dorset Software • Finance Advisory Analyst Japanese Language • MSc Quantum Fields and • EDF • Financial Modelling Analyst • Condensed Matter Fundamental Forces • Encraft • FX Options Trader Physics Research • MSc Space Technology • EY • Geophysicist • DPhil in Atmospheric, and Planetary Exploration • Greenhill & Co • Graduate Engineer Oceanic and Planetary • Optical Projection • Growth Intelligence • Graduate Optical Engineer Physics Tomography Research • Holland Park School • Graduate Safety Case • DPhil in Atomic and • PGCE (Secondary - • Home Office Consultant Laser Physics Physics with Maths) • IBM (GBS) • Graduate Software • DTC in Nanoscience • PhD in Climate Science • Imperial College London Developer • Economics, Finance & • PhD in Condensed • JP Morgan • Investment Banking Management Matter Theory • KPMG Analyst • Elementary Particle • PhD in Controlled • Lockton • IT Consultant Physics Research Quantum Dynamics • MBDA Missile Systems • Officer in the British Army • EngD in Non-destructive • PhD in High Energy • Microsoft • Operations Director Evaluation Physics • MU Innovation Ltd • PA to the CEO • Graduate Diploma in Law • PhD in Low Carbon • Newton Europe • Project Manager/Busi • Masters in Management Technologies • Open GI Ltd ness Analyst Science & Engineering • PhD in Meteorology • Precision Microdrives Ltd. • Royal Naval Officer • MBBS Medicine • PhD in Physics • PwC • Sales Engineer • MPhil in Scientific • PhD in Space Plasmas • Ramboll • Scientific Officer Computing • Quantum Computing • Renishaw plc • Secretary • MPhil/PhD in Telecom Research • Rolls Royce plc • Software Developer munications • Royal Navy • Software Engineer • MRes/PhD in Controlled • Schlumberger • Sub-editor for New Quantum Dynamics • Siemens PLM Software Scientist magazine • MRes Photonics Systems • STFC Innovations Ltd • Tax Associate Development • Teach First • Teacher • MSc Aerospace Dynamics • TradeRisks Ltd • Technology Consulting • MSc Epidemiology • UBS Analyst • MSc Applied Physics • Trainee Building Physics • MSc Astrophysics Consultant • MSc Biotechnology, Bio processing and Business Management • MSc Computational

18 Undergraduate International summer research exchange scheme for undergraduate students Introduced for the first time in 2012, contained making it ideal as a Linux based system and writing up the international summer research summer project. Living on campus code in python. I had never used project exchange scheme for meant that I had a ten minute walk Linux before and only learnt C++ in undergraduate students is designed to work every day and could buy a Uni part of the challenge was to to exchange students with some of coffee on my way in. I worked in a learn the two new languages and our closely linked partner room with other undergraduates and get used to them. The people I universities overseas. The a friend from imperial was a few worked with were very friendly and exchange means that we also host doors away from me making it a helpful making this a very enjoyable students for the summer from MIT very pleasant working environment. and valuable experience. Boston, the University of Vancouver The aim of the project was to After that my job was to write up in British Columbia, and Seoul statistically analyse images from the code that could simulate the sky and National University. In 2014 we also sky and try to determine the underlying then apply a fitting algorithm on it to sent six students to join the KAIST brightness distribution of the resulting see whether it would come up with one month summer workshop blurred image. The project involved the original distribution. Unfortunately I program. The following records accessing a super computer using a didn’t have time to apply my code to some impressions by the students who were sent out in the summer of 2014. More details on the scheme can be found at the following link https://www.imperial.ac.uk/students/ global-opportunities/ug/studentexp/ .

SNU We sent Kofi Mundy-Castle, Tim Harrington, and Andrew Warwick to Seoul National University. Here is a short description from Tim: Spending eight weeks in Seoul National University, South Korea, was a fantastic, once in a lifetime experience. It gave me the opportunity to live in a country surrounded by an interesting culture, working alongside accomplished physicists in an area of research I was interested in. I managed to meet lots of people in order to live like a true Seoulite while also travelling the country and exploring the vibrant, dynamic capital on weekends.

UBC: Thomas Whiting and Leon van Riesen-Haupt travelled to Vancouver. Here is part of Leon’s exchange description: After a nine hour flight and a long taxi ride to the student accommodation I arrived in my room and realised this would be my home for the next eight weeks. My project was in the Astrophysics group and was self-

19 Undergraduate strengthened and refined my experimental data quantitatively too. I was assigned to the optics practical skills in handling technical Aside of the research project to laboratory, where I was given the equipment, which is a fundamental which I dedicated most of my time, I task of investigating the propagation aspect of science that can really enjoyed the summer at MIT. of ultrafast pulses in nonlinear and sometimes be overshadowed by the Together with fellow exchange dispersive optical fibers. The mathematics and the formulae: students we went on several finished product was a program I theory would be pure speculation if sightseeing excursions and I found a wrote in C++, which simulated the there were no experimental devices little bit of time to enjoy Cambridge evolution of an initial pulse according able to test it. I am now very and Boston as well, not to mention to user-defined parameters, competent in using various kinds of the variety of wonderful running corresponding to the properties of data analysis software, also routes alongside Charles river. the fiber. employed in several other fields of Overall I found the summer research Aside from our placements, we science, which I will almost certainly placement at MIT extremely useful partook in numerous excursions and get to use again. The group held and given another chance I would cultural activities, ranging from all two weekly meetings: these trained have applied for it again! terrain vehicle and rafting in Muju, to me in summarising the progress that ceramics painting in Icheon. We also had been made and explaining it to KAIST took trips to Seoul, where we visited an audience unfamiliar with the Malik, Yasmin, Jonas Evaeus, Jan old and new attractions alike, for specifics of my experiment, in order Piech, and Alexander Soloviev all example the Changdeokgung and for others to make suggestions on travelled to KAIST for the summer Gyeongbokgung palace as well as how to tackle any problems. They Here is a short description from the Namsan Tower. We were even also allowed me to reflect upon other Yasmin: treated to a tour of Samsung people’s difficulties, whilst becoming Electronics’ flagship showroom. I acquainted with what everyone was Annyeonghaseyo! This summer I thoroughly enjoyed my time in South working on. At the end of my stay, I was lucky enough to complete a 4 Korea, and I would like to thank the wrote a report detailing the research week research placement, along international offices of both Imperial I carried out and I gave a power with 5 other students from the College and KAIST as they were point presentation summarising the physics department, at the Korea extremely helpful over the course of main results obtained: these Advanced Institute of Science and the trip. I would definitely enhanced my oral and written skills Technology (KAIST). The university recommend doing an international in presenting scientific work to an is situated in Daejeon- the country’s research placement to any students expert audience. fifth largest city, south of the capital that may be considering it for next city Seoul. summer. This is a short description from Cyprian During my placement I joined Prof. Levitov’s group within the depart- ment of Condensed Matter Theory. My research centred on a variety of topics related to graphene. Every problem required different set of methods and techniques to be employed, which although challenging at first, was immensely educational. The main project focused on investigation of properties of a circular p-n junction, which arises due to the interplay of Fabry-Perot resonances and quantum tunnelling into the system from an STM tip. Together with Prof. Levitov we developed a model, which potentially, in addition to providing qualitative Students from Imperial and elsewhere receiving their workshop graduation understanding, will also describe certificates. 20 Undergraduate

Photo of the Imperial College students on an evening out with other students at MIT. Rosanne and Matteo are on the back row and Cyprian is kneeling at the front.

actual data, however, my supervisor border twice; once to go camping in from all over the world who said he was still pleased about my the North Cascade national park represent the very best of their progress and that I should contact with a group of people I had met at countries’ academic excellence. I him if I wanted to apply for a post UBC and once to go to Seattle for a had the privilege of working in an grad at UBC. week end with a group of other international environment, with The exchange was also a wonderful Imperial students. nearly 10 different nationalities in cultural experience. Living in my group alone: discussion about Vancouver for two months meant MIT: everyone’s habits and culture was a that I got a proper experience of the Rosanna Nichols, Cyprian very enriching experience, and one city and not just what a tourist would Lewandowski, and Matteo Sbroscia, which resulted in a friendly rivalry see. UBC itself was on first nation travelled to MIT. Matteo has during the Football World Cup grounds and right next to the Pacific submitted the following description matches that we watched together. spirit forest. It is situated at the end of his visit. Our hall of residence was also rich of a peninsular west of downtown The Massachusetts Institute of in cultural diversity: there were 10 Vancouver meaning that it was Technology has been ranked 1st nationalities within our exchange almost completely surrounded by university in the world this year group, plus American students coast. The ride into the city took less (2014): it has a history of enrolled at MIT with whom we than half an hour with the 24/7 bus accomplishments that has socialised and discussed. service so it was easy to go established its role in the The focus of my studies is mainly sightseeing or just downtown with a advancement of science and it theoretical, as I am pursuing a few friends. All this meant that continues to stand out as one of the degree in Theoretical Physics, during the week there was always a most exciting centres of scientific which is what motivated me to lot to discover after work. I also research in the world. As a undertake a summer internship in rented a car and crossed the US consequence, it attracts scientists experimental physics. It

21 Outreach Interaction with Schools and the General Public

2014 Activities The department has a dedicated Outreach office, managed by a Senior Teaching Fellow, Dr Mark Richards and employing full-time two other members of staff (Hannah Woods replaced part way through by Vinita Hassard and Dr Simon Foster). Funding in support of these activities has been awarded by the Ogden Trust and the RCUK School University Partnership Initiative. Simon Foster trains and supports staff and students to participate in outreach and public engagement, as well as undertaking his own bespoke Outreach activities associated with the three EPSRC funded Centres for Doctoral Training. Engaging Young People recent research, providing an insight During 2014 the department undertook into physics courses, and examples numerous activities such as talks, Insights Work Experience of careers that can result from a workshops, and interactive Programme: physics degree. Throughout the demonstrations with schools, local In 2014, the department ran its year, special emphasis may be societies, teacher groups, and other flagship Insights work experience placed on attracting GCSE students likeminded institutions (such as the scheme for the third year running. (years 10-11), A-Level physics Institute of Physics). We have The scheme is designed for year 12 students (years 12-13), and girls attended HE fairs, science careers students in schools with little or no through the Juno annual Women In events and national science events previous connection to the College, Physics open day. In 2014, we (including the Expo Science Fair, thereby widening access. It offers an welcomed approximately 1500 Cheltenham science festival, Big opportunity for able students who students in the department . Bang fair, Science Uncovered, and attend such schools to obtain a the Royal Society Summer Exhibition). glimpse into research as well as Special Events: experiencing the life of an In 2014 Physics staff members undergraduate. We received nearly Tutored sessions with the Amos presented many outreach and public 800 applications for the 2014 Bursary. Led by Dr Mark Richards, understanding talks. These activities insights scheme, and recruited a A short course was prepared and are listed at cohort of 40 students. delivered (by physics UG students) http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics/a to recipients of the Baroness Amos bout/outreach. Open Days: Bursary – a charity that encourages The Department Open Days state educated British young men of continue to be a great success; African and Caribbean heritage to around 20% of our final student realise their study and career intake attended our open days. ambitions, Primarily intended for They are aimed at showcasing students studying both A-level

22 Outreach mathematics and physics the aim was to show how the two subjects are intertwined whilst also preparing them for some of the more challenging aspects on the syllabus. This event was run twice in 2014.

Teachers

Communicating Physics: Undergraduate students can nominate Communicating Physics, as one of their accredited option courses in either their second or third year. Students are placed in a London school for ½ day per week over a period of 10 weeks. The course is expanding year-on-year, accredited by the Institute of Physics (http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/inspire) and the number of participating and with Qualified Teacher Status. giving hands on practical advice on schools has reached 20 (in how to teach the various modules of 2013/2014). Teachers Workshops: In 2011 a the physics syllabus/curriculum. fully funded Teachers’ Workshop BSc Physics with Science was set-up aimed at helping non- Public Debates and Lectures 2014 With the aim of helping Education: specialist science teachers, required to provide quality, specialist physics to teach physics but who may not Fringe/Festival Festive Fringe. teachers who can inspire the next have a physics degree. The event is 11 Dec 201416:00 - 20:00 generation, in 2012 the department designed to help improve a teachers’ Shedding new light on Schrödinger's launched the three year BSc Physics understanding of the subject, boosts cat (live streamed lecture) Physics with Science Education degree, the their confidence and provide them Nobel Laureate Professor Serge first of its kind in England and with resources to take back into the Haroche delivers the annual Wales. Students must have classroom, including motivational Schrödinger Lecture. 12 Nov 2014 completed Communicating Physics material on current physics research. Roberto Trotta – Book Launch in their second year, and then spend All this is aimed at making physics a their third year carrying out a mixture more engaging subject for teacher Science Museum Lates of teaching practices and core and student alike. Over 50 (mainly Lecture-STEM in the Community (at physics. Students graduate with a state school) teachers attended home and abroad): The Physics physics degree that is fully 2014, potentially impacting on Outreach team at Imperial College thousands of London hosted an event together schoolchildren. with CADSTI and BFUWI. 08 Nov 2014. INSPIRE: Simon Foster is the physics tutor for Event for schools 'The Universe' A the College’s teacher talk about The Universe given to training programme Primary School pupils by Arttu called INSPIRE. This is Rajantie, Professor of Theoretical a scheme run in Physics. 21 Oct 2014. conjunction with Canterbury Christy General Book Launch - 'The Edge of church The Sky' by Dr Roberto Trotta: general public and 'children of all ages' 16 Oct 2014.

23 Outreach

Talk at NBC studios: Professor Rajantie presents a Particle Physics studying Physics beyond year 11. 19 Jerome Gauntlett on “A Brief History and Cosmology Stand at a Science Jun 2014. of the Science of Stephen Hawking”, Fair. 21 Jul 2014. preceding screening for the film Lecture Firewalls around black “The Theory of Everything” 2014. Event for schoolsTalk- 'What does holes: What would you experience if It was a ‘How to academy’ event. the Higgs Say?' Talk for GCSE and you jumped into a black hole? Public A-Level students by Arttu Rajantie, talk by Caltech physicist Sean School talk by Professor Jerome Professor of Theoretical Physics at Carroll and science writer Jennifer Gauntlett : Kings College School, Imperial College London. 09 Jul 2014. Ouellette. 05 Jun 2014. Wimbledon, Mar 2014 The Higgs Event for schools Insights Work boson: what is it and why it Experience 2014: 40 Year 12 Event for schools Women in matters? students attended the Insights work Physics This exciting event was experience placement in the Physics aimed at Years 10, 11 and 12, Lecture The many facets of time: An Department at Imperial College students who were already studying evening exploring time as perceived London. 30 Jun-11 Jul 2014. or were considering studying A level through music, dance, psychology, physics. 04 Jun 2014 10:30 - 16:00. and a talk by Nobel Prize winning Open days Physics Project Open physicist, Professor Brian Day for A Level Students: The General Imperial Festival 2014: Josephson: 01 Oct 2014. Project Open Day is a great With demonstrations, talks, music, opportunity for current A-level dance and more, Imperial's ground Open days Undergraduate Open students to gain a first-hand insight breaking research at the third Day 20 Sep 2014. into studying physics at Imperial Imperial Festival 09-10 May 2014 College London 20 Jun 2014. Event for schools High Energy Event for schools Year 11 Project Physics Masterclass: A particle STEM Summer School 21-25 Jul 2014. Open days Physics Open Day for physics masterclass for sixth form GCSE Students: The GCSE Open students and teachers: 02 Apr 2014 Event for schools Stand at a Day is a great opportunity for 11:00 - 17:00. Science Fair: Professor Arttu students who might be considering 24 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Outreach Event for schools Beetles, Black Training Course Dr Vijay Tymms College of Science Union’s Science Holes and Editing History On from the Physics Department at Challenge. March 24th 2014, Professor McCall Imperial College presented to from the Physics Department at students from The Royal Central External Uncovering the Dark Side Imperial College presented to School of Speech and Drama. 12 of the Universe On Tuesday 3rd students at The Judd School. Jan 2014. December, Dr Roberto Trotta from Event for schools The Solar System Imperial College London. with Fruit and Veg Dr Roberto Trotta Event for schools “What Does the from the Physics Department at Higgs Say?" On 12th December ASTR has an established popular Imperial College London presented 2013, Professor Arttu Rajantie from series of public debates, the first to students from Norland Place School. the Physics Department at Imperial series in 2012 entitled “The Big 05 Feb 2014. College London presented to Questions” followed by “The Sensual students from Highdown School. 12 Universe” in 2013. Event for schools Physics at Dec 2013 Imperial: On January 28th, school ASTR has run small sci-fi workshops students visited the Physics Event for schools Space Weather for writers yearly since 2010 – Department at Imperial College and Solar Storms: On Friday 6th Science for Fiction. Approximately London to hear Dr Daniel Mortlock December 2013, Professor Schwartz 30 people have attended each year. and Dr Robert Forsyth present. 28 from the Physics Department at HEPP participates in the annual Jan 2014. Imperial College London presented National Particle Physics Master to students from The Elmgreen Class. Event for schools Schools Science School. 06 Dec 2013. QOLS PG students present an Partnership Launch Event:, staff annual Quantum Show (running from the Physics Department at Lecture RCSU Science Challenge since 2009) with talks and Imperial College London presented Launch On 3rd December 2013, Dr demonstrations on recent to students from three south London Simon Foster from Imperial College developments in quantum physics schools. 22 Jan 201415:45 - 17:15. London took part in the Royal for a diverse public audience numbering around 350. Based on the success of the shows the students have produced a series of workshops for teachers and have repeated the show at a variety of schools within the London area, along with a number of music festivals. The students have also undertaken a women in science lecture series at four or five London schools in the 2012-13 period. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 25 Postgraduate

Rebecca Lane

26 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Postgraduate Postgraduate Studies

Director of Postgraduate Studies Prof. S. Maier Email: [email protected]

The Department of Physics at Imperial College is one of areas where there are close collaborations with industry, the largest Physics departments in the UK. The as well as providing opportunities to study fundamental Department’s research covers a comprehensive range underlying principles. The Department has had a of topics in theoretical and experimental fields and has a successful year in attracting the best students flourishing postgraduate research and taught MSc worldwide via the Imperial College PhD Scholarship community. We offer seven Master’s level taught scheme (six students funded) and the joint Imperial / postgraduate courses, as well as the extended Masters National University of Singapore (NUS) PhD in Physics as a two year full time course. Our first programme, where two students have joint. students in this extended Masters graduated recently. A new element in our one year MSc in Physics are two There are many examples of international and industrial streams dedicated to Shock Physics, and to collaboration involving our research groups and we are Nanophotonics. also very strongly involved in interdisciplinary research centres around the College. We are directly linked to the Three of our masters courses are associated with Thomas Young Centre (TYC), the Shock Institute, the EPSRC Centres for Doctoral Training (CDTs), the areas Centre for Plastic Electronics (CPE), the Institute of of which are Controlled Quantum Dynamics, Plastic Chemical Biology, the Centre for Plasmonics and Electronics and Theory and Simulation of Materials. The Metamaterials and the Grantham Institute for Climate CDT courses can lead directly to PhD studies and were change – all of which are centres of interdisciplinary successfully renewed this year. research within the Imperial College campus. Many groups are involved in research using large scale PhD research fields extend from astronomy, space and facilities. The Department has extensive internal plasma physics to high energy, theoretical and atomic facilities and a tremendous range of research topics physics, and condensed matter theory. Solid state available to postgraduate research students. physics, plastic electronics, laser physics, applied optics and photonics, nanophotonics/plasmonics and metamaterials as well as quantum information are all

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 27 Postgraduate Highlighted Postgraduate Case Studies Rebecca Lane gave a talk at the internationally Group: HEPP renowned Moriond QCD and High Supervisor: Dr D Colling Energy Interactions conference in La Thuile, Italy, summarising the latest Rebecca’s Ph.D research focussed results in Higgs decays in all on analysing proton-proton collision fermionic final states. data from the world’s largest particle accelerator: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The data was taken by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector throughout the years Oliver Pike of 2011 and 2012 and analysed in Supervisor: Prof Steven Rose different ways to probe the Group: Plasma properties of the Higgs boson discovered at the LHC. The Higgs Oliver Pike has been a PhD student boson is observed via the final in the Plasma Physics Group at states it decays into, and Rebecca’s Imperial College for the last three work was to study the final state of Ben Dive years, funded by an EPSRC two tau leptons. Only by observing Supervisors: studentship with a CASE top-up the Higgs boson in all of its predicted Daniel Burgarth, Florian Mintert award from AWE Aldermaston. His decays and making precision Group: CQD CDT work focuses on theoretical aspects measurements of their relative of high energy density plasma decay rates can we ensure that this Ben Dive's project looked at the physics and he has published discovered particle is the Higgs ability to manipulate quantum several first author papers in the boson predicted by the Standard systems in the presence of a noisy area of relativistic effects in Model of Particle Physics. environment. He specifically looked plasmas. One of his most notable in ways in which the dynamics of a pieces of work explained how it may During Rebecca’s Ph.D, she spent qubit and its environment can be now be possible to use ultra-high- two years based at CERN near replicated by one which is well power lasers to study fundamental Geneva. She worked as part of a controlled and isolated from its quantum physics in the laboratory. group of researchers from many environment. He showed that in Oliver was the lead author on a institutes across the world to develop some cases the addition of classical recent Nature Photonics paper that an analysis to study the Higgs in the probability was sufficient to do this, showed theoretically how the elusive final state of two taus in the context and presented a poster on this at the Breit-Wheeler two-photon pair- of the Standard Model, while also QUICC summer school in Exeter. In production process could be studied developing interpretations of the addition, he came up with a way to in the laboratory, some 80 years data in other possible new-physics solve the problem in a general case after it was first proposed. models. She participated in two using only a small ancilla space and This process is the "simplest" method papers incorporating the data taken well behaved Hamiltonians. The by which light can be transformed during run 1 of the LHC - one of project was done jointly with into matter, but has proven which documents the first evidence Aberystwyth University, so he had remarkably difficult to demonstrate of the Higgs in the final state of the the pleasant experience of spending experimentally due to the very two taus with consistency with the half of summer working by the sea in extreme conditions required. The Standard Model, and the other Wales. His current PhD is expanding paper received an astonishing which interprets the data in the upon the work he did over summer, amount of publicity in the scientific context of the Minimally and he is preparing some of the and popular press. Oliver has since Supersymmetric Standard Model - a results for publication. been working closely with AWE on popular beyond the Standard Model practical designs for an experiment theory which is a subset of that can be undertaken on their Supersymmetry and has not so far large ORION laser facility, hopefully been discovered. Recently Rebecca in 2015.

28 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Postgraduate Highlighted Postgraduate Case Studies He has recently been awarded an EPSRC Doctoral Prize Fellowship and is currently a research associate in the Quantum Optics and Laser Science group at Imperial College."

Joe Goodwin Mitesh Patel Supervisors: Prof Danny Segal and Supervisors: Dr D Balint (Mech Prof Richard Thompson Eng), Dr MR Wenman (Materials) & – Controlled Quantum Dynamics CDT Prof A Sutton Group: TSM CDT Joe's research has centred on the Michel Buck development of experimental techniques Supervisor: Prof F Dowker Nuclear power is a reliable and clean for the cooling and manipulation of Group: THEO source of energy that offers low CO2 calcium ions in a Penning ion trap. In emissions. As the industry progresses, particular, he provided the first Michel Buck's thesis was in the area of it is crucial that nuclear reactor demonstration of resolved-sideband the causal set approach to quantum technology continues to become laser cooling in a Penning trap, gravity. The focus was investigating safer. During the MSc I modelled a allowing the ions to be cooled to their a privileged state, the Sorkin- diffusion mechanism that is responsible motional quantum ground state. This Johnston (SJ) state, for scalar for the embrittlement of nuclear fuel important result opens the door to a quantum field theory derived from cladding. This involved the classical wide range of new techniques that the causal structure of spacetime. field theory of the interaction between have previously been limited to radio- In a causal diamond in 2 dimensional the diffusing species and continuum frequency ion traps. Coupled with the flat space, he found that for the fracture using Green tensors and intrinsically low heating rate of the massless scalar field the SJ state singular integral equations. In my Penning trap this will provide an approximates the state between two current PhD research, I am using environment of unparalleled isolation in perfect mirrors positioned at the conformal mapping to describe the which to study a range of sensitive spacelike corners of the diamond. In concentration profiles ahead of elliptical phenomena in quantum thermo- deSitter spacetime, which is of great voids in the component. This work dynamics and quantum information. interest to cosmologists both because builds on another PhD project in which of inflation and the acceleration of many-body quantum mechanical Joe has also conducted theoretical the expansion of the universe today, simulations were used to identify the research into novel schemes for the SJ state depends on the role of the diffusing species within the generating many-qubit entanglement spacetime dimension, mass of the cladding material. I work at the boundary in ion Coulomb crystal lattices. Of field, and on the choice of subregion, between condensed matter physics special interest is the application to differring in many cases from the and engineering, interfacing theoretical small error-correctable quantum usual Bunch-Davies vacuum. This and computational methods; I am memories in a Penning trap, where may have implications for early supervised by Daniel Balint (Mechanics symmetries of the crystal can be universe cosmology, indicating a of Materials, Mechanical Engineering), exploited to greatly reduce the physical role for certain deSitter Mark Wenman (Centre for Nuclear complexity of the protocols necessary invariant “alpha” states. Engineering) and Adrian Sutton to produce the entangled state. Michel published 4 papers before (Condensed Matter Theory, Physics). graduating and in November 2014 We are applying fundamental physics The results of his work have been he took up a postdoctoral research to a problem of major industrial published in two papers in leading position in the Department of importance and we work in close international journals, with a further Physics at Northeastern University, collaboration with Rolls-Royce. two papers currently in peer review. Boston MA, USA. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 29 Postgraduate Highlighted Postgraduate Case Studies

the slope efficiency, the output power, and the output wavelength under various temperatures. Experimental results revealed that, in contrary to most other lasers, Alexandrite laser can have an enhanced performance at temperatures higher than the room temperature, which can be explained by the vibronic nature of its laser crystal. The results also provided some preliminary data on the Nipol Chaemjumrus Wenjun Guo optimal operating temperatures for Nipol Chaemjumrus came to the Wenjun Guo obtained a BSc in different laser operation modes, MSc in Quantum Fields and Optical Science and Technology contributing to the development of a Fundamental Forces from Thailand from Sun Yat-sen University, China, diode- pumped Alexandrite laser on a prestigious Queen Sirikit before starting his postgraduate system with a higher wall-plug Scholarship. study in MSc in Optics and efficiency that is especially suitable He did exceptionally well, coming Photonics at Imperial. His MSc for the space-borne lidar first in the QFFF examinations and project was on characterising the applications. Currently, Wenjun is a in consequence was awarded the temperature-dependent performance PhD candidate in the Francis Crick Salam prize for this accomplishment, of diode-pumped Alexandrite laser Institute and the Photonics Group of shared with the student who came under the supervision of Prof. Mike Imperial College London, working second. His MSc Dissertation was Damzen. During the project, he first with Dr. Peter Thorpe, Prof. Paul entitled “Non-Geometric Flux and designed a temperature-controlling French, and Dr. Chris Dunsby, on Double Field Theory”, supervised by laser crystal holder, which had a investigating the role of the protein Professor Chris Hull. He is now temperature-tuning range from 20°C Rdh54 in the mitotic checkpoint working on his PhD at Imperial, to 150°CWenjun with an Guo active cooling using the optical technique FLIM supervised by Professor Chris Hull capability, and was then utilised to FRET. and building on the work he did in characterise the performance of his MSc project. diode-pumped Alexandrite laser in terms of the threshold pump power,

30 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 PostgraduatePhD Thesis Awarded

PhD Degrees awarded in Supervisor: Prof P Haynes R. Ward (M) “Modelling of Supervisor: Dr J Pozimski the Department in 2012 Silicon-Germanium Alloy P. Expert (M) “An Odyssey Heterostructures using A.E. Guneratne Bryer (M) “A with complexity and network Double Group Formulation of Search for Supersymmetry Group (M) (F) science: From the brain to k.p Theory” with Same-Sign Tau and Astrophysics 21 social systems” Supervisors: Dr P Stavrinou & Lepton Final States at the Condensed Supervisors: Prof K Prof J Zhang CMS Experiment” Matter Theory 6 Christensen & Prof H Jensen Supervisor: Prof O H. Yoon (M) “Highly localised Buchmueller Experimental Solid J. S. Gill (M) “Morphology surface plasmon polaritons in State 51 and vascular transport in the active metallo-organic Z. P. Hatherell (F) “Searching High Energy human placenta” multilayer structures” for SUSY in events with Jets Physics 12 2 Supervisor: Prof D Vvedensky Supervisors: Dr P Stavrinou & and Missing Transverse Prof S Maier & Prof DDC Energy using \alpha_{T} with Photonics 31 Y. Luo (M) “Transformation Bradley the CMS Detector at the LHC” Quantum Optics optics applied to plasmonics” Supervisor: Prof J Nash & Laser Science 5 Supervisor: Prof Sir J Pendry High Energy Physics P. Masliah (M) “Study of Quantum Optics A. Pusch (M) “Self-induced A. Alekou (F) “Ionisation muon neutrino disappearance & Laser Science transparency solitons in Cooling Lattices for the in the T2K experiment” - MPHIL only 1 nanophotonic waveguides” Neutrino Factory” Supervisor: Dr M Wascko Plasma Physics 61 Supervisor: Prof O Hess Supervisor: Dr J Pasternak R.J. Nandi (M) “A Search for Space & S. Wuestner (M) “Gain and G. Ball (M) “Cross section Supersymmetry in Events Atmospheric Plasmon Dynamics in Active studies of the Z and neutral with Photons and Jets from Physics 43 Nanoplasmonic supersymmetric Higgs Proton-Proton Collisions at Theoretical Metamaterials” bosons decaying to tau \sqrt{s} = 7 TeV with the CMS Physics 8 Supervisor: Prof O Hess leptons at CMS” Detector” Experimental Solid State Supervisor: Dr DJ Colling Supervisors: Dr J Hays & Dr Totals 52 9 Physics C Seez C. Blanks (M) “V production W. Elder (M) “Semi-empirical ratios at LHCb and the P.N. Schaack (M) Astrophysics modelling of SiGe hetero- alignment of its RICH “Measurement of the decay structures” detectors” BS¿¿¿¿ at LHCb” W. Ball (M) “Observations Supervisor: Prof J Zhang Supervisor: Prof U Egede Supervisor: Prof A Golutvin and Modelling of Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance” M. Faist (M) “Spectroscopy of A. Currie (M) “Direct A.G. Sparrow (M) Supervisor: Dr Y Unruh the charge transfer state and searches for WIMP dark “Measurement of the device studies of matter with ZEPLIN-III” Polarisation of the W Boson M. March (F) “Advanced polymer:fullerene photovoltaic Supervisor: Dr HdOP Araujo and Application to Statistical Methods for blends” Supersymmetry Searches at Astrophysical Probes of Supervisors: Prof J Nelson & M. Cutajar (M) “Search for the Large Hadron Collider” Cosmology” Prof J De Mello supersymmetric neutral Higgs Supervisors: Dr A Tapper & Supervisors: Prof A Jaffe & Dr bosons decaying to ¿ pairs in Prof T Virdee R Trotta J. Frost (M)“Computational the e+¿-jet final state with Modelling and Design of calibration using Z¿¿¿ events T. Whyntie (M) “Constraining H. Patel (M) “The Nature and Conjugated Molecular at CMS” the supersymmetric Evolution of Far-IR Luminous Electronic Materials” Supervisor: Dr DJ Colling parameter space with early Galaxies” Supervisor: Prof J Nelson data from the Compact Muon Supervisor: Dr D Clements J.E. Dobson (M) “Neutrino Solenoid experiment” L. Hirst (F) “A spectroscopic Induced Charged Current ¿+ Supervisor: Prof G Hall Condensed Matter study of strain-balanced Production at the T2K Near Theory InGaAs/GaAsP quantum well Detector” Optics - Photonics structures as absorber Supervisors: Dr Y Uchida & P.W. Avraam (M) “Linear- materials for hot carrier solar Dr C Andreopoulos A. Favaro (M) “Recent Scaling First-Principles cells” Advances in Classical Calculations of Entire Supervisor: Dr N Ekins-Daukes M.J. Easton (M) “RFQ Electromagnetic Theory” Semiconductor Nanorods” Design for Pamela Injector” Supervisors: Prof M McCall www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 31 PostgraduatePhD Thesis Awarded

E. Kelleher (M) Plasma Physics C. Dancel (M) “An analysis of D.B. Thomas (M) “A Change “Advancements in mode- the hydrological cycle and is as Good as a Test: locked fibre lasers and fibre J. Bissell (M) “Magnetised poleward heat transports Observational Tests of supercontinua” Transport and Instability in simulated by two climate Extensions to the Concordance Supervisor: Prof JR Taylor Laser Produced Plasmas” models” Cosmological Model” Supervisor: Dr RJ Kingham Supervisor: Dr AC Czaja Supervisor: Dr C Contaldi P. Ramirez Hernandez (M) “Extended Depth of Field” D. J. Moulton (M) “Numerical A. Flint (F) “Model G. Torri (M) “Counting gauge Supervisor: Prof P Török Modelling of H-mode Plasmas Sensitivities and Stratosphere invariant operators in on JET” - Troposphere Interactions” supersymmetric theories G. Thomas (F) “High power Supervisors: Prof W Supervisor: Prof JD Haigh using Hilbert series” modelocking using a Fundamenski & Prof S Rose Supervisor: Prof A Hanany nonlinear mirror” E-M. Giannakopoulou (F) Supervisor: Prof M Damzen N-P. Niasse (M) “Land - Boundary Layer - Sea “Development of a Pseudo Interactions in the Middle East” Optics - Quantum Optics Non-LTE model for Z-pinch Supervisor: Prof R Toumi and Laser Science - simulations” PhD Degrees awarded in Supervisor: Prof JP Chittenden N. Sparks (M) “Measurement the Department in 2013 MPHIL and analysis of local urban C. Palmer (M) “Approaching CO2 emissions” S. Begley (M) “Toward the radiation pressure regime Supervisor: Prof R Toumi Group (M) (F) implementing conditional of proton acceleration with Condensed quantum logic on-chip using high intensity lasers” R.H. White (F) “New Bias Matter Theory 1 the Kerr nonlinearity” Supervisors: Prof R Evans & Correction Methods for Supervisor: Prof E Hinds Prof Z Najmudin Simulating Precipitation and Controlled Runoff in the Weather Quantum Optics - Quantum Optics A. Rehman (F) “Optical Research and Forecasting Dynamics 21 and Laser Science Probing of high-intensity laser Model” propagation through plasmas” Supervisor: Prof R Toumi Experimental S. Donnellan (M) “Towards Supervisors: Dr B Dangor & Solid State 9 Sideband Cooling of a Single Prof Z Najmudin Theoretical Physics 40Ca+ Ion in a Penning Trap” Grantham B. Hoare (M) “The S-matrix of Supervisors: Prof RC G. Swadling (M) “An Institute 1 Thompson & Prof D Segal experimental investigation of the Pohlmeyer-reduced AdS5 the azimuthal structures x S5 superstring” High Energy Supervisor: Prof A TSeytlin H. W. Doyle (M) “Creating formed during the ablation Physics 9 2 and Probing Warm Dense phase of wire array z-pinches” Y. Iwashita (M) “Quantum Matter and High Energy Supervisors: Prof SV Lebedev Photonics 1 1 Density Blast Waves” aspects of Pohlmeyer- reduced AdS5xS5 Supervisor: Prof R Smith C. Willis (M) “Dust in Quantum Optics Stationary and Flowing superstring” & Laser Science 12 D. Herrera-Marti (M) Plasmas” Supervisor: Prof A TSeytlin “Implementation of Fault- Supervisor: Dr M Coppins Plasma Physics 10 1 Tolerant Quantum Devices” J.J. Noller (M) “Disformal Gravity” Plasma Institute Supervisors: Dr S Barrett & Space & Atmospheric Prof T Rudolph Supervisor: Prof J Magueijo of Shock Physics 1 Physics (M) “Chiral I. R. Hill (M) “Development of R. Beeby (M) “Validation of T. Pugh Space & an Apparatus for a Strontium the far-infrared foreign- Supergravities” Atmospheric Supervisor: Prof K Stelle Optical Lattice Frequency broadened water vapour Physics 2 2 Standard” continuum from airborne field W. Rubens (M) “On The Theoretical Supervisors: Dr E Curtis & Dr campaign measurements” Black Hole / Qubit Physics 4 1 BE Sauer Supervisor: Dr J Pickering Correspondence” Supervisor: Prof MJ Duff Theoretical M Kohnen (M) “Detecting C.H.J. Cheung (M) “A Study Physics Atoms with Integrated Optics of Stratosphere-Troposphere C. Strickland-Constable (M) and Frequency-Synthesised Coupling with an Aquaplanet “Generalised Geometry of – MPHIL only 1 Light” Model” Supergravity” Totals 52 9 Supervisor: Prof EA Hinds Supervisors: Dr A Czaja & Supervisor: Prof DJ Waldram Prof JD Haigh

32 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 PostgraduatePhD Thesis Awarded

Condensed Matter organic semiconducting interactions in the Near Particle Physics Detectors” Theory materials and devices” Detector” Supervisor: Prof G Hall Supervisor: Prof J Nelson Supervisor: Dr Y Uchida E. Barkhudarov (M) N. Wardle (M) “Observation “Renormalization Group D. James (M) “Developing M. Jarvis (M) “Measurement of a new particle in the search Analysis of Equilibrium and Structural Probes for of the electron charge for the Standard Model Higgs Non-Equilibrium Charged Designed Molecular asymmetry in inclusive W boson at the CMS detector” Systems” Architectures” production in pp collisions at Supervisors: Prof G Davies & Supervisor: Prof D Vvdensky Supervisor: Dr J-S Kim ¿s = 7 TeV in the CMS Dr J Hays experiment” (M) “Analysing Supervisor: Prof T Virdee Controlled Quantum J. McGurk Optics - Photonics Gain for Organic Laser Dynamics CDT Applications” E. Mitchell (M) “Development I. E. Kepiro (F) “High- Supervisors: Dr P Stavrinou & of a miniaturised particle resolution retinal imaging with S Jevtic (F) “Large Prof DDC Bradley radiation monitor for Earth a compact adaptive optics Consequences of Quantum orbit” ophthalmoscope” Coherence in small systems” (M) “A structural Supervisor: Dr HdOP Araujo R. Stanley Supervisor: Dr C Paterson Supervisor: Prof T Rudolph and spectroscopic investigation of polyfluorene C. Parkinson (M) “The A. Thompson (M) M. Pusey (M) “Is quantum copolymers in solution and angular analysis of the B0 to “Developing endoscopic steering spooky?” the solid-state” K*0¿+¿- decay at LHCb” instrumentation and techniques Supervisor: Prof T Rudolph Supervisor: Dr A Campbell Supervisors: Dr U Egede & Dr for in vivo fluorescence M Patel lifetime imaging and M.P. Woods (M) “Orthogonal (M) “Resolving spin M. Taylor spectroscopy” Polynomials and Open physics in self-assembled (M) “A search S Rogerson Supervisors: Prof M Neil & Dr Quantum Systems” InAs/GaAs quantum dots” for supersymmetry using the C Dunsby & Prof PW French Supervisors: Prof M Plenio & Supervisor: Prof R Murray ¿T variable with the CMS & Dr D Elson Prof M Kim detector and the impact of I. Usman (M) “Investigating experimental searches for Experimental Solid State Inhomogeneous FM at supersymmetry on Optics - Quantum Optics Physics SC/FM Interfaces Using supersymmetric parameter and Laser Science Point-Contact Andreev space” N. Chan (M) “Solar electricity Spectroscopy” Supervisors: Dr D Collin & M. Ahmadi (M) “Resource from concentrator Supervisor: Prof L Cohen Prof O Buchmueller theory of asymmetry and photovoltaic systems” some of its applications” Supervisors: Dr N Ekins- Supervisor: Prof T Rudolph Grantham Institute M. Scott (M) “Measuring Daukes & Dr H Brindley & Dr Charged Current Neutrino B Chaudhuri Interactions in the N. Bulleid (M) “Slow, cold E.L. Thompson (F) Electromagnetic Calorimeters beams of polar molecules for “Modelling North Atlantic F. Colleaux (M) “Novel of the ND280 Detector” precision measurements” Storms in a Changing Solution-Processable Supervisor: Dr Y Uchida Supervisors: Dr MR Tarbutt & Climate” Dielectrics for Organic and Prof B Sauer Supervisors: Prof W Distaso Graphene Transistors” A. Shires (M) “Exploring b to & Prof B Hoskins Supervisors: Prof DDC s electroweak penguin J. Cerrillo Moreno (M) Bradley & Prof T Anthopoulos decays at LHCb” “Laser Cooling of Quantum High Energy Physics Supervisor: Prof U Egede Systems” R. Fernandez Garcia (M) Supervisor: Prof M Plenio “Simulation and P. Guzowski (M) S. Short (F) “Study of characterization of optical “Reconstruction of neutrino neutrino-induced neutral C. Hutchison (M) “High-order nanoantennas for field induced neutral current current neutral pion harmonic generation in laser enhancement and waveguide neutral pion events with the production in the T2K near ablation plumes” coupling” T2K ND280 Tracker and detector” Supervisors: Prof L Frazinski Supervisor: Prof S Maier ECAL” Supervisors: Dr M Wascko & & Prof J Marangos Supervisor: Dr M Wascko Prof J Nash S. Foster (M) “On the G. Lepert (M) “Integrated influence of physical and S. Ives (F) “Study of the kaon P. Stejskal (M) “Radiation optics for coupled-cavity chemical structure on charge contribution to the T2K Effects in Optical Link quantum electrodynamics” transport in disordered neutrino beam using neutrino Components for Future Supervisor: Prof EA Hinds www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 33 Postgraduate PhDs Awarded S. Mavadia (M) “Motional N. Dover (M) “Exploring novel transport in laser-plasma Type II and M Theory” Sideband Spectra and regimes for ion acceleration interactions” Supervisor: Prof D Waldram Coulomb Crystals in a driven by intense laser Supervisor: Dr R Kingham Penning Trap” radiation” S. Orani (M) “Cosmological Supervisors: Prof RC Supervisors: Dr S Mangles & Plasma Institute of Shock Perturbations from Hilltop Thompson & Prof D Segal Prof Z Najmudin Physics Potentials” Supervisor: Dr A Rajantie S.I. Olsson Robbie (M) “High E. Khoory (M) “Experimental W. Neal (M) “The Role of Energy Density Physics In Study of Plasma Implosion Particle Size in the Shock R-K Seong (M) “Brane Tilings Cluster Media” Dynamics in a Two-Stage Wire Compaction of Brittle and Quiver Gauge Theories” Supervisor: Prof R Smith Array Z-Pinch Configuration” Granular Materials” Supervisor: Prof A Hanany Supervisor: Prof S Lebedev Supervisor: Dr B Proud M. Oppermann (M) Theoretical Physics - MPHil “Resolving Strong Field H.T. Kim (M) “Physics and Space & Atmospheric Dynamics in Cation States of Computational Simulations of (M) “Massless Physics M Szmigiel CO2 via Optimised Molecular Plasma Burn-through for preheating with full Einstein Alignment” Tokamak Start-up” gravity” C. Ansell (F) “Evaluating Supervisor: Prof J Marangos Supervisors: Prof W mineral dust aerosol retrieval Supervisor: Dr A Rajantie (M) “Measuring Fundamensky & Prof S Rose M. Siano and its direct radiative effect Ultrafast Chemical Dynamics with a view towards improving with New Light Sources” (M) “Collisional R.D. Lloyd forecasts in the UK Met Office Supervisors: Prof J Tisch & Particle In Cell Modelling Of NWP model” Prof J Marangos The Propagation Of Fast Supervisors: Prof R Toumi & Electrons In Solid Density Dr H Brindley I. Smallman (M) “A New Plasma” Measurement of the Electron Supervisors: Prof R Evans & K.P. Chan (M) “Analysis of Electric Dipole Moment Using Dr R Kingham Outgoing Longwave Ytterbium Fluoride” Radiation (OLR) in different Supervisors: Prof B Sauer & (F) L. Pickworth timescales over Africa and Dr J Hudson “Experimental investigation of Atlantic Ocean” supersonic plasma jets colliding Supervisor: Prof J Harries R.J. Squibb (M) “Probing with thin metallic foils” molecular structure and Supervisors: Dr S Bland & J. Farley Nicholls (M) dynamics with coherent extreme Prof S Lebedev “Modelling of the Caspian ultraviolet and X-ray pulses” Sea” Supervisor: Prof L Frasinski (M) J.W. Skidmore Supervisor: Prof R Toumi “Experimental study of pulsed S. Truppe (M) “New physics power driven radiative U. Hausmann (F) “The with cold molecules: precise shockwaves in noble gases” signature of mesoscale microwave spectroscopy of Supervisors: & Prof S eddies on sea surface CH and the development of a Lebedev & Dr S Bland temperature and its microwave trap” associated heat transport” Supervisor: Dr MR Tarbutt A. E. Turrell (M) “Processes Supervisor: Dr A Czaja driving non-Maxwellian Plasma Physics distributions in high energy density plasmas” Theoretical Physics Supervisors: Dr M Sherlock & C. R. D Brown (M) Prof S Rose D. Benincasa (M) “The “Spectroscopic Studies on Action of a Causal Set” Warm and Hot Dense Matter” (M) “Particle in Supervisor: Prof F Dowker Supervisor: Prof S Rose S.W. Vickers Cell and Hybrid Simulations of the Z Double-Post-Hole C.N. Clark (F) “Data Analysis G.C. Burdiak (M) “An Convolute Cathode Plasma And Modelling For investigation of cylindrical Evolution and Dynamics” Observations Of Polarisation liner z-pinches as drivers for Supervisors: Prof J Chittenden Of The Microwave Sky” converging strong shock Supervisor: Dr C Contaldi experiments” (M) “Theory Supervisor: Prof S Lebedev B.E.R. Williams and modelling of fast electron A.J. Coimbra (M) “Generalised Geometries for

34 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 PostgraduatePGT Research Projects MSc in Physics Junos Lukan Kevin van der Meij Chenhao Cui Simulating x-ray generation in The solar wind at 0.3 AU - Automated chemical classifi- Achilleas Athanasiou laser wakefield accelerators new observations from the cation of single cereal grains Fragkoulis Analyses of CMS Supervisor: Stuart Mangles NASA Messenger spacecraft using NIR spectroscopy data for the H→invisible group. Supervisor: Robert Forsyth Supervisor: Kenny Weir Supervisor: David Colling Jarand Narbuvold Theory and simulation of Samual White Maxime Dubois Franziska Beck electron transmission Using symbolic regression to Fluorescence super resolu- Theory and simulation of Supervisor: Arash Mostofi data mine the laws of physics tion microscopy and conical sideband cooling of ions in a Supervisor: Jony Hudson diffraction Penning trap Matthew Parker Supervisor: Martin McCall Supervisor: Richard Thompson Comparing methods of fabri- Renjie Yun cating bowtie-nanoantennas Many-body Green's function Biniyam Erkihun Kieran Brophy to change the optical proper- theory of Penning ionisation Characterisation of the elec- Atmospheric signals of ties of molecules widths for sub-Kelvin atom- tromagnetic field In nanos- carbon release from thawing Supervisor: Stefan Maier molecule collisions tructures permafrost Supervisor: Vitali Averbukh Supervisor: Stefan Maier Supervisor: Heather Graven Jens Petersen Path length distribution in MSc in Physics with Gabriel Geraci Christian Fuchs random directed acyclic Shock Physics Simulations of Young’s inter- Low-dimensional transport graphs ference in plasmonic struc- phenomena in solution Supervisor: Tim Evans Stefan Heufelder tures processed metal oxide het- Optimisation of the optical Supervisor: Stefan Maier erostructures Daven Raithatha imaging system and methods Supervisor: Thomas Anthopou- Interactions of the interplane- for image analysis in symmet- Wenjun Guo los tary cosmic rays environment ric Taylor impact experiments Temperature-control and with space based gravita- Supervisor: David Chapman characterisation of a diode- Yuan Gao tional wave detectors pumped alexandrite laser Spin properties of un-doped, Supervisor: Peter Wass Lukas Schickhofer Supervisor: Mike Damzen p-doped and n-doped quan- Blast biomechanics of the tum dots ensemble Anna Clare Sales human head Yichuan Huang Supervisor: Ray Murray Electromagnetic Compatibility Supervisor: Mazdak Ghajari Adaptive spatial laser control (EMC) studies for the Solar (Aeronautics) with liquid lens Deniz Koksal Orbiter instrument Supervisor: Mike Damzen Study of a directional analysis boom MSc in Physics with Supervisor: Tim Horbury on the recoil spectra induced Extended Research Wentao Huang by astrophysical neutrino Phase Object Imaging: A backgrounds on the future Ao Shi comparison between interfer- Luc Sagnières Kelvin probe force ometry and moiré deflectometry generation of dark matter The Influence of local ioniza- microscopy and its application Supervisor: Stuart Mangles experiments tion on ionospheric densities in graphene characterisation Supervisor: Henrique Araujo in Titan’s upper atmosphere Supervisor: Lesley Cohen Supervisor: Marina Galand Koppány Körmöczi Richard Laithwaite Trade-Off analysis of 3D full- Magnetosphere-atmosphere Malcolm Simpson space electromagnetic cloaks MSc in Optics and Pho- coupling at Saturn: Response Resolved sideband cooling of using inhomogeneous, of thermosphere and iono- a single ion to the quantum tonics anisotropic, non-magnetic sphere to disturbed magnetic mechanical ground state in a Mathilde Barré materials in respect of storm conditions Penning Trap Establishment of a model and effciency and feasibility Supervisor: Ingo Mueller- Supervisor: Richard Thompson characterization of perform- Supervisor: John Pendry Wodarg ance of the solar simulator of Panagiota Theodoulou SIMDIA space environment Asilatun Nisa Mohd Azmi Immanuel Lorang Impact of restricted radiative simulation chamber “Digistain" Mid-Infrared chem- Principles of seismic- emission from compressively Supervisor: Jenny Nelson ical imaging for cancer diag- oceanography applied to strained quantum wells on the nosis; trialling a new ocean model data photonic coupling Hao Chen technology Supervisor: Ralf Toumi Supervisor:Diego Alonso Exploring a new method to Supervisor: Chris Philips Alvarez produce plasmonic bowtie nanoantennas Michael Ramamonjisoa Supervisor: Stefan Maier 3D imaging using a synthetic www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 35 PostgraduateMasters Projects List aperture LIDAR MRes in Photonics arrival problem tion Supervisor: Chris Dunsby Supervisor: Jonathan Halliwell Supervisor: Arttu Rajantie Thorin Duffin Fransessca Shirley Tetra-Pixel compressive Mohammed Hakeem Mohamad Husni Wan A comprehensive comparison sensing Polarimetry Five dimensional SUSY Mokhtar of metal and dielectric nanos- Supervisor: Peter Török gauge theories in the context An introduction to loop quan- tructures for enhanced scat- of M theory tum gravity with application to tering in solar cells Rebecca Feeney Barry Supervisor: Amihay Hanany cosmology Supervisor: Nicholas Ekins- Investigation of the implemen- Supervisor: Joao Magueijo Daukes tation of laser-scanning light Shane Keane sheet formation for the OPM Arrival time in quantum Maximilian Zimmermann Chengze Song system mechanics Towards a covariant classifi- Study of methods separating Supervisor: Chris Dunsby Supervisor: Jonathan Halliwell cation of nilpotent four-qubit Brillouin signal states Supervisor: Peter Török Thomas Watson Dong Woon Kim Supervisor: Mike Duff Characterisation of a micro- Double field theory Christos Theodorakis scope stage plate-insert Supervisor: Chris Hull MRes in Controlled Photoreflectance spec- designed for optical projection Quantum Dynamics troscopy for the optical char- tomography on a commer- Martyna Kostacinska acterisation of InGaAs cially available microscope Primordial non-Gaussianities Katerina Apostolidou quantum wells Supervisor: James McGinty in Horava-Lifshitz gravity Cooling complex molecules Supervisor: Nicholas Ekins- Supervisor: Joao Magueijo for quantum interferometry Daukes MSc in Quantum Fields and measurements of parity and Fundamental Forces Sangmin Lee violation in chiral molecules Zizhen Xue The Bethe/Gauge correspon- Supervisor: Michael Tabutt Hong-Ou-Mandel effect from dence and geometric repre- Marc Arene spontaneous parametric Instability of extreme Reiss- sentation theory Benjamin Dive down converted photons ner-Nordström black holes Supervisor: Amihay Hanany Quantum control of open sys- Supervisor: Danny Segal Supervisor: Toby Wiseman tems Luisa Lucie-Smith Supervisor: Daniel Burgarth Reheating of the universe and Lydia Zajiczek Paul Boes An optical interferometer for Closure and stability in quan- gravitational wave production Edward Gillman investigating the coherence tum measure theory Supervisor: Arttu Rajantie Defect formation in quantum properties of a photon Bose- Supervisor: Fay Dowker phase transitions Einstein condensate Samuel McMillen Supervisor: Arttu Rajantie Supervisor: Robert Nyman Causal set phenomenology in Christopher Bray Dust grain charging In toka- Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Daniel Goldwater Daoqin Zha mak plasmas spacetime Examining the noise spectra Phase object imaging: Com- Supervisor: Michael Coppins Supervisor: Fay Dowker of levitated nanospheres: paring interferometry with Towards an experimental test wave front sensing Sonny Campbell Paul Plant of collapse theories Supervisor: Stuart Mangles Models of non-singular gravi- The AdS-CFT correspon- Supervisor: Myunkshik Kim tational collapse dence: A review Xiangnan Zhou Supervisor: Joao Magueijo Supervisor: Dan Waldram Pavel Hrmo Design of an optimised optical Sideband cooling to the projection tomography instru- Nipol Chaemjumrus Yannick Seis motional ground state of an ment Non-geometric flux and Entangling qubits using global ion in a Penning trap Supervisors :Paul French/ double field theory pulses Supervisor: Danny Segal James McGinty Supervisor: Chris Hull Supervisor: Terry Rudolph Jieyi Liu Daniel Owton Clement Delcamp Omar Fernando Sosa Configurations of ion coulomb Modelling a radiation shield Entanglement on spin net- Rodriguez crystals in a Penning trap for an infra-red detector works in loop quantum gravity Causal set theory as a dis- Supervisor: Danny Segal Supervisor: Kenny Weir Supervisor: Joao Magueijo crete model for classical spacetime Maximilian Lock Supervisor: Fay Dowker Stylianos Gregoriou Developing new relativistic Time in quantum mechanics quantum technologies and aspects of the time-of- Stephen Stopyra Supervisor: Myunkshik Kim Higgs dynamics during infla-

36 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 PostgraduateMasters Projects List Joseph Munns Tony Chiu Prospero Taroni Vadim Nemytov Towards noise suppression in Enhancing OPV performance Junior Conductive polymers Nanocrystals by design: com- a broadband quantum by light and thermal process and polymer nanocomposites bining the power of atomistic memory in warm caesium engineering for flexible thermoelectrics - force fields and linearscal- vapour Supervisor: Joao Cabral “NANOFLEXTE”. ing density functional theory Supervisor: Myunkshik Kim Supervisor: Nathalie Stingelin Supervisor: Paul Tangney Satyajit Das Jonathan Richens Electron transport in low- Gwen Wyatt-Moon Premyuda Ontawong Reversible dynamics is gen- dimensional solution- Plastic nanoelectronics by Atomistic-to-continuum theory eralised probabilistic theories processed metal oxide sticky-tape lithography of martensitic transformations Supervisor: Terry Rudolph semiconductors Supervisor: Thomas Supervisor: Dimitri Vvedensky Supervisor: Thomas Anthopoulos John Selby Anthopoulos Farnaz Ostovari A process theory approach to Yiren Xia Modelling damage in environ- modal quantum theory Matthew Dyson Energy transfer and mental barrier coatings on Supervisor: Terry Rudolph Excitation and charge transfer supramolecular manipulation woven SiC/SiC composite among conjugated (macro) of organic blends substrates Jimmy Stammers molecules Supervisor: Paul Stavrinou Supervisor: Daniel Balint Characterisation of a compact Supervisor: Natalie Stingelin single-beam tetrahedral MOT MSc in Theory and Simu- Mitesh Patel Supervisor: Ed Hinds Alexander Giovannitti lation of Materials Stress-driven transport of A new transport materials hydrogen in zirconium alloy James Tarlton platform for bioelectronics Amanda Diez cladding of nuclear fuel rods Magnetic field generation and Supervisor: Iain McCulloch Modelling damage tolerant Supervisor: Daniel Balint stabilisation for 43Ca+ clock structural ceramic systems qubits Iain Hamilton Supervisor: Ferri Aliabadi Andrew Pearce Supervisor: Danny Segal Fabricating efficient nanos- Theory and simulation of self- tructured OLED lighting and Peter Fox assembled nanoplasmonic Andrew Tranter display devices Nanoplasmonics and meta- metamaterials and devices Quantum computation for Supervisor: Ji-Seon Kim materials at the classical/ Supervisor: Alexei Kornyshev electronic structure theory quantum boundary Supervisor: Florian Mintert Faldo Maldini Zaitul Supervisor: Ortwin Hess Elisabeth Rice Scanning-probe patterning of Tight-binding approach to the MRes in Plastic Elec- electronic and photonic prop- Frederike Jaeger simulation of the electronic tronic Materials erties in molecular semicon- Flow of fluids through disor- and optical properties of ductors dered media with application porous conjugated molecular Andika Asyuda Supervisor: Donal Bradley to membranes: from the materials Hybrid solar cells based upon molecular to the continuum Supervisor: Jenny Nelson mesostructured inorganic- Jameel Marafie through the micro scale organic nanocomposites Synthesis and colour tuning Supervisor: Omar Matar Jacqueline Tan Supervisor: Saif Haque of organometallic complexes Making materials Liquid: and polymers Christopher Knight designing “room temperature” Iain Andrews Supervisor: Charlotte Multi-scale analysis of lique- molten salts Room temperature MASER – Williams faction phenomena in soils Supervisor: Patricia Hunt search for new masing mate- Supervisor: Catherine O’Sulli- rials Madeleine Morris van Markus Tautschnig Supervisor: Martin Heeney Using organic-inorganic sys- Scale Formation: Developing tems to probe performance Andrew McMahon a theoretical model of the Philip Bridges enhancement of solar energy The behaviour of charged dynamics of sweet/sour corro- Charge and ionic transport in systems due to the piezoelec- species in hybrid sion scales organic-inorganic perovskite tric effect organicmetal halide per- Supervisor: Nicholas Harrison semiconductors Supervisor: James Durrant ovskite photovoltaics Supervisor: Jenny Nelson Supervisor: Nicholas Harrison Jason Rohr Nathan Cheetham Multifunctional mesostruc- Nicola Molinari Supramolecular manipulation tured semiconductor films for Towards a predictive model of of organic blends for stimu- hybrid and all-inorganic opto- elastomer materials lated emission electronics Supervisor: Arash Mostofi Supervisor: Paul Stavrinou Supervisor: Saif Haque www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 37 Postgraduate Destinations

Table 1 - There were 87 known destinations of the 2013 postgraduates (Home & EU students

Destination Graduates Entered Employment 21 Further Study 57 Unemployed 4 Time Out / Unavailable for Work 5

Destinations of 2013 postgraduates Comparison with previous years

Sector of employment entered

38 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 What do Physics Postgraduates do?

Examples of employers and occupations for • University of Birmingham Physics taught-course postgraduates who entered • Velocix employment: Examples of Employers: Examples of Occupations: • Bloomberg New Energy Finance • Business Informatics Developer • M & C Saatchi Mobile • CAD Draughtsman • Royal United Services Institute • Consultant • Engineer Examples of Occupations: • Outsourcing Manager • Media Analyst • Plasma Physicist • Renewable Energy Analyst • Post-Doctoral Fellow • Research Intern • Post-Doctoral Research Associate • Research Associate Examples of courses for those Physics taught- • Research Fellow course postgraduates who entered further study or • Research Scientist training: • Software Developer • EngD in Optics and Photonics Technologies (Heriot- • Software Test Developer Watt University) • MRes Controlled Quantum Dynamics (Imperial) Examples of courses for those Physics research • MSc Photonics (Imperial) postgraduates who entered further study or training: • MSc Physics (Ecole Centrale Lyon & Universite Aix • Biomedical Engineering Research (Imperial) Marseille) • CDT in Controlled Quantum Dynamics (Imperial) • MSc Shock Physics (Imperial) • MPhil/PhD in Physics: Nanophotonics and Metamate- • MSc Theoretical Physics (Utrecht University) rials (University of Southampton) • PhD in Atmospheric Physics (Imperial) • MRes Controlled Quantum Dynamics (Imperial) • PhD in Materials (Imperial) • PhD in Chemistry (Imperial) • PhD in Mathematical Physics (Durham University) • PhD in Controlled Quantum Dynamics (Imperial) • PhD in Mathematics (University of Cambridge) • PhD in Controlled Quantum Dynamics (University of • PhD in Optical Engineering (Heriot-Watt University) Bristol) • PhD in Particle Physics (Imperial) • PhD in Plastic Electronics (Imperial) • PhD in Physics (Imperial) • PhD in Photonics (Imperial) • PhD in Physics (University of Glasgow) • PhD in Physics (Imperial) • PhD in Theoretical Physics (University of Southampton) • PhD in Physics (University of Cambridge) • Theoretical Physics Research (University of Bremen) • PhD in Theory and Simulation of Materials (Imperial)

Examples of employers and occupations for Physics research postgraduates who entered employment: Examples of Employers: • AWE plc. • Brunel University • Carallon • Dalcour Maclaren • Element Energy • Element Six Ltd • IIT • Imperial College London • ISAGRI • Palantir Technologies • Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics • Permasense • TU Dortmund www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 39 Research

Research Groups Astrophysics Condensed Matter Theory Experimental Solid State Physics High Energy Physics Photonics Plasma Physics Quantum Optics & Laser Science Space and Atmospheric Physics Theoretical Physics

Research Centres Centre for Cold Matter The Laser Consortium Institute of Shock Physics Centre for Plastic Electronics

40 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Astrophysics The Astrophysics group studies the Sun, the birth of stars in the Milky Way, the formation and evolution of galaxies over cosmic time, the cosmic microwave background, and the nature of dark matter. The sophisticated use of statistics in interpreting astronomical data is a common theme in the group’s activities.

SUN, STARS AND PLANETS Unruh, Mohanty, The radiation of the parent star and its variability is crucial to the habitability of exoplanets. Unruh works on solar and stellar magnetic activity and the its effect on the radiation emitted by the star. This is relevant to the influence of the Sun on climate change on the Earth, and to the habitability of extrasolar planets. Thousands of planets have been discovered around other stars in recent years, and it now seems The all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background radiation provided by the Planck satellite likely that every star has one or [Credit: ESA] more planets around it. Mohanty's form, and what processes parameters and model selection, research focuses on understanding dominated their formation and led to focussing on the cosmic microwave how these planets are formed out of the evolution of the universe we see background, weak gravitational the disks of gas and dust surrounding today? We use data across the lensing, large-scale structure and newborn stars; how this process is electromagnetic spectrum to answer 21cm radiation, with scientific goals linked to the formation of the stars these questions, using telescopes which include neutrino masses, themselves; and how stellar properties such as UKIRT, Herschel, JCMT, the measurement of dark energy influence the characteristics - in SMA, and ALMA, with an emphasis properties and testing of Einstein particular, the habitability - of the on the highest redshifts observable, gravity. The group has strong orbiting planets. z>6. Pritchard is leading activities to involvement in current and future predict the 21cm radio signature of cosmology experiments including GALAXY AND QUASAR neutral hydrogen from the first billion Planck, PolarBear, Euclid and the FORMATION AND EVOLUTION years to study the nature and evolution Square Kilometer Array. Clements, Warren, Mortlock, of the first stars and galaxies. Pritchard DARK MATTER COSMOLOGY Trotta, Scott How did the population of galaxies Heavens, Jaffe, Mortlock, Pritchard that we see around us, including Decades of studies have led to the spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies, We aim to develop and apply new, conclusion that 80% of the matter in quasars and galaxy clusters, come principled statistical methods to the the Universe is made of a new type about? When did the first galaxies inference of cosmological of particle, and the experimental hunt for this dark matter is now in a crucial phase. The question of the nature of dark matter is one of the most important in all physics. Our work aims to put constraints on the physical parameters of theoretical models for dark matter (such as Supersymmetry) by combining four complementary probes: cosmology, direct detection, indirect detection and colliders. Our group has developed the world- leading “global fits” approach to the problem, allowing us to explore in a statistically convergent way theoretical parameter spaces previously inaccessible to detailed numerical study.

A schematic of the recently discovered planetary system Kepler-62, compared to our own Solar System. Kepler-62 hosts two super-Earths inside the habitable zone. [Credt: NASA] www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 41 Research Astrophysics the low-redshift Universe. Heavens A.F., Dr David Clements Professor Alan Heavens Jimenez R., Verde L., arXiV:1409.6217 (Phys. Rev. Lett., in press). 2 citations 4. 3D cosmic shear: cosmology from CFHTLenS. Kitching T., Heavens A., et al, MNRAS, 442, 1326 (2014). 7 citations

Professor Andrew Jaffe

The first Planck cosmology results The incredible success of the Herschel were published in 2014, showing mission, and especially its deep, that primordial non-gaussianity in cosmological surveys, has continued the map is constrained to be very to shed light on the role that dusty close to zero, in agreement with the galaxies play in the formation of large standard inflation model for the early scale structure and the history of Universe. The robustness of the Our work has concentrated on the galaxy formation. Multiwavelength result was shown using a statistical followup observation campaigns are analysis and interpretation of data technique partly developed and from the cosmic microwave underway to determine the nature of applied by us. the reddest, and thus potentially most background (CMB). In particular, we have a team (Jaffe along with distant, objects seen in these surveys. A key observable in cosmology is The first fruit of this work was the PDRAs Ducout and Feeney) the sound horizon (the ‘BAO’ scale), dedicated to working with data from discovery of HFLS3, a massive, rapidly which leaves an imprint in the star forming dusty galaxy at the the Planck Satellite which has clustering of galaxies. We have released two rounds of cosmological unprecedented redshift of 6.34. determined the length of this Finding such an object just 880 results and is poised for completion standard ruler, for the first time in a in 2016. We have been involved in million years after the Big Bang is model-independent way, not even wholly unexpected in current all aspects of the analysis, from assuming General Relativity. The detailed examination of the optical cosmological models. As well as Universe still looks like the standard seeking individual high redshift sources, properties of the instrument to the LCDM model and the number of use of Planck data to limit the large- we have been cross-matching neutrino species is constrained Herschel and Planck data to look for scale topology of the Universe on almost model-independently to be scales of billions of parsecs. We groups or clusters of star forming 3.5 ± 0.3. Published in PRL. galaxies at somewhat lower redshifts. also apply this expertise to ground- and balloon-based CMB The first results of this work have We applied our method of 3D weak uncovered four candidate galaxy experiments such as EBEX and lensing analysis to the leading PolarBear. The latter was the first to clusters whose constituent galaxies survey (CFHTLenS). Results show are forming stars at a very high rate, directly detect anisotropy in the for the first time hints of baryon polarization of the CMB from and which lie at significantly higher feedback or suppression of power redshifts than conventional optical/IR gravitational lensing of structures on small scales due to non-zero along the line of sight; this will prove or X-ray observation can easily detect neutrino masses. clusters. We appear to be detecting a strong test of instrumental properties, astrophysical sources of these objects during a formative but 1. Planck 2013 results. XXIV. Constraints on otherwise inaccessible phase in their primordial non-Gaussianity. Ade P.A.R. et al, microwave emission, and, formation and evolution. A&A, 571, 24 (2014). 300 citations eventually, of cosmological parameters that will inform us about 2. Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of the possibilities of an early epoch of Riechers, D.A., Bradford, C.M., Clements, products and scientific results. Ade P.A.R. et D.L., et al., 2013, Nature, 496, 329 al, A&A, 571, 1 (2014). 500 citations cosmic inflation responsible for both Clements, D.L., Braglia, F.G., Hyde, A.K., et the large-scale geometrical structure al., 2014, MNRAS, 439, 1193 3. Standard rulers, candles, and clocks from of the observable Universe and the

42 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Astrophysics small-scale structures within it. habitable zone of red dwarf stars. which they have not previously been The latter two projects are in used, including the assessment of 1. Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological collaboration with colleagues at the the total power emitted by the Sun parameters, Planck Collaboration, Astronomy University of Florida and IAS at ([4], relevant in particular for climate & Astrophysics, Volume 571, id.A16, 201 2. Planck 2013 results. XXVI. Background Princeton, respectively; the research science) and the search for the geometry and topology of the Universe, is supported by both STFC funds origin of the most energetic cosmic Planck Collaboration, Astronomy & and a Royal Society International rays [5]. Astrophysics, Volume 571, id.A26, 2014 Exchange grant. 1. 'The multi-wavelength spectral energy 3. A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave distribution of the z = 7.1 quasar ULAS Background B-Mode Polarization Power 1. Protoplanetary Disk Masses from Stars to J1120+0641’ Barnett, R., Warren, S.J., Spectrum at Sub-Degree Scales with Brown Dwarfs: Mohanty, S., Greaves, J., Banerji, M., McMahon, R.G., Hewett, P.C., POLARBEAR, Polarbear Collaboration, Mortlock, D. et al., Astrophysical Journal, 773, Mortlock, D.J, Simpson, C. & Venemans, B.P., Astrophysical Journal, 794:171, 2014 168 (2013) 2014, A&A, submitted

Dr Subhanjoy Mohanty 2. Dead, Undead and Zombie Zones in 2. 'Finding the most distant quasars using Protostellar Disks as a Function of Stellar Bayesian selection methods’ Mortlock, D.J., Mass: Mohanty, S., Ercolano, B. \& Turner, N., 2014, Statistical Science, 29, 50 Astrophysical Journal, 764, 65 (2013) 3. Paper 2 of SJW

Dr Daniel Mortlock 4. 'Assessing the relationship between spectral solar irradiance and stratospheric ozone using Bayesian Inference’ Ball, W.T., Mortlock, D.J., Haigh, J.D. & Egerton, J., 2014, Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 4, A25

5. 'A Bayesian self-clustering analysis of the highest energy cosmic rays detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory’ Khanin, A. & Ground and space-based missions Mortlock, D.J., 2014, MNRAS, 444, 1591 have uncovered thousands of Dr Jonathan Pritchard exoplanets around other stars in the last few years. My work focusses on how these planets form out of the primordial disks of gas and dust around young stars, and how the The main theme of my research has properties of the host star influence been to increase our understanding planetary characteristics (particularly of conditions in the first billion years habitability). Highlights over the last after the Big Bang during which the year include determining average first generations of stars ionised the disk masses (which ultimate set the hydrogen in the Universe. The main planetary masses), from dust route to doing this has been to emission, for a broad range of stellar analyse follow-up observations [1,2,] types (reference [1]), and building a of the quasar ULAS J1120+0641, theory of how magnetohydrodynamical the most distant known to date and This last year has been a critical processes affect the disk structure hence the earliest bright phase in the design of the Square and evolution (reference [2]). astronomical source available for Kilometer Array, reviewing an initial Ongoing work includes devising a study [3]. I have been involved in baseline design for its scientific semi-analytic model for forming theoretical efforts to understand the suitability and updating the 10 year super-Earth size planets very close population of quasars in the early old science case. I have played a to the host star (which empirically Universe and in interpreting the leading role in both aspects of this – seems to be the dominant mode of signatures of the cosmological speaking at Science Working Group planet formation), and constructing a ionisation process as revealed in meetings at SKA-HQ in Manchester model of X-ray and UV-driven their spectra. I have also applied to review the baseline design and, in photoevaporation of terrestrial Bayesian inference techniques to my role as co-chair of the Epoch of planetary atmospheres within the several areas of astrophysics in Reionization SWG, leading the www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 43 Research Astrophysics rewrite of epoch of reionization/ Dr Roberto Trotta S. Caron, R. Ruiz de Austri, A. Strubig, R. cosmic dawn sections of the SKA Trotta, JHEP 09(2014)081 science case and co-writing four 4. The efficiency on next-generation Gibbs- chapters. This connects to my new type samplers: An illustration using a role as a member of the UK-SKA hierarchical model in cosmology X. Jiao, D. science committee to promote van Dyk, R. Trotta and H. Shariff, Proc. 2014 ICSA and KISS Joint App. Stat. Symp., involvement in SKA science within submitted, Springer (2015) the UK. Alongside this, with my student Catherine Watkinson, I have Dr Yvonne Unruh completed two papers demonstrating the importance of 1-point statistics of the 21cm signal for determining the reionization topology and the impact of small absorbing systems. Finally, I completed part of a review on atomic physics in the early My work in astroparticle dark matter universe covering topics from the phenomenology continues to be CMB & recombination to the 21cm focused on identifying and signal and reionization. characterizing dark matter using the "global fits" approach, i.e. a 1. J.R. Pritchard et al. “Cosmology from the combination of all available EoR/Cosmic Dawn”. PoS, in press (2014). observational data. To this aim, I am Glover, S. C. O., Chluba, J., Furlanetto, S. R., Solar and stellar surface magnetic Pritchard, J. R., & Savin, D. W. (2014). an Associated Scientist with the Fermi LAT gamma-ray telescope, a fields and their evolution are the 2. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in Short Term Associate of ATLAS and cause of much of solar and stellar the Early Universe: From Recombination to an Associated Scientist with the variability on time scales of a few Reionization. In E. Arimondo, P. R. Berman, & hours to months and even decades. C. C. Lin (Eds.), Unknown Book (Vol. 63, pp. XENON dark matter detector. My 135-270). ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS research has recently produced the The emergent magnetic surface flux INC. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800129- first statistically convergent fits to a forms dark spots as well as bright 5.00003-1 15-dimensional Minimal points that contribute to the changing solar and stellar emission. 3. Watkinson, C. A., & Pritchard, J. R. (2014). Supersymmetric Scenario [3]. Distinguishing models of reionization using The wavelength dependence of their future radio observations of 21-cm 1-point In cosmology, I have been emission is still an outstanding statistics. MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE collaborating with David van Dyk question, though much progress has ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 443(4), been made in the case of the Sun 3090-3106. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1384 (Maths) to improve cosmological parameter extraction techniques where we are now able to model the from supernovae type Ia data [4]. I wavelength dependent irradiance have also an ongoing collaboration changes to a high degree of aimed at the systematic accuracy which is needed for classification of single-field modelling the Earth's (upper) inflationary models in the light of the atmospheric response (e.g., Ball et most recent Cosmic Microwave al, 2014). Background data [1-2]. Comparable stellar variability is 1. Compatibility of BICEP2 and Planck in light usually considered as `noise' and of inflation, J. Martin, C. Ringeval, R. Trotta, presents a nuisance in the detection V. Vennin (2014), Phys.Rev.D90:063501,2014 and characterisation of exoplanets. The importance of including stellar 2. The best inflationary models after Planck, variability in the exoplanet modelling J. Martin, C. Ringeval, R. Trotta, V. Vennin, so as to minimise spurious JCAP 1403 (2014) 039. detections and allow the 3. Profile likelihood maps of a 15-dimensional characterisation of exoplanets MSSM, C. Strege, G. Bertone, G. J. Besjes, around more variable stars was

44 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Astrophysics presented in Haywood et al. (2014) stretched by the redshift beyond where we were able to use optical wavelengths. These are simultaneous radial-velocity and some of the most distant objects photometric data to estimate the known. Daniel Mortlock and I radial-velocity variations due to recently found the first quasar at magnetic activity. redshift z>7, the most distant quasar known, which provides crucial 1. W T Ball, N A Krivova, Y C Unruh, J D information on conditions in the Haigh, S K Solanki 2014, Journal of the Universe when it was only a few Atmospheric Sciences 71, 4086, A New SATIRE-S Spectral Solar Irradiance percent old. Reconstruction for Solar Cycles 21--23 and Its Implications for Stratospheric Ozone 1. Skrzypek N, Warren S, et al., 2015, Photometric brown-dwarf classification. I. A 2. R D Haywood et al 2014, MNRAS 443, method to identify and accurately classify 2517, Planets and stellar activity: hide and large samples of brown dwarfs without seek in the CoRoT-7 system spectroscopy, A&A, 54, 7

Professor Stephen Warren 2. Mortlock D, Warren S, et al., 2011, A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085, Nature, 474, 616

I am an observational astronomer mostly interested in using telescopes to find things that are hard to find, either because they are rare or faint. Over the past 7 years I have been particularly interested in using a new wide-area deep survey at near-infrared wavelengths (0.9- 2.3micron) to find brown dwarfs and distant quasars. Brown dwarfs are collapsed clouds of gas where the mass is too low for the central temperature to get high enough to ignite hydrogen. These are some of the closest objects to Earth. Nathalie Skrzypek and I have developed a new method for finding brown dwarfs that has produced the largest sample yet of these objects, over 1000. The near-infrared is also useful for finding very distant quasars where the light has been

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 45 Condensed Matter Theory The Condensed Matter Theory group studies properties, processes and emergent behaviour in solids, liquids,nanomaterials, metamaterials, and less obvious aggregates such as ant colonies and heart muscles.Our research draws on many areas of physics including quantum and classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, quantum optics, and thermodynamics. MATERIALS PHYSICS Prof Mike Finnis, Prof Matthew Foulkes, Prof Peter Haynes, Dr Arash Mostofi, Prof Adrian Sutton, Dr Paul Tangney, Prof Dimitri Vvedensky

Materials have played a central role in the development of civilisation from the Bronze Age to the Semi- conductor Age. We aim to understand and predict the properties of materials and the processes by which they grow or transform. We also provide guid- KNbO3 is a ferroelectric. It is almost cubic, but it spontaneously polarizes by moving each Nb (yellow) slightly towards three of its six O neighbours (red). The electron density is shown as ance for experimental research, contours and isosurfaces. help to interpret observations, and seek ways to enhance materials’ treat medical conditionsthat arise nanometer length scales. properties. Our theoretical work is when these networks malfunction. often helped by simulations, which For example, simple models can METAMATERIALS include accurate quantum mechani- help explain how age-related changes Prof Sir John Pendry, Prof Ortwin cal calculations, atomistic and more in a heart muscle’s underlying net- Hess coarsely-grained approaches, and work causes atrial fibrillation. continuum models. Metamaterials are artificial solids We specialise in spanning time and CORRELATED QUANTUM designed to guide electromagnetic length scales by coupling methods SYSTEMS fields or acoustic waves. The prop- to achieve a consistent understand- Dr Derek Lee, Prof Angus MacKinnon erties of conventional materials are ing all the way from electrons and determined by chemical composition atoms to the macroscopic contin- Using theoretical techniques from and how the atoms are arranged. uum. Much of the software that we quantum field theory and computer Metamaterials, on the other hand, use is developed inhouse and used simulations, we study the coopera- consist of arrays of specially-engi- by researchers around the world tive collective behaviour of nano- neered units organised on much scale quantum systems. larger length scales. They can be Specific systems of interest include designed to manipulate photons and COMPLEXITY AND NETWORKS Prof Kim Christensen dissipationless phases of matter, electrons in ways that cannot be which may be useful for quantum achieved with conventional materi- Through data-driven research and information processing, and the als. This has inspired scientists to modelling, we investigate the proper- dynamics of nanoscale mechanical conceive perfect lenses, new lasers, ties of systems whose complex systems driven far from equilibrium. 'invisibility cloaks’ and opened the behaviour emerges from large num- Our work continually throws up fun- door to slow and stopped broad- bers of interacting components. For damental questions relating to quan- band light. example, why are ant societies, tum mechanics and how thermo- whose elaborate highlyorganised dynamics may be adapted to macroscopic (colony-level) properties emerge from microscopic interactions between ants, so successful? Organs such as the brain and the heart function through the collective behaviour of complex networks. Understanding how their behaviour emerges can help us to identify and

Metamaterials are lattices of metamolecules, such as “split-ring resonators” (left). A layered metamaterial can slow a light packet while spatially separating its colours to make a “trapped rainbow” (right).

46 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Condensed Matter Theory

in social science that contain of biased Monte Carlo `flat Professor Kim Christensen important information on the society. histogram’ methods, which addresses the problem of Universality in ant behaviour: Christensen, K.; calculating the configurational free Papavassiliou, D.; de Figueiredo, A.; Franks, energy of oxides bearing a high N.R.; Sendova-Franks, A.B. J.R.Soc. Interface 12: 20140985 (2014); concentration of charged point http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0985 defects. Ongoing research is aimed at understanding the growth Quantitative projections of a quality measure: mechanism of oxide films and how it Performance of a complex task: Christensen, K.; Kleppe, G.; Vold, M.; Frette, V. Physics A, can be controlled (ref.4) . A new 415, 503-513 (2014). insight from this work is the need to understand grain boundary electrical conductivity, since it is of the same Professor Mike Finnis importance for the growth rate as ionic conductivity. Universal relationships between city 1. Rogal, J., et al., Perspectives on point defect thermodynamics. Physica Status Solidi size and pace of life have inspired a B, 2014. 251: p. 97-129. unified theory of urban living but individual variation within societies 2. Sarsam, J., M.W. Finnis, and P. Tangney, poses a challenge for planning and Atomistic force field for alumina fit to density functional theory. Journal of Chemical prediction. Controlled experiments Physics, 2013. 139(20): p. 204704-1-11. are essential. We demonstrate a universal relationship in ant 3.Horton, R.M., et al., New Methods for societies: average ant speed is Calculating the Free Energy of Charged Defects in Solid Electrolytes. Journal of higher for longer activity events. Physics: Condensed Matter, 2013. 25: p. This suggest that activity duration is 395001-1-9 already specified when the ant begins to move and this approach We have developed further the 4. Heuer, A.H., et al., On the growth of Al2O3 theme of calculating high- scales. Acta Materialia, 2013. 61: p. 6670- may inform the engineering and 6683. control of artificial social systems. temperature properties of materials, We are convinced that our main linking macroscopic thermodynamic Professor Matthew Foulkes conclusion that the duration of an properties with quantities that can activity event is determined before it be calculated at the atomic scale commences is likely to be applicable using density functional theory, as a general principle of animal empirical interatomic potentials (e.g. behaviour across taxa including ref.2) or a combination of the two. humans. Complex data series that Within an ongoing project for arise during interaction between understanding the stability of humans and advanced technology ceramics at high temperature I in a controlled and realistic setting derived (ref.1) the relation between have been explored. The purpose is parameters of the standard to obtain quantitative measures that CALPHAD formulation of free reflect quality in task performance: energy (the Compound Energy on a ship simulator, nine crews have Formalism) and the energies that solved the same exercise, and can be calculated with the defect- Compressed hydrogen gas solidifies detailed maneuvering histories have centric approach of our crystal at high pressure to form a crystal of been logged. Quantitative measures chemistry/physics communities. H2 molecules. As the pressure is of task performance have been This will facilitate the translation of increased the crystal undergoes constructed and the crews differ calculated total energies into phase several phase transitions, but significantly under these objective diagram calcuations. A new tool for hydrogen atoms scatter X-rays so measures. Our approach may be free energy calculation was weakly that the structures of the useful for other qualitative concepts described in ref. [3], an application www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 47 Research Condensed Matter Theory

new phases are unknown. Graphene sandwiches as a platform for Eventually, at high enough pressure, Dr Vincenzo Giannini broadband molecular spectroscopy. ACS Photonics, 1 (5), 437–443, 2014. hydrogen is thought to become not only a metallic atomic solid Loss mitigation in plasmonic solar cells: (believed present in large quantities aluminium nanoparticles for broadband in the interiors of Saturn and Jupiter) photocurrent enhancements in GaAs photodiodes. Scientific reports, 3, 2013. but also a high-temperature superconductor. Investigating the Professor Peter Haynes phase diagram of solid hydrogen was the focus of much of our work this year. We started by using density functional theory to calculate the low-temperature phase diagram [1], but concluded that the results were too inaccurate to be useful. This led us to combine quantum We are interested in several aspects Monte Carlo simulations with a fully of plasmons in metal nanoparticles anharmonic study of zero-point and their interaction with graphene. fluctuations [2]. Attempts to create Particularly, we are exploring the metallic H on Earth have not yet possibility of use graphene as a succeeded for sure, but our highly plasmon wave-guide for sensing accurate results support recent proposes or metal nanoparticles that experimental hints that success is allow better solar cells efficiency. We work on the development and close. Other work has included the As well as we are studying the application of computational development (with undergraduates strong light localization possible with methods for first-principles quantum- Nick Blunt and Tom Rogers) of a hyperbolic metamaterials and the mechanical simulations of condensed new finite-temperature quantum appearance of a low-loss surface matter, mostly using the ONETEP Monte Carlo method [3] and a phonon polariton (SPhP) modes in code that we develop. This software detailed study [4] of the formation of polar dielectric crystals, a very is distributed commercially by protective oxide scales on alloys of promising alternative to conventional, BIOVIA (part of Dassault Systèmes) aluminium. metal-based plasmonic systems for and employs an implementation of the realization of nanophotonic density-functional theory (DFT) Sam Azadi and W.M.C. Foulkes, Fate of components. where the computational effort scales density functional theory in the study of high- Recently, with professor Ortwin only linearly with system size. The pressure solid hydrogen, Phys. Rev. B 88 ONETEP collaboration includes Dr 014115 (2013). Hess, we also started a new research line in quantum plamonics Arash Mostofi, also in CMTH, Dr Sam Azadi, Bartomeu Monserrat, W.M.C. where our main focus is clearly to Chris Skylaris at Southampton, Dr Foulkes, and R.J. Needs, Dissociation of define the transition between the Nicholas Hine (former group member) high-pressure solid molecular hydrogen: A classical and quantum world in and Prof. Mike Payne, both at quantum Monte Carlo and anharmonic Cambridge. Highlights over the past vibrational study, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, plasmonics. As well as we are 165501 (2014). looking for possible new analytical year involve two students in the approaches to the light scattering EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training N. S. Blunt, T. W. Rogers, J. S. Spencer, and formulation in plasmonics. in Theory and Simulation of W. M. C. Foulkes, Density-matrix quantum Materials. Tim Zuehlsdorff has Monte Carlo method, Phys. Rev. B, 89, 245124 (2014). Sub-diffraction, Volume-confined Polaritons in implemented time-dependent DFT the Natural Hyperbolic Material, Hexagonal within ONETEP [1] to calculate the A.H. Heuer, T. Nakagawa, M.Z. Azar, D.B. Boron Nitride. Nature Communications, 5, energies of neutral excitations, 5221. 2014. Hovis, J.L. Smialek, B. Gleeson, N.D.M. functionality that is already being Hine, H. Guhl, H.-S. Lee, P. Tangney, W.M.C. Foulkes, and M.W. Finnis, On the growth of Low-loss, extreme subdiffraction photon applied to the search for Al2O3 scales, Acta Mater. 61, 6670 (2013). confinement via silicon carbide localized chromophores for a room- surface phonon polariton resonators. Nano temperature MASER, exciton letters 13 (8), 3690-3697, 2013. transport in chlorophyll complexes [2]

48 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Condensed Matter Theory and inorganic nanoparticles. Niccolò Physics and Physics World) and Dr Derek Lee Corsini has been using ONETEP to Nature Communications. The aspect study structural phase transformations of gain and lasing in nano- in nanoparticles under pressure [3]. plasmonics has become an Both projects are part of a wider effort increasingly strong activity in the by my group to develop the capability team and a collaboration with to perform large-scale theoretical Rupert Oulton and Stefan Maier has spectroscopy: the computational led to a joint paper in Nature simulation of experimental spectra Physics. We have continued to such as electron energy-loss advance our internationally leading spectroscopy [4]. work on extreme chirality (supported by a new Leverhulme grant) and Linear-scaling time-dependent density- active nanoplasmonic metamaterials functional theory in the linear response formalism, Tim J. Zuehlsdorff, Nicholas D. M. and started to explore opportunities Hine, James S. Spencer, Nicholas M. of controlling quantum emitters with Harrison, D. Jason Riley and Peter D. metamaterials (perspective in Superfluid helium has long been a Haynes, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 064104 (2013) Science). Joint work with Chris testing ground for the physics of Bose-Einstein condensation and Toward ab initio Optical Spectroscopy of the Phillips and Ned Ekins-Dukes within Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex, Daniel J. the semiconductor quantum ratchets superfluidity. Nevertheless, it Cole, Alex W. Chin, Nicholas D. M. Hine, project is progressing well, while continues to come up with surprises Peter D. Haynes and Mike C. Payne, J. Phys. collaborations with Richard Craster that challenge our understanding. Chem. Lett. 4, 4206-4212 (2013) (Maths), Stefan Maier and John Recent experiments [1] on thin Simulations of Nanocrystals Under Pressure: Pendry on the one hand and Jeremy helium films on graphite appear Combining Electronic Enthalpy and Linear- Baumberg and colleagues from contradict all textbook descriptions. Scaling Density-Functional Theory, Niccolò R. Cambridge on the other hand have Since this is found near the C. Corsini, Andrea Greco, Nicholas D. M. solidification of the film, a tantalising Hine, Carla Molteni and Peter D. Haynes, J. led to awards of two new EPSRC Chem. Phys. 139, 084117 (2013) Programme Grants in the candidate for this new phase of mathematics of metamaterials and matter is the elusive supersolid –- Mapping functional groups on oxidised multi- on nano-photonics to controlled dissipationless mass flow in a walled carbon nanotubes at the nanometre crystal, originally proposed for bulk scale, A. E. Goode, N. D. M. Hine, S. Chen, nano-chemistry, respectively. S. D. Bergin, M. S. P. Shaffer, M. P. Ryan, P. helium but recently refuted by new D. Haynes, A. E. Porter and D. W. McComb, Pickering, T., Hamm, J.M., Page, A.F., evidence. Chem. Commun. 50, 6744-6747 (2014) Wuestner, S. & Hess, O. (2014). Cavity-Free In a theoretical collaboration Plasmonic Nanolasing Enabled by involving Imperial, Royal Holloway Dispersionless Stopped Light. Nature Professor Ortwin Hess Communications 5, 4972. University of London and Rutgers, we are developing a theory of a Sidropoulos, T. P.H., Roder, R., Geburt, S., spatially modulated superfluid where Hess, O., Maier, S.A., Ronning, C., & Oulton, both superfluidity and broken R.F. (2014). Ultrafast Pleasmonic Nanowire Lasers Near the Surface Plasmon Frequency. translational symmetry coexist, Nature Physics 10, 870. described by a non-Abelian order parameter. Tsakmakidis, K. L., Pickering, T. W., Hamm, The strange behaviour may be J. M., Page, A. F. & Hess, O. (2014). Completely Stopped and Dispersionless Light connected to the fact that the in Plasmonic Waveguides. Phys. Rev. Lett., system is close to a quantum phase 112, 167401. transition to a solid. Quantum criticality is an important area of Hess, O. and Tsakmakidis, K. L. (2013). Metamaterials with Quantum Gain, Science research in condensed matter Our pioneering work on stopped 339, 654-655. physics. Indeed, the rich physics light and stopped-light lasing has behind the cuprate superconductors lead to two well-received publications may be tied to its proximity to a in Physical Review Letters (with quantum transition to a magnetic associated highlight articles in insulator. This helium system is www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 49 Research Condensed Matter Theory

cleaner than any solid state system, research interests include: transport and may shed light quantum Dr Arash Mostofi properties of nanowires and carbon criticality from a new setting. nanotube networks; surfaces, interfaces and defects in perovskite J. Nyeki, A. Phillis, A.F. Ho, D.K.K. Lee, P. oxide materials; and the structure and Coleman, J. Parpai, B. Cowan, J. Saunders, function of elastomer seals and Superfluid response and quantum criticality of two-dimensional 4He on a triangular lattice, polymer desalination membranes. submitted for publication (2014). 1. “Does water dope carbon nanotubes?” R. A. Bell, M. C. Payne and A. A. Mostofi, J. Chem. Professor Angus MacKinnon Phys. 141, 164703 (2014)

2. “Accelerated simulations of aromatic polymers”, R. J. Broadbent, J. Spencer, A. A. Mostofi and A. P. Sutton, Molecular Simulation 112, 2672 (2014)

Our research is dedicated to the 3. “Improving the conductance of carbon application and development of theory nanotube networks through resonant and computational simulation tools for momentum exchange”, R. A. Bell, M. C. Payne and A. A. Mostofi, Phys. Rev. B 89, 245426 solving problems in materials. We are (2014) An updated version of motivated by problems related to energy, environment and advanced 4. “A first principles study of As doping at a technology. We work predominantly at disordered Si-SiO2 interface”, F. Corsetti and A. A. Mostofi, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 26, the atomistic length-scale, either 055002 (2014) Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems, using quantum mechanics or simpler NEMS, represent an important class models of interatomic bonding to Professor Sir John Pendry FRS of potentially useful nano-devices, describe systems of interacting as well as a test system for electrons and nuclei. Such theory and understanding the more simulation is invaluable for fundamental aspects of the understanding the structure of matter transition between classical and and providing microscopic insight into quantum behaviour. Our work the behaviour of materials. The state- continues in collaboration with of-the-art computational tools that are Muhammad Tahir, Concordia developed in our group are shared University, Canada, Udo with the wider community, either Schwingenschlögl, KAUST, Saudi through commercial, academic or Arabia, and Lev Kantorovitch, King’s open-source license, to benefit the College. We have extended our pursuit and dissemination of non-equilibrium Green’s function knowledge in this field. In collaboration with colleagues at universities approach to systems driven by an Metal surfaces support electron including Cambridge and external electric field and have density waves known as surface Southampton, and the scientific developed a methodology for plasmons which can couple to software company BIOVIA, we dealing with systems subject to a externally incident light waves. continue to develop the linear-scaling general time dependent potential. Since the surface plasmons have density-functional theory code Current work includes the study of wavelengths of the order of a few ONETEP (www.onetep.org); and in shot noise, especially in the tens of nanometres or less, they can collaboration with colleagues at quantum shuttle system. be focussed into extremely small Oxford, EPFL (Switzerland), Rutgers areas. This extreme concentration (New Jersey), and San Sebastian, we 1. Novel spectral features of has the potential for single molecule nanoelectromechanical systems: Tahir, M, continue to enhance the Wannier90 sensing, enhanced optical non MacKinnon, A, and Schwingenshlögl, U: code (www.wannier.org) for Scientific Reports, Volume 4, Article Number: linearity at low power input and computing maximally-localized 4035 many other applications where an Wannier functions. Our current

50 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Condensed Matter Theory intense concentration of optical a project with Element Six on energy is needed. Surface plasmon Professor Adrian Sutton FRS modelling the dynamics of very properties are extremely sensitive to small cracks in diamond surface structure, particularly to composites. singular features such as two touching curved surfaces. We use [1] “A dynamic discrete dislocation plasticity the technique of transformation method for the simulation of plastic relaxation under shock loading”, B Gurrutxaga-Lerma, D optics, developed here in London, to S Balint, D Dini, D E Eakins, A P Sutton, explore relationships between Proc. R. Soc. A 469, 20130141 (2013). geometrically distinct structures, but which can be mapped into one [2] “Dynamic discrete dislocation plasticity”, B Gurrutxaga-Lerma, D S Balint, D Dini, D E another by coordinate transformations Eakins, A P Sutton, Advances in Applied that preserve all the spectral Mechanics, in the press properties. Apparently complex systems can be related to simpler [3] “The classical mobility of highly mobile I am a theoretical and computational crystal defects”, T D Swinburne, S L Dudarev ones and their spectra solved materials physicist working with a and A P Sutton, Phys. Rev. Lett., (2014) in analytically. Furthermore it has often wide range of colleagues across the press. proved to be the case that the Imperial College and industrial simpler system is highly symmetric [4] “Theory and simulation of the diffusion of collaborators. Some of our most kinks on dislocations in bcc metals”, T D enabling the spectrum to be classified exciting recent work has concerned Swinburne, S L Dudarev, S P Fitzgerald, M R by the symmetry representations. fundamental aspects of dislocation Gilbert and A P Sutton, Phys. Rev. B 87, We call this ‘hidden symmetry’ and it dynamics in metals. They include 064108 (2013). has given powerful insight into the first truly elastodynamic systems which previously were simulations of dislocation generation Dr Paul Tangney thought to be just a complex and motion under shock-loading mathematical mess [1,2], and the first theory of the temperature-independent Kraft M, Pendry JB, Maier SA, et al., 2014, contribution to the mobility of highly Transformation optics and hidden symmetries, Physical Review B, Vol:89, mobile dislocations in some metals ISSN:1098-0121 [3]. We have also shown there is a previously unrecognised Luo Y, Fernandez-Dominguez AI, Wiener A, intermediate length scale associated et al., 2013, Surface Plasmons and Nonlocality: A Simple Model, Physical Review with dislocations that move by a kink Letters, Vol:111, ISSN:0031-9007 mechanism, between atomistic and the continuum scales [4]. With Rolls- Pendry JB, Fernandez-Dominguez AI, Luo Y, Royce we have two research et al., 2013, Capturing photons with transformation optics, Nature Physics, Vol:9, projects underway on fundamental ISSN:1745-2473, Pages:518-522 aspects of delayed hydride cracking Our work combines methods of in Zr-alloys and cold-dwell fatigue in electronic structure theory with Zhao R, Luo Y, Fernandez-Dominguez AI, et Ti-alloys. We are working on the computationally-efficient atomistic al., 2013, Description of van der Waals models of bonding, known as force Interactions Using Transformation Optics, molecular structure of polyamide Physical Review Letters, Vol:111, ISSN:0031- membranes with BP-ICAM for fields. Accurate physically-motivated 9007 filtration applications. We have two force fields are constructed using projects with Baker-Hughes data from density functional theory modelling the absorption and (DFT) calculations [1]. These force trapping of gases under high fields are used to simulate bulk and pressure in oil well elastomer seals, nanostructured materials at finite which can lead to rupture when they temperatures on time- and length- are decompressed. We are scales far beyond the reach of DFT developing the first molecular theory simulations. for the viscoelastic properties of aligned polyethylene. There is also Most of our work is on www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 51 Research Condensed Matter Theory

technologically-important oxides. transients of V-groove quantum wires formed One example is alumina, where we Professor Dimitri Vvedensky during metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy,' Applied Physics Letters 103, 042103 (2013). have studied defect structures and diffusion mechanisms with a view to Statistical physics of the human placenta. In better understanding the growth of collaboration with Dr Carolyn Salafia, we have oxide layers on superalloys [2] . been analysing the statistical properties of the human placenta at scales ranging from the Force fields can generate realistic morphology of the placenta [4], to the network structures and the electronic statistics of the vasculature, and finally to properties of these structures can diffusional oxygen transport from the maternal then be calculated with DFT. to the fetal blood. Our goal is to obtain sufficient statistics on relevant placental characteristics to obtain clinically significant We are also interested in the results. nanoscale statistical mechanics of multiferroic perovskites, the simplest J. S. Gill, M. P. Woods, C. M. Salafia, and D. D. Vvedensky, `Probability distributions for of which are BaTiO3 and SrTiO3. measures of placental shape and morphology,' With force fields we can reach a Graphene growth kinetics. In Physiological Measurement 35, 483–500 new understanding of the collaboration with Lev Kanotorovich (2014). mechanism of the ferroelectric (KCL), Ian Ford (UCL), and Joel phase transition[3] - an issue that Posthuma de Boer (Physics-CDT), has been debated for half a century; we are developing approaches to the we can go further by using kinetics of grapheme growth. Our advanced statistical techniques to work has included the first elucidate the complex process by comprehensive review of theoretical which ferroelectric domains and experimental work in this area [1], nucleate, grow, and coalesce. an optimization algorithm for rate Controlling this process is key to models [2], and a phase-field model improving the performance of for describing the growth kinetics of ferroelectric memory (FeRAM) graphene. devices. H. Tetlow, J. Posthuma de Boer, I. Ford, D. D. Vvedensky, J. Coraux, and L. Kantorovich, 1. “Atomistic force field for alumina fit to Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and density functional theory”, J. Sarsam, M. W. experiment, Physics Reports 542, 195–295 Finnis, and P. Tangney, J. Chem. Phys. 139, (2014).. J. Posthuma de Boer, I. J. Ford, L. 204704 (2013). Kantorovich, and D. D. Vvedensky, Epitaxial graphene on transition metals: Optimization of 2. “On the growth of Al2O3 scales”, A.H. rate theories, Journal of Physics: Condensed Heuer, T. Nakagawa, M.Z. Azara, D.B. Matter 26, 185008 (2014). Hovisa, J.L. Smialek, B. Gleeson, N.D.M. Hine, H. Guhl, H.-S. Lee, P. Tangney, Inverted pyramidal quantum dots. In W.M.C. Foulkes, M.W. Finnis, Acta Materialia collaboration with Emauele Pelucchi’s group 61, 6670 (2013). (Cork), reaction-diffusion equations have been used to model the fabrication of quantum dots 3. “Multiscale Theory and Simulation of (QDs) on GaAs(111) surfaces patterned with Barium Titanate”, J. J. Fallon, Ph.D. Thesis, inverted pyramids using metalorganic vapor- Imperial College London, 2014. phase epitaxy. Patterning provides pre-determined sites for QDs and endows the rates of all surface processes with a facet- dependence. The rates of these processes are determined from systematic experiments [3], and the resulting theory accounts for the measured concentration, temperature, and time-dependence of QD formation.

V. Dimastrodonato, E. Pelucchi, P. A. Zestanakis, and D. D. Vvedensky, `Morphological, compositional, and geometrical

52 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Experimental Solid State Physics EXSS is a large group comprising 19 members of staff, 40 research staff and over 50 PhD students. Research spans all areas of solid state physics and main themes are highlighted below. The group has strong links with other centres within Imperial College including the Energy Futures Lab and the Grantham Institute for Climate Change.

Plastic Electronics Nanoscience and Technology bonds in a way that gives each bio- T.D. Anthopoulos, D.D.C Bradley, molecule an easily recognisable spec- A.J. Campbell, J.S Kim, J. Nelson Frustrated Magnetic Nanostructures tral “fingerprint”. If we image a slice of and P.N. Stavrinou W. R. Branford and L. F. Cohen human tissue at the right wave- lengths, we can “see” chemicals (e.g. Organic semiconductors (conju- Arrays of magnetic nanostructured the acids in DNA). Clinical trials are gated polymers and small mole- honeycomb lattices impose frustration showing that this technique detects cules) are finding increasing on the magnetic order resulting in cancer earlier and with greater confi- applications in light emission, dis- monopole defects according to “spin dence. plays, energy conversion, sensors ice” rules. engineering and healthcare. Experi- mental and theoretical programme.

Magnetic monopole defects Plastic electronics on flexible substrates Nanophotonics, Plasmonics and Nanostructured Narrow Gap Metamaterials Energy and efficient energy use Semiconductors S. Maier, R. Oulton, L.F. Cohen, P.N. L.F. Cohen and S.A. Solin Stavrinou, C.C. Phillips and D.D.C. Solar Cell Research Narrow gap semiconductors such as Bradley P. Barnes, K.W.J. Barnham, D.D.C. InAs exhibit high electron mobilities Bradley, A.J. Chatten, N.J. Ekins- and low surface depletion making Here we utilise metallic nanostruc- Daukes, J. Nelson and C.C.Phillips them ideal candidates for high sensi- tures in to break the diffraction limit of tivity, ultra high resolution, ballistic light. Examples include ultrafast The two main drivers in solar cell nanosensors. nanoscale research are the development of plasmon lasers, highly sensitive lowercost materials and improving Quantum Dots biodetectors, quantum plasmonics efficiencies.Organic photovoltaic R. Oulton, N.J. Ekins-Daukes and R. and optical nanoantennas for use in materials such as conjugated poly- Murray nonlinear nanooptics. mers, fullerenes and nanoparticles Nanophotonic structures are also can have efficiencies around 10% - QDs have applications in lasers, opti- fascinating materials for combination they are relatively cheap and are cal amplifiers, micro-lasers, qubits, with graphene for novel optoelectronic readily processed from solution. single photon sources for quantum devices. At mid-infrared frequencies, Inorganic semiconductors can cryptography and tunnel junctions for we have developed the concept of achieve efficiencies of 40%, particu- efficient tandem solar cells. quantum metamaterials based on larly under “many suns” illumination, highly doped semiconductors for and are well suited to satellite appli- Mid-infrared Imaging for Cancer novel sub-resolution imaging applica- cations or terrestrial light concentra- detection tions. tors. C.C. Phillips Mid-IR radiation is absorbed by excit- Materials for Energy Efficient ing localised vibrations in chemical Refrigeration K. Sandeman, L .F. Cohen and A. D. Caplin

Utilising magnetic magnetocaloric materials offers a route to efficient refrigeration which avoids the use of environmentally damaging chemicals.

Dotonic molecule Bow-Tie Plasmonic antennae www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 53 Experimental Solid Research State Physics

Professor Thomas Anthopoulos Dr Piers Barnes “Three organic or hybrid photovoltaic technologies are compared with respect to performance and stability under the harsh regime of concentrated light. Although all three technologies show surprisingly high (and linear) photocurrents, and better than expected stability, no golden apples are awarded.”[1] [1] Performance and Stability of Lead Perovskite/TiO2, Polymer/PCBM, and Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at Light Intensities up Solution to 70 Suns, Law C, Miseikis L, Dimitrov S, My research programs are centered processed semiconductors offer the Shakya-Tuladhar P, Li X, Barnes PRF, Durrant J, O'Regan BC, 2014, ADVANCED on understanding the physical prospect of cheap solar power, but the MATERIALS, Vol: 26, Pages: 6268-6273, properties of functional electronic stability of the materials is often ISSN: 0935-9648 materials and applying this limited. We have accelerated aging in [2] The reorganization energy of fundamental understanding to photovoltaic devices based on low intermolecular hole hopping between dyes develop improved materials and processing cost materials such as anchored to surfaces, Moia D, Vaissier V, devices for application in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites, Lopez-Duarte I, Torres T, Nazeeruddin MK, electronics, displays, lighting, conjugated polymers, and dye O'Regan BC, Nelson J, Barnes PRF, 2014, CHEMICAL SCIENCE, Vol: 5, Pages: 281- energy generation & harvesting and sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) by 290, ISSN: 2041-652z different sensor technologies. I am using high intensity light sources to [3] Effect of Molecular Fluctuations on Hole also interested in innovative expose devices to the equivalent of Diffusion within Dye Monolayers, Vaissier V, manufacturing technologies for a year’s flux of photons on the time Mosconi E, Moia D, Pastore M, Frost JM, De large-area nano-electronics where scale of a few days.[1] Our approach Angelis F, Barnes PRF, Nelson J, 2014, device –and ultimately system– enables us to assess the extent of CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 26, Pages: 4731-4740, ISSN: 0897-4756 performance is determined by key photo-degradation and mechanisms device dimensions rather than for change in behaviour in these the Professor Donal Bradley FRS strictly by the physical properties of materials. DCCS proved to be the the active material(s) used. Ultimate most stable but can suffer from aim is the development of advanced electrolyte sealing issues. To overcome device concepts and their this we are exploring routes to improve application in future generations of the performance of solid-state DSSCs ubiquitous large-area opto- using lateral transport of holes through electronics. Current research dye monolayers attached to surfaces. interests falls into three broad This ‘molecular wiring’ phenomenon themes: also has potential applications in batteries, solar fuel photoelectrodes, Theme 1: Functional materials and and molecular scale electronic devices. novel fabrication paradigms We have developed a new method to experimentally measure the Theme 2: Devices and circuits for reorganisation energy of charge Understanding the unique properties opto/electronics and energy harvest- hopping in these molecular monolayers of molecular electronic materials and ing applications which shows excellent agreement using that knowledge to develop novel with our theoretical calculations.[2] technologies for application in the Theme 3: Bottom-up fabrication This allows us to predict the mobility displays and lighting, energy, technologies for nano-scale of holes for different molecules and electronics, analysis and comm- opto/electronics environments, suggesting interesting unications sectors is at the core of the new possibilities for the design of field of plastic electronics organic electronic devices.[3] (http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/plasticelectr

54 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Experimental Solid Research State Physics onics). Our work spans fundamental D.D.C. Bradley, J. Poly. Sci. Polym. Phys. (2014), at Anthopoulos (EXSS)[4] and crystals press. DOI: 10.1002/polb.23601 studies of electronic and photo- from Oak Ridge. We also began a physical properties and the 4. “High-efficiency, solution-processed, multilayer collaboration with Lesley Cohen phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with a development of efficient device copper thiocyanate hole injection/transport layer” A. (EXSS) and Peter Petrov structures including organic light Perumal, H. Faber, N. Yaacobi-Gross, P. (Materials), producing magnetic Pattanasattayavong, C. Burgess, S. Jha, M.A. emitting diodes, lasers, transistors McLachlan, P.N. Stavrinou, T.D. Anthopoulos and Skyrmion crystals in bulk form. We and photodiodes/solar cells. In D.D.C. Bradley, Adv. Mater. (2014), at press. DOI: are now using these bulk samples to addition to molecular materials 10.1002/adma.201403914 develop thin film growth of these (conjugated polymers, small molecules, Skyrmionic materials. Dr Will Branford fullerenes, CuSCN, etc) we also 1. Dynamic interaction between domain work with solution processed metal walls and nanowire vertices. Burn, D.M., M. Chadha, S.K. Walton, and W.R. Branford, oxides (MoOX, ZnO, ZrO2, etc) and Physical Review B. 90: p. 144414 (2014). combined (‘hybrid’) devices are of 2. The non-random walk of chiral magnetic increasing interest. In addition, charge carriers in artificial spin ice. Zeissler, photonic structures incorporating K., S.K. Walton, S. Ladak, D.E. Read, T. conformational metamaterials, Tyliszczak, L.F. Cohen, and W.R. Branford, Scientific Reports. 3: p. 1252 (2013). microcavities and plasmonic metals are of strong interest. Close 3. MALTS: A Tool to Simulate Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy From collaborations exist with Paul Micromagnetic Simulations. Walton, S.K., K. Stavrinou, Thomas Anthopoulos, Ji- Zeissler, W.R. Branford, and S. Felton, Ieee Seon Kim and Jenny Nelson in Transactions On Magnetics. 49(8): p. 4795- Physics and with colleagues from our 4800 (2013). Chemistry and Materials 4. Observation of wrinkle induced potential We have ongoing work engineering drops in biased chemically derived graphene Departments. We participate in the arrays of ferromagnetic nanobars to thin film networks. Ladak, S., J.M. Ball, D. EPSRC Centres for Innovative induce a type of magnetic frustration Moseley, G. Eda, W.R. Branford, M. Manufacturing in Large Area Chhowalla, T.D. Anthopoulos, and L.F. known as the Ice rules and Cohen, Carbon. 64: p. 35-44 (2013). Electronics (http://www-large-area- characterizing their magnetic and electronics.eng.cam. ac.uk/) and Doctoral transport properties. The Ice rules Dr Alasdair Campbell Training in Plastic Electronic initially described the residual Materials disorder in ice at zero temperature. (http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/plasticel They also describe the local ectronics/pecdt). Strong and growing ordering principle of the spins in international collaborations exist with spin ice materials and "artificial spin colleagues in Switzerland (ETH), ice" nanoarrays. In the last year we China (Nanjing Tech, CIAC, NJUPT), explored how we can use the Korea (SNU, KAIST), Brazil properties of ferromagnetic domain (CSEM) and Hong Kong (HKBU) and walls to direct magnetic charges we are supported by EPSRC, move through these artificial spin ice Unilever, Sumitomo Chemicals, structures.[1] To do this we CDT and Molecular Vision. 1. “Location, Location, Location - strategic developed new methods of imaging positioning of 2,1,3-benzo-thiadiazole units within this magnetic charge flow (including trigonal quaterfluorene-truxene star-shaped central facilities work at Advanced structures” C.R. Belton, A.L. Kanibolotsky, J. Kirkpatrick, C. Orofino, S.E.T. Elmasly, P.N. Light Source (Berkeley),[2] Paul Working with Matthew Fuchter in the Stavrinou, P.J. Skabara and D.D.C. Bradley Scherrer Institute (Switzerland) and Adv.Funct.Mater. 23 (2013), 2792-2804. DOI: Department of Chemistry, strong 10.1002/adfm.201202644 Diamond (UK) and collaboration progress has been made in the 2. “Ultrastrongly coupled exciton-polaritons in metal- with Solveig Felton (Queens, novel field of organic chiral photonics clad organic semiconductor microcavities” S. Belfast).[3] We have explored the and optoelectronics. Using a Kéna-Cohen, S.A. Maier and D.D.C. Bradley, interplay between structure and Adv.Opt.Mater. 1 (2013), 827-833. DOI: helically-shaped molecular 10.1002/adom.201300256 magnetotransport properties in semiconductor known as a helicene 3 “Interplay Between Solid State Microstructure and graphene and other Dirac cone which comes in both left-and right- Photophysics for Poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) within materials, including graphene Oriented Polyethylene Hosts” A. Perevedentsev, S. handed spiral forms we were able to Aksel, K. Feldmann, P. Smith, P.N. Stavrinou and device structures from Thomas create organic light emitting diodes www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 55 Experimental Solid Research State Physics and organic phototransistors which 2. A Raman spectroscopic study of the emit and detect circularly-polarised Professor Lesley Cohen carbon deposition mechanism on Ni/CGO electrodes during CO/CO2 electrolysis: (CP) light [1, 2]. Such devices have Duboviks, V.; Maher, R. C.; Kishimoto, M.; et application in protein detection, CP al., PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL based tomography, optical PHYSICS Volume: 16 Issue: 26 13063 (2014) spintronics and quantum computing, 3. Influence of Cu substrate topography on and displays, and a patent from this the growth morphology of chemical vapour deposited graphene: Xiao, Ye; Kim, HoKwon, work has led to further funding and Mattevi, Cecilia; et al., CARBON 65 7 (2013) an industrial collaboration [3]. We also have strong activity in the 4. Andreev spectroscopy of CrO2 thin films on TiO2 and Al2O3: Yates, K. A.; Anwar, M. POLARIC (printed organic large- S.; Aarts, J.; et al. EPL Volume: 103 Issue: 6 area realisation of integrated Article Number 67005 (2013) circuits) EC FP7 project, which has involved printing high performance Dr Nicholas Ekins-Daukes organic transistors and Our work complementary circuits. As well as on CVD ultra-thin contact printed dielectric graphene materials characterisation dielectrics [4], we have successfully and integration with plasmonic created high-frequency nanoscale structures has become an active self-aligned transistors and circuits area in the group and we are using a combination of working with Rupert Oulton and nanoimprintlithography and Stefan Maier to develop our conventional photolithography. Work interests in graphene has also been conducted in the area photoconductivity detectors and of hybrid inorganic-organic light dynamics of photoinduced carriers. emitting diodes and transistors, Our interests in materials for energy involving the creation of inverted applications continue: We have One of the first ever demonstrations and conventional devices using studied the vortex pinning properties of a hot carrier photovoltaic device transition metal oxide and hybrid in single crystals superconducting was demonstrated in the group, hole and electron injection layers. pnictides, in collaboration with showing a hot carrier photocurrent New activity has also begun on colleagues at UFRJ in Brazil, and at a device cooled to 10K. Research organic bioelectronic sensors and the magnetotransport properties of is on-going in collaboration with Sharp transistors. the parent compounds; Raman Laboratories Oxford to demonstrate 1. Induction of Circularly Polarized spectroscopy of solid oxide fuel cell a hot carrier photovoltaic device at Electroluminescence from an Achiral Light- electrodes together with colleagues Emitting Polymer via a Chiral Small-Molecule higher working temperature and with in the Energy Futures Laboratory; Dopant Y. Yang, R. Correa da Costa, D. M. a broader absorption profile. A new Smilgies, A. J. Campbell and M. J. Fuchter and the entropy change contribution milestone for multi-junction solar cell Advanced Materials, 25, 2624 (2013) in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 for solid state development was passed in a 2. Circularly polarized light detection by a magnetic cooling applications. One collaborative project with the chiral organic semiconductor transistor Y. of the most interesting areas has University of Tokyo where a 1.15eV Yang, R. Correa da Costa, M. J. Fuchter and been to understand the potential A. J. Campbell Nature Photonics, 7, 634 band-edge using aggressively influence of Andreev bound states in (2013) strain-balanced GaAsP/InGaAs the electrical conductance spectra 3. “Electroluminescent Compositions” quantum well was demonstrated. generated at a superconducting Fuchter, M. J.; Campbell, A. J., Yang, Y. Further research has shown that ferromagnet interface. This work PCT/GB2013/052007 radiative transport within a 4J was performed in collaboration with 4. High-Performance Flexible Bottom-Gate structure will lead to efficiencies in Matthias Eschrig and colleagues at Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Gravure excess of 50%. Further, we have Printed Thin Organic Dielectric, N. L. Vaklev, Royal Holloway. discovered remarkable microsecond R. Müller, B. V. O. Muir, D. T. James, R. 1. Spontaneous magnetization above TC in Pretot, P. van der Schaaf, J. Genoe, J.-S. polycrystalline La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and minority carrier lifetimes present in Kim, J. H. G. Steinke and A. J. Campbell La0.7Ba0.3MnO3: Turcaud, J. A.; Pereira, A. lateral GaAsP/InGaAs quantum wire Advanced Materials Interfaces, 1300123 M.; Sandeman, K. G.; et al., PHYSICAL solar cells in collaboration with the (2014) REVIEW B Volume: 90 Issue: 2 024410 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy (2014) Systems in Freiburg. Our research

56 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Experimental Solid Research State Physics on the application of metal techniques continues to improve the 10.1002/aenm.201400527 nanoparticles to promote scattering performance of devices, further 4. “Highly efficient inverted polymer light- has been conducted in collaboration research is required to gain crucial emitting diodes using surface modifications of with Stefan Maier and Vincenzo insights into the fundamental ZnO layer”, Lee B. R., Jung E. D., Park J. S., et al., Nature Comm. 5 (2014) 4840, DOI: Giannini and recently demonstrated relationships between nanostructures 10.1002/admi.201300123 that aluminium nanoparticles offer of materials and their optoelectronic low loss scattering across most of properties to inform future design Professor Stefan Maier the solar spectrum. strategies. To achieve this goal, our 1 Hirst, L. C., Walters, R. J., Führer, M. F., & principal research has been focused Ekins-Daukes, N. J. (2014). Experimental on two main themes, Nanoscale demonstration of hot-carrier photo-current in an InGaAs quantum well solar cell. Applied Functional Materials and Physics Letters, 104(23), 231115. Nanometrology; (a) to facilitate the doi:10.1063/1.4883648 rational design of functional 2 Toprasertpong, K., Fujii, H., Thomas, T., materials, device architectures and Führer, M. Alonso-Álvarez, D. Farrell, D.J. fabrication methods via increased Watanabe, K. Okada, Y. Ekins-Daukes, N.J. understanding and control of the Sugiyama, M. and Nakano Y. (2014) Absorption Threshold Extended to 1.15 eV nanostructures and fundamental Using InGaAs/GaAsP Quantum Wells for properties of these materials; (b) to Over-50%-efficient Lattice-matched Quad- develop advanced structural junction Solar Cells Progress in nanoimaging techniques that have Photovoltaics, in press . Our work in nanophotonics the unique capability to probe non- advanced substantially over the last 3 Alonso-Alvarez, D., Thomas, T., Fuhrer, M., periodic structures with high chemical Hylton, N. P., Ekins-Daukes, N. J., Lackner, year with a big push towards active sensitivity and high spatial resolution. D., et al. (2014). InGaAs/GaAsP strain materials for optoelectronic control Our research benefits from strong balanced multi-quantum wires grown on on the nanoscale. Together with misoriented GaAs substrates for high collaborative links to Physics, researchers of the Naval Research efficiency solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, Chemistry, Engineering, Materials- 105(8), 083124. Laboratory and the University of based groups at Imperial under the Manchester, we demonstrated a 4 Hylton, N. P., Li, X. F., Giannini, V., Lee, K. Centre for Plastic Electronics and H., Ekins-Daukes, N. J., Loo, J., et al. (2013). new class of materials for high- the Centre for Doctoral Training in Loss mitigation in plasmonic solar cells: confinement and enhancement of Plastic Electronic Materials aluminium nanoparticles for broadband radiation at mid-infrared frequencies, photocurrent enhancements in GaAs (http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/plasticel based on hexagonal boron nitride photodiodes. Scientific Reports, 3, 2874. ectronics/pecdt), as well as [1]. Furthermore we demonstrated local/international universities and Dr Ji-Seon Kim gigantic enhancement of higher industrial organisations, which harmonic generation in hybrid include SNU, KAIST, POSTECH, plasmonic nanoantennas based on UNIST, BNU, Ewha (Korea), Technion indium tin oxide decorated with gold (Israel), CDT/ Sumitomo Chemicals nanoantennas [2]. We also showed (UK/ Japan), Samsung Electronics Bose-Einstein condensation at room (Korea) and NPL (UK). temperature in an organic material, 1. “Controlling Microstructure of Pentacene an important step towards practical Derivatives by Solution Processing – Impact of Structural Anisotropy on Optoelectronic polariton lasers[3]. Lastly, in research Properties”, James, D. T., Frost, J. M., Wade, led by our colleague Rupert Oulton, J., et al., ACS Nano 7(9) (2013) 7983-7991, we demonstrated ultrafast lasing DOI: 10.1021/nn203397m modulation in a plasmonic nanolaser 2. “Performance Enhancement of Fullerene based on zinc oxide nanowires Based Solar Cells by Light Processing”, Li Z., coupled to surface plasmon Plastic Electronics enables Wong H. C., Huang Z., et al., Nature Comm. polaritons in a silver thin film [4]. electronic devices to be printed onto a 4 (2013) 2227, DOI:10.1038/ncomms3227 1. Caldwell, J.D., Kretinin, A.V., Chen, Y., range of surfaces for large area, 3. “Germanium- and Silicon-Substituted Giannini, V., Fogler, M.M., Francescato, Y., Donor–Acceptor Type Copolymers: Effect of flexible and low-cost applications. Ellis, C.T., Tischler, J.G., Woods, C.R., Giles, the Bridging Heteroatom on Molecular While innovation in new organic A.J., Hong, M., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Packing and Photovoltaic Device Maier, S.A., & Novoselov, K.S., Sub- semiconductors and hybrid materials Performance”, Kim J. S., Fei Z., Wood S., et diffractional, volume-confined polaritons in as well as solution-processing al., Adv. Energy Mater. (2014), 1400527, DOI: the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 57 Experimental Solid Research State Physics boron nitride, Nature Communications 5, studies of strong light matter the physics, chemistry, materials 5221 (2014) doi:/ 10.1038/ncomms6221 coupling3 using optical cavities, science and device engineering of 2. Aouani, H., Rahmani, M., Navarro-Cía, M., paving the way for electrically driven new, solution processible materials & Maier, S.A., Third-harmonic-upconversion enhancement from a single semiconductor room temperature (RT) polariton for solar cells. These include organic nanoparticle coupled to a plasmonic antenna, laser devices. Cavity polaritons form semiconductors such as conjugated Nature Nanotechnology 9, 290 (2014) a macroscopic condensate in the polymers and small molecules, 3. Daskalakis, K.S., Maier, S.A., Murray, R., & ground state. We have demonstrated hybrid inorganic:organic materials Kéna-Cohen, S., Nonlinear interactions in an an organic polariton condensate at and dye sensitised and perovskite organic polariton condensate, Nature Materials 13, 271 (2014) room temperature in a microcavity4. materials. We study the factors At threshold we observe the controlling current generation and 4. Sidiropoulos, T.P.H., Röder, R., Geburt, S., Hess, O., Maier, S.A., Ronning, C., & Oulton, spontaneous formation of a linearly charge recombination in organic and R.F., Ultrafast plasmonic nanowire lasers polarized condensate which exhibits hybrid solar cells, such as the role of near the surface plasmon frequency, Nature a superlinear power dependence, trap states, doping and interface Physics (2014) doi:/ 10.1038/NPHYS3103 long-range order and a power- recombination using detailed analysis dependent blueshift: a clear to determine the practical and Professor Ray Murray signature of Frenkel polariton theoretical limits to device performance. interactions. We use a wide range of characterisation 1 Matthew W. Taylor, Peter Spencer, techniques to study how the chemical Edmund Clarke, Edmund Harbord and Ray and physical structure of materials Murray “Resolving Zeeman splitting in quantum dot ensembles” App.Phys.Lett. 102 control the processes of light 171909 (2013) absorption, charge generation and 2 F.S.F. Brossard, B.P.L. Reid, C.C.S. Chan, charge transport, and how these X. L. Xu, J. P. Griffiths, D.A. Williams, R. processes influence photovoltaic Murray, and R.A. Taylor “Confocal device performance. We are particularly microphotoluminescence mapping of coupled and detuned states in photonic molecules” interested in charge transport and Optics Express 21 16934 (2013) photo-induced charge separation. 3 K. S. Daskalakis,P. S. Eldridge, G. We have also developed methods to Christmann, E. Trichas, R. Murray, simulate the physical structure of E. Iliopoulos,E. Monroy, N. T. Pelekanos,J. J. materials, and the resulting electronic QDs are contenders for quantum Baumberg and P. G. Savvidis “All-dielectric GaN microcavity: Strong coupling and lasing and optoelectronic properties. Our computation schemes and accessing at room temperature.” App.Phys.Lett. 102 long term aim is the rational design of spin information to/from quantum 101113 (2013) functional electronic materials. dots (QDs) is crucial. We have 4 K. S. Daskalakis, S. A. Maier, R. Murray Together with the Grantham Institute developed methods of determining and S. Kéna-Cohen “Nonlinear interactions for Climate Change, we also research the polarisation states and g-factors in an organic polariton condensate” Nature the potential of new PV (and other) for QD ensembles1 using circularly Professor Jenny Nelson materials technologies to contribute polarised light. In conjunction with the to carbon emissions reductions. Oxford and Hitachi Cambridge we Representative publications: have studied the coupling of cavities Mark A. Faist et al., “Understanding the defined by the local modulation of Reduced Efficiencies of Organic Solar Cells Employing Fullerene Multiadducts as the waveguide width using confocal Acceptors” Advanced Energy Materials 3, photo-luminescence microscopy2. We 744-752 (2013). are able to spatially map the profile of Neha Bansal et al., “Influence of Crystallinity the antisymmetric (antibonding) and and Energetics on Charge Separation in Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite Films for symmetric (bonding) modes of a pair of Solar Cells” Scientific Reports 3, Article strongly coupled cavities (photonic number: 1531 (2013) molecule) and follow the coupled Anne A. Y. Guilbert et al. , “Influence of cavity system from the strong coupling Bridging Atom and Side Chains on the Structure and Crystallinity of to the weak coupling regime in the Cyclopentadithiophene–Benzothiadiazole presence of structural disorder. Polymers” Chem. Mater.26, 1226–1233 GaN and its alloys have large Reducing the cost of solar electricity (2014). exciton binding energies which is key to building an affordable and Florian Steiner et al.“Distinguishing the influence of structural and energetic disorder makes them ideal candidates for secure future energy supply. We study on electron transport in fullerene multi-

58 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Experimental Solid Research State Physics adducts”, Mater. Horiz. 2, 113-119 (2015). in the form of metallic nano-particles absorption that lies at the heart of D. A. Vithanage et al., “Visualizing charge that scatter light more strongly than the idea1. separation in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells”, Nature Communications 4, 2334 atoms or molecules3. This leads to In a similar vein, we make quantum (2013). diverse optical methods from metamaterial “superlenses”, using coupling light into photonic micro- quantum theory to design structures Dr Rupert Oulton chips4 to characterizing aberrations where light beams propagate in optical systems. without spreading by diffraction2. To test them we have developed a new 1. Sidiropoulos, T. P. H., Hess, O., Maier, S. s-SNOM microscope, capable of A. & Oulton, R. F. Ultrafast plasmonic nanowire lasers near the surface plasmon mapping IR spectra at a resolution frequency. Nat. Phys. 10, 870–876 (2014). of 100th of a wavelength, and we 2. Lafone, L., Sidiropoulos, T. P. H. & Oulton, are using it to measure chemical R. F. Silicon-based metal-loaded plasmonic distributions within single cells for waveguides for low-loss nanofocusing. Opt. the first time3. Lett. 39, 4356–4359 (2014). Our “Digistain” IR imaging method 3. Gennaro, S. D. et al. Spectral for earlier cancer detection is interferometric microscopy reveals absorption by individual optical nanoantennas from undergoing clinical trials in Charing extinction phase. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–8 Cross Hospital, and work with (2014). Southampton and Bath promises a 4. Sidiropoulos, T. P. H. et al. Compact new form of coherent radiation My research involves engineering Optical Antenna Coupler for Silicon Photonics emitter, that uses a quantum-optical Characterized by Third-Harmonic Generation. the interaction of light and matter. ACS Photonics 1, 912–916 (2014). effect known as “Rabi flopping” in an The stark difference in characteristic asymmetric nanostructure, to length scales of photons and generate tunable THz beams. Professor Chris Phillips electrons makes optical interactions extremely weak despite light being 1. Megumi Yoshida1, Hemmel Amrania1, Daniel J. Farrell2, Ben Browne, Edward our primary means of experiencing Yoxall1, Nicholas J. Ekins-Daukes1 and Chris the world around us. However, the C. Phillips1 “Progress towards Realizing characteristic wavelength light can Intermediate Band Solar Cell – Sequential be matched with that of electrons in Absorption of Photons in a Quantum Well Intermediate Band Solar Cell”. IEEE Journal materials with metal optics. Metal of Photovoltaics, Vol 4, (2), 634-638 (March surfaces support excitations, called 2014). surface plasmons, that can be squeezed into spaces just tens of 2. A. O. Bak, V. Giannini, S. A. Maier, and C. C.Phillips, “Super-resolution with a positive nanometres in size where light- epsilon multi-quantum-well super-lens” Appl. matter interaction are greatly Phys. Letts. 103, 261110 (2013)August 2013. accelerated. While this technique can be used to make brighter and 3. Edward Yoxall,, Miguel Navarro-C, Mohsen Rahmani, Stefan A. Maier, and Chris more efficient light sources, Dr. We with the help of a new EPSRC C. Phillips, “Widely tuneable scattering-type Oulton is currently using this grant we have assembled a team to scanning near-field optical microscopy using concept to create ultrafast lasers pulsed quantum cascade lasers” Appl. Phys. put our “Quantum Ratchet” Solar Letts. 103, 213110 (2013). capable of turning on and off within cell idea to the test. Our modelling a few hundred femtoseconds1. The has shown conversion efficiencies 4. Nathan Shammah, Chris C. Phillips, and approach also strengthens the exceeding 60 % are possible, and Simone De Liberato”Terahertz emission from AC Stark-split asymmetric intersubband weakest non-linear optics effects. now we are exploring practical Metal-optics, or plasmonics, allows transitions” PHYSICAL REVIEW B 89, implementations, with collaborators 235309 (2014). light focussing down to the in Japan, the US, Diamond, Sheffield nanometre scale2, far beyond the and Sharp labs. Mostly they use diffraction limit of conventional nanostructured semiconductor optics. This boosts light’s intensity to devices based on GaAs/AlGaAs enhance non-linear response. The and the nitrides. The race is on to concept is also used in reverse: be the first to convincingly artificial material states are created demonstrate the sequential photon www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 59 High Energy Physics The High Energy Physics Group has activity across a broad front in exploiting particle physics experiments at existing facilities as well as designing detectors and accelerators for future experiments. These investigate the fundamental particles and the forces between them, with a primary aim to address basic questions such as the origin of mass and the charge-parity (CP) asymmetry between matter and antimatter. The group have also been exploring possible applications of accelerator technology in healthcare, working jointly with the Imperial College Medical Faculty.

HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES neutrino disappearance. High Energy Particle Collider Studies O. Buchmueller, D. J. Colling, SuperNEMO searches for neutrinoless P. D. Dauncey, G. J. Davies, P. J. double-beta decay, a process that Dornan, U. Egede, A. Golutvin, G. Hall, allows access the fundamental nature J. A. Nash, M. Patel, A. Tapper, T. of the neutrino mass. We lead the soft- Virdee ware development. Intense beams of muons at high energy can give neutrino We have been heavily involved in the beams with a well known composition CMS detector at the LHC and in the and energy spectrum – the so called discovery of the Higgs since inception. Neutrino Factory (NF). We lead the The LUX-ZEPLIN detector The trigger (a real-time background MICE experiment to provide the proof rejection) and the entire tracking detec- of principle for the technique. parallel with this, we lead the UK pro- tor and forward calorimeters will be Many models for new physics predict gramme towards the next-generation replaced within the next decade. We lepton flavour violation, such as muon to experiment, LUX-ZEPLIN, which is develop custom readout electronics for electron conversion. COMET/PRISM will entering its construction phase. the new tracker and trigger and we lead be sensitive to this process, with the design of a novel high granularity COMET Phase-I currently under con- Gravitational Wave Detection calorimeter. struction as a flagship experiment at H. Araujo, T. J. Sumner the J-PARC laboratory alongside T2K. We have recently seen two major mile- stones in the LISA low-frequency gravi- Particle Phenomenology tational wave ‘telescope’ in space. We O. Buchmueller have delivered flight hardware for the ESA LISA Pathfinder technology mis- The Standard Model leaves open sig- sion for launch in mid-2015 and also nificant questions in particle physics ESA has earmarked LISA for the 2034 and cosmology that may be answered L3 launch slot. by new physics at TeV masses. Our work through the London Centre for MEDICAL APPLICATIONS TeraUniverse Studies is directly con- Accelerator Developments and The custom readout board for the CMS trigger nected to our experimental activities Hadron Therapy upgrade and focuses on dark matter and new K. Long, J. Pasternak, P. A. Posocco, The LHCb detector at the LHC is opti- physics at the LHC. J. Pozimski mised for measuring b-quark hadrons. We have established a comprehensive Imperial's main contributions to the programme on proton accelerators for detector were the Ring Imaging science and medical applications. The Cherenkov detector, and the High Level group is leading the high-intensity Trigger that makes the current physics proton beam Front End Test Stand proj- programme possible. We lead the ect to test technologies required for a search for CP violation and new Neutrino Factory, a neutron spallation physics. We have also continued to source, and LHC upgrades. The activi- jointly lead Higgs studies at DZero at ties include the development of a com- the Tevatron, culminating in further evi- pact proton accelerator based on dence for a 125GeV Higgs boson in laser-plasma technology and the fermion decays, along with a measure- Limits on masses of SuperSymmetric particles from LHC data design of innovative beam gantries ment of its spin state. using FFAG technology. DARK MATTER AND GRAVITA- Neutrino and Charged Lepton TIONAL WAVES e-SCIENCE Physics D. J. Colling P. D. Dauncey, P. J. Dornan, K. Long, Direct Dark Matter Searches We have been one of the most active J. A. Nash, J. Pasternak, J. K.Sedgbeer, H. Araujo, T. J. Sumner groups within the GridPP distributed Y. Uchida, M. Wascko We are heavily involved in direct computing project since its formation searches for the dark matter particles, and provide regional coordination The Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) experi- which are thought to account for most through our leadership of LondonGrid. ment in Japan is the flagship of the of the mass in the Universe. Currently, We also have significant experiment- global neutrino oscillation programme. the LUX experiment at the Sanford Lab specific development In 2013 we published the world’s first in the US places the most stringent activities. high-significance measurement of elec- limits on the interaction of these parti- tron neutrino appearance and muon cles with ordinary matter. In

60 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research High Energy Physics A first HMRM prototype was links to theorists via the award of a Dr Henrique Araújo launched recently onboard the Senior Experimental Followship with TechDemoSat-1 satellite. the IPPP (Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology in 1. First Results from the LUX Dark Matter Durham). This has resulted in two Experiment at the Sanford Underground publications on how to characterise Research Facility, Akerib, D.S.; et al; Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 091303 Dark Matter searches at colliders and direct detection experiments. In 2. Radiogenic and Muon-Induced addition I have also contributed to Backgrounds in the LUX Dark Matter new work of the MasterCode Detector, Akerib, D.S.; et al.; Astropart. Phys. 62: 33 (2014) collaboration.

3. The Highly Miniaturised Radiation Monitor, CMS Technical Design Report for Phase2 Mitchell, E.; Araujo, H.; et al.; Journal of CMS collaboration, to be published in early Instrumentation 9: P07010 (2014) 2015

4. Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy Characterising dark matter searches at This year saw the publication of the particle physics, Chepel, V. and Araujo, H., colliders and direct detection experiments: Journal of Instrumentation 8: R04001 (2013) Vector mediators world’s best exclusion limits on the Oliver Buchmueller (Imperial Coll., London), interaction of dark matter particles Matthew J. Dolan (SLAC), Sarah A. Malik from the LUX experiment, which is (Imperial Coll., London), Christopher McCabe operating a mile underground at the Dr Oliver Buchmueller (Durham U., IPPP), submitted to JHEP Sanford Lab in South Dakota. Our Interplay and Characterization of Dark Matter result rules out previous ‘hints’ for Searches at Colliders and in Direct Detection light particles reported by other Experiments Sarah Malik (Imperial Coll., London), teams. A reanalysis to enhance our Christopher McCabe (Durham U.), Henrique sensitivity to even lower particle Araujo (Imperial Coll., London), A. Belyaev, masses is near publication, led by Celine Boehm, J. Brooke, Oliver Buchmueller Alastair Currie from Imperial. A year- (Imperial Coll., London), et al., submitted to long run is now underway which Journal for Physics of the Dark Universe. should see LUX extend its reach The NUHM2 after LHC Run 1 into unexplored parameter space. In O. Buchmueller (Imperial Coll., London), R. parallel, the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) next- Cavanaugh (Fermilab & Illinois U., Chicago), M. Citron (Imperial Coll., London), A. De generation experiment, presently Roeck (Antwerp U. & CERN), M.J. Dolan completing the conceptual design (SLAC), J.R. Ellis (King's Coll, London & phase, was selected by the US My work in CMS focused on the CERN), H. Flaecher (Bristol U.), S. funding agencies to become a final physics exploitation of the Heinemeyer (Cantabria U., Santander), S. RUN1 data taking campaign (2010- Malik (Rockefeller U.), J. Marrouche (Imperial construction project from 2015. LZ Coll., London) et al., submitted to JHEP counts some 30 institutes mostly in 2012) analysing the so-called the US and in the UK (the UK “parked data”, which since the contribution is led by Imperial). We middle of 2013 have been made are continuing our LZ-related R&D available for analysis. Furthermore, programme here: our team is in 2014 I have continued my investigating the phenomenology of coordination role for the planning of high-field breakdown processes in the CMS trigger upgrade strategy liquid xenon, studying in particular for the High-Luminosity LHC. This the emission of photons and work has come to a first conclusion electrons from thin wires at several by assembling a Technical Design hundred kV/cm. Another strand of Report, to which I have made very our work involves radiation detection significant contributions. This report high above the Earth, rather than will be made public in early 2015. underground. We are developing the In addition I have further expanded Highly Miniaturised Radiation my work on particle physics Monitor (HMRM) with RAL and ESA. phenomenology, establishing closer www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 61 Research High Energy Physics

Dauncey et al., arXiv:1408.6865, submitted to boson with exotic spin and parity in Professor Paul Dauncey J. INST. VH→Vbb¯ final states, D0 Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 161802. 2. Observation of the diphoton decay of the 3. Search for invisible decays of Higgs Higgs boson and measurement of its bosons in the vector boson fusion and properties, V. Khachatryan et al., associated ZH production modes, CMS EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C, Collaboration, Eur.Phys.J. C74 (2014) 2980. Volume: 74 3076 (2014) 4. Interplay and Characterization of Dark Matter Searches at Colliders and in Direct Professor Gavin Davies Detection Experiments, S. Malik et al., ArXiv: 1409.4075.

Professor Peter Dornan

My major research project is the CMS experiment at the LHC. Following the discovery of the Higgs Boson by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations in 2012, the main aim of our work has been to characterise the newly discovered particle as precisely as possible. In particular, My research has continued to focus we need to check if the production on characterisation of the recently rates (in several production modes) observed Higgs boson, both with and the decay rates (in several decay the CMS experiment at the LHC As Professor Emeritus I now use channels) are consistent with the and the D0 experiment at the my time to take an overall view of theoretical predictions. I have Tevatron, as well as searching for the state of particle physics and concentrated on one particular decay non-standard model Higgs boson at explore new directions which I feel mode, which is Higgs to two CMS. We published the legacy can be positive for the group. The photons. This was one of the two paper in the Higgs to diphoton recent observation of the Higgs main channels contributing to the decay mode, one of the principal boson at the LHC completes the discovery, mainly because it can be discovery channels, achieving standard model and although this reconstructed efficiently and so gives single channel evidence. The explains almost all particle high statistical power. As part of this, combination of results from the interactions there remain areas we produced a paper describing a various decay modes continues to such as neutrino oscillation, gravity, new statistical method to allow for yield results for the couplings and the matter-antimatter asymmetry background uncertainties. A final spin in agreement with expectations and dark matter still to be paper on H→γγ decays using all the for the SM Higgs boson. Our understood. Thus our experiments CMS data from the 2012/13 LHC searches for invisible decay modes must now search for signals from runs was recently produced and so constrain new physics theories, the physics beyond the standard far, all measurements are consistent including dark matter models. model. New avenues must be with the theory. However, the LHC Returning to this topic has been the explored in addition to the ongoing will turn on again in 2015 and run for other thread in my recent research, LHC programme which has yet to three years at a higher centre-of-mass and I was very pleased to welcome uncover any evidence.. Neutrino energy, increasing the Higgs data a JRF, Bjoern Penning, in this area. oscillation is one observation not sample by an order of magnitude predicted by the standard model and allowing improved precision. 1. Observation of the diphoton decay of the and hence the lepton sector is a Higgs boson and measurement of its prime area to search for new properties, CMS Collaboration, Eur.Phys.J. 1. Handling uncertainties in background physics and the great prize would shapes: the discrete profiling method, P. D. C74 (2014) 3076. 2. Constraints on models for the Higgs be to see charged lepton violation

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such as a muon changing to an quark. A precision measurement is candidate for dark matter and the electron. I therefore now support important for measuring the least baryon dominated Universe, require the COMET experiment at the well constrained free parameter of further dedicated experiments. JPARC laboratory in Japan to the Standard Model. The present Together with my colleagues I have search for mu to e conversion. measurements suffer from system- recently proposed a new experi- Additionally more accurate atic uncertainties that can be ment, SHIP, which will be based at experiments are necessary in the reduced by an analysis of the decay CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron. neutrino area and for this a neutrino Λb→pµν, something that can only The experiment will search for heavy factory, long supported in this be done with the data from the Majorana neutrinos and any other group, remains the optimal LHCb experiment. Further develop- new particles that could be messen- procedure. ments have been made in particle gers between the Standard Model physics phenomenology to improve particles and some “Hidden Sector” Professor Ulrik egede the interpretation of future experi- of new physics. In particular, the mental measurements. existence of Majorana neutrinos is strongly motivated by both theory 1. Observation of a resonance in and experimental evidence, as such B+→K+μ+μ− decays at low recoil, R. Aaij et al. [LHCb Collaboration], particles can simultaneously explain Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 (2013) 112003. the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe and account for the 2. Differential branching fractions and non-zero neutrino masses. I have isospin asymmetries of B→K(∗)μ+μ- decays, R. Aaij et al. [LHCb Collaboration], J. High been elected spokesperson of SHIP Energy Phys. 06 (2014) 133. and represent the 35 collaborating institutes. CERN has asked our col- 3. Measurement of the semileptonic CP laboration to produce an engineer- asymmetry in B0−B0 mixing, R. Aaij et al. [LHCb Collaboration], arXiv:1409.8586, sub- ing design by the spring. mitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. The LHCb experiment has recently started a dedicated programme on The exploitation of the very large 4. The effect of S-wave interference on the the exploration of hidden portals of B0→K∗0ℓ+ℓ− angular observables, T Blake, datasets produced by the LHCb U. Egede and A. Shires, J. High Energy the Standard Model. Analyses of experiment located at the Large Phys. 03 (2013) 027. large, and nearly background free data Hadron Collider has been my main samples of B decays to the final states involvement. Effort has concen- Professor Andrey Golutvin with muons have lead to strong trated on looking for signatures that constraints on the couplings of the can constrain the nature of dark Majorana neutrino and low energy matter or explain the prevalence of s-goldstinos. matter over antimatter in the Uni- verse. This means a continuation of 1. Proposal to search for heavy neutral lep- tons at the SPS , CERN-SPSC-2013-024 / the analysis of B meson decays SPSC-EOI-010 where new types of particles are created within virtual loops. The dis- 2. Search for rare B(s) → μμμμ decays, covery of a resonant structure in the LHCb collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 1528276 dimuon mass spectra of the B+→K+μ+μ− decay led to subse- 3. Search for Majorana neutrinos in B→πμμ quent big developments for the decays, LHCb collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. theory required to determine the 112 (2014) 131802 influence of possible particles not Recent results from the LHC experi- 4. First observation of the rare decays described within the Standard ments, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb, B→Kππμμ and B→φKμμ, LHCb collabora- Model. A new direction of research have provided further strong confir- tion, JHEP10 (2014) 064 is related to semileptonic decays of mation of the Standard Model. How- B mesons, with an emphasis on ever, a number of experimental measuring the strength of the cou- shortcomings, such as the finite pling between the b and the u mass of neutrinos, the absence of a www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 63 Research High Energy Physics

G. Hall , M. Pesaresi, M. Raymond, D. Braga Senior Advisor to Sir Magdi Professor Geoffrey Hall et al CBC2: A CMS microstrip readout ASIC Yacoub’s Qatar Cardiovascular with logic for track-trigger modules at HL- LHC Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Research Centre. Physics Research A 765 (2014) 214–218 We have also been adopted by http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.04.056 several oil companies in the MENA region for real-time oil analytics and G. Hall, D. Newbold, M. Pesaresi, A. Rose A time-multiplexed track-trigger architecture for production allocation. Our team – CMS 2014 JINST 9 C10034 mostly physicists – has set up a new http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748- company in Bahrain, to address the 0221/9/10/C10034 Saudi market, and to complement W. Scandale, W. Ferguson, J. Fulcher, G. our Qatari company. We also have Hall, M. Pesares, M. Raymond et al Mirroring a contract within Dubai and will of 400 GeV/c protons by an ultra-thin straight establish a company there in 2014. crystal. Physics Letters B734, (2014) 1–6 In addition, our gas sensing http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.04. 062 technologies (as demonstrated in the 2012 London Olympics, and I am the UK PI for the CMS experiment The CMS collaboration. Alignment of the built on HEP heavy quark separation CMS tracker with LHC and cosmic ray data algorithms) is being adopted by a at the CERN LHC. This includes 2014 JINST 9 P06009 many activities on the experiment, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748- GCC nation for air quality sensing, including supervision of the UK 0221/9/06/P06009 and is being studied by a National detector operational responsibilities, Oil Company, as a means of rapidly especially on the Tracker which Dr John Hassard detecting the leakage of Toxic involved much Imperial effort and Industrial Chemicals. hardware, and other managerial Publications The Internet of Things: Smart Cities: Meeting activities. CMS is preparing an the Threat. Invited talk at University of upgrade and much of my time is Shanghai, December 2011 spent on that, where our group is currently replacing the Level-1 FICCI Conference, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosives (CBRNE) calorimeter trigger and engaged in Conference, Home Office Invitee and R&D for new tracker detector Plenary Speaker. New Delhi, February 2012 modules based on silicon microstrips and a specialised front-end GB Patent GB 1404756.7 2014: Rapid Petroleomic Profiler, Chenevière, Dessort, electronic integrated circuit. This Al-Mohannadi, Al-Dahik, Chapron, Hassard module will provide new functions by Filing made 2014. selecting data to permit reconstruction of many of the charged particle I remain on Leave of Absence, Professor Ken Long tracks emerging from p-p collisions, promoting technologies derived and allowing this information to be from Particle Physics into a wider used in the L1 trigger for the first technical and commercial sphere. time. This will increase the power of Our HEP-derived company deltaDOT the trigger, allowing CMS to be has gone from strength to strength more selective in data which are with tools built on early CMS pattern preserved for full analysis, by recognition algorithms (with Dr David selecting high transverse momentum Colling) and vertex finding in b quark tracks and associating them with decays. It has been adopted by the calorimeter and muon system largest vaccine programme in the information. A prototype module of US, a highly topical development, this type was demonstrated in a and has been used in a wide range DESY test beam last December for of biomedical applications, most Muon accelerators have been the first time. We have also carried notable in novel point-of-care proposed as intense neutrino out experiments on silicon crystal cardiovascular biomarker analytics. sources and as a means to deliver channeling in CERN proton beams. In Sept 2012, I was appointed

64 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research High Energy Physics

multi-TeV lepton-antilepton collisions. What makes the muon Dr Jaroslaw Pasternak Dr Mitesh Patel ideal for these applications is its mass, 200 times that of the electron, and the fact that its decays are precisely calculable. We have played seminal and leading roles in the international and European design studies that have established the feasibility of such facilities. Within these studies we have contributed designs for the proton source, the muon acceleration systems and the muon storage ring. The muon beam is produced from Jaroslaw Pasternak was focusing My research is primarily focused on the decay in flight of pions, which on MICE experiment and nuSTORM the LHCb experiment at CERN's means that it occupies a large project for the last year. In particular Large Hadron Collider. I am volume of phase space. Before the as the Imperial responsibilities in particularly interested in the use of muons can be accelerated it is MICE have increased significantly rare decay modes as probes for necessary to reduce the phase-space with Prof. K. Long taking the physics beyond the current volume that the beam occupies, a position of the Spokesman in "Standard Model" of particle process referred to as cooling. The November last year, Jaroslaw took physics. muon lifetime is so short that a over the leadership of the Imperial My recent papers include the first novel technique, ionization cooling, MICE group. He also accepted a measurements of the rare decay is required to compress the phase role of the Accelerator Integration B0s→μ+μ− that has been sought space. We have taken the lead in Scientist and he leads the preparation for more than 30 years. The the execution of the international for commissioning of the MICE measurements constrain the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment experiment at Step IV including the properties of any new scalar by which we hope to prove the beam commissioning currently particles and have implications for principle of the ionization cooling envisaged in summer 2015. many new physics models. My thereby establishing high-intensity, Recently he led the redesign effort measurements of B0→K∗0μ+μ− cold muon beams as a new of the final stage of MICE experiment show some tension with the technique for particle physics. dedicated to demonstration of Standard Model that may indicate the 1. Physics at a future Neutrino Factory and ionization cooling with RF re- existence of a new vector particle. super-beam facility, Bandyopadhyay, A. et al., The ISS Physics Working Group acceleration to be operational in Further measurements of this and Collaboration, Rept. Prog. Phys. 72 (2009) 2017. He is also working with his related decays should help clarify 106201, 0710.4947 RA Dr J-B. Lagrange on the design the situation. Similarly, my of the nuSTORM FFAG ring option, measurements of B+→K+ℓ+ℓ− 2. Bogomilov, M. et al., The MICE Colaboration Collaboration, The MICE Muon which is one of the main options. decays, where ℓ=e, μ, show Beam on ISIS and the beam-line He published 2 papers: one on electrons and muons, which behave instrumentation of the Muon Ionization nuSTORM and another on older identically in the Standard Model, Cooling Experiment, JINST 7 (2012) P05009, work within IDS-NF project and two have different decay rates. This has 1203.4089 more are in preparation. stimulated interest in a whole raft of 3. Characterisation of the muon beams for 1. Adey D et al., Light sterile neutrino similar measurements. Finally, I the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment, sensitivity at the nuSTORM facility, have also made new asymmetry Adams, D. et al., The MICE Collaboration PHYSICAL REVIEW D 89(7):7 pages Article measurements to probe anomalous number ARTN 071301 09 Apr 2014. Collaboration, Eur.Phys.J. C73 (2013) 2582, results obtained at other experiments. 1306.1509 2. Diktys Stratakis, H. Kamal Sayed, Chris T. Rogers, Androula Alekou, and Jaroslaw I am also a member of the SHiP 4. Adey, D. et al., the nuSTORM Pasternak, Conceptual design and modeling collaboration. We are proposing a Collaboration, Light sterile neutrino sensitivity of particle-matter interaction cooling systems new and uniquely sensitive at the nuSTORM facility, Phys.Rev. D89 for muon based applications ,Phys. Rev. ST experiment at CERN to search for (2014) 071301, 1402.5250 Accel. Beams 17, 071001, 14 July 2014. new light particles that could help www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 65 Research High Energy Physics solve a number of problems of the devising a technique to tailor the to search for NDBD as evidence for Standard Model. wide laser-generated proton Majorana neutrino masses down to http://lhcb.web.cern.ch/lhcb/ ; spectrum to maximise the yields in a level below 0.05eV (equivalent to http://ship.web.cern.ch/ship the Mo-100 (p, n) Tc-99m channel a half-life of about 1026 years), the 1. Test of lepton universality using for direct production. Our approach region suggested by neutrino B+→K+ℓ+ℓ− decays, R. Aaij et al, [LHCb is based on a revised design of the oscillation experiments. The first Collaboration], Phys.Rev.Lett. 113 (2014) Gabor lens, which soon will be SuperNEMO module will be installed 151601 (10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.151601) tested with beam at the Cerberus in the Modane underground 2.First measurement of the charge asymmetry in beauty-quark pair production laser facility at Imperial. laboratory, France, over the next at a hadron collider R. Aaij et al, [LHCb [1] Pozimski J, Aslaninejad M, 2013, Gabor two years and will then begin data- Collaboration], Phys.Rev.Lett. 113 (2014) lenses for capture and energy selection of taking. I lead the SuperNEMO 082003 (10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.082003) laser driven ion beams in cancer treatment, group at Imperial and the software 3.Measurement of Form-Factor-Independent LASER AND PARTICLE BEAMS, Vol: 31, development group within the Pages: 723-733, ISSN: 0263-0346. Observables in the Decay B0→K∗0μ+μ−, R. collaboration. The Imperial group’s Aaij et al, [LHCb Collaboration], [2] Pasternak J, Aslaninejad M, Holland P, main activities are development of Phys.Rev.Lett. 111 (2013) 19, 191801 Walton G, Posocco PA, 2013, A novel (10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.191801) solution for FFAG proton gantries, physics analysis and software with 4.Measurement of the B0s→μ+μ− branching Proceedings of PAC2013, Pages: 1406- contributions also to the tracking fraction and search for B0→μ+μ− decays at 1408, ISBN: 978-3-95450-138-0. detector and its commissioning. the LHCb experiment, R. Aaij et al, [LHCb Collaboration], Phys.Rev.Lett. 111 (2013) Dr Julia Sedgbeer Professor Tim Sumner 101805 (10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.101805) /

Dr Piero Antonio Posocco

Within the area of neutrino physics, neutrinoless double beta decay This year has seen delivery of our (NDBD) - a rare, lepton-number flight hardware for the European We have been working in a multi- violating, nuclear decay process – Space Agency LISAPathfinder disciplinary team with members of is of particular current interest. The mission. This mission will be the Faculty of Medicine on the observation of neutrino oscillations launched next year (2015) and it is development of new approaches to demonstrated that neutrinos have a technology precursor for the ESA proton therapy. We have identified mass; a consequence of this new, L3 mission in gravitational waves. three different applications of our beyond the Standard Model physics ESA recently selected the expertise, namely proton is renewed activity in NDBD gravitational wave theme for L3 and acceleration using laser-plasma experiments which provide the only this represents the successful technology [1], proton delivery using way to determine the fundamental culmination of two decades of work the FFAG technology [2], and nature of the neutrino (Dirac or in developing the technology and evaluating the effects of proton Majorana). In addition, NDBD promoting the pioneering new therapy combined with new experiments offer the possibility of science opportunities in the fields of metabolic drugs like ADI-PEG20. determining the absolute neutrino astrophysics, cosmology and We extended our work towards mass scale. particle physics. Following the modern challenges in medical An international collaboration is completion of our ZEPLIN direct diagnostics, like the worldwide currently constructing a next- dark matter search programme we shortage of Tc-99m for SPECT by generation experiment, SuperNEMO, now moved on with collaboration on

66 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research High Energy Physics

the US-led project LUX which has College, Bristol, STFC and the US muons—whose existence we have published the world’s best result to my group have been searching the known about for many decades— date and continues with a second data taken by the CMS experiment the detailed behaviour of which can more sensitive run at the moment. at the LHC for evidence of new yield more hints about the nature of In addition the LUX-ZEPLIN project, particles predicted by the theory of the fabric of our Universe. I have which we co-founded in 2008, has Supersymmetry. So far no evidence worked on the T2K neutrino gone through an extensive design/ has been found and we have two oscillation experiment since 2004, R&D phase and has been selected papers in preparation, which will and in the past few years we have as one of two next generation direct complete the searches with the discovered that muon neutrinos can dark matter search projects in the available data, and set stringent turn into electron neutrinos, which in US. The UK is intending to provide a limits on the allowed theoretical turn unlocks a new set of possible significant share of the experiment parameter space. measurements to search for matter- with Imperial playing key roles, and The other focus of my work is antimatter differences in neutrinos. an application for funding is ongoing. preparations for the restart of the This shapes our ongoing T2K work, 1. First results from the LUX dark matter LHC at higher energy and and work towards the next- experiment at the Sanford Underground luminosity in 2015. To fully benefit generation Hyper-K experiment. For Research facility: Akerib, D.S.; et al., from the improved performance of the latter, I have contributed a new PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Volume: 112 Issue: 9 091303 (2014), preprint the LHC the CMS experiment must idea for how to calibrate the (arXiv:1310.8214) be upgraded and working with neutrino detectors. 2. eLISA: astrophysics and cosmology in colleagues from Bristol, STFC and I am also working on the COMET the millihertz regime: Amaro-Seoane, P.; et the US my group is delivering an experiment, where we will make 18 al., Gravitational Wave Notes Volume: 6 4- improved triggering system for the about 10 muons over a few years, 110 (2013), preprint (arXiv:1201.3621) experiment. This will benefit our to see if some convert to an 3. Radiogenic and muon-induced searches for new physics, with electron. This cannot happen under backgrounds in the LUX dark matter detector: Akerib, D.S.; et al., exciting prospects for the new run physics as we understand it now— ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS Volume: 62 33- next year! but is quite difficult to exclude when 46 (2015), preprint (arXiv:1403.1299) • M. Baber et al., Development and testing of we try to extend this 4. Science with LISPathfinder: Sumner, T.J., an upgrade to the CMS level-1 calorimeter understanding—hence is an ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY of the PACIFIC trigger, JINST 9 (2014) C01006. extremely sensitive indicator Conference Series Volume: 467 129-140 (2013) • A. Tapper (ed.) et al., CMS Technical towards the next step in modelling Design Report for the Level-1 Trigger the Universe. COMET Phase-I is Dr Alexander Tapper Upgrade CMS-TDR-012, CERN-LHCC-2013- 011 (2013). due to turn on in the next couple of • P. Klabbers et al., CMS level-1 upgrade years, and our group is working calorimeter trigger prototype development, hard on building the experiment. JINST 8 (2013) C02013. 1. Measurement of the inclusive electron Dr Yoshi Uchida neutrino charged current cross section on carbon with the T2K near detector: K. Abe et al (T2K Collaboration); PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (accepted November 2014)

2. Precise Measurement of the Neutrino Mixing Parameter θ23 from Muon Neutrino Disappearance in an Off-Axis Beam: K. Abe et al (T2K Collaboration); Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 181801

3. Experimental Proposal for Phase-I of the My research has focused recently COMET Experiment at J-PARC: R. on completing the analysis of the Akhmetshin et al (COMET Collaboration); data taken in the first physics run of KEK/JPARC-PAC 2012-10 the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at 4. Indication of Electron Neutrino CERN from 2010 to 2012, and Appearance from an Accelerator-Produced preparing for the restart of the LHC, My research centres on studying Off-Axis Muon Neutrino Beam: K. Abe et al (T2K Collaboration); Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, at higher energy in 2015. Together particles such as neutrinos and with colleagues from Imperial 041801 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 67 Research High Energy Physics T2K sends a beam of muon Dr Morgan Wascko neutrinos from the J-PARC facility in 1. Measurement of the Inclusive Electron Tokai-mura across the main island Neutrino Charged Current Cross Section on Carbon with the T2K Near Detector, K Abe, of Japan to the Super-Kamiokande et al. [T2K Collaboration], accepted by Phys. detector deep within the Kamioka Rev. Lett. ( arXiv:1407.7389 [hep-ex] ) mine. We have recently published a stunningly large excess of 2. Measurement of the inclusive νμ charged current cross section on iron and electron neutrino events allowing us hydrocarbon in the T2K on-axis neutrino to measure the heretofore beam, K Abe, et al. [T2K Collaboration], unobserved subdominant oscillation Phys. Rev. D90 (2014) 052010 and its mixing angle, theta_1-3. 3. Precise Measurement of the Neutrino These are the next steps toward the Mixing Parameter \theta_{23} from Muon goal of searching for violation of Neutrino Disappearance in an Off-axis charge-parity symmetry with Beam, K Abe, et al. [T2K Collaboration], neutrinos. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 181801 4. Observation of Electron Neutrino My research probes the most I am also a member of the Hyper- Appearance in a Muon Neutrino Beam, K fundamental aspects of the nature Kamiokande collaboration, which is Abe, et al. [T2K Collaboration], Phys. Rev. of matter and energy. In particular, I working toward a megatonne scale Lett. 112 (2014) am engaged in the study of neutrino water Cherenkov detector. This flavour oscillation, which is the experiment would provide exquisite first—and so far only—discovery sensitivity to the search for violation that lies outside the current of charge-parity symmetry in predictions of the standard model of neutrinos, which could explain why particle physics. I work on the universe is made of matter and accelerator neutrino experiments, not antimatter. currently focussing on the T2K http://t2k-experiment.org experiment in Japan.

68 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Photonics The Photonics Group conducts fundamental research into optical science and develops and applies new technologies for the physical and life sciences, medicine and ICT. Our projects are mostly interdisciplinary and we work closely with industry and external agencies.

LASER TECHNOLOGY Prof R. Taylor, Prof M. Damzen, Dr S. Popov, Dr E. Kelleher, Dr G. Thomas

We conduct a world-leading research activity on fibre and all-solid-state lasers developed for many real-world applications from precision laser man- ufacturing, remote sensing through to medical imaging and therapeutics.

Fibre Lasers a) fibre laser supercontinuum source; b) satellite-based remote sensing laser application This activity is currently focused on development of compact and high imaging for high content analysis and realise wide-field optical sectioning power fibre laser sources, engineered sensing and manipulating pathogenic (with Mark Neil’s spin-out company, to create new wavelengths and ultra- bacteria. We have particular strengths Aurox Ltd) and adaptive optics tech- short pulse formats including: super- in fluorescence lifetime imaging niques to measure and correct aber- continuum generation in photonic (FLIM) for quantitative molecular con- rated wavefronts, including for in vivo crystal fibres; visible fibre sources by trast, including of protein-protein inter- studies of the retina for ophthalmol- Raman or parametric conversion of IR actions, superresolved microscopy ogy. Non-imaging applications of pro- fibre-lasers; near and mid-infrared (including STED, PALM and STORM) grammable light include precision sources based on novel Bismuth and for imaging below the diffraction limit, opto-genetics and optical tweezers. Thulium-doped fibre lasers; ultrashort and confocal Brillouin scattering pulse generation using carbon nan- microscopy to measure ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY & otubes or graphene as ‘universal’ sat- the micromechanical properties of bio- PHOTONIC STRUCTURES urable absorbers that can operate logical tissues. Our fluorescence Prof M. McCall, Prof P. Török, Dr K. across all wavelength regions. imaging and measurement technology Weir is being applied in hospitals to clinical Rigorous electromagnetic theory and Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers diagnostic challenges for cancer, experimental analysis is applied to This activity develops all-solid-state osteoarthritis, heart disease and oph- photonic and nanophotonic structures lasers and nonlinear optical technolo- thalmology and to preclinical tomo- such as chiral media and metamateri- gies to provide efficient sources of graphic imaging of disease models. als. The theoretical development of high energy pulses including: diode- “space-time cloaking” was founded in pumped micro-slab lasers (commer- Programmable light our group; ultrahigh-resolution microp- cialised by Mike Damzen’s spin-out Building on our heritage of computer- olarimetry is being applied to plas- company, Midaz Lasers Ltd); world- based optical design, we utilise adap- monics, metamaterials, micro- leading diodepumped Alexandrite tive optics and structured illumination magnetics and to optical data storage lasers, supported by the European to manipulate optical wavefronts for using polarisation to encode multiple Space Agency (ESA) for next-genera- applications ranging from ophthalmol- bits into each pit of an optical disc. tion satellite-based remote sensing ogy to metrology of astronomical and future femtosecond laser applica- optics, exploiting segmented mirror tions; and resilient “selforganising” and spatial light modulator technolo- lasers based on dynamic nonlinear gies. For imaging optical holography that selfcorrect for we use structured illumination to thermally-induced aberrations in high power lasers.

BIOPHOTONICS

Prof P. French, Prof M. Neil, Prof P. Török, Dr C. Paterson, Dr C. Dunsby, Dr J. McGinty

Our optical imaging and metrology encompasses technology develop- ment for biomedical applications in research, drug discovery and health- care, including microscopy, endoscopy a) fibre laser supercontinuum source; b) satellite-based remote sensing laser application and tomography as well as automated www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 69 Research Photonics

length can be rapidly adjusted with a novel multiphoton microscopes and Professor Michael Damzen control current. The liquid lenses endoscopes for clinical applications. have been used to construct a laser Our technology (PF&CD) is also beam quality measurement applied to measurements of instrument; laser colour marking of exogenous fluorophores, for e.g. metals; and recently adaptive spatial quantification of photosensitiser control of a laser cavity. penetration with Moorfields Eye 1. “High efficiency >26 W diode end-pumped Hospital, or in cells through Alexandrite laser”, A.Teppitaksak, A. Minass- fluorescence lifetime imaging of ian, G. M. Thomas, and M. J. Damzen, Optics protein-protein interactions, including in Express, 22, 16386 (2014) multi-well plate formats. We also have 2. “High-power Alexandrite laser developed projects developing optical for space lidar”, M. J. Damzen, Electrooptics, superresolution techniques Technology news (2014) http://www.elec- trooptics.com/news/news_story.php?news_id (PF,MN&CD) including stimulated =2265. emission depletion microscopy. A We have performed the world-first recent collaboration with colleagues at high power development of diode- 3. “Pulse control in a Q-switched Nd:YVO4 bounce geometry laser using a secondary King’s College London and the pumped Alexandrite as a new laser cavity”, Optics Letters, 39, 3437 (2014) Department of Bioengineering at technology with broad wavelength Imperial has translated optical tunability [ref. 1]. This work is being Dr Christopher Dunsby methods for superresolution imaging supported by the European Space to ultrasound superresolution Agency as a new technology for imaging, including in vivo, for the satellite-based remote sensing of first time. Finally, we continue to the atmosphere and ground develop a high speed 3-D vegetation. It also has potential as a fluorescence microscopy technique low-cost replacement for the called oblique plane microscopy. femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser. We 1. Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy of tissue have generated > 26W, more than autofluorescence in normal and diseased colon an order of magnitude higher than measured ex vivo using a fiber-optic probe S. previous diode end-pumping systems, Coda*, A. J. Thompson*, G. T. Kennedy, K. L. highest ever slope efficiency 49%, and Roche, L. Ayaru, D. S. Bansi, G. W. Stamp, A. V. Thillainayagam**, P. M. W. French** and C. the first Q-switched laser operation Dunsby** Biomedical Optics Express 5(2), pp. of diode-pumped Alexandrite 515-538, 2014 producing ~mJ-pulse energy at 1kHz http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/BOE.5.000515 pulse rate in fundamental TEM00 The main focus of our work is the 2. Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy of mode. It was recently presented as application of photonics technology to Corneal Riboflavin Absorption D. M. Gore, A. an invited Keynote talk at the Optical quantitative fluorescence imaging and Margineanu, P. French, D. O'Brart, C. Dunsby, sensing. This includes collaborations and B. D. Allan Investigative Ophthalmology & Engineering and Design conference Visual Science 55(4), pp. 2476-2481, 2014 and reported in trade journal [ref. 2]. with clinicians that aim to exploit http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-13975 endogenous tissue auto- We have also patented and 3. In Vivo Acoustic Super-Resolution and Super- implemented a novel technique for fluorescence for the detection and Resolved Velocity Mapping Using Microbubbles obtaining enhanced control of pulsing diagnosis of disease. Currently, we K. Christensen-Jeffries, R. J. Browning, M.-X. parameters in a laser [ref. 3]. The (PF&CD) have an EPSRC funded Tang*, C. Dunsby* and R. J. Eckersley* IEEE project with the National Heart and Transactions on Medical Imaging, early online method uses a secondary laser cavity publication, 2014 to control the gain in a Q-switched Lung Institute and the Kennedy http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2014.2359650 Institute for Rheumatology to apply primary laser cavity and has enabled 4. Application of time-resolved autofluorescence clean single-pulse Q-switched point-probe and endoscopic to label-free in vivo optical mapping of changes in operation to be obtained across a measurements of fluorescence tissue matrix and metabolism associated with very wide repetition rate range of 1– lifetime to study of heart disease myocardial infarction and heart failure J. Lagarto*, and arthritis. We also have a second B. T. Dyer*, C. Talbot, M. B. Sikkel, N. S. Peters, 800 kHz and control of pulse energy. P. M. W. French, A. R. Lyon** and C. Dunsby** In another project supported by Paul EPSRC funded project Accepted for publication in Biomedical Optics Instrument Fund (Royal Society), we (CD,PF,MN&CP) in collaboration with Express are using liquid lenses, whose focal the University of Bath to develop (* and ** indicates equal contributions)

70 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Photonics

For clinical imaging we (with CD) collaboration with Prof. Roy Taylor Professor Paul French are working on the application of and Dr. Sergei Popov and is a key novel instrumentation to measure theme within the Photonics activity autofluorescence lifetime for readouts at Imperial. Our shared interest in of heart disease and osteoarthritis the development of high-brightness, and (with CD, MN, CP) are working short-pulse fibre laser sources for on a compact handled multiphoton target wavelengths in the visible microscope and an ultranarrow and mid-infrared is supported by multiphoton endoscope exploiting industrial collaborations with IPG adaptive optics to eliminate need for Photonics Inc. and Gooch and distal scanning or focussing systems. Housego PLC, and is focussed on 3-D stimulated emission depletion bio-photonic specific applications – microscopy with programmable aberration lead by Prof. French. correction, M. O. Lenz, H. G. Sinclair, A. My interest in power-scaling mode- Savell, J. H. Clegg, A. C. N. Brown, D. M. Davis, C. Dunsby, M. A. A. Neil and P. M. W. locked fibre lasers has led to In the last year I have continued to French, J. Biophotonics 7 (2013) 29-36 research studying the formation and develop and apply multi-dimensional doi: 10.1002/jbio.201300041 stabilisation of dissipative solitons fluorescence imaging technology, S.C. Warren, A. Margineanu, D. Alibhai, D.J. and involvement in a project run my particularly for super-resolved Kelly, C. Talbot, Y. Alexandrov, I. Munro, M. the University of British Columbia: Katan, C. Dunsby and P.M.W. French, Rapid using such lasers as seed-sources for microscopy (SRM), high content global fitting of large fluorescence lifetime analysis (HCA) and preclinical and imaging microscopy datasets, PLoS ONE frequency upconverted systems clinical imaging, in close collaboration 8(2013) e70687 based on high-harmonic generation in with Chris Dunsby, James McGinty, An automated multiwell plate reading FLIM passive femtosecond enhancement Mark Neil and Carl Paterson. All of our microscope for live cell autofluorescence cavities, providing a source of projects are inherently multidisciplinary lifetime assays, D. J. Kelly, S. C. Warren, S. synchrotron-level energy XUV for Kumar, J. L. Lagarto, B T. Dyer, A. with collaborations across College Margineanu1, E. W.-F. Lam, C. Dunsby and table-top ARPES experiments. and beyond. With respect to SRM, P. M. W. French, J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci.. 7 I also continue to work closely with the we (with CD, MN) are funded to work (2014) 1450025-15 pages, DOI: Graphene Centre at the University of with the MRC Clinical Sciences 10.1142/S1793545814500254 Cambridge on the fundamental study, Centre to develop 5 advanced SRM A flexible wide-field FLIM endoscope utilising and application of low-dimensional blue excitation light for label-free contrast of materials in ultrafast optics, recently instruments for the study of cellular tissue, Hugh Sparks, Sean Warren, Joana structure and function beyond the Guedes, Nagisa Yoshida , Nadia Guerra, broadening the scope of this study diffraction limit. For HCA, we (with Taran Tatla, Chris Dunsby, Paul French, J – through a collaboration with CD) are developing automated Biophotonics 2014, DOI Nanjing University, China – to 10.1002/jbio.201300203 multiwell plate readers incorporating include graphene-enabled fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) Dr Edmund Kelleher plasmonic devices. technology to assay protein Additionally, diversification of interactions and cellular metabolic theories and models applied widely processes. We are also developing in my research in optics has led to open source software tools for collaboration with the Swinburne automated acquisition, rapid analysis University of Technology, where and management of image data – nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations particularly developing OMERO- are applied to understand the dynamics based tools in collaboration with the of deep ocean waterwaves. In University of Dundee. For preclinical particular, modulation instability and imaging we (with JM) are working the formation of rogue solitons have with Department of Life Sciences particularly strong analogues in and UCL to develop a platform both the optical and hydrodynamic longitudinal imaging of whole zebrafish context. from larvae to adults, which is being 1. “Tunable Q-switched fiber laser based on applied to studies of cancer, My work on ultrafast nonlinear fibre saturable edge-state absorption in few-layer inflammation and bacterial infection. optics is conducted in close molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂),” R. I. Woodward, E. J. R. Kelleher, F. Torrisi, T. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 71 Research Photonics Hasan, R. C. T. Howe, G. Hu, S. V. Popov, J. ‘interrupt-without-interrupt’ to cm sized volumes is optical R. Taylor, Optics Express, Accepted for functionality potentially allows projection tomography (OPT). OPT publication, (2014). priority processing whilst a clock is the optical analogue of X-ray CT, 2. “Double wall carbon nanotubes for wide- signal remains undistorted, despite where wide-field images of a band, ultrafast pulse generation,” T. Hasan, Z. Sun, P. Tan, D. Popa, E. Flahaut, E. J. R. being temporally suspended. transparent sample are acquired Kelleher, F. Bonaccorso, F. Wang, Z. Jiang, while the sample rotates. I have F. Torrisi, G. Privertera, V. Nicolosi and A. C. In another project, we have recently been working on improvements to Ferrari, ACS Nano 8, 4836 (2014). been able to calculate the modes of enhance both the spatial resolution 3. “Chirped pulse formation in ultra-long a laser for which the active medium and light efficiency while minimising mode-locked fiber lasers,” E. J. R. Kelleher, is structurally chiral. Such lasers the acquisition time. The condition M. Erkintalo, J. C. Travers, Optics Letters 39, issue circularly polarized light, of for transparency can be realised for 1398 (2014). potential interest and application to ex vivo samples by chemical 4. “Simultaneous scalar and cross-phase 3-D display technology. clearing processes – essentially modulation instabilities in highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber,” A. Kudlinski, A. exchanging the water in the sample Bendahmane, D. Labat, S. Virally, R. T. 1. Transformation Optics and Cloaking: for a liquid of higher refractive index Murray, E. J. R. Kelleher and A. Mussot, McCall, M.W., CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS, that matches that of the tissue and Volume: 54 Issue: 6 273 (2013). Optics Express 21, 8437 (2013). therefore suppresses the scattering 2. Cloaks, editors, and bubbles: applications of light. For in vivo imaging, Professor Martin McCall of spacetime transformation theory: Kinsler, samples that are inherently P. and McCall, M.W., ANN. PHYS (BERLIN), transparent can be used, for Volume: 526 Issue: 1-2 51 (2014). example the nematode worm and 3. Transformation devices: Carpets in space the zebrafish embryo (∼mm scale). and space-time: Kinsler, P. and McCall, M. In addition to producing 3-D W., PHYS. REV. A. (Accepted) (2014). structural reconstructions, I am also 4. Modes of structurally chiral lasers: Topf, translating the quantitative D. M. and McCall, M. W., PHYS. REV. A. techniques applicable in (Accepted) (2014). microscopy to OPT. In particular I am working on techniques to realise Dr James McGinty time-lapse 3-D imaging of dynamic processes and fluorescence lifetime imaging for measuring protein interactions using Förster resonance energy transfer. Our recent research has sought to understand some of the R.K. Mitchell, A. Mondragon, et al. ‘Selective implications of our introduction of disruption of Tcf7l2 in the pancreatic β cell impairs secretory function and lowers β cell the so-called Spacetime cloak in mass.’ Hum. Mol. Genet. [Epub ahead of 2011. This new type of cloak was print] (2014). based on a radically novel interpretation of transformation M. Kone, T.J. Pullen, et al. ‘LKB1 and AMPK differentially regulate pancreatic β-cell optics which allowed the identity.’ FASEB. J. 28: 4972-4985 (2014). concealment of events rather than objects. It was subsequently L. Chen, S. Kumar, et al. ‘Remote focal demonstrated experimentally. We My main area of research is centred scanning optical projection tomography with an electrically tunable lens. Biomed.’ Opt. have studied how event cloaks can on developing techniques for Express. 5: 3367-3375 (2014). be designed for simple wave quantitative 3-D optical imaging of systems, and have examined their mesoscopic sized samples (∼mm- directional nature – events cm), with particular emphasis on concealed in one direction are biological and biomedical visible, but distorted, in another. applications. One such imaging We have considered applications in technique for 3-D imaging of optical processing, where an transparent samples that is scalable

72 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Photonics Professor Roy Taylor seeded, single-pass cascaded Bioengineering, includes sub- Raman generation in integrated cellular resolution confocal Brillouin silica fibre assemblies. With near microscopy to observe elastic infra-red pumping, highly efficient properties of endothelial cells of the optical parametric generation in Schlemm canal, both low and high photonic crystal fibres has also resolution Brillouin imaging to study allowed spectral generation towards the stiffness of coronary artery walls visible wavelengths. and Brillouin endoscopy to provide In collaboration with Polytechnique in-vivo analysis of membrane Montreal pulse compression of stiffness of plaques in coronary pulses from giant chirped pulsed arteries. Our Brillouin microscope is fibre lasers has been demonstrated also used to study mechanical in long ( up to 0.5m) chirped fibre properties of biofilms and those Bragg gratings, confirming matrices they populate. This work is theoretical models on the carried out in collaboration with The work of the Femtosecond performance of this unique class of Thorsten Wohland and Yehuda Optics Group is directed towards the laser. Cohen of NUS. development of spectral and 1.Mid-infrared Raman-soliton continuum Simultaneously, in collaboration temporal versatility in fibre based pumped by a nanotube–mode-locked sub- with Stefan Maier, capitalising on sources with the objective of picosecond Tm-doped MOPFA” M.Zhang, our earlier work on Müller matrix applications and potential E.J.R. Kelleher, T.H. Runcorn, V.M. polarimeter microscopy, we are in commercialization. Mashinsky, O.I. Medvedkov, E.M. Dianov, D. Popa, S. Milana, T. Hasan, Z. Sun, F. the process of building a Compact, short pulse, moderate Bonaccorso, Z. Jiang, E. Flahunt, B.H. spectroscopic version of this average power (~10s W), fully fibre Chapman, A.C. Ferrari, S.V. Popov and J.R. microscope that will permit 3D integrated, chirped pulse, master- Taylor Optics Express 21, 23261 (2013) functional imaging of plasmonic oscillator power fibre amplifier “Widely tunable polarization maintaining structures and photonic crystals. configurations are being developed, photonic crystal fiber based parametric We also have developed, together with the emphasis on Yb-doped wavelength conversion” R.T. Murray, E.J.R. Kelleher, J.M. Stone, S.V. Popov, A. Mussot, with Stefan Maier, a novel form of systems for operation in the 1 μm A. Kudlinski and J.R. Taylor super-resolving optical microscope window. Following first stage pulse Optics Express 21, 15826 (2013) to map the electromagnetic field compression in conventional grating around subwavelength plasmonic pairs, generation of pulses ~100s Professor Peter Török structures, such as nanoantennae femtoseconds allows further that cannot be observed by any compression in gas filled photonic other means. crystal fibre grating assemblies to 1. Macias-Romero C, Foreman MR, Munro pulses ~10s femtoseconds that can PRT, Török P, 2014, Confocal polarization be applied to non-linear conversion imaging in high-numerical-aperture space, OPTICS LETTERS, Vol: 39, Pages: 2322- studies in gases, allowing tuneable 2325, ISSN: 0146-9592 uv generation. Extension of the 2. Antonacci G, Foreman MR, Paterson C, technique to Tm based fibre Török P, 2013, Spectral broadening in assemblies has supplied moderate Brillouin imaging, APPLIED PHYSICS average power, femtosecond pump LETTERS, Vol: 103, ISSN: 0003-6951 pulses for broad band supercontinuum 3. Foreman MR, Sivan Y, Maier SA, Török P, generation in the 2-3.5 μm range in 2012, Independence of plasmonic near-field silica based fibres containing a high enhancements to illumination beam profile, PHYSICAL REVIEW B, Vol: 86, ISSN: 1098- Germania content. With planned 0121 power scaling, through initial pulse Our group is developing advanced compression spectral coverage up to techniques in optical imaging, 4. Foreman MR, Török P, 2011, Spin-orbit coupling and conservation of angular 5 μm should be possible. sensing and microscopy. Our work momentum flux in non-paraxial imaging of Broadly tuneable visible generation on Brillouin scattering sensing and forbidden radiation, NEW JOURNAL OF in compact all fibre configurations imaging, done in collaboration with PHYSICS, Vol: 13, ISSN: 1367-2630 has been achieved through using Carl Paterson from Physics and frequency-doubled, laser-diode Rob Krams and Darryl Overby from www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 73 Plasma Physics We are one of the largest plasma physics groups in the world, and deal with plasmas ranging from the low densities and temperatures found in industrial processes to the extreme conditions at the centre of a laser driven capsule of fusion fuel or the core of a star. The group's research links experiments, many performed on in-house facilities to complex theory and numerical simulations using super computers. We also host the Centre for Inertial FusionStudies which connects high energy density science to the search for fusion energy production, and the Institute of Shock Physics which creates and studies materials and systems under extremes of pressure.

STRONGLY MAGNETISED PLASMAS S Lebedev, RA Smith, J Chittenden, S Bland, F Suzuki-Vidal.

We build and operate multi-terawatt (1012W) electrical machines and short-pulse lasers to create and study exotic plasma conditions. The group’s 1.4 million amp Z-pinch MAGPIE is the largest open-access machine of its kind in the world and linked to the UK's largest University based laser system Cerberus. MAGPIE allows us to creates plasmas from arrays of wires or foils and then accelerate or ‘pinche’ them with strong magnetic Cylindrically converging supersonic plasma streams imaged inside a wire array z-pinch (left) and a 3D simulation of a NIF laser fusion implosion (right). fields. We use this to launch high speed ~100 kms-1 plasma jets or INERTIAL FUSION us to study in the laboratory scale shock waves which simulate astro- S Rose, J. Chittenden, R Kingham, models of some of nature's most physical processes such as star Z Najmudin extreme phenomena. In "laboratory formation in the laboratory. astrophysics" experiments we probe The group’s experimental work is sup- Compressing and heating a mix of the formation of accretion disks ported by complex computer simula- hydrogen isotopes can lead to ther- around black holes and the dynamics tions using tools we develop such as monuclear fusion and potentially a of supernova explosions. the 3D Magneto-hydrodynamics com- huge energy release that might one puter code GORGON. This is now day underpin a new generation of MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT FUSION used to simulate plasma dynamics in power stations. In fusion ignition M Coppins, S Cowley, M. Lilley experiments in laboratories across the experiments the plasma density and world including the 26 mega-amp Z temperatures created far exceed We investigate magnetic confinement facility in the US. Gorgon is also used those at the centre of the sun. fusion using a doughnut shaped to simulate complex laser based Through experiment and computer Tokamak, in which a low density experiments such as the stability of simulations we study both fundamen- plasma is held inside strong magnetic NIF inertial fusion implosions. tal plasma processes at these condi- fields and heated over multiple sec- tions, and advanced fusion concepts onds with a combination of electric HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PLASMAS such as "fast ignition" and "shock current, microwaves and particle Z Najmudin, S Mangles, RA Smith, R ignition" that may allow us to reach beams. The world’s largest and most Kingham "breakeven", the point where more successful Tokamak JET is based at energy is released from the plasma Culham, along with a more compact The group creates and studies high than required to heat and confine it. machine, MAST. energy density plasmas using power- ful lasers, both at Imperial and major The tools and concepts we develop Tokamaks are affected by dust, small laboratories worldwide. Lasers can for inertial fusion research also allow grains of solid material that are carried accelerate particles to very high ener- along with the plasma. Dusty plasmas gies over remarkably short distances occur naturally in space and are also and we have produced GeV electron found in industry and affect the pro- beams in just 1 cm of plasma. These duction of materials and components. beams can be used to create ultra- We study them because of their bright x-ray sources and could one potential to trap radioactive tritium and day replace low energy synchrotrons. disrupt future magnetic fusion test We have used them to trial new appli- machines. cations including medical imaging and we are also exploring similar laser driven techniques for cancer therapy, where the short stopping distance of a proton beam may be used to target tumours with low collateral damage A 3D tomogram of a ~2mm cube of human bone and high precision. imaged using laser driven betatron radiation.

74 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Plasma states produced. This technique cylindrical fusion targets driven by the Dr Simon Bland demonstrates the ability to 20MA generator at Sandia National miniaturise high pressure Laboratory. We have adapted this work experiments, and, with the X-pinch, to develop new techniques for could provide a new probing isentropic compression of materials method for large facilities. which can be used to recreate the 1. “Radiative precursors driven by extreme conditions at the centre of gas converging blast waves in noble gases”, giant planets. We are also utilising Burdiak et al, Phys Plasmas 21 033302 kinetic models of the fast particle (2014). species within these plasmas to study 2. “Metal liner-driven quasi-isentropic the generation of K-alpha photons by compression of deuterium” Weinwurm et al, Phys Plasma 20 092701 (2013) runaway electrons, the generation of secondary nuclear fusion reaction 3. Characteristics of a molybdenum X-pinch X-ray source as a probe source for X-ray products, beam-target reaction diffraction studies, Zucchini et al, submitted processes due to runaway ions and On the MAGPIE facility a series of to RSI the ignition of a fusion plasma by experiments examined the energetic alpha particles. Professor Jerry Chittenden production of radiative shock waves 1. Effects of perturbations and radial profiles on ignition of inertial confinement fusion hotspots, within gas filled cylindrical liners, Taylor S, Chittenden JP, Physics of Plasmas, 21, and how the application of a p062701 (2014). magnetic field affected their 2. Relativistically correct DD and DT neutron dynamics (1). Such experiments spectra, Appelbe B, Chittenden JP, High Energy could influence the design of Density Physics, High Energy Density Physics, magnetised inertial fusion targets, 11, p30 (2014) and in collaboration with 3. Stability of shocks relating to the shock ignition Loughborough University a 10Tesla inertial fusion energy scheme, Davie CJ, Bush IA, Evans RG, Physics of Plasmas, 21, p082701 magnetic field system is being (2014) developed to aid experiments. 4. Metal liner-driven quasi-isentropic A new method of isentropically compression of deuterium, Weinwurm M, Bland compressing a cylinder of material SN, Chittenden JP, Physics of Plasmas, 20, to extreme pressures (>>Mbar) has p092701 (2013). been explored (2). Critically this Our work concentrates on numerical technique produces large volumes modelling of high energy density Dr Michael Coppins of compressed material, held at physics experiments relating to Inertial pressure for many ns, hopefully Confinement Fusion and magnetised enabling phase changes – e.g. Z-pinch plasmas. We have recently metallisation of hydrogen – to occur. developed a new 3D radiation The technique is presently being hydrodynamics model ‘Chimera’, examined at Sandia National labs. designed to simulate ICF experiments Working with colleagues at CEA on the National Ignition Facility. We Gramat, an ‘X-pinch’ system has have been collaborating with LLNL on been developed to provide X-ray understanding the influence of diffraction measurements of radiation asymmetry and capsule materials being dynamically defects on the energy yield from fusion. compressed (3). In a separate Much of this can be inferred from series of collaborations with the detailed analysis of the distribution of CEA and ESRF, a low energy (50J) neutron energies emerging from the laser was used to drive very small reacting region. Similarly, using our Our work on dusty plasmas samples of iron to MBar pressures, magneto-hydrodynamics codes, we concentrates on the basic physics whilst the high precision, micron have studied the role of material of the dust-plasma interaction, and sized X-ray beam from the strength in determining the dominant dust in tokamaks. We collaborate synchrotron was used to explore the instability wavelengths in imploding with John Allen (Oxford), Umberto www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 75 Research Plasma

deAngelis (Naples), and Alex ignition: Robinson, A. P. L.; Strozzi D.J.; Davies Robinson (RAL). On the basic physics Dr Robert Kingham J.R.; et al., NUCLEAR FUSION 54, 054003 (2014) side, three topics can be mentioned from the last 12 months. Firstly, we 2. Hybrid simulations of fast electron propagation including magnetized plasma have found the equilibrium charge transport and non-local effects in the background distribution for large (i.e., larger plasma: Williams B. E. R.; Kingham R. J., than a Debye length) dust grains PLASMA PHYS. CONTROLLED FUSION 55, [1], due to fluctuations in the charge. 124009 (2013) Secondly, the planar source-sheath 3. Super-Gaussian Transport Theory and the configuration has been studied Field-Generating Thermal Instability in Laser- computationally and theoretically Plasmas: Bissell J. J.; Ridgers C. P.; Kingham R. J., NEW J. PHYS. 15, 025017 (2013) [2]. Although dust is not directly involved, results from this work have subsequently been used to Professor Sergey Lebedev construct a new model for the charging of large dust grains. Our recent work focuses on theory and Thirdly, the charging of small dust simulation of high-power laser-plasma grains in a flowing plasma, and the interaction, in the context of Inertial formation of associated structures Fusion Energy and High Energy in the surrounding plasma, has Density Plasmas. We have been been studied using kinetic theory developing and using a new [3]. In contrast to the large grain computational approach for calculating case, we find upstream structures. transport of laser-generated relativistic In the other area, dust in tokamaks, electron beams for igniting pre- we are currently preparing a paper compressed fuel. Our semi-kinetic on hypervelocity dust [4], i.e., treatment of the background plasma, particles with speeds > 1.0 km/s including magnetic field, has revealed which have been reported in some new mechanisms capable of altering beam propagation. In collaboration tokamaks. It has been suggested Our experimental work at the with colleagues at the University of that such particles may significantly Imperial College’s MAGPIE pulsed York and LLNL, we are using our damage the vessel walls. Our power facility concentrated on Vlasov-Fokker-Planck codes to studies indicate that this is not the studies of high energy density validate and improve the heat flow case. plasmas and on development and model used in radiation-hydrodynamic implementation of advanced plasma 1. D.M. Thomas, M. Coppins, Equilibrium codes, for improved modelling of the diagnostics such as collective probability distribution of a conductive NIF. We continue research into the sphere's floating charge in a collisionless, Thomson scattering, Faraday dynamics of under-dense plasma drifting Maxwellian plasma, Phys. Rev. E, 88, rotation and interferometry. We heated by nanosecond laser beams. 023110 (2013). continued work on the physics of We have extended our magneto- wire array z-pinches, focusing on 2. N. Rizopoulou, A.P.L. Robinson, M. thermal instability to include both Coppins, M. Bacharis, A kinetic study of the detailed measurements of the hydrodynamics and non-equilibrium source-collector sheath system in a drifting distribution of the ablated plasma, thermodynamics due to non- plasma, Plasma Sources Science Technol., advection of magnetic field by the 22, 035003 (2013). Maxwellian electron distributions. To plasma flows, and on collisionless 3. C. Stavrou, U deAngelis, J.E. Allen, M. get a complete self-consistent Coppins, A small body in a plasma: effects of interpenetration of counter- description of the entire system, ion flow and capture on potential, poster streaming ions. We also continued refraction and filamentation of the laser presented at 56th APS Annual Conference and extended our work in the area on Plasma Physics (New Orleans, 2014). beam has been added. We are of Laboratory Astrophysics: we collaborating on several, multi- 4. N. Somboonkittichai, M. Coppins, M. investigated properties of strong institutional laser experiments at UK Bacharis, U. deAngelis, High velocity dust shocks created by colliding laser facilities (Vulcan and Orion) to grain production in tokamaks (in supersonic magnetised plasma preparation). explore this complex physics flows and found that two-fluid 1. Theory of fast electron transport for fast plasma effects (Hall term) strongly

76 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Plasma affect the shock structure; we imaging, with both soft tissue phase- detected existence of protons contrast imaging and tomographic Professor Zulfikar Najmudin trapped and accelerated to MeV reconstruction of bone demonstrated. energies by the MHD processes in A collaborative experiment with QUB the laboratory magnetic-tower jets also demonstrated the potential for under conditions scalable to the using interaction of the laser wakefield dynamics of magnetised electron beam with a colliding high astrophysical jets. We continue power laser to produce a bright source collaborations on this work with of γ–rays [2]. For the generation of ion colleagues at Rochester, Cornell, beams work continued both at the Rice and Sorbonne Universities. Rutherford Lab [3] and on experiments 1. Interpenetration, deflection, and performed at the ATF (Brookhaven stagnation of cylindrically convergent National Laboratory), where a magnetized supersonic tungsten plasma successful experiment to demonstrate flows: Swadling, G. F.; Lebedev, S.V.; Harvey-Thompson, A.J.; et al., PHYSICAL the importance of plasma profiling on REVIEW LETTERS, Volume: 113, 035003 shock wave acceleration of ions was (2014). reported. An initiative to develop an ion Following our work on characterisation 2. The formation of reverse shocks in source in the basement of Blackett Lab of laser wakefield driven betatron x- magnetized high energy density supersonic in collaboration with Roland Smith and ray sources [1], a successful plasma flows: Lebedev, S.V.; Suttle, L.; experiment performed on the Astra Swadling, G.F.; et al., PHYSICS OF Piero Posocco has also begun. Our PLASMAS, Volume: 21, 056305 (2014). development of a plasma source for Gemini Facility was able to demonstrate 3. Diagnosing collisions of magnetized, high the planned proton driven wakefield the application of this source for energy density plasma flows using a experiments at CERN continued with medical imaging, with both soft combination of collective Thomson the extension of the grant for a further tissue phase-contrast imaging and scattering, Faraday rotation and tomographic reconstruction of bone interferometry: Swadling, G.F.; Lebedev, year [4], and improved reliability of the S.V.; Hall, G.N. et al., REVIEW SCIENTIFIC plasma discharge. demonstrated. A collaborative INSTRUMENTS, Volume: 85, 11E502 experiment with QUB also (2014). 1. Laser wakefield accelerator based light demonstrated the potential for using 4. Observation of energetic protons trapped sources: potential applications and requirements: interaction of the laser wakefield in laboratory magnetic-tower jets: Suzuki- F Albert, F.; Thomas, A.G.R.; Mangles S.P.D. et electron beam with a colliding high Vidal, F.; Patankar, S.; Lebedev, S.V. et al., al., PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, Volume: 15, FUSION, Volume 56, Issue 8, 084015 (2014) power laser to produce a bright 125008 (2013). source of γ–rays [2]. For the 2. Multi-pulse laser wakefield acceleration: a new generation of ion beams work Dr Stuart Mangles route to efficient, high-repetition-rate plasma continued both at the Rutherford accelerators and high flux radiation sources: Hooker, S.M.; Bartolini, R.; Mangles S.P.D. et Lab [3] and on experiments al., JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B: ATOMIC, performed at the ATF (Brookhaven MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS, to be National Laboratory), where a published 2014 successful experiment to demonstrate 3. Direct imaging of the dynamics of a laser- the importance of plasma profiling plasma accelerator operating in the on shock wave acceleration of ions bubble-regime: Sävert, A; Mangles S.P.D; was reported. An initiative to Schnell, M et al, arXiv 1402.3052 (2014) develop an ion source in the basement of Blackett Lab in collaboration with Roland Smith and Piero Posocco has also begun. Our development of a plasma source for the planned proton driven wakefield Following our work on characterisation experiments at CERN continued of laser wakefield driven betatron x-ray with the extension of the grant for a sources [1], a successful experiment further year [4], and improved performed on the Astra Gemini Facility reliability of the plasma discharge. was able to demonstrate the 1. Najmudin, Z., et al., Compact laser application of this source for medical accelerators for X-ray phase-contrast www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 77 Research Plasma

imaging. Philosophical Transactions of the working with scientists at the US Royal Society a-Mathematical Physical and Lawrence Livermore National Professor Roland Smith Engineering Sciences, 2014. 372(2010): p. 20130032. Laboratory, home to the National 2. G. Sarri, et al., Ultrahigh Nonlinear Ignition Facility laser system, to try to Brilliance Multi-MeV γ-Ray Beams from get closer to that goal. Nonlinear Relativistic Thomson Scattering. We are also interested in developing Physical Review Letters, 2014: p. To be fundamental physics experiments published. using HED plasmas produced by high- 3. Green, J.S., et al., Enhanced proton power lasers. Recently we published beam collimation in the ultra-intense short pulse regime. Plasma Physics and the design of an experiment that will, Controlled Fusion, 2014. 56(8): p. 084001. for the first time, demonstrate the two- 4. Assmann, R., et al., Proton-driven plasma photon Breit-Wheeler QED process in wakefield acceleration: a path to the future of the laboratory (turning pure light into high-energy particle physics. Plasma Physics matter). We are now working closely and Controlled Fusion, 2014. 56(8): p. 084013. with several groups around the world to undertake that ground-breaking experiment. My research focuses on the Professor Steven Rose 1. "A photon-photon collider in a vacuum development and exploitation of hohlraum", O J Pike, F Mackenroth, E G Hill and advanced laser sources to produce S J Rose, Nature Photonics, 8, 434 (2014).http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ ultra-short and ultra-high-intensity nphoton.2014.95 light pulses. We use these to 2. "Intensity enhancement of O VI ultraviolet create and probe exotic states of emission lines in solar spectra due to opacity", F matter, ranging from laboratory scale Keenan, J G Doyle, M S Madjarska, S J Rose, L simulations of supernova remnants A Bowler, and J Britton, L McCrink and M and plasma jets launched during star Mathioudakis, Ap J Letts, 78, L39 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/784/2/L39 formation through to the sub- femtosecond dynamics of 3. "Electron-positron pair creation in burning thermonuclear plasmas", S J Rose, High Energy nanometer scale "clusters" of Density Physics, 9, 480 (2013). atoms. To underpin our http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hedp.2013.04.002 experiments we operate the UK's 4. "A Monte Carlo algorithm for degenerate largest University based laser plasmas", A E Turrell, M Sherlock, and S J Rose, Cerberus, which delivers high J Comp Phys 249, 13 (2013). energy ns and sub-ps pulses to My research group works in the area of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2013.03.052 High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) multiple experimental areas. which is the study of matter in the Cerberus is also linked to MAGPIE, plasma state at temperatures typically one of the world's largest Z- in excess of a million degrees at solid pinches. This combination of density and above. Our work is pulsed power and laser systems theoretical and we develop new allows us to explore the complex models of HED plasmas. We are also behaviour of high-energy-density involved in the design and analysis of plasmas in which huge magnetic experiments which use high-power fields play a dominant role. We lasers or pulsed-power machines to also develop new types of target for test the validity of those models and laser-matter interaction studies, generally to better understand the most recently a unique optical HED regime. levitation trap able to fix isolated Our work is relevant to Inertial few-micron objects with micron Confinement Fusion (ICF) which precision in vacuum. We have attempts to produce energy gain by recently used high-energy laser thermonuclear reactions in HED probes to measure the distribution of plasmas. Energy gain has not yet magnetic fields dragged about by a been demonstrated and our group is high velocity plasma flow impacting

78 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Plasma a surface. We have also shown experiments, a new field also known that levitated droplet targets provide as Laboratory Plasma Astrophysics. a unique way of creating small, The experiments are typically high-brightness x-ray sources with conducted on the MAGPIE pulsed- minimal debris, and extremely low power facility at Imperial College, with electromagnetic pulses. astrophysical applications ranging from 1. Interpenetration, Deflection, and the formation of jets in young stars, the Stagnation of Cylindrically Convergent physics of accretion discs, and Magnetized Supersonic Tungsten Plasma supersonic, magnetised plasma flows Flows. Swadling, G, Lebedev, SV, Harvey- Thompson, AJ, Rozmus, W, Burdiak, GC, and shocks. The experiments are part Suttle, L, Patankar, S, Smith, RA, Bennett, of collaborative work with researchers M, Hall, GN, Suzuki-Vidal, F and Yuan, J. . worldwide including Observatoire de Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 113, Iss. 3, Art. No. Paris (France), Universidad de las 035003 (2014). Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) and 2. The formation of reverse shocks in magnetized high energy density supersonic University of Rochester (US). In early plasma flows. Lebedev, SV, Suttle, L, 2015 I will be leading a series of Swadling, GF, Bennett, M, Bland, SN, experiments looking at the formation of Burdiak, GC, Burgess, D, Chittenden, JP, radiative shocks of astrophysical Ciardi, A, Clemens, A, de Grouchy, P, Hall, GN, Hare, JD, Kalmoni, N, Niasse, N, interest at the world-class Orion laser Patankar, S, Sheng, L, Smith, RA, Suzuki- at AWE Aldermaston, as part of a Vidal, F, Yuan, J, Frank, A, Blackman, EG successful bid on their academic and Drake, RP. Phys. Plas, Vol. 21, Iss. 5, access program. (2014). 1. Observation of energetic protons trapped in 3. Flat-top picosecond pulses generated by laboratory magnetic-tower jets: Suzuki-Vidal, F.; chirped spectral modulation from a Nd:YLF Patankar, S.; Lebedev, S. V.; et al., New Journal regenerative amplifier for pumping few-cycle of Physics 15, 125008 (2013) optical parametric amplifiers. Mecseki, K, Bigourd, D, Patankar, S, Stuart, NH and 2. Interaction of radiatively cooled plasma jets Smith, RA. Appl. Optics. Vol. 53, Iss. 10, with neutral gases for laboratory astrophysics PP 2229-2235 (2014). studies: Suzuki-Vidal, F.; Lebedev, S. V.; Krishnan, M.; Skidmore, J.; et al., High Energy 4. Spectral enhancement in optical Density Physics 9, 141-147 (2013) parametric amplifiers in the saturated regime. Bigourd, D, Patankar, S, Robbie, SI, 3. New probing techniques of radiative shocks: Doyle, HW, Mecseki, K, Stuart, N, Hadjicosti, Stehlé, C.; Kozlová, M.; Larour, J.; Nejdl, J.; K, Leblanc, N, New, GHC and Smith, RA. Champion, N.; Barroso, P.; Suzuki-Vidal, F.; et Appl. Phys. B Vol. 113 Iss. 4, PP 627-633 al., Optics Communications 285, Issue 1, p. 64- (2013). 69 (2012)

Dr Francisco Vidal Suzuki

My research is aimed at reproducing astrophysical phenomena by the means of carefully scaled laboratory www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 79 The Institute of Shock Physics Over the past few years the Institute of Shock Physics has established a diverse research profile probing the response of condensed matter under ultra-fast and extreme compression. These necessarily multi-scale, multi- disciplinary studies require both experimental and computational activities extending to MBar pressures, intermediate to very high strain rate regimes, and from kilometers to sub-micrometer length scales. Supported by a unique suite of state-of-the-art experimental facilities the institutes’ research activities understanding fundamental processes occurring in materials under extreme conditions, find relevance to a wide range of applications in both natural and man-made environments; from fusion technologies to astrophysical events such as interplanetary impact.

Time sequence of synchrotron X-ray images captured during the impact loading of a high-Z rapid prototyped lattice.

Synchrotron X-ray Studies of people. It has strong links to the Institute pressure states without the use of Extreme Processes of Shock Physics. The institute has shock waves. Such capabilities allow Dr Daniel Eakins, Dr David Chapman designed and instrumented a range of new areas of the equation of state to loading devices for the centre includ- be explored, enabling low temperature We are developing a new capability for ing shock tubes and Split Hopkinson phase changes to be examined and the X-ray imaging of extreme physical Pressure Bars (SHPB). provide the basis for studying the processes which leverages the bril- Our overall aim is to ensure that the cores of giant planets planetary cores. liance of third generation light sources. loading conditions on these complex The new 2 Mega-Ampere current gen- Classically our understanding of mate- materials are understood and are in erator, MACH, has recently begun rials under extreme conditions is the correct pressure-time space for operations, demonstrating methods of determined indirectly using non-pene- blast processes. tailoring the pressure drive onto an trating diagnostics (visible light); the Two specific research projects highlight target. Simultaneously the use of con- use of X-rays provides a unique the synergistic nature of the interaction. vergent targets, to significantly opportunity to probe within a material (a) examining the effect of representa- increase the available pressures, has while it is dynamically loaded, to tive pressure pulse from the blast been explored using the world leading directly study its equation of state, waves on STEM cells. The SHPB was Gorgon MHD code. To directly probe strength and failure properties. used to provide the loading and a the states produced in these experi- By integrating a purpose-built impact sample cell was developed which had ments, a new, ns timescale, multi-KeV system with the I12 high-energy to be fully calibrated mechanically, able to X-ray source is being developed with beamline at the Diamond Light withstand the pressures imposed on it colleagues at CEA Gramat. Already Source, we have performed the first and also be biologically inert. The this source has been used to demon- experiments involving time-resolved results indicate that pressures as low strate X-ray diffraction and future synchrotron X-ray imaging of dynamic as 100 atmospheres for 100 microsec- experiments will explore its use in X- compression in high-Z materials. This onds can result in the destruction of ray absorption spectrometry. pioneering experimental work will enable 10% of STEM cells. The debris from more faithful macroscopic representation these cells is biologically active and of statistical microstates in heteroge- may cause longer term pathologies neous systems, the study of shock (b) Modifying the output of the Shock energy localization during instability Tube to produce the blast loading seen growth, and direct density probing of from a range of explosive masses, over material states under extreme condi- distance through a variety of mitiga- tions. The team also collaborates tion. This required precise control of internationally participating in dynamic the shock tube operation. As a result X-ray experiments in both Europe and of this we can produce blast loadings the US. A recent highlight is the equivalent to 25 kg of TNT at 2 m dis- involvement in the first EXAFS experi- tance or, at the other extreme, the ment on Fe driven to Mbar pressures loading produced inside a vehicle from using a high-power laser at the ESRF. a small external charge.

Royal British Legion Centre for Pulsed Power driven High Pressure Diffraction pattern produced using an X- Blast Injury Studies Physics Experiments pinch at CEA Gramat. Dr William G Proud Dr Simon Bland, Dr Jeremy Chittenden Acknowledgements ; The Institute acknowl- CBIS conducts research into under- We are developing a series of new edges the support of Imperial College standing the process of blast injury on capabilities to drive matter into high London and AWE, Aldermaston

80 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14

Research Institute of Shock Physics understanding of the role of My personal research is best Dr Daniel Eakins defects/interfaces can lead to a new summarised as:(a) the high-rate design capability for materials with loading of granular and piezo-electric predefined shock properties. materials, determining how their non- 1. R.E. Winter, M. Cotton, E.J. Harris, D.J. linear behaviour changes with stress Chapman, D.E. Eakins, G. McShane, "Plate- level, load duration, strain-rate, and impact loading of cellular structures formed temperature (b) optical effects of shock by selective laser melting", Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and in birefringant materials to develop a Engineering (2014) vol. 22 (2) pp. 025021 fundamental understanding of non- doi:10.1088/0965-0393/22/2/025021. isotropic materials (c) biological and 2. D.R. Jones, D.J. Chapman, D.E. Eakins, other soft materials under blast and "A gas gun based technique for studying the impact loading. I also retain a string role of temperature in dynamic fracture and fragmentation", Journal of Applied Physics interest in energetic materials. The (2013) vol. 114 pp. 173508 references below are relatively brief My research is directed toward the doi:10.1063/1.4828867. conference papers, more detailed mechanisms of deformation in 3. B. Gurrutxaga-Lerma, D.S. Balint, D. Dini, articles can be found visiting the condensed matter at extreme D.E. Eakins, A.P. Sutton, "A dynamic discrete Institute of Shock Physics Website. dislocation plasticity method for the The area of shock physics is multi- strain-rates, from the bulk to sub- simulation of plastic relaxation under shock micron scale. I focus on the loading", Proceedings of the Royal Society disciplinary and this research has transition between elastic and A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering progressed quickly thanks to plastic behaviour, with specific Sciences (2013) vol. 469 (2156) pp. colleagues in bio-engineering, civil 20130141–20130141 engineering, medicine, materials attention to the processes of doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0141. science and earth sciences and ultrafast inelastic deformation 4. V.H. Whitley, S.D. McGrane, D.E. Eakins, (defect generation, plasticity, C.A. Bolme, D.S. Moore, J.F. Bingert, "The engineering. I am closely involved with localisation, fracture, etc.). My work elastic-plastic response of aluminum films to the management and research seeks to resolve the relationship ultrafast laser-generated shocks", Journal of direction of The Royal British Legion Applied Physics (2011) vol. 109 (1) pp. Centre for Blast Injury Studies and the between the structure of solid 013505 doi:10.1063/1.3236654. phases and their pathway through Institute of Security Science and various defect states, from the early Technology, both of which are Dr William Proud moments of loading to their bulk stimulating and vibrant research conclusions. Within this area, I am centres cutting across traditional presently working on the effect of research boundaries. alloying and other impurities on (1) Temperature effects on the mechanical ultrafast elastoplasticity, new behaviour of PZT 95/5, A S Khan, J E Balzer, J analytical methods for simulating M Wilgeroth and W G Proud, Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 500. (2014) 1742-6596 true dislocation dynamics under 500 112038 doi:10.1088/1742- dynamic loading, and the 6596/500/11/112038 temperature dependence of (2) Gas percolation through sand, W G Proud, dynamic fracture mechanisms. Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 500. My work also involves the study of (2014) 1742-6596 500 112052 heterogeneous materials, and the doi:10.1088/1742-6596/500/11/112052 statistical representation of non- (3) Technique to measure change in uniform material response at birefringence under shock compression, G R various microstructural levels. This Tear, D E Eakins, D J Chapman and W G Proud, 2014 has been very productive for the Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 500. area extends my earlier work on Institute of Shock Physics. A lynchpin (2014) 1742-6596 500 192020 powder systems into new territory is the application of time-resolved doi:10.1088/1742-6596/500/19/192020 through the coupling of novel diagnostic techniques to well- (4) Integrated experimental platforms to study experimental techniques and controlled loading scenarios. This blast injuries: a bottom-up approach. C Bo, A Williams, S Rankin, W G Proud and K A Brown, spatially-resolved diagnostics with allows excellent interact with 2D/3D numerical simulation. One of Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol. 500. modellers, theoreticians and (2014) 1742-6596 500 102001 the primary drivers for this work is experimental groups. Linkage to other doi:10.1088/1742-6596/500/10/102001 to establish a “Materials by Design” Imperial departments and cross-faculty theme, whereby improved is a strength. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 81 Quantum Optics and Laser Science The research mission of QOLS is to carry out basic science using lasers and to investigate, utilize and control photonic and material states and processes down to the quantum level.

LASER CONSORTIUM Jon Marangos, Vitali Averbukh, Leszek Frasinski, Peter Knight, John Tisch and Amelle Zair

This major grouping of experimental and theoretical physicists is con- cerned with the interaction of high- intensity and ultra-short laser pulses with matter. Attosecond (As) Science We are pio- neering new methods to measure electron motion in matter in real time. Through this we are learning how electrons move inside molecules and dipole moment We measure the which uses static electric and mag- solids on a timescale of ~100 As vital shape of the electron – its electric netic fields to confine atomic ions. for revealing the correlations in many dipole moment. This is a test of We use laser cooling to reduce the electron quantum systems. Ultrafast physics beyond the Standard Model temperature of calcium ions to less science with X-ray free electron of particle physics and a test of time- than 1 kelvin and study the ions lasers Free electron lasers are open- reversal symmetry violation. using precision laser spectroscopy ing new frontiers in the imaging of Quantum nanophotonics Single pho- and high resolution imaging of the ions. matter at the nanoscale with full time tons are the essential building blocks resolution. We are studying ways to for photonic information processing. CONTROLLED QUANTUM DYNAM- make few-fs time resolved measure- We use single organic dye molecules ICS THEORY ments using these instruments. at cryogenic condition because they David Jennings, Myungshik Kim, Development of ultrafast, high power, can serve as an efficient source of Peter Knight, Florian Mintert, Geoff laser sources. The group has pio- indistinguishable single photons. New and Terry Rudolph neered the development of new Bose-Einstein condensation of pho- sources including high power fiber tons At low temperature and high The theoretical research interest of the based systems. High energy density density, the properties of a fluid group is the control and manipulation of science with intense lasers In collab- depend on the quantum nature of its physical systems to exhibit manifestly oration with the Plasma Physics constituents, whether they are quantum mechanical effects such as group this research uses various bosons or fermions. Bosons tend to quantum correlations and quantum high power laser facilities at CLF as bunch together, and in extreme interference. The emphasis is on using well as our in-house Cerberus laser cases form a giant wave called a these effects to perform novel protocols system. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). in e.g. quantum computing in hybrid We are making a room temperature architectures, quantum communication CENTRE FOR COLD MATTER BEC of photons. Our aim is to under- and quantum simulations or to uncover Ed Hinds, Jony Hudson, Rob Nyman, stand how photon BECs form, study the subtle role quantum mechanics may Ben Sauer, Danny Segal, Mike Tar- their properties and their interactions. play in natural phenomena. Our general butt and Richard Thompson Ion traps Here we test the predictions approaches can also be used, for of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) instance, to elucidate the role of funda- Cold atoms and Molecules: We use using highly-charged ions and also mental symmetries in nature, as well as the techniques of laser cooling and investigate the fascinating physics of metrology (precision measurement). trapping to control and manipulate "ion Coulomb crystals", which can be Finally, the study of controlled quantum matter onto microchips (Atom chips) used in applications such as quan- dynamics may lead us to new insights at temperatures a few billionths of a tum simulation and studies of quan- in the foundations of quantum mechan- degree above absolute zero . With tum tunnelling. We carry out our ics itself. these devices, we aim to build ultra experiments with a Penning trap, precision sensors and components for quantum information processing. Ultracold molecules offer new oppor- tunities because of increased degrees of freedom and because they interact strongly with applied electric fields and with one another, allowing for the study of the physics of strongly-interacting many-body quantum systems. Electron electric

82 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Quantum Optics and Laser Research Science dynamics”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 083004 1. “Dynamics of Hollow Atom Formation in Dr Vitali Averbukh (2013). Intense X-ray Pulses Probed by Partial [2] K. Schnorr, A. Senftleben, M. Kurka, A. Covariance Mapping” L J Frasinski, V Rudenko, L. Foucar, G. Schmid, A. Broska, T. Zhaunerchyk, M Mucke, R J Squibb, M Siano, J Pfeifer, K. Meyer, D. Anielski, R. Boll, D. H D Eland, P Linusson, P v.d. Meulen, P Salén, Rolles, M. Kübel, M. F. Kling, Y. H. Jiang, S. R D Thomas, M Larsson, L Foucar, J Ullrich, K Mondal, T. Tachibana, K. Ueda, T. Motomura, S Mondal, K Ueda, T Osipov, L Fang, Marchenko, M. Simon, G. Brenner, R. B F Murphy, N Berrah, C Bostedt, J D Bozek, S Treusch, S. Scheit, V. Averbukh, J. Ullrich, C. Schorb, M Messerschmidt, J M Glownia, J P D. Schröter, and R. Moshammer, “Time- Cryan, R Coffee, O Takahashi, S Wada, M N resolved measurement of interatomic Piancastelli, R Richter, K C Prince, and R Feifel, Coulombic decay in Ne2 ”, Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 073002, 5 pages (13 August 111, 093402 (2013). 2013) [DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.073002] [3] J. Leeuwenburgh, B. Cooper, V. Averbukh, [URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12267] J. Marangos and M. Ivanov, “High- order 2. “Femtosecond X-ray-induced explosion of C60 harmonic generation spectroscopy of at extreme intensity” B F Murphy, T Osipov, Z correlation-driven electron hole dynamics”, Jurek, L Fang, S-K Son, M Mucke, J H D Eland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 123002 (2013). V Zhaunerchyk, R Feifel, L Avaldi, P Bolognesi, C [4] J. P. Marangos, B. Cooper, P. Kolorenč, L. Bostedt, J D Bozek, J Grilj, M Guehr, L J Frasinski, and V. Averbukh, “Analysis of a Frasinski, J Glownia, D T Ha, K Hoffmann, E The main direction of out work has measurement scheme for ultrafast hole Kukk, B K McFarland, C Miron, E Sistrunk, R J dynamics by few femtosecond resolution Squibb, K Ueda, R Santra, and N Berrah, Nat. been development and theoretical Commun. 5 4281 (27 June 2014) [DOI: modelling of time-resolved Professor Leszek Frasinski 10.1038/ncomms5281] attosecond spectroscopic 3. “Coulomb explosion of diatomic molecules in techniques for the study of ultrafast intense XUV fields mapped by partial covariance” electron hole migration in O Kornilov, M Eckstein, M Rosenblatt, C P molecules. We have suggested Schulz, K Motomura, A Rouzée, J Klei, L Foucar, M Siano, A Lübcke, F Schapper, P Johnsson, D several such techniques that are M P Holland, T Schlatholter, T Marchenko, S now being at various stages of Düsterer, K Ueda, M J J Vrakking and L J experimental realisation: (1) single- Frasinski, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 photon laser-enabled Auger decay 164028, 11 pages (13 August 2013) [DOI:10.1088/0953-4075/46/16/164028] [URI: (spLEAD) spectroscopy of hole http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11746] migration, (2) high-order harmonic 4. “Theory and simulations of covariance generation spectroscopy of electron mapping in multiple dimensions for data analysis correlation-driven hole dynamics, (3) in high-event-rate experiments” V Zhaunerchyk, time-dependent Auger spectroscopy L J Frasinski, J H D Eland and R Feifel, Phys. of hole migration. In addition, we Rev. A 89 053418 (22 May 2014) [DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.89.053418] [URI: have provided theoretical support Leszek Frasinski collaborated in http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/13752] for one of the first two time-resolved experiments performed at the Linac measurements of the inter-atomic Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at Dr Jony Hudson Coulombic decay in clusters. Finally, Stanford [1,2] and the free electron we have developed the first of its laser (FLASH) in Hamburg [3]. His kind first-principles molecular main contribution to this collaboration method for numerical modelling of was adaptation of the covariance many-electron dynamics in strong mapping technique to the high event external field based on B-spline rate induced by free electron lasers. single-electron basis and the many- The success of these experiments led body Green's function approach, to theoretical developments of the B-spline algebraic diagrammatic technique [4]. The aim of this research construction (B-spline ADC). First is to gain understanding into electron successful applications of the new dynamics of atoms and molecules methodology to molecular strong under intense x-ray irradiation. It is field processes have been published expected that this understanding will and more are in progress. allow us to study large biological I have continued my work on [1] B. Cooper and V. Averbukh, “Single- molecules, such as viruses, with atomic measuring the shape of the photon laser enabled Auger spectroscopy for resolution on the femtosecond electron. We have developed new measuring attosecond electron hole timescale. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 83 Quantum Optics and Laser Research Science measurement techniques [1] and entanglement, the development of macroscopic systems which is why are currently engaged in a entropic uncertainty relations [2,3] and quantum mechanics was thought to comprehensive set of technical several papers on quantum be applied only to a sub-atomic upgrades to the apparatus. These thermodynamics [4], which is a very system. Kim’s research interests in will build on our world-leading 2011 active and important field in recent the foundations of quantum physics measurement, aiming to improve our times. The geometric work on are concentrated on the issues of sensitivity by over three orders of entanglement is currently being the manifestations of wave-particle magnitude [2]. One of the techniques extended by a PhD student, under my duality and the quantum-to-classical we are developing, laser cooling for supervision, and Ref [1] has already transition. Why is it not possible to simple molecules [3], looks particularly had good impact in the community. The observe quantum superpositions promising, and has broad applicability uncertainty relations work was and nonlocality in everyday life? For beyond our field. I have also started extremely timely -- much dispute had this question, he came up with a a new research direction, applying emerged on the correct way of possible solution based on the techniques of machine learning quantifying measurement-disturbance fuzziness in operations [1]. His and artificial intelligence to data in quantum theory, and we were able to suggestion is in contrast to the usual mine laws of physics directly from place very general constraints on what assumption based on decoherence experimental data. form this could ever take. The and coarsening of measurements. [1] Stochastic multi-channel lock-in detection thermodynamic work has aimed to He then considered another By: Hudson, J. J.; Tarbutt, M. R.; Sauer, B. identify the genuinely quantum- fundamental problem in relation to E.; et al. mechanical aspects of the wave-particle duality and the NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS Volume: 16 Article Number: 013005 Published: JAN 2 thermodynamics. Ref [4] is currently impact of measurements on this [2]. 2014 under review in Nature The quantum-mechanical [2] Design for a fountain of YbF molecules to Communications, and we are in the superpositions are more easily measure the electron's electric dipole process of revising the manuscript. generated in an isolated system moment By: Tarbutt, M. R.; Sauer, B. E.; This too has attracted attention in the such as a cavity. However, in order Hudson, J. J.; et al. community, and I expect this to initiate to characterise and control the NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS Volume: 15 Article Number: 053034 Published: MAY 22 a meaningful and significant new line of superpositions, we need to bring 2013 research. them out. He and his colleagues [3] Laser cooling and slowing of CaF [1] Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 020402 (2014) show how those quantum states can molecules By: Zhelyazkova, V.; Cournol, A.; [2] Phys. Rev. A 89, 052108 (2014) be taken out from the cavity in [3]. Wall, T. E.; et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW A [3] Phys. Rev. A 89, 042122 (2014) 1. H. Jeong, Y. Lim and M. S. Kim, Volume: 89 Issue: 5 Article Number: 053416 [4] http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.2188 (2014) ‘Coarsening measurement references and Published: MAY 16 2014 the quantum-to-classical transition’, Phys. Professor Myungshik Kim Rev. Lett. 112, 010402 (2014). Dr David Jennings 2. J-C Lee, H-T. Lim, K-H Hong, Y-C Jeong, M.S. Kim and Y-H Kim, ‘Experimental demonstration of delayed-choice decoherence suppression’ Nature Comm.5, 4522 (2014). 3. T. Tufarelli, A. Ferraro, A. Serafini, S. Bose and M.S. Kim, ‘Coherently opening a high-Q cavity’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112,133605 (2014).

In the period 2013-2014 I (together with The paradoxical ideas that quantum collaborators) have put 9 papers on the mechanics promotes are well- arxiv, with most of these now developed for simple quantum published. The topics included work on systems. However, it is hard to geometric properties [1] of quantum observe its unique properties in

84 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Quantum Optics and Laser Research Science J.P.Marangos and L.E. Chipperfield the fundamental property of Professor John Marangos "Optimization of Quantum Trajectories Driven complete positivity [3] (which is by Strong-Field Waveforms," Physical Review X 4, 021028 (2014). imposed by the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics). As specific 2. B.Cooper, P.Kolorenc, L.J.Frasnski, goal of control we target the creation V.Averbukh and J.P.Marangos, “Analysis of a of long-distance entanglement in measurement scheme for ultrafast hole dynamics by few-femtosecond resolution X- disordered spin chains. A ray pump-probe Auger spectroscopy”, description in terms of matrix- DOI:10.1039/C4FD00051J Faraday product states allows us to describe Discussion systems of one hundred interacting 3. S.J.Weber, M.Oppermann and spins. We implemented a method J.P.Marangos, “Role of rotational based on Lyapunov control in terms wavepackets in strong field experiments”, of this description and designed Physical Review Letters 111, 263601 (2013) control fields that establish strong 4. J. Leeuwenburgh, B. Cooper, V. Averbukh, entanglement in chains with ten My main activity as Director of the J. P. Marangos, and M.Y. Ivanov, "High-Order percent relative fluctuation in the Blackett Laboratory Laser Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy of nearest neighbor interaction [4]. Correlation-Driven Electron Hole Dynamics," Consortium has been in leading the Physical Review Letters 111, 123002 (2013). research in the Attosecond Science [1] Accurate effective Hamiltionans via flow in Floquet space Albert Verdeny Vilalta, Programme, which is funded by two Andreas Mielke & F.M.Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, grants (EPSRC Programme Grant Dr Florian Mintert 175301 (2013) “Attosecond electron dynamics in molecular and condensed phase [2] Optimal Control of Effective Hamiltonians Albert Verdeny, Łukasz Rudnicki, Cord A. systems”, and ERC Advanced Grant Müller & F.M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 010501 “Attosecond science by emission (2014) and transmission of X-rays”). The research has been progressing in [3] Completely positive approximate solutions of driven open quantum systems Farhang the following main areas: (a) Haddadfarshi, Jian Cui & F.M. development of high harmonic arXiv:1409.6184 generation (HHG) sources driven by [4] Long distance entanglement in disordered few-cycle mid-IR pulses for spin chains Jian Cui & F. M. arXiv:1407.1327 attosecond transient absorption measurements, (b) HHG Professor Terry Rudolph spectroscopy for direct measurement of attosecond resolved electronic and nuclear During the last year, the main focus motion in molecules following of our work was on the optimal ionization, (c) development of control of quantum systems through sources for attosecond pump-probe polychromatic driving. We measurements, (d) measurement of developed a framework to identify the photoelectric effect from solid effective Hamiltonians with surfaces with attosecond resolution renormalization techniques in and (e) development of X-ray Floquet theory [1] and developed a pump/X-ray probe methods for formalism for the construction of ultrafast structural dynamics studies polychromatic control fields that using X-ray free electron lasers. realise desired effective dynamics This has resulted in the publication with high accuracy [2]. Currently, we Published 18 papers since January of more than 18 journal papers in are extending these endeavors to 2013. Topics covered include the 2013-14 period including: open quantum systems, and we foundations of quantum identified means to devise thermodynamics, new mathematical 1. S. Haessler, T. Balčiunas, G. Fan, G. representations of quantum states, Andriukaitis, A. Pugžlys, A. Baltuška, T. approximate solutions for driven Witting, R. Squibb, A. Zaïr, J.W.G Tisch, open quantum systems that respect some important simplifications of www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 85 Quantum Optics and Laser Research Science photonic quantum computation (for recently surpassed in sensitivity by on the local density of matter, as which IP protection is currently the ThO experiment run by a hypothesized in some extensions of being sought) and a variety of Harvard-Yale collaboration. We are the Standard Model. We found no abstract results in quantum making a number of improvements dependence and set new bounds on foundations and quantum to the apparatus to regain the lead. such variations of the constants [1]. information. On CaF, there is strong interest to We then extended this work to [arXiv:1405.2188 [pdf, other] make an ultra cold gas of polar precise measurements of millimetre- Thermodynamic laws beyond free energy molecules, not least to study dipole- wave transitions in CH [2]. These relations Matteo Lostaglio, David Jennings, Terry Rudolph dipole interactions in this strongly transitions have been observed in (Acceptance to Nature Communications appears quantum limit. We have made extra-galactic sources at high red- likely) measurements of cooling and shift, and so can be used to test slowing in CaF and are currently whether the fundamental constants arXiv:1303.4724 [pdf, other] Quantum Steering Ellipsoids Sania Jevtic, working on a slow CaF source so vary with time. Precise Matthew F. Pusey, David Jennings, Terry that we can bring the molecules to measurements using molecules RudolphJournal-ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 020402 rest. benefit from cooling the molecules (2014) Laser cooling and slowing of CaF molecules, to very low temperatures. We have Zhelyazkova V, Cournol A, Wall TE, demonstrated that laser cooling, a arXiv:1311.2913 [pdf, other] Matsushima A, Hudson JJ, Hinds EA, Tarbutt On the experimental verification of quantum MR, Sauer BE PHYSICAL REVIEW A 89(5) method commonly used to cool complexity in linear optics Jacques Carolan, 053416, 2014. atoms, can also be used to slow and Jasmin D. A. Meinecke, Pete Shadbolt, Nicholas cool a beam of CaF molecules [3]. J. Russell, Nur Ismail, Kerstin Wörhoff, Terry Stochastic multi-channel lock in detection, We then analysed how laser cooling Rudolph, Mark G. Thompson, Jeremy L. O'Brien, Hudson JJ, Tarbutt MR, Sauer BE, Hinds EA, Jonathan C. F. Matthews, Anthony Laing NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 16: 013005, can be used to make a magneto- Journal-ref: Nature Photonics 8, 621 (2014) 2014 optical trap of these molecules [4].

arXiv:1306.2724 [pdf, ps, other] Dr Mike Tarbutt [1] “A search for varying fundamental Efficient universal blind computation constants using hertz-level frequency Vittorio Giovannetti, Lorenzo Maccone, Tomoyuki measurements of cold CH molecules”, S. Morimae, Terry G. Rudolph Truppe, R.J. Hendricks, S.K. Tokunaga, H.J. Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 230501 (2013) Lewandowski, M.G. Kozlov, Christian Henkel, E.A. Hinds and M.R. Tarbutt, Nat. Commun. Dr Ben Sauer 4, 2600 (2013). [2] “Measurement of the lowest millimetre- wave transition frequency of the CH radical”, S. Truppe, R. J. Hendricks, E. A. Hinds and M. R. Tarbutt, Astrophys. J. 780, 71 (2014).

[3] “Laser cooling and slowing of CaF molecules”, V. Zhelyazkova, A. Cournol, T. E. Wall, A. Matsushima, J. J. Hudson, E. A. Hinds, M. R. Tarbutt, B. E. Sauer, Phys. Rev. A 89, 053416 (2014). Our work focusses on the production of cold molecules and [4] “Magneto-optical trapping forces for atoms and molecules with complex level structures”, their applications in fundamental M. R. Tarbutt, accepted for publication in New physics. We have made extremely J. Phys., arXiv:1409.0244 (2014). precise frequency measurements of I have been working on improvements microwave transitions in the CH to out experiment to measure the molecule and have compared these permanent electric dipole moment laboratory measurements to (EDM) of the electron, and on astrophysical measurements of the experiments to directly laser cool same transitions in CH observed in CaF molecules. While the EDM cold molecular clouds in the Milky experiment did provide the most Way. Through this comparison, we stringent limit on the size of this have tested whether the values of time-reversal violating effect, it was the fundamental constants depend

86 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Quantum Optics and Laser Research Science those providing attosecond (10-18 broadening of attosecond Professor John Tisch sec) pulse durations, iii) the photoelectron wavepackets from application of i) and ii) to implement solid surfaces [4], in collaboration novel techniques for tracking with Imperial colleagues from the attosecond time-scale electron EXSS group and from CFEL in dynamics in matter. Recent work on Hamburg. theme (i), in collaboration with LOA Paris, has been a detailed study [1] 1. W.A. Okell et al. "Carrier-envelope phase of the hollow-fibre pulse stability of hollow fibers used for high-energy few-cycle pulse generation." Optics letters 38, compression technique used by labs 3918 (2013). around the world to produce high- power laser pulses of durations 2. J. Henkel et al. "Prediction of attosecond approaching 1 optical cycle. light pulses in the VUV range in a high-order- harmonic-generation regime." Physical Towards theme (ii), we have Review A 87, 043818 (2013). demonstrated for the first time the generation of synchronised VUV 3. R.A. Ganeev et al. "Spatial coherence My research within the Blackett and XUV attosecond pulses for measurements of non-resonant and resonant high harmonics generated in laser ablation Laboratory Laser Consortium is pump probe experiments, with plumes." Applied Physics Letters 104, 021122 concerned with Attosecond Science support from collaborators in (2014). and Technology and can be divided Hannover [2]. Also, we have made into three interconnected themes: i) the first spatial coherence 4. Okell, W. A., et al. "Attosecond streaking of photoelectron emission from disordered the development of state-of-the-art measurements of high order solids." arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.5613 ultrafast laser technology, ii) the use harmonic radiation generated in (2014). of these lasers to develop novel laser-ablated plumes [3]. A recent short-wavelength (UV to X-ray) highlight from theme (iii) is the first coherent light sources, with focus on measurement of temporal

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 87 Space and Atmospheric Physics The group studies interplanetary space and planetary environments, as well as the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. A major part of the group’s activity is the development and operation of numerical models and sensitive instrumentation for space science and Earth observation.

SPACE PLASMA PHYSICS Dr Jonathan Eastwood, Dr Bob Forsyth, Prof Tim Horbury, Prof Steve Schwartz

Fundamental Plasma Processes: Magnetic reconnection, turbulence, and shock waves govern much of the dynamics of plasmas, giving rise to the transport of momentum and energy while accelerating charged particles to high energies in the process. Our interna- tionally recognised leadership in under- standing these fundamental plasma processes employs spacecraft data, theory and modeling. We lead the mag- comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. forcing at the top of the atmosphere, netic field instruments on important cur- We lead the magnetometer team on the surface, and within the atmosphere. rent spacecraft (ESA’s Cluster and the JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) Our Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Cassini missions) and future missions mission to Jupiter and its icy moons Transform Spectrometer (TAFTS) par- (ESA’s Solar Orbiter and JUICE). Appli- and are designing the instrument in ticipates in national campaigns to cations of Space Plasma Physics: Inter- order that it can resolve induced currents assess the radiative effect of cirrus planetary space is pervaded by a flowing in the liquid water oceans at clouds across the electromagnetic supersonic solar wind emanating from Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. spectrum, again with the ultimate aim the Sun’s corona. Variability in that of using observations to improve mod- solar wind, due to solar activity and CLIMATE PHYSICS elling capability. Satellite observations eruptions from the solar surface, often Dr Helen Brindley, Dr Arnaud Czaja, from instruments such as the Tropos- termed “Solar Storms” leads to “Space Dr Heather Graven, Prof Joanna Haigh pheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) Weather” which can energise the Earth’s FRS, Dr Juliet Pickering, Prof Ralf Toumi, and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding radiation belts and lead to spectacular Dr Apostolos Voulgarakis Interferometer (IASI) play a vital role to aurorae. Space Weather also has a better understand feedbacks operating huge impact on satellites and ground- Modelling: We study the physical in the Earth system. A new activity based systems (e.g., electricity grids) processes and composition in the relates to the carbon cycle via meas- representing risks to vital services and atmosphere and ocean using idealised, urements and modelling of atmospheric expensive infrastructure, and now forms a regional and global models (e.g. CO2 and CO2 isotopes. major element in the national risk register. HadGEM, NASA GISS). Key expertise lies in the impact of key physical INSTRUMENTATION PLANETARY PHYSICS processes on our climate system, such Chris Carr, Dr Helen Brindley, Dr Marina Galand, Prof Michele as solar variability, the coupling of tropi- Dr Heather Graven, Dr Juliet Pickering Dougherty FRS, Dr Ingo Mueller- cal and extra-tropical storms with the Wodarg ocean, the impact of changes in atmos- Our research is underpinned by instru- pheric composition on radiation and mentation projects for spaceflight, Planetary research is focused on the precipitation, and the role of fires in the research aircraft, and in the laboratory. Cassini mission to Saturn and its Earth System. Our magnetometers fly on the Cluster, largest moon Titan, which has a dense Earth Observation: Scientific lead for Cassini, Solar Orbiter and JUICE mis- “Earthlike” atmosphere. The group the Geostationary Earth Radiation sions. the Plasma Consortium instru- leads the magnetometer team and Budget (GERB) project, the only instru- mentation on the Rosetta mission, and investigates Saturn’s magnetosphere, ment to observe the broadband energy the GERB instruments for the Meteosat its plasma boundaries, as well as the emitted and reflected by the Earth at 2nd Generation spacecraft. In the labo- internal magnetic field of the planet. We high temporal resolution. GERB data ratory, our unique visible-vacuum ultra- study planetary ionospheres, some, such are used to quantify, the diurnal vari- violet Fourier Transform Spectrometer as Titan, hosting heavy organics, others, ability in Saharan dust net radiative studies atomic and molecular spectra such as at Saturn, playing a key role in of importance for interpreta- closing the global magnetospheric cur- tion of spectral measure- rents which arise. We study the upper ments of planetary atmosphere of Saturn using our Saturn atmospheres and astro- Thermosphere Ionosphere model. We physical objects. Measure- lead the Venus Express Atmospheric ments of atmospheric CO2 drag experiment and use it to determine and its isotopic composition the polar thermosphere structure at are being developed to Venus. We lead the operation of the study anthropogenic emis- Plasma Consortium suite of instruments sions and their impacts on on board ESA’s Rosetta mission to the the global carbon cycle.

88 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Space and Atmospheric Research Physics reshaped National Centre for Earth instability, respectively). We have Dr Helen Brindley Observation (NCEO). also shown that atmospheric heat transport in the storm track is 1. Achieving climate change absolute sporadic in nature, with a large accuracy in orbit: Wielicki, B., Young, D., Mlynczak, M., Thome, K., et al., Bull. Amer. contribution to the mean arising Meteorol. Soc., doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12- from shirt-lived and extreme bursts 00149.1, (2013) of heat transport.

2. Intercomparison of satellite dust retrieval 1. O'Reilly, C. and A. Czaja: The response of products over the west African Sahara during the Pacific storm track to Kuroshio variability, the Fennec campaign in 2011: Banks, J., Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., Brindley, H., Flamant, C., Garay, M., et al., DOI:10.1002/qj.2334 (2014). Rem. Sens. Env., 136, 99-116, (2013) 2. Parfitt, R. And A. Czaja: On the diabatic 3. Validation of energy prediction method for forcing the North Atlantic storm-track, a concentrator photovoltaic module in submitted to Quart. J. Met. Soc. (2014). Toyohashi Japan: Chan, N., Young, T., Brindley, H., Ekins-Daukes, N., et al., 3. Messori, G. and A. Czaja: Some Progress in Photovoltaics, 21, 1598-1610, Work over the last year has had considerations on the spectral properties of (2013) meridional heat transport by transient eddies, three main foci: 1. The role of Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc, DOI:10.1002/qj.2224 mineral dust in shaping the Earth's 4. Mineral dust aerosol net direct radiative (2013). Radiation Balance over Africa and effect during GERBILS field campaign period derived from SEVIRI and GERB: Ansell, C., the Middle East; 2. The use of 4. Sheldon, L. and A. Czaja, Seasonal and Brindley, H., Pradhan, Y. and Saunders, R., J. interannual variability of an index of deep spectrally resolved radiances, Geophys. Res., 119, 4070-4086, (2014) convection over western boundary currents, measured from satellite, to diagnose Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., DOI: climate change; 3. The assessment 10.1002/qj.2103. (2013) Dr Arnaud Czaja of different dust/aerosol retrieval schemes and application of these in Dr Jonathan Eastwood multi-disciplinary areas (e.g. solar energy resources). All of these topics are areas of ongoing activity and have resulted in the establishment of a number of collaborations and associated publications. Specific examples include the first ever quantification of the net top-of-atmosphere dust radiative effect over the Sahara at a sub-diurnal timescale; the use of multi-platform observations to Efforts in my group have recently provide recommendations regarding focused on understanding how My research currently centres on the strengths and weaknesses of warm and fast ocean currents such understanding how magnetic various commonly used dust as the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream reconnection across current sheets retrieval products; the assessment impact on storms and atmospheric in collisionless space plasmas of the relative importance of motions of larger scales in the extra- works. This process lies at the heart environmental factors influencing tropics. Using a combination of high of many solar, space and energy production from a multi- resolution numerical experiments astrophysical plasma phenomena junction concentrating solar (UK Met Office Model) and such as solar flares and photovoltaic system; and, as part of atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA geomagnetic storms. Working with the NASA led CLARREO Science interim, 1979-present), we have postdoc Dr. Heli Hietala and PhD Definition Team, the development of shown that the Gulf Stream affects student Rishi Mistry, and in a robust strategy for climate both the cold and warm sectors of collaboration with UC Berkeley, the monitoring space mission design. cyclones, although with very University of Maryland, and the These activities have led to a major different mechanisms (shallow University of Delaware, we have role for Imperial in the recently convection and moist inertial recently published new research www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 89 Space and Atmospheric Research Physics showing for the first time how the 1. Predictions of ion production rates and ion energy explosively released by Dr Marina Galand number densities within the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at reconnection is partitioned, and perihelion: Vigren, E. and Galand M., ApJ, demonstrating how reconnection 772:33, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/33 (2013). can operate in a bursty fashion over a prolonged period of time. 2. On the thermal electron balance in Titan’s sunlit upper atmosphere: Vigren, E.; Galand, M.; This work is intimately related to the Yelle, R.V.; et al., Icarus, 223, 234-251, applied science of space weather, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.010 which represents a threat to (2013). infrastructure resilience and is now 3. Increasing Positive Ion Number Densities included on the UK national risk Below the Peak of Ion-Electron Pair Production in register. In collaboration with the Titan's Ionosphere, Vigren E.; Galand M.; plasma physics group (Prof. Jerry Shebanits O.; et al., ApJ, 786, 69, Chittenden), and PhD student Lars doi:10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/1 (2014). Mejnertsen we have adapted the 4. Numerical simulations of ion and electron Gorgon computer code (used for temperatures in the ionosphere of Mars: Diurnal laboratory plasmas) to simulate the We have developed a new expertise variations at solar minimum conditions: Matta, M.; solar wind-magnetosphere and led original work in the active field Galand M.; Moore L; et al., Icarus, 227, 78-88, of cometary plasma in relation with the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.icarus.2013.09.006 interaction, most recently using the (2014). DiRAC high performance computing on-going ESA/Rosetta mission which facility. These simulations, informed reached its target, comet 67P, in Dr Heather Graven by our group’s research into the August 2014. We have been closely underpinning physics, will be both involved in this mission through the useful for interpreting satellite Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) observations and are directly and the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer relevant for improving future space for Ion and Neutral Analyzer (Rosina). weather forecasts. We have pursued our research on Titan’s complex ionosphere using multi- 1. Eastwood, J. P., H. Hietala, G. Toth, T. D. instrumental dataset from the Cassini Phan and M. Fujimoto, What controls the spacecraft. We have in particular structure and dynamics of Earth’s identified a key role played by negative magnetosphere?, in Structures in Cosmic Plasmas edited by A. Balogh, Springer (NL), ions unexpectedly discovered in Titan’s 2014 (reprinted in Space Sci. Rev., 2014). deep ionosphere. This work was performed with colleagues from Europe 2. Hietala, H., J. P. Eastwood and A. Isavnin, (France, Sweden, UK) and from Sequentially released tilted flux ropes in the University of Arizona. We have also Earth's magnetotail, Plasma Phys. Control. My research focuses on continued our participation to Saturn’s Fusion, 56, 064001, 2014. atmospheric CO2 and the global ionospheric studies with application to carbon cycle. I study the influences 3. Eastwood, J. P., T. D. Phan, J. F. Drake, the ring rain and have led work on the M. A. Shay, A. L. Borg, B. Lavraud and M. G. of fossil fuel combustion and natural characterization of the acceleration G. T. Taylor, Energy partition in magnetic exchanges with the ocean and processes above Saturn’s auroral reconnection in Earth’s magnetotail, Phys. terrestrial biosphere on CO2 by Rev. Lett., 110, 225001, 2013. regions. Our giant planet interest has combining observations and models expended to the Jovian system – with 4. Eastwood, J. P., T. D. Phan, M. Øieroset, in regional and global-scale studies. our involvement in the plasma package M. A. Shay, K. Malakit, M. Swisdak, J. F. In a recent paper in Science we and UV spectrometer onboard the Drake and A. Masters, Influence of showed long-term changes in the asymmetries and guide fields on the ESA/Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) observed seasonal cycle of CO2 magnetic reconnection diffusion region in – and to exoplanets under stellar collisionless space plasmas, Plasma Phys. concentration. The observations radiation. In collaboration with Control. Fusion, 55, 124001, 2013. show a 50% increase in the colleagues from Boston University we amplitude of the seasonal cycle, have broaden our expertise of CO2- reflecting changes in northern dominated atmospheres from Venus to ecosystems that are much larger Mars, with original work applied to the than predicted by current IPCC plasma heat budget.

90 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Space and Atmospheric Research Physics models. Before joining Imperial in be refined. late 2013, I began a collaborative Professor Jo Haigh FRS project to study CO2 fluxes from 1. Orr, A., T.J. Bracegirdle, J.S. Hosking, W. Feng, H. K. Roscoe and J. D. Haigh 2013 fossil fuel emissions and biospheric Strong dynamical modulation of the cooling of the exchange in California with a grant polar stratosphere associated with the Antarctic from NASA’s Carbon Monitoring ozone hole. J. Clim. 26, 662-668. System. I was also awarded funding http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00480.1 from the European Commission and 2. Wen, G., R.F. Cahalan, J.D. Haigh, P. the Royal Society in 2013-14. I am Pilewskie, L. Oreopoulos and J.W. Harder 2013 developing new collaborations in the Reconciliation of modeled climate responses to UK with researchers at Imperial and spectral solar forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 6281-6289, DOI:10.1002/jgrd.50506 at the University of Oxford, University of Bristol, Queens 3. Solanki, S.M., N.A. Krivova and J.D. Haigh University Belfast, and the 2013 Solar irradiance variability and climate. University of East Anglia. Themes Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 51, 311-351. that will be explored involve the 4. Ball, W.T., D.J. Mortlock, J.S. Egerton, and oceanic sink of CO2 and its My work concerns how variations in J.D. Haigh 2014 Assessing the relationship sensitivity to ocean circulation solar UV radiation influence the between spectral solar irradiance and change, and development of structure of the stratosphere3 and how stratospheric ozone using Bayesian inference. J. changes in the stratosphere influence Spac. Wea. Spac. Clim., 4, A25, DOI: innovative atmospheric observations 10.1051/swsc/2014023. to distinguish anthropogenic from the climate below1. Measurements from the SORCE satellite suggest natural influences on the carbon Professor Tim Horbury cycle. larger solar cycle trends in UV than previously thought and we have shown Goldberg, S.J., G.I. Ball, B. Allen, G.S. that they imply very different impacts on Schladow, A.J. Simpson, H. Masoom, R. ozone and surface climate2. The Soong, H. Graven, and L.I. Aluwihare, 2014. Refractory Dissolved Organic Nitrogen calibration of these data is being Accumulation in High Elevation Lakes, continuously revised, and the Nature Communications, in revision. remaining lifetime of the satellite is uncertain, while the successor mission Graven, H.D., R.F. Keeling, S.C. Piper, P.K. Patra, B.B. Stephens, S.C. Wofsy, L.R. Welp, is not expected to launch until mid- C. Sweeney, P.P. Tans, J.J. Kelley, B.C. 2017. With no other measurements Daube, E.A. Kort, G.W. Santoni and J.D. having the calibration required for the Bent, 2013. Enhanced seasonal exchange of investigation of multi-year trends there CO2 by northern ecosystems since 1960, Science, 341, 1085-1089, will not only be a gap in the record but doi:10.1126/science.1239207. also insufficient new data to confirm the SORCE measurements. To address Development of the Solar Orbiter Graven, H.D., X. Xu, T.P. Guilderson, R.F. this data gap, in such an important Keeling, S.E. Trumbore, and S. Tyler, 2013. magnetometer continues well, led climate variable, we have proposed a Comparison of independent Δ14CO2 records by the Instrument Manager Helen new approach for measuring the solar at Point Barrow, Alaska. Radiocarbon, 55 (2- O’Brien, with launch planned for 3), 1541-1545, spectrum4. The basis of the method is 2017. Major challenges remain from doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16220. to take measurements of atmospheric the thermal, vibration and ozone, and other parameters sensitive Khatiwala, S., T. Tanhua, S. Mikaloff Fletcher, electromagnetic environment of the to solar irradiance, and to analyse M. Gerber, S.C. Doney, H.D. Graven, N. spacecraft but the magnetometer Gruber, G.A. McKinley, A. Murata, A.F. Ríos, variations in these to deduce what team are on track for our first C.L. Sabine, and J.L. Sarmiento, 2013. changes in the spectrum must have Global ocean storage of anthropogenic hardware delivery, of our Electrical produced them. To date we have carbon. Biogeosciences, 10, 2169-2191, Model, by the end of 2014: the final, demonstrated the statistical methods doi:10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013. Flight Model is due for delivery by but not produced a robust change in the end of 2015. solar spectrum Nevertheless the technique is promising and we are Research work has concentrated on developing new ways in which it might collaborations regarding solar wind

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 91 Space and Atmospheric Research Physics waves and turbulence (with Lorenzo MESSENGER, and also involves Matteini and Junior Research Fellow analytical modelling. The programme Professor Steve Schwartz Chris Chen) and, with PhD student covers a range of space plasma Martin Archer, dynamics of the phenomena and processes, including interaction of the solar wind with the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, collisionless Earth’s magnetosphere. shock waves, and magnetic reconnection. Advances have 1. Archer MO, Horbury TS, 2013, implications for energy transport Magnetosheath dynamic pressure through the space environments enhancements: occurrence and typical properties, ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE, Vol: surrounding different planets, can be 31, Pages: 319-331, ISSN: 0992-7689 extrapolated to exoplanets, and have the potential to change our 2. Archer MO, Horbury TS, Eastwood JP, fundamental understanding of how Weygand JM, Yeoman TKet al., 2013, Magnetospheric response to magnetosheath space plasma systems work in our pressure pulses: A low-pass filter effect, Solar System and beyond. Results JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH- published in recent years include: 1. Work initiated with a previous STFC SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 118, Pages: Data taken by the Cassini spacecraft at post-doc on the heating of electrons 5454-5466, ISSN: 2169-9380 Saturn shows that we need to revise at the bow shock located sunward of 3. Matteini L, Horbury TS, Neugebauer M, our understanding of how the solar the Earth’s magnetosphere has Goldstein BE et al., 2014, Dependence of wind interacts with the planet’s reached a definitive, though solar wind speed on the local magnetic field magnetic field; 2. Modelling of magnetic provocative conclusion. We showed orientation: Role of Alfvenic fluctuations, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: reconnection between Uranus’ that the high mobility of the collision 41, Pages: 259-265, ISSN: 0094-8276 magnetic field and the solar magnetic free electron population together field reveals the uniqueness of the with the curved nature of the bow 4. Owens MJ, Horbury TS, Wicks RT, Uranian system; 3. The detection of shock couples distant regions of the McGregor SL, Savani NP, Xiong Met al., 2014, Ensemble downscaling in coupled solar relativistic electrons in the near-Saturn shocked plasma (the magnetosheath). wind-magnetosphere modeling for space solar wind shows that high-Mach The result, predicted based on weather forecasting, SPACE WEATHER-THE number shock waves are more efficient simulations and tested with data INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH cosmic particle accelerators than from the Cluster and THEMIS AND APPLICATIONS, Vol: 12, Pages: 395- 405, ISSN: 1542-7390 previously thought. This work is spacecraft, is that, despite the supported by a wide international strong variation in Mach number and network of collaborators, most notably therefore total heating rate around Dr Adam Masters at the Japan Aerospace Exploration the bow shock, the magnetosheath Agency. electron temperature is roughly constant, implying a varying 1. Magnetic reconnection at Uranus’ proportion of heat taken up by other magnetopause, A. Masters, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, , Volume species. The electron heating is 119, pp. 5520-5538, Published online in Jul 2014, controlled by as yet unknown DOI: 10.1002/2014JA020077. processes that occur at the point where the interplanetary magnetic 2. Neptune and Triton: Essential pieces of the Solar System puzzle, A. Masters, et al., Planetary field first touches the bow shock, and Space Science, in press, i.e., where it is tangent to the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.05.008i. surface. Other work, with post-doc Matteini, has explored the dynamics 3. Can magnetopause reconnection drive Saturn's magnetosphere?, A. Masters, et al., of different solar wind ions in the Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 41, Issue presence of interplanetary turbulence, My 6, pp. 1862-1868, Published in Mar 2014, and a first look at data from the research focuses on space plasma DOI: 10.1002/2014GL059288. European Space Agency’s comet physics in diverse planetary 4. Electron acceleration to relativistic energies at chaser, Rosetta at comet P67 environments. Work in this area is a strong quasi-parallel shock wave, A. Masters, et Churyumov-Gerasimenko. driven by in situ data returned by al., Nature Physics, Volume 9, Issue 3, pp. 164- missions to explore the Solar System, 167, Published in Mar 2013, DOI: 1 J. J. Mitchell and S. J. Schwartz. 10.1038/nphys2541. Isothermal magnetosheath electrons due to such as Cassini-Huygens and nonlocal electron cross talk. J. Geophys.

92 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Space and Atmospheric Research Physics Res., 119:1080-1093, 2014. [Radu, Raluca; Toumi, Ralf; Phau, Jared atmospheric models and remote Influence of atmospheric and sea surface sensing observations (Marlier et al., 2 V. See, R. F. Cameron, and S. J. temperature on the size of hurricane Catarina Schwartz. Non-adiabatic electron behaviour QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL 2014). A further focus of the team due to short-scale electric field structures at METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Volume: 140 has been understanding the collisionless shock waves. Annales Issue: 682 Pages: 1778-1784 Part: A changes of short-lived gaseous Geophysicae, 31:639-646, 2013. constituents in the atmosphere from 2. Nicholls, James Farley; Toumi, Ralf On the 3 S. J. Schwartz, E. G. Zweibel, and M. lake effects of the Caspian Sea QUARTERLY pre-industrial times to present-day, Goldman. Microphysics in Astrophysical JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL and into the future (Voulgarakis et Plasmas. Space Sci. Rev., 178:81-99, 2013. METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol: 140 Iss: al., 2013a). This has also included 681 Pages: 1399-1408 Part: B 2014 the study of aerosol interactions 4 A. Masters, L. Stawarz, M. Fujimoto, S. J. Schwartz, N. Sergis, M. F. Thomsen, A. 2. White, R. H.; Toumi, R. River flow and (Voulgarakis et al., 2013), which is also Retino, H. Hasegawa, B. Zieger, G. R. Lewis, ocean temperatures: The Congo River a topic currently investigated in the A. J. Coates, P. Canu, and M. K. Dougherty. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH- team from a hydrological perspective. Electron acceleration to relativistic energies OCEANS Volume: 119 Issue: 4 Pages: Voulgarakis, the leader of the team, at a strong quasi-parallel shock wave. Nature 2501-2517 2014 Physics, 9:164- 167, 2013. is currently analysis lead for the 4. Nissan, Hannah; Toumi, Ralf On the impact international Chemistry-Climate Professor Ralf Toumi of aerosols on soil erosion GEOPHYSICAL Model Initiative (CCMI) and a RESEARCH LETTERS Volume: 40 Issue: member of the Scientific Steering 22 Pages: 5994-5998 2013 Committee of the Precipitation Dr Apostolos Voulgarakis Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP).

Marlier, M. E., R. S. DeFries, A. Voulgarakis, P. L. Kinney, J. T. Randerson, D.T. Shindell, Y. Chen and G. Faluvegi (2013), El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in Southeast Asia, Nature Clim. Change, 3, 131- 136 doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1658.

Marlier, M. E., A. Voulgarakis, D.T. Shindell, G. Faluvegi, Henry, C. L., and Randerson, J. T. (2014), The role of temporal evolution in modeling atmospheric emissions from Our principal work is on regional tropical fires, Atmos. Environ., 89, 158-168, climate modelling (1-4 ) and doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.039. stochastic weather generators to Voulgarakis, A., V. Naik, J.-F. Lamarque, D.T. gain a physical understanding of The composition-climate team Shindell, P.J. Young, M.J. Prather, O. Wild, processes particularly as they relate investigates the interactions between R.D. Field, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, to extreme events such as cyclones atmospheric constituents and climate I. Cionni, W.J. Collins, S.B. Dalsøren, R.M. and floods. We are strongly Doherty, V. Eyring, G. Faluvegi, G.A. change, from regional to global scales. Folberth, L.W. Horowitz, B. Josse, I.A. engaged with industry. In the For this, global climate models that McKenzie, T. Nagashima, D.A. Plummer, M. Climate KIC we lead the OASIS involve interactive composition are Righi, S.T. Rumbold, D.S. Stevenson, S.A. project (www.oasislmf.org) which is used in conjunction with Strode, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and G. Zeng an exciting project to develop open (2013a), Analysis of present day and future observations, especially from OH and methane lifetime in the ACCMIP source catastrophe modelling for satellites. A major focus over the simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2563- insurance and other sectors. One of past few years is the study of fire- 2587, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2563-2013. the highlights of our recent work is atmosphere interactions. Recent that we have demonstrated how Voulgarakis, A., D.T. Shindell, and G. work in the team investigates the Faluvegi (2013a) Linkages between ozone tropical cyclones become larger in a interannual variability of pollution from depleting substances, tropospheric oxidation warmer environment (1). This wildfires, its climatic drivers, and its and aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4907- discovery of the size effect is effects on human health (Marlier et al., 4916, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4907-2013. important for impacts which are 2013). Furthermore, the impact of the directly proportional to the footprint. temporal resolution of fire emissions on of cyclones. atmospheric composition and climate forcing has been explored, using global www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 93 Theoretical Physics The research of the Theoretical Physics Group covers a wide range of areas bound together by the theme of fundamental questions in cosmology, gravity, particle physics, and quantum theory.

STRING/M-THEORY AND QUANTUM FIELD THEORY Duff, Gauntlett, Hanany, Hull, Stelle, Tseytlin, Waldram, Wiseman

Within this subtheme we work on the physical and mathematical structure of string/M-theory as a pro- posed frameworkfor unifying the Standard Model of Particle Physics with General Relativity. In addition, string/M-theory provides deep insights into the non-perturba- tive structure of quantum field theory.

The AdS/CFT correspondence, which relates strongly coupled quantum field theory to weakly cou- pled gravitational descriptions in higher spacetime dimensions, is one Image © R. Dijkgraaf of the most profound discoveries in innovative particle physics and QUANTUM GRAVITY AND string/M-theory and is a major focus quantum gravity theories against FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM of the group. Our activities of the hard astrophysical data. A particular MECHANICS Group in this area are supported strength of the Group is the leading Dowker, Halliwell. Emeritus: Isham by two ERC Advanced Grants. One expertise in both theoretical cosmo- is focussed on exploring integrability logical models and the extraction of The Group also works on other structures present in particular sys- phenomenology from the data. approaches to quantum gravity tems. The second Is focussed on We have made significant contribu- including causal set theory, which trying to apply the AdS/CFT corre- tions to the inflationary theory of posits that spacetime is fundamen- spondence to poorly understood cosmological perurbations, using tally discrete. The foundations of strongly coupled systems that arise both analytical and lattice tech- quantum mechanics, including the in condensed matter physics, such niques. One focus is on the physics emergence of classicality, are inves- as the high temperature supercon- arising at the end of inflation, partic- tigated both in connection to low ductors. The properties of black ularly in relation to defect production. energy phenomenology and to pro- holes play a central role in this work, Alternatives to inflation are also vide insights into the structure of as they do in other areas of investigated including cyclic uni- quantum gravity. research in this subtheme. verse models and varying speed of The Group also actively investigates light theories. Modified theories of COMPLEXITY AND NETWORKS the very rich mathematical structure gravity obviating the need for dark Evans Emeritus: Rivers of string/M-theory. This line of matter are another focus. The cos- research could lead to a precise mology group has been pioneering The group also has a keen interest mathematical definition of what the extraction of phenomenology in statistical physics arising in classi- string/M-theory is. It is also impor- from quantum gravity in several cal systems. This ranges from appli- tant in connecting string theory with guises and testing it against data. cations of graph theory, to discrete particle phenomenology and in On the more observational side, we space times, to citation networks obtaining exact non-perturbative continue to work on the develop- and to studies of how spatial con- results in quantum field theory. This ment and application of methods of straints alter the structure of net- area is supported by an EPSRC CMB data analysis, including works, both in theoretical models Programme Grant. involvement in a number of experi- and in data from actual mental efforts such as Planck and COSMOLOGY AND QUANTUM Spider. FIELD THEORY Contaldi, Dowker, Magueijo, Rajantie, Wiseman. Emeritus: Jones, Kibble and Rivers

The principal objective in this sub- theme is to discover ways of testing

94 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Theoretical Physics Contaldi, Carlo R., Journal of Cosmology and 2.Introduction to Causal Sets and Their Professor Carlo Contaldi Astroparticle Physics, Issue 09, article id. Phenomenology, by Fay Dowker, General 001, pp. (2014). Relativity and Gravitation 45 (2013) pp 1651- 1667 Professor Fay Dowker 3.A histories perspective on characterizing quantum non-locality, by Fay Dowker, Joe Henson and Petros Wallden, New Journal of Physics, 2014 New J. Phys. 16 033033 4.Quantum Information Processing and Relativistic Quantum Fields, by Dionigi M.T. Benincasa, Leron Borsten, Michel Buck and Fay Dowker, Class. Quantum Grav. 31 075007

Professor Michael Duff FRS

In a highly cited paper, showed how suppression of primordial perturbations on the largest cosmological scales My research on the causal set could reconcile the observations approach to quantum gravity continued announced by BICEP2 collaboration with the discovery of a family of in April 2014. We also introduced a discrete non-local Lorentz invariant new formalism to reconstruct the D’Alembertian operators for scalar acceleration trajectory during inflation fields extending results in 2 and 4 from existing data. With student dimensions to all dimensions. I Jonathan Horner we also showed continued my work on Foundations how to obtain the latest constraints of Quantum Mechanics with work on My recent work in collaboration with in general Hubble flow inflationary characterising non-locality from the Leron Borston and my students Alex trajectories from the Planck satellite perspective of a sum-over-histories Anastasiou, Leo Hughes and Silvia observations. A second paper with approach to quantum theory. We Nagy is devoted to finding a consistent Horner calculated non-Gaussianity discovered a strong connection quantum theory of gravity. We from the same generalised trajectories. between a condition on sets of address the question of whether We continued work in preparation for experimental probabilities – a quantum gravity, a force traditionally described the SPIDER balloon-borne CMB analogue of a non-contextuality by Einstein’s general relativity, can polarisation telescope that is scheduled condition – that arises naturally in a be regarded as the product of two to fly in Antarctica during the first histories approach and a condition Yang-Mills theories (quantum field week of December 2014 after that is known in the quantum theories used in the standard model suffering a delay last year due to information literature as “Almost of particle physics to describe the Antrctic operations being curtailed Quantum.” We did work highlighting strong, weak and electromagnetic by the U.S. government shutdown. the fact that a relativistic quantum forces). There has already been 1. Suppressing the impact of a high tensor-to- field theory lacks a set of rules some progress in this direction at scalar ratio on the temperature anisotropies, specifying what interventions by the level of scattering amplitudes in Contaldi, Carlo R.; Peloso, Marco; Sorbo, external observers, including momentum space but our goal is Lorenzo, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Issue 07, article id. 014, pp. (2014). measurements, are possible. more ambitious. We aim to find an Restricting measurements and exact correspondence at the level of 2. BICEP's acceleration, Contaldi, Carlo R., Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle interventions to those that do not off-mass-shell fields in coordinate Physics, Issue 10, article id. 072, pp. (2014). violate relativistic causality puts space. A key ingredient will be our 3. PLANCK and WMAP constraints on constraints on the processing of recent unified description of all generalised Hubble flow inflationary trajectories, quantum information using quantum supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories Contaldi, Carlo R.; Horner, Jonathan S., fields. [3] in terms of the four division Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle algebras; real (R), complex (C), Physics, Issue 08, article id. 050, pp. (2014). 1.Causal Set D’Alembertians for various quaternion (H) and octonion (O). 4. Non-gaussian signatures of general dimensions, by Fay Dowker and Lisa Glaser, inflationary trajectories, Horner, Jonathan S.; Class. Quantum Grav. 30 195016 The global symmetries that result www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 95 Research Theoretical Physics from tensoring one (R, C, H, O) theory 2013 on different aspects of this with another are then just those of work while my collaboration with Professor Jerome Gauntlett the so-called Freudenthal magic archaeologist in Toronto produced square, well-known to mathematicians several more publications (e.g. [2.4]. But even more interesting is Evans, 2014). the Yang-Mills origin of local I organised two international meetings gravitational symmetries such as at Imperial in September, attended by general coordinate invariance and around fifty academic each. This was local supersymmetry [1]. part of my involvement in a UK EPSRC 1) Yang-Mills origin of gravitational NetworkPlus collaboration on symmetries By A. Anastasiou, L. Borsten, Emeregence and Non-Equilibrium M.J. Duff, L.J. Hughes, S. Nagy. Physics. arXiv:1408.4434 [hep-th]. Phys.Rev.Lett (to appear) I continue to work as scientific advisor http://journals.aps.org/prl/edannounce/PhysR for two companies: Symplectic Ltd (part evLett.111.180001 of the Digital Science division of 2) A magic pyramid of supergravities Macmillan) and the start-up Newflo. The AdS/CFT correspondence, which By A. Anastasiou, L. Borsten, M.J. Duff, L.J. This has included some consultancy arose out of string theory, is a Hughes, S. Nagy. arXiv:1312.6523 [hep-th] 10.1007/JHEP04(2014)178. work. powerful theoretical tool to study JHEP 1404 (2014) 178. My paper on 3D printing and strongly coupled quantum field 3) Super Yang-Mills, division algebras and complexity published in December theories using weakly coupled triality By A. Anastasiou, L. Borsten, M.J. 2013 (Reiss et al, 2013) was selected gravitational descriptions in higher Duff, L.J. Hughes, S. Nagy. arXiv:1309.0546 by the editors of the journal, and spacetime dimensions. In recent [hep-th]. 10.1007/JHEP08(2014)080. received widespread coverage JHEP 1408 (2014) 080. years there has been a concerted resulting in the sixth highest ever rating effort to apply these “holographic” 4) A magic square from Yang-Mills squared By L. Borsten, M.J. Duff, L.J. Hughes, S. for an article in that journal (EPL) on techniques to vexing condensed Nagy. arXiv:1301.4176 [hep-th]. altmetrics.com. matter systems such as high 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.131601. 1. DS Reiss, and JJ Price, and TS Evans, temperature superconductors and Phys.Rev.Lett. 112 (2014) 131601. Sculplexity: Sculptures of Complexity using 3D printing, European Physics Letters, 104 (2013) strange metal phases using, amongst Dr Tim Evans 48001 [altmetric id 1871611]. other things, novel black hole solutions. In ref 4 we used these techniques to 2. JR Clough, J Gollings, TV Loach and TS Evans, Transitive reduction of citation networks, model the rapid quench of a Journal of Complex Networks, 2014 (in press) superconductor and discovered an DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu039 emergent temperature scale in the 3. TS Evans, Which Network Model Should I superconducting phase below which Use? Towards a Quantitative Comparison of the approach to equilibrium is Spatial Network Models in Archaeology, in The oscillatory and above which it is not. Connected Past: challenging networks in archaeology and history, T. Brughmans A. Collar We have pioneered the study of & Coward, F. (Eds.), Oxford University Press, spatially modulated phases and in 2014. ref 3 we investigated the competition between striped phases and superconducting phases and in the process discovered black holes describing meta-magnetic phases. I pursued my interest in complexity and In refs 1 and 2 we pioneered the networks in two main directions. My construction of a class of black hole new programme of research on solutions that incorporate momentum temporal networks has produced its dissipation and hence provide more first paper (Clough et al. 2014) with realistic models of metals. We found others submitted. On the other hand models of coherent metals, with my long standing interest in Drude peaks, incoherent metals networks constrained by space (with some similarity to the strange continues. I gave three invited talks metals) and insulators as well as at international venues in November transition between these states.

96 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Theoretical Physics 1. Novel metals and insulators from proofs of Fine's theorem, which is we used these results to predict holography, A. Donos and J.P. Gauntlett, essentially the logical converse of moduli spaces of Argyres Douglas JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS Issue: 6, Article Number: 007, Published: Bell's theorem -- it states that the theories. In 2 we solved a long JUN 3 2014 CHSH inequalities are not only a standing problem of finding the 2. Holographic Q-lattices, A. Donos and J.P. necessary condition for the existence moduli space of instantons for Gauntlett, JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY of an underlying hidden variables exceptional groups. PHYSICS Issue: 4, Article Number: 040 Published: APR 7 2014 theory, they are also a sufficient Other topics of study included the 3. Competing orders in M-theory: superfluids, condition. moduli space of vortices in 6, the stripes and metamagnetism, A. Donos, J.P. 1. Suppression of quantum-mechanical deformation of brane tilings by mass Gauntlett, J. Sonner and B. Withers, reflection by environmental decoherence: D. terms in 4, and development of JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS J. Bedingham and J. J. Halliwell, Phys. Rev. A Hilbert series techniques in 3. Issue: 3, Article Number: 108 Published: 88, 022128 (2013) s MAR 2013 1.T r(G) Theories and Their Hilbert Series 2. Classical limit of the quantum Zeno effect 4. Holographic Superfluids and the Dynamics Stefano Cremonesi (King's Coll. London, Dept. by environmental decoherence: of Symmetry Breaking, M.J. Bhaseen, J.P. Math & Imperial Coll., London), Amihay Hanany D.J.Bedingham, J.J.Halliwell: Phys. Rev. A Gauntlett, B.D. Simons, J.Sonner and T. (Imperial Coll., London), Noppadol Mekareeya 89, 042116 (2014) Wiseman, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (CERN), Alberto Zaffaroni (Milan Bicocca U. & Volume: 110 Issue: 1 Article Number: 3. Quantum backflow states from eigenstates INFN, Milan Bicocca). Oct 6, 2014. 56 pp. of the regularized current operator: 015301 Published: JAN 2 2013 2.Coulomb Branch and The Moduli Space of J.J.Halliwell, E.Gillman, O.Lennon, M.Patel, Instantons Stefano Cremonesi, Giulia Ferlito, I.Ramirez,, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 46, Professor Jonathan Halliwell Amihay Hanany (Imperial Coll., London), 475303 (2013) Noppadol Mekareeya (CERN). Aug 28, 2014. 41 4. Two proofs of Fine's theorem: J.J.Halliwell, pp. IMPERIAL-TP-14-AH-08, CERN-PH-TH- Phys Lett A 378, 2945 (2014). 2014-136 3.Highest Weight Generating Functions for Professor Amihay Hanany Hilbert Series Amihay Hanany, Rudolph Kalveks (Imperial Coll., London). Aug 20, 2014. 68 pp. Published in JHEP 1410 (2014) 152 IMPERIAL- TP-14-AH-07 4. Mass-deformed Brane Tilings Massimo Bianchi (Rome U.,Tor Vergata & INFN, Rome2), Stefano Cremonesi, Amihay Hanany (Imperial Coll., London), Jose Francisco Morales (Rome U.,Tor Vergata & INFN, Rome2), Daniel Ricci Pacifici (Padua U., Astron. Dept. & INFN, Padua), Rak-Kyeong Seong (Korea Inst. Advanced Study, Seoul). Aug 8, 2014. 34 pp. Published in In the last year or so I completed JHEP 1410 (2014) 27 IMPERIAL-TP-13-AH-04, two substantial papers with my KIAS-P14038, IMPERIAL-TP-13-AH-06 DOI: postdoc Dan Bedingham, which 10.1007/JHEP10(2014)027 demonstrate two closely related 5.Complete Graphs, Hilbert Series, and the Higgs branch of the 4d N=2 (An,Am) SCFT's results for a point particle system: During this year the attention was Michele Del Zotto (Harvard U., Phys. Dept.), both quantum-mechanical reflection devoted to the study of the Coulomb Amihay Hanany (Imperial Coll., London). Mar 25, off a simple step potential and the 2014. 20 pp. branch of N=4 supersymmetric Zeno effect arising from very frequent 6.Hilbert Series and Moduli Spaces of k U(N) gauge theories in 3 dimensions. position measurements are Vortices Amihay Hanany (Imperial Coll., We developed a new formula for the suppressedas a result of environmental London), Rak-Kyeong Seong (Korea Inst. Coulomb brach Hilbert series, and Advanced Study, Seoul). Mar 19, 2014. 102 pp. decoherence. The classical limit of this is based on the contributions IMPERIAL-TP-13-AH-04, KIAS-P14016 these two non-classical effects is from monopole operators to the 7.Coulomb branch Hilbert series and Three thereby obtained. With four under- chiral ring. This led to a collection of Dimensional Sicilian Theories Stefano graduate project students, I wrote a Cremonesi, Amihay Hanany (Imperial Coll., new results. In 9 we showed how to paper on how to generate an London), Noppadol Mekareeya (CERN), Alberto get new mirror pairs by gauging a Zaffaroni (INFN, Milan Bicocca & Milan Bicocca exhaustive class of backflow states, global symmetry, which amounts to U.). Mar 10, 2014. 45 pp. states of positive momenta but ungauging a gauge symmetry in the CERN-PH-TH-2014-036, IMPERIAL-TP-14-SC- negative current so that the probability 02 DOI: 10.1007/JHEP09(2014)185 mirror. In 8,7,1 we developed flows backwards, an intriguing non- 8.Coulomb branch Hilbert series and Hall- technical tools related to this classical effect awaiting experimental Littlewood polynomials Stefano Cremonesi, formula that involve Hall Littlewood confirmation. I also wrote a short Amihay Hanany (Imperial Coll., London), polynomials in various forms. In 5 Noppadol Mekareeya (CERN), Alberto Zaffaroni letter offering a new and transparent www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 97 Research Theoretical Physics (INFN, Milan Bicocca & Milan Bicocca U.). Mar 3, Hull and Zwiebach in a highly cited the first has been published [2]. There 2014. 67 pp. CERN-PH-TH-2013-278, paper from 2009. The geometry and is however an ongoing dispute about IMPERIAL-TP-14-SC-01 DOI: 10.1007/JHEP09(2014)178 physics of doubled spacetime were the validity of this work. 9.Mirror Symmetry in Three Dimensions via developed and discussed in [2]. [1. T.W.B. Kibble, The standard model of particle Gauged Linear Quivers Anindya Dey (Texas U. Explicit forms were found for finite physics, European Rev. 23, 36–44 (2014) & Texas U., TCC), Amihay Hanany (Imperial gauge transformations, elucidating 2. Richard Lieu, T.W.B. Kibble and Lingze Duan, Coll., London), Peter Koroteev (Perimeter Inst. the nature of tensors and showing Measurement of the dispersion of radiation from Theor. Phys.), Noppadol Mekareeya (CERN). a steady cosmological source, Ap. J. 778, 73 Jan 31, 2014. 73 pp. Published in JHEP06 the relation with generalised (2014) 059 UTTG-36-13, TCC-030-13, CERN- geometry. The development of (2013) PH-TH-2013-279 DOI: these results and their application to 10.1007/JHEP06(2014)059 the global structure of doubled Professor João Magueijo Professor Chris Hull FRS geometry is the subject of on-going research. 1) Emergent Time and the M5-Brane By C.M. Hull and N. Lambert, arXiv:1403.4532 [hep- th] , JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 1406 (2014) 016. 2) Finite Gauge Transformations and Geometry in Double Field Theory By C M Hull. arXiv:1406.7794 [hep-th], to appear in , JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS.

Professor Sir Tom Kibble FRS

Over the past year I continued to In joint work with Neil Lambert, the investigate the cosmology of models possibility of time emerging from a with deformed dispersion relations, theory without time was discussed. and their relation to dynamical We argued that the strong coupling dimensional reduction, as seen in limit of the maximal super-Yang- many quantum gravity schemes. A Mills theory in 5 Euclidean remarkable dual picture was dimensions has an emergent time discovered in [1] dispensing with the dimension and gives a description of dubious concept of spectral the 5+1 dimensional M5-brane dimension, replacing it by the theory, compactified on a timelike straightforward Hausdorff dimension Not a lot to report! Much of my activity circle. The discussion involved o fmomentum space, and shedding in the last two years has been directed questions of how to quantise light on they scale-invariance of the towards giving historical talks about the Euclidean theories without time, and associated cosmological origins of the Higgs mechanism and indeed the meaning of quantum fluctuations. A better understanding the unified electroweak theory, or the theory in such systems. Issues of of how departures from exact scale- wider standard model. None has been space-time signature, emergent invariance may arise was also published yet, but one, given at dimensions and periodic time were obtained in a couple of papers (e.g. DICE2014 in Castiglioncello will be also addressed. [2], where a connection with published next year. A semi-popular intermediate inflation was found). invited talk I gave at the annual String theory has duality symmetries, More importantly, a method was meeting of the Academia Europaea in which allow the construction of non- found for introducing deformed Wrocław has been published [1]. I also geometric backgrounds. String dispersion relations representative provided some theoretical input to a theory on a torus requires dual of dimensional reduction without project undertaken by Richard Lieu and coordinates conjugate to winding picking out a preferred frame. This his student Lingze Duan of the number. This leads to physics and may prove to be the best set up for University of Alabama at Huntsville on novel geometry in a doubled studying these scenarios, with a possible methods of improving spacetime. This is formulated in minimal number of free parameters. astrophysical measurements, of which double field theory, introduced by On different front I continued to 98 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Research Theoretical Physics investigate the cosmological Collider at CERN, which will be conformal theory in n-1 dimensions consequences of Cartan gravity, searching for magnetic monopoles. I and higher spin theory in AdSn e.g. regarding signature change have worked on identifying theories space showing the equality of the (see [4]). This followed up on earlier that would predict light magnetic corresponding partition functions work on torsion and spin cosmology. monopoles and developed methods for and Casimir energies on a spatial 1. G.Amelino-Camelia, M.Arzano, G.Gubitosi calculating their predictions from sphere. The higher spin theory in and J.Magueijo, Dimensional reduction in quantum field theory.1 AdSn is also closely related to momentum space and scale-invariant higher-derivative conformal higher cosmological fluctuations, Phys. Rev. D {bf 1. MoEDAL Collaboration (B. Acharya et al.), 88}, no. 10, 103524 (2013) “The physics programme of the MoEDAL spin theory in n-1 dimensions for experiment at the LHC”, International Journal of which we determined the conditions 2. J.D.Barrow and J.Magueijo, Intermediate Modern Physics A29 (2014) 1430050 inflation from rainbow gravity, Phys. Rev. of cancellation of conformal anomalies. 2. L. Bethke, D. G. Figueroa and A. Rajantie, “On D88, no. 10, 103525 (2013) the Anisotropy of the Gravitational Wave 1. A.A. Tseytlin,On partition function and Weyl 3. G.Amelino-Camelia, M.Arzano, G.Gubitosi Background from Massless Preheating”, Journal anomaly of conformal higher spin fields, Nucl. and J.Magueijo, Planck-scale dimensional of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 1406 Phys.B 877, 598 (2013) reduction without a preferred frame,Phys. (2014) 047 2. B.Hoare, A.Stepanchuk and A.A.Tseytlin, Lett. B736, 317 (2014) 3. S. Orani and A. Rajantie, “Supersymmetric Giant magnon solution and dispersion 4. J.Magueijo, M.Rodriguez-Vazquez, hybrid inflation with a light scalar”, Physical relation in string theory in AdS3xS3xT4 with H.Westman and T.G.Zlosnik, Cosmological Review D88 (2013) 043508 mixed flux, Nucl. Phys.B 879, 318 (2014) signature change in Cartan Gravity with 3. S.Giombi, I.R.Klebanov and A.A.Tseytlin, dynamical symmetry breaking, Phys. Rev. 3. L. Bethke, D. G. Figueroa and A. Rajantie, Partition Functions and Casimir Energies in D89, 063542 (2014) “Anisotropies in the gravitational wave background from preheating”, Physical Review Higher Spin AdS(d+1)/CFT(d), Phys. Rev. D 90, 024048 (2014) Professor Arttu Rajantie Letters 111 (2013) 011301 4. B.Hoare, R.Roiban and A.A.Tseytlin, On Professor Arkady Tseytlin deformations of AdSn x Sn supercosets, JHEP 1406, 002 (2014)

Professor Daniel Waldram

I have investigated the cosmological implications of the Higgs field and other possible light scalar fields. Together Our work on AdS/CFT duality with my PhD student Laura Bethke and continued along several directions. Daniel Figueroa from University of We developed an integrability- Geneva, we showed that in the based approach to superstrings in My work has focused on understanding presence of a light scalar field, the AdS3 x S3 space discovering that the geometric structures underlying gravitational wave background from the the corresponding disperstion string theory generalisations of Einstein end of inflation in the early universe relation for elementary magnons has gravity, with implications for the AdS/cft would be anisotropic, and that if a novel form different from the one in correspondence, flux compactifications observed, these anisotropies could be the much studied AdS5 x S5 case. and more generally the symmetry used to test and constrain cosmological We also investigated integrable structure underlying M theory. In theories.2,4 With another PhD student deformations of AdSn x Sn supercoset collaboration with two (now former) Stefano Orani, we showed a light models finding new relations between PhD students, André Coimbra and scalar field can arise from a previously known integrable sigma Charles Strickland-Constable, we supersymmetric theory, with interesting models in AdS2 x S2 and AdS3 x S3 defined a generalised notion of cosmological consequences.3 I am cases. We also studied vectorial Riemannian geometry, based on also a member of the new MoEDAL AdS/CFT between singlet sector of exceptional groups, that gives a experiment at the Large Hadron free scalar or free fermion reformulation of type II and eleven- www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 99 Research Theoretical Physics dimensional supergravities as 2. Supergravity as Generalised Geometry II: of black holes with non-Killing generalised pure Einstein theories Ed(d)×ℝ+ and M theory: A. Coimbra, C. horizons [2] which is important in Strickland-Constable and D. Waldram, JHEP [1,2]. With Strickland-Constable (then 1403, 019 (2014). understanding plasma flow in at DESY) and a postdoc at Imperial strongly coupled gauge theory via College, Kanghoon Lee, we used this Dr Toby Wiseman holography. I co-authored an invited formalism to derive a universal review [3] on these and related description of consistent truncations of topics applying gravitational supergravities as generalised Scherk- methods to study strongly coupled Schwarz reductions, giving for the first field theory. I have also developed time a geometrical understanding of new methods to understand the the remarkable sphere consistent emergence of black hole physics in truncations first discovered in the late thermal supersymmetric gauge 1980s. With Mariana Graña (IPhT, theory, starting with the work [4], Saclay), Jan Louis (Hamburg Univ and and this is now an on-going DESY) and Ulrich Theis (Hannover) we program. analysed the structure of string and quantum corrections to type II 1. Holographic Superfluids and the Dynamics of Symmetry Breaking: J. reductions on SU(3) structure Bhaseen, J. Gauntlett, B. Simons, J. manifolds, showing that they closely Sonner, T. Wiseman; Phys.Rev.Lett. 110 mirror the correction on conventional (2013) 015301 Calabi-Yau manifolds. Finally with During the period 2013-2014 my 2. Stationary holographic plasma quenches and numerical methods for non- Coimbra, Ruben Minasian (IPhT, research has been focussed on the gravitational aspects of the AdS- Killing horizons: P. Figueras, T. Wiseman; Saclay) and Hagen Triendl (CERN) we Phys.Rev.Lett. 110 (2013) 171602 showed how the string corrections to CFT correspondence. I have 3. Holographic thermal field theory on heterotic sueprgravity could again be continued to use numerical methods curved spacetimes: D. Marolf, M. Rangamani, T. Wiseman ; described using the formalism of to solve the bulk gravitational Einstein equations in situations of Class.Quant.Grav. 31 (2014) 063001 generalised geometry. Results from 4. On black hole thermodynamics from these last three projects all appeared relevance for dual field theory super Yang-Mills: T. Wiseman ; JHEP as preprints during the year. physics. In particular I showed how 1307 (2013) 101 quench dynamics relevant for 1. Ed(d)×ℝ+ generalised geometry, connections and M theory: A. Coimbra, C. Strickland- describing holographic Constable and D. Waldram, JHEP 1402, 054 superconductors can be reproduced (2014). [1], and also discussed a new class

100 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Technical Development, Intellectual Property and Commercial Interactions, the Blackett Laboratory Industry Club

Research in the Physics Department at Imperial Col- We collaborate with the commercial sector at all levels lege is a mix of fundamental and end-user-inspired and of course PhD students within the Department ben- interdisciplinary science. This profile promotes the pri- efit from direct industrial sponsorship and EPSRC mary role of physics in advancing elemental knowledge CASE awards. and also highlights its crucial role in stimulating eco- nomic growth,and in tackling key global issues. The Department set up an industry club in 2010 in order to interact on a more regular basis with companies who We engage with over 60 external companies through are interested to recruit our students and postdocs and collaborative research, consultancy, knowledge transfer engage with the department on collaborative research and patenting/licencing of our intellectual property. We projects. also contribute to economic growth through setting up commercially successful spinout companies.

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energy sector, and the health care and security sectors. The technology developments and commercial activities Our innovations derive largely from expertise in molecu- within our research groups include the following: lar electronic materials and devices, inorganic semicon- ductors and devices, nanomagnetism and transition Astrophysics metal oxides and devices. Programmes span materials Both the Herschel and Planck teams continue the design, synthesis and processing, device fabrication development of data reduction and analysis software for and optimization and applications assessment. Well- these two missions. For Planck our work is aimed at the developed skills in optical and electrical materials and determination of beam shapes and focal plane geome- device characterization and modelling underpin this try from actual survey data using either scans across activity. Much of the work in the group proceeds through individual bright sources or through combination of data collaborative research programmes frequently involving on large numbers of fainter sources. This work is crucial industrial partners. Leading international companies to the science goals of the Planck mission. For Her- that have supported our work include BP Solar, Merck, schel we are coordinating the development of data DuPont Teijin Films, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Philips reduction and analysis software for the whole of the Research Labs., Solvay, Unilever, CDT, Toshiba, BASF, SPIRE instrument and have special responsibility for LG, Solenne B.V., Toyota, and Oxford Instruments. The mapmaking codes through a contract from the Euro- group also benefits from collaborations with the NPL at pean Space Agency which will be used for both the Teddington. SPIRE and PACS instruments. The group also has a strong record of protecting intel- Condensed Matter Theory lectual property and exploiting it through spinout com- The group has a wide-ranging computational and theo- panies such as QuantaSol and Molecular Vision. retical research portfolio with a strategic focus on mate- rials for structural, electronic and photonic applications, High Energy Physics providing theoretical and computational expertise. The dark matter experimental part of the High Energy Many projects have direct relevance to the next genera- Physics group is dedicated to the development of tion of technologies. Our work on metamaterials has advanced particle detectors for 1- 100 keV energies shown how to create perfect lenses that beat the dif- and associated technology (high precision ultra-high fraction limit, how to harvest light efficiently, and how to vacuum technology in copper, partper-billion level gas make objects invisible. Our work on functional and purification, charge/light readout technologies, cryogen- structural materials includes studies of radiation ics). A joint development programme has being under- damage in fusion and fission reactors, surfaces and taken with UK-based ET Enterprises Ltd (formerly grain boundaries in perovskites for functional applica- Electron Tubes Ltd) to develop a photomultiplier tube tions, the high-temperature corrosion of Ni- and Fe- with ultra-low radioactive background. This work is in base structural alloys, thermoelectrics for power its final stages and promises to deliver the world’s most generation, capacitors for energy storage, and plasticity radio-pure phototube, which will find world-wide applica- under shock loading. tion in large experiments for neutrino detection, dark matter searches, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. The Group enjoys working relationships with Accelrys, The underground laboratory at Boulby represents a Astron, Antenova, Argonne National Laboratory, Baker symbiotic relationship between industry (CPL mine) and Hughes, BP, BAE, Element Six, Materials Design, Pla- university research. The gravitational-wave project cental Analytics, Rolls-Royce, the UK Atomic Energy drives charge control systems and associated technol- Authority, the UK Defence Science and Technology ogy (UV light sources, particle guns, satellite instrumen- Laboratory, and the US Air Force Office of Scientific tation). For this work the group collaborates with EADS Research. We hold several patents. (Astrium UK, Astrium Germany), Carlo Gavazzi Space (Italy), ETL, the European Space Agency, SciSys and Experimental Solid State Physics SEA. The experimental Solid State Physics Group develops technologies across a broad range of areas that have Plasma Physics impact on the displays and lighting sector, the informa- The Group is engaged in work involving the develop- tion and communication technologies sector, the solar ment and exploitation of high-voltage pulsed power sys-

102 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Technical Development, Intellectual Property and Commercial Interactions, the Blackett Laboratory Industry Club tems and high-power lasers. Our research using lasers ratory. We also host the Centre for Inertial Fusion Stud- has led to developments in the field of 'compact' ies (CIFS) and the Institute of Shock Physics (ISP) plasma-based particle accelerators with many potential which has substantial links with commercial and indus- applications ranging from advanced light sources to trial organisations, include QinetiQ, THALES and BAE medical imaging and hadron therapy. We also investi- as well as its major sponsor, AWE. These involve inves- gate dusty plasmas, an understanding of which is tigations of high-speed impacts e.g. on electronic com- important in integrated circuit manufacture and for future ponents, high strain-rate loading of engineering and fusion power plant designs. biological materials and the development of robust pre- dictive capabilities for systems under extremes of strain We collaborate with many companies and organisations and pressure. that provide support for our activities in a broad range of ways including commercial contracts, knowledge trans- fer secondments, PhD support and through joint grant Laser Consortium awards. These include UKAEA Culham, the Rutherford Our technology is associated with developing high Appleton Laboratory, AWE Aldermaston plc, Sandia intensity and ultra short laser pulses. Theoretical National Laboratory, the Laboratory for Laser Energetics descriptions of the effect of these intense fields have led (University of Rochester), the Institute of Laser Engi- to technology that can be used to produce microscopic neering (University of Osaka), the US Naval Research optical structures by laser induced modification (through Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Labo- multiphoton ionisation) of media. The attosecond basic

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technology programme promises to open up new fields of ultra high time resolution measurement in surface sci- ence etc. Technology recently developed as part of this project has been spun out and a second custom system for hollow fibre pulse compression to generate 10 fs pulses has been delivered to RAL under contract. A broadband phase shaper for high intensity laser pulses is also in the process of being patented. Plasmas pro- duced by interaction of short pulse lasers with sub wavelength clusters and micronscale objects are a promising source for x-ray generation at lithographically important wave-lengths. They also produce high energy density plasmas of interest for the testing of numerical codes. Blast waves in extended cluster media can be used to model astrophysical and other strongly driven systems and produce high quality data useful in the benchmarking of complex radiation hydrocodes. We have an active collaboration with AWE including fund- ing, personnel exchange and equipment loan.

Quantum Optics and Laser Science The Group applies cutting edge laser technology, quan- tum-enhanced technology and detailed numerical mod- Optical Co UK Ltd. We also have a founding interest in eling to a broad range of measurement and control Aurox Ltd, a spin-out from Oxford University, manufac- problems in information processing, metrology, sensing turing optical microscopy equipment. Our fibre laser pro- and basic physics research. The Centre for Cold Matter gramme addresses wavelength and pulse length has an ongoing collaboration with the K. J. Lesker com- versatile, all-fibre configurations primarily deploying pany investigating transparent conductive films for poly- MOPFA (Master Oscillator Power Fibre Amplifier) tech- mers. There are also links with PG Technology nology including development of versatile compact seed (Precision machining company) on design of molecular sources, to generate high average power, spectrally decelerators, and with Shimadzu Research Laboratories bright single mode sources. The fibre laser work has (Europe) on the development of novel THz detectors long-standing collaboration and support from the IPG which has recently resulted in a joint patent. Group of Companies. Direct support in the area of high There are ongoing collaborations with the National power diode-pumped solid-state lasers and nonlinear Physical Laboratory (NPL) on ion trapping and the optics has come from the Electro-Magnetic Remote development of ultra-stable lasers. This has included Sensing (EMRS) Defence Technology Centre, estab- supervision of students funded by the NPL who carry lished by the UK Ministry of Defence and run by an out most of their experimental work there, but who are industrial consortium of SELEX Sensors and Airborne registered as students at Imperial College. The Quan- Systems, Thales Defence, Roke Manor Research and tum Information Theory sub group has links with a Filtronic. This involves novel adaptive sensors and laser number of companies including Toshiba and NTT. sources for enhancing signal and information retrieval in complex remote sensing scenarios. Pilkington Optronics Photonics (now Thales) have supported CASE awards and ‘in In the Photonics group, most of our projects are interdis- kind’ support has come from Shell Research Labs, ciplinary and we work closely with industry. Direct sup- Spectra-Physics and Spectron Laser Systems. The port for research into high throughput and European Space Agency is sponsoring the development multidimensional fluorescence imaging, particularly fluo- of new high efficiency tunable lasers for next genera- rescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) has come from Perkin tion satellite-based remote sensing for atmospheric and Elmer Life and Analytical Sciences (UK) Ltd and GE earth science addressing climate change, weather pre- Healthcare. ‘In kind’ support has come from diction and monitoring the health of the Earth’s bio- AstraZeneca UK Ltd, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Kentech system. Instruments Ltd, Leica Microsystems (UK) Ltd, Olympus

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Space and Atmospheric Physics Theoretical Physics The group has a long history of leading magnetometer The dominant part of the Group's activities lie in study- instruments for space research. Our continued collabo- ing theories of the fundamental nature of the universe ration with Ultra Electronics Ltd has resulted in a new and associated commercial applications arise in the fluxgate design which at 100g is half the mass of any very long term. However, there are some subsidiary sensor we have previously flow in space. We completed consultancy activities. a collaboration with EADS Astrium, MSSL (UCL) and Tim Evans is a consultant with Digital Science SciSys Ltd to validate new data-handling architectures http://www.digital-science.com/ who produce software to for future small satellites where processing power and collate and analyse information for academics and aca- resources will need to be shared amongst many users. demic institutions, for instance Digital Science produces We have also completed a first stage of testing new, Symplectic's Elements software which manages the commercially available, solid state magnetoresistive publications of academics at Imperial College. He is sensors, with promising results. also a Scientific Advisor to NewsfFlo http://www.news- flo.net who produce software to collate and analyse As part of an EU Marie Curie Research Training Net- information from News outlets for academic institutions. work GLADNET we are also studying the characteristics Jerome Gauntlett is a Scientific Advisor for the Arts Club of Glow Discharges, used as an analytical method in in Mayfair and he was the Theoretical Physics consult- industrial applications for example in quality testing of ant for the film the Theory of Everything. thin coatings. The group is strongly engaged with the Climate knowl- edge Innovation Community (KIC) and is developing the next generation catastrophe model software for the insurance sector.

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BLACKETT LABORATORY INDUSTRY CLUB

In 2010 the department set up the Industry Club, with the aim to enhance the good working relationships that exist between the Imperial College Physics Department and a number of companies and to develop such rela- tionships with new partners. The department set about creating two departmental wide events per year inviting all Industry club members. The PGR Research Sympo- sium event which is held in June each year, is a show casing event where all second year PhD students pres- ent posters and all third year PhD students give talks. Industry club members are involved in choosing poster prize winners. The second major event of the year is the industry club recruitment event, which is a more tradi- tional career fair. Both events are well attended.

Laboratory, Oxford Instruments, IPG Photonics, Qioptiq, RBS, Renishaw, TTP, Toshiba, Winton Capital.

Bespoke recruitment events were held for Winton Capi- tal, Renishaw and Electronic Arts.

In 2014, the industry club co-sponsored our interna- tional undergraduate summer research exchange pro- gramme (i-UROP) at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of British Columbia,and Seoul National University creating the opportunity for seven of our third year Physics undergraduates to enjoy a state of the art research experience.

The industry club also sponsors a PhD thesis prize and two of our club members AWE and Winton Capital also sponsor their own named post graduate thesis prize.

2014 Industry Club members include: AWE,BP, Bloomberg, Electronic Arts National Physical

106 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Prizes and Awards Prizes & Awards 1.1.13-31.12.14 High Energy Physics Astrophysics • Prof Tijinder Virdee – received Honorary Doctorate • Astrophysics Group – The Herschel-SPIRE Team, in (Honoris Causa) from Queen Mary University of which Imperial’s Astrophysics Group played a major London – 2013 role, has been awarded the 2014 Royal Astronomical • Prof Tijinder Virdee – Received Honorary Doctorate Society Group Achievement Award. from the Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, • Dr Dave Clements – The Herschel-Spire Team, of France; Awarded the Asian GG2 Award; Named 37th which Imperial is a part has been awarded the 2013 on the list of Britian’s 101 Most Influential Asians. Arthur C Clarke Award for Academic Study/Research • Prof Sir Tejinder Virdee was knighted in the 2014 – 2014 Queen’s Birthday Honours List - 2014 • Dr Jonathan Pritchard – Awarded the Rees Rawlings • Dr Lyn Evans - is a Visiting Professor in High Energy Prize for the best PGCert portfolio of 2013 (by the Physics – is the first winner of the prestigious St David Imperial EDU Group) - 2014 Award for Innovation and Technology - 2014 • Mr Hikmatali Shariff – 3 Minute Thesis Competition • Dr Gregory Iles – Received the CMS 2013 Achieve- winner – 2014 ment Award from the CMS Experiment at CERN – ‘For • Dr Roberto Trotta - awarded an STFC Impact Acceler- his leading contribution to electronics design’ - 2014 ation Account award entitled “From Supernovae to • Mr Nick Wardle – Awarded the Winton Capital Prize - Road Safety: Astrostatistical data analysis techniques 2014 for accident prevention” - 2014 • Prof Lyndon Rees Evans – Awarded Dirac Medal by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics at Tri- Condensed Matter Theory este and won the Glazebrook Medal and Prize – Insti- • Prof Sir John Pendry – Won the Isaac Newton Medal tute of Physics – 2013 of the Institute of Physics 2013 • Prof Sir John Pendry – Awarded the Julius Springer ISP Prize for Applied Physics 2013 • Miss Chiara Bo – Awarded AWE PhD Prize – 2014 • Prof Sir John Pendry - awarded a share of the 2014 • Mr Michael Rutherford – Won 1st place at the RAL Kavli Prize in Nanoscience – 2014 High Power Laser meeting Student Poster Competi- • Prof Mike Finnis - received a von Humboldt Research tion - 2014 Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany. The award comprises 60K Euros in Ger- PE CDT many - 2014 • Mr Joseph Shaw – awarded both a Fall and a Spring E-MRS’ 2014 Poster Prize - 2014 Experimental Solid State • Prof Donal Bradley – Received the Founders Prize Photonics Lecture of the IOP/RSC Polymer Physics Group at the • Mr Ben Chapman – Awarded the Blackett Laboratory Physical Aspects of Polymer Science biennial meeting – Industry Club Thesis Prize - 2014 in Sheffield – 2013 • Professor Donal Bradley - awarded an Honorary DSc from the University of Sheffield – 2014 Plasma Physics • Professor Jenny Nelson - awarded a Fellowship of the • Dr Guy Burdiak - awarded 2014 Culham Thesis – Royal Society – 2014 2014 • Dr John Labram has been awarded the Elings Prize • Professor Steve Cowley - awarded a Fellowship of the Fellowship from the University of California Santa Bar- Royal Society – 2014 bara - 2014 • Professor Steve Cowley - awarded a Fellowship of the • Mr Gianluca Bovo – awarded a Spring E-MRS’ 2014 Royal Academy of Engineering in recognition of his Graduate Student Award - 2014 outstanding and continuing contributions to engineer- • Mr James Semple – 3 Minute Thesis Competition ing - 2014 winner - 2014 • Mr Arthur Turrell - Awarded AWE PhD Prize - 2014 • Mr Ed Yoxall – Awarded the Solid State Physics Prize - 2014 Quantum Optics & Laser Science • Ms Katharina Zeissler - Awarded the Winton Capital • Prof Sir Peter Knight – Received Imperial College Prize - 2014 Medal – 2013 • Prof Sir Peter Knight awarded Honorary Degree of D www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 107 Prizes and Awards Litt by Macquarie University – 2014 • Professor Michele Dougherty - awarded a Royal • Prof Sir Peter Knight elected Honorary Fellowship of Society Research Professorship - 2014 the Institute of Physics - 2014 • Emeritus Prof John Harries – Awarded Fellowship of • Dr Ben Brown – EPSRC Doctoral Prize Fellowship - Aberystwyth University (equivalent to an Honorary 2014 Degree elsewhere) - 2014 • Mr Steffen Driever – Awarded a Newport Research • Ms Minyi Liang - awarded a Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Excellence Travel grant to attend the Photonics west Scholarship within the Grantham Institute to under- Conference in San Francisco. Also won the best stu- take research in the Department of Physics - 2014 dent paper award - 2014 • Mr Sandeep Mavadia - Awarded the Anne Thorne Theoretical Physics Thesis Prize - 2014 • Prof Tom Kibble – Awarded Dirac Medal by the Inter- • Mr Malte Oppermann – Awarded the Anne Thorne national Centre for Theoretical Physics at Trieste and Thesis Prize - 2014 Honorary Fellow status of the Institute of Physics – • Mr Stefan Truppe - Awarded the Blackett Laboratory 2013 – Industry Club Thesis Prize - 2014 • Professor Tom Kibble - received the 2014 Einstein Medal of the Albert Einstein Society of Bern, Switzer- land - 2014 Space & Atmospheric Physics • Professor Tom Kibble - awarded the Royal Medal of • Prof Michele Dougherty and the Magnetometer Team the Royal Society of Edinburgh – 2014 – won the Group Achievement Award in Geophysics, • Professor João Magueijo - awarded a Leverhulme awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society – 2014 Research Fellowship for “Dimensional reduction at

108 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Prizes and Awards the Planck scale and models of the early universe” - Physics for the best performance in the Quantum Fields 2014 and Fundamental Forces MSc Peter Jones (M) £250

Teaching Adrian Sutton Prize • These members of staff were shortlisted as nominees Prize for a major contribution to the life of the Centre for for the Student Academic Choice Awards: Dr Simon Doctoral Training in Theory and Simulation of Materials Bland, Dr Tim Evans, Dr Joachim Hamm, Prof Martin Andrea Greco (M) £600 McCall, Prof Peter Torok - 2013 • Faculty of Natural Sciences Awards for Teaching Gladys Locke Prize in Applied Optics Excellence were awarded to: For annual award to the student who achieves the best • Prof Steven Cowley overall performance in the Applied Optics MSc course, • Prof Matthew Foulkes taking into account written examinations, laboratory and • Prof Terry Rudolph project work. Paloma Matia Hernando (F) £100 • Dr Richard Hendricks • Dr Edward Hill Winton Capital Prize for the Best PhD Thesis in • Dr Subhanjoy Mohanty Physics • Dr Alexander Richards For annual award to the student with the best PhD • Dr Francisco Suzuki Vidalm thesis in Physics using computational methods. • Miss Giulia Ferlito Nick Wardle (M) £250 • Mr Peter T Fox • Mr Jeremey Turcaud Winton Capital Prize for the Best PhD Thesis in • Mr John Wood Physics For annual award to the student with the best PhD UG Student thesis in Physics using computational methods. • Leo Hughes - awarded the Julian Schwinger Prize for Katharina Zeissler (F) £250 the Best Student Presentation - 2014 • Renjie Yun - awarded a prestigious Lee Family PhD Director's Prize Scolarship -2014 For annual award to the student with the best overall Abdus Salam Postgraduate Prize 2013 performance in the Plastic Electronics MRES. For annual award to a student in the Department of Scott Wheeler (M) £250

Anne Thorne Thesis Prize A PhD thesis in experimental physics concerned with the development and / or use of new experimental instrumentation or techniques. Malte Oppermann (F) £200

Anne Thorne Thesis Prize A PhD thesis in experimental physics concerned with the development and / or use of new experimental instrumentation or techniques. Sandeep Mavadia (M) £200

Research Prize for best MRes Project in PE CDT The MRes in Plastic Electronics will have a prize spon- sored by Sigma-Aldrich for best MRes Project David Harkin (M) £250

Alina Khmelevskaya receiving her Ken Allen prize from Prof Jordan Nash. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 109 Prizes and Awards

For 5 years from 2011 Prize for Outstanding Contribution to the Life of the In recognition of doctoral thesis work that has made a TSM CDT - For 5 years from 2011 significant scientific or technology contribution as meas- For annual award to the student who makes the most ured by peer review publications or patents filed in an outstanding (non-academic) contribution to the success area of applied physics. Ben Chapman (M) £200 and development of the Centre. Mohammed Khawaja (M) £100 For 5 years from 2011 In recognition of doctoral thesis work that has made a Prize for Outstanding Contribution to the Life of the significant scientific or technology contribution as meas- TSM CDT - For 5 years from 2011 ured by peer review publications or patents filed in an For annual award to the student who makes the most area of applied physics. Stefan Truppe (M) £200 outstanding (non-academic) contribution to the success and development of the Centre. For 5 years from 2011 Daniel Rathbone (M) £100 In recognition of doctoral thesis work that has made a significant scientific or technology contribution as meas- Prize for Outstanding Contribution to the Life of the ured by peer review publications or patents filed in an TSM CDT - For 5 years from 2011 area of solid state physics. Ned Yoxall (M) £200 For annual award to the student who makes the most outstanding (non-academic) contribution to the success Materials Design Prize - For 5 years from 2011 and development of the Centre. For annual award to students who make the most signif- Chiara Liverani (F) £100 icant progress at the early stage assessments. Gabriel Lau(M) £300 Prize for innovation in computation or experimental physics on graduation for 5 years from 2013 Materials Design Prize For 5 years from 2011 Best PhD in the field of High Energy Density, shock For annual award to students who make the most signif- regimes and plasma Physics. AWE will provide the icant progress at the late stage assessments. department with an annual sum. Chiara Bo(F) £250 Thomas Swinburne(M) £300 Prize for innovation in computation or experimental Prize for Outstanding Contribution to the Life physics on graduation for 5 years from 2013 Centre for Doctoral Training in Theory and Simula- Best PhD in the field of High Energy Density, shock tion of Materials for 7 years from 2013 regimes and plasma Physics. AWE will provide the For Outstanding Contribution to the Life Centre for Doc- department with an annual sum. toral Training in Theory and Simulation of Materials Arthur Turrell (M) £250 Anthony Lim (M) £200 College Prize for award for outstanding achieve- Prize for Outstanding Contribution to outreach or ment public engagement by a student in the Centre for College Prize for award for outstanding achievement Doctoral Training in Theory and Simulation of Mate- Jassell Majevadia(F) £250 rials for 7 years from 2013 For Outstanding Contribution to outreach or public College Prize for award for outstanding achieve- engagement by a student in the Centre for Doctoral ment Training in Theory and Simulation of Materials College Prize for award for outstanding achievement Marc Coury(M) £200 Aeneas Wiener(M) £250

Prize for Outstanding Contribution to the Life of the Sir Peter Knight Award TSM CDT - For 5 years from 2011 Best overall performance in the MRes year by a Con- For annual award to the student who makes the most trolled Quantum Dynamics Centre for Doctoral Train- outstanding (non-academic) contribution to the success ing student. Antony Milne (M) and development of the Centre. £200 Vincent Chen (M) £100

110 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Prizes and Awards PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of talk Session 1 Peter Sinclair (M) £200 Winner of talk Session 6 Aisha Kaushik (F) £200

PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of runner up talk Session 6 Winner of runner up talk Session 1 Matthew Kenzie (M) £100 Andrew Gilbert (M) £100 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of poster Michel Buck (M) £100 Winner of talk Session 2 Giuliana Di Martino (F) £200 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of poster Zara Abdelrahman (F) £100 Winner of runner up talk Session 2 Ben Chapman (M) £100 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of poster Anthony Lim (M) £100 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of talk Session 3 Joe Fallon (M) £200 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of poster Leo Hughes (M) £100 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of runner up talk Session 3 PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Gabriele Messori (M) £100 Winner of poster Yen-Hung Lin(M) £100

PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of talk Session 4 Lionel Fafchamps(M) £200 Winner of poster Joshua Chadney (M) £100

PGR Symposium (25/06/2013) Winner of talk Session 5 Alex Perevedentsev (M) £200

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 111 Grants Awarded ASTRO Imperial College EPSRC Impact The Leverhulme Trust Imperial College STFC Impact Accel- Acceleration Account Prof Stefan Maier, Hybrid nanoantennas eration Account Prof Donal Bradley, Pathways to Impact £197,120 Dr Roberto Trotta, Pathways to Impact - - Copper thiocyanate as an anode- Engineering & Physical Science Astrostatistical data analysis £14,836 enhancing overlayer for low-temperature solution-processed optoelectronic Research Council Science and Technology Facilities Prof Stefan Maier, TERACELL: Inte- devices £113,015 Council grated Microwave-to-Terahertz Sensors Prof Stephen Warren, STFC stu- Imperial College Trust for label-free circulating tumour cell dentship enhancement programme for Dr Will Branford, Topological Spin Textures detection (led by Department of Materials) Nathalie Skrzypek £12,958 £20,223 £293,308 Engineering & Physical Science Engineering & Physical Science CMTH Research Council Research Council Engineering & Physical Science Dr Alasdair Campbell, Asymmetric Prof Stefan Maier, Strategic Equipment: Research Council Synthesis and Study of Platinum Metal- Optical Fabrication and Imaging Facility Dr Yan Francescato, Doctoral Prize Fel- lahelicenes in Circularly Polarised Phos- for three-dimensional sub-micron lowship £47,306 phorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes designer materials for bioengineering Engineering & Physical Science (led by Department of Chemistry) and photonics £718,553 Research Council £88,824 Prof Peter Haynes, Capital Equipment for Commission of the European Imperial College EPSRC Impact Communities Centres for Doctoral Training £397,033 Acceleration Account Prof Jenny Nelson, CHEETAH - Cost The Leverhulme Trust Dr Alasdair Campbell, Pathways to reduction through material optimisation Prof Ortwin Hess, Extreme nonlinear Impact (led by Department of Chemistry) and HIgher EnErgy outpuT of solAr pHo- chirality in THz metasurfaces £184,819 £69,470 tovoltaic modules - joining Europe's Research and Development efforts in Engineering & Physical Science Imperial College Trust support of its PV industry (led by Depart- Research Council Dr Amanda Chatten, Photo-elec- ment of Chemistry at Imperial) £41,692 Prof Ortwin Hess, Programme Grant: trochemical reactor £5,034 Mathematical fundamentals of Metama- Met Office terials for multiscale Physics and Imperial College EPSRC Impact Prof Jenny Nelson, AVOID 2 (led by Acceleration Account Mechanics (led by Department of Maths) Grantham Institute) £2,318 Prof Lesley Cohen, Knowledge Transfer £589,286 Secondment for Milan Bratko to Cryo- Imperial College EPSRC Impact European Office Of Aerospace genic Ltd £23,492 Acceleration Account Research & Development Prof Jenny Nelson, Knowledge Transfer Prof Ortwin Hess, Full-Time-Domain European Space Agency / Estec Secondment for Wing Chung Tsoi to Dr Ned Ekins-Daukes, Highly Radia- Maxwell-Bloch Modelling of Semicon- NPL £52,558 tion Tolerant Multi-Junction Solar Cells ductor Lasers £28,546 £61,538 Engineering & Physical Science Engineering & Physical Science Research Council Commission of the European Research Council Prof Jenny Nelson,SUPERSOLAR Solar Communities Prof Ortwin Hess, Programme Grant: Energy Hub £185,749 Dr Worawat Khunsin, Marie Curie Nano-Optics to controlled Nano-Chem- Fellowship: Photonic-plasmonic hybrid istry Programme Grant (NOtCH) (led by Engineering & Physical Science for optical switching and biosensing Research Council University of Cambridge) £1,039,871 application £171,319 Dr Paul Stavrinou, FPP3D: Coupling The Royal Society frontal photopolymerisation and interfa- Dr Johannes Lischner, University The Leverhulme Trust cial wrinkling for single shot 3D pattern- Research Fellowship (held jointly with Prof Stefan Maier, Nano-particle ing (led by Department of Chemical Department of Materials) £612,046 assisted super-resolution microscopy for Engineering) £13,138 live cell imaging £68,089 Engineering & Physical Science EXSS Office Of Naval Research Global Research Council Cambridge Display Technology Ltd Prof Stefan Maier, Beyond Nanoplas- Dr Paul Stavrinou, Capital Equipment for Prof Thomas Anthopoulos, Solution- monics Platform Centres for Doctoral Training processed hybrid complementary cir- £54,286 £384,892 cuits on plastic £195,000 Engineering & Physical Science Engineering & Physical Science Research Council Research Council Imperial College EPSRC Impact Prof Stefan Maier, Programme Grant: Dr Katharina Zeissler, Doctoral Prize Acceleration Account Mathematical fundamentals of Metama- Fellowship Prof Donal Bradley, Knowledge Transfer £49,724 terials for multiscale Physics and Secondment for Jim Bailey to NPL Mechanics (led by Department of Maths) £44,588 £569,856

112 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Grants Awarded HEP umetric imaging and 3D cell tracking Engineering & Physical Science Science and Technology Facilities £163,322 Research Council Council Prof Edward Hinds, Institutional Spon- Prof Ulrik Egede, STFC studentship Imperial College EPSRC Impact sorship for Quantum Technologies 2014 Acceleration Account enhancement programme for Greg £300,000 Prof Mark Neil, Pathways to Impact - Ciezarek £9,719 Micro_led array optical projection sys- Qatar Foundation Science and Technology Facilities tems ñ applications in optogenetics Prof Myungshik Kim, Quantum state Council £66,091 engineering - Y3 £63,211 Prof Geoffrey Hall, Added Capital Equip- The Leverhulme Trust ment for CMS £109,000 PLASMA Prof Myungshik Kim, Proposal for quan- US Department of Energy tum optical tests of the minimum length Science and Technology Facilities Dr Simon Bland, Pulsed Power High Council scale £118,662 Energy-Yr 3 £132,353 Prof Ken Long, MICE Spokesperson Engineering & Physical Science support £263,501 Engineering & Physical Science Research Council Research Council Prof Myungshik Kim, Capital Equipment Wellcome Trust internal scheme Dr Michael Coppins, Dust in Magnetized Dr Piero Posocco, Towards a compact for Centres for Doctoral Training Plasmas £417,696 proton irradiator for in-vitro radiobiologi- £116,557 cal studies £62,430 Commission of the European Commission of the European Communities Science and Technology Facilities Dr Christos Kamperidis, Marie Curie Communities Dr Florian Mintert, ERC Starting Grant: Council Fellowship: Construction and Optimiza- Prof Tim Sumner, LISA Pathfinder Mis- Optimal dynamical control of quantum tion of a Novel, Ultra-Compact, Ultra- sion Support £125,696 entanglement (grant transferred from Fast X-Ray Coherent Source £164,153 Freiburg) £356,980 Science and Technology Facilities Science and Technology Facilities Council U.S Army (US) Council Dr Yoshi Uchida, STFC studentship Prof Terry Rudolph, Photonic Quantum Prof Zulfikar Najmudin, Plamsa wake- enhancement programme for Ben Smith Characterization, Verification and Vali- field acceleration £88,948 £9,719 dation £23,435 Defence Science and Technology Science and Technology Facilities Engineering & Physical Sciences Laboratory (DSTL) Council Dr William Proud, Frangible Simulants Research Council Dr Morgan Wascko, The Hyper-K UK Prof Terry Rudolph,Programme Grant: £1,876 Proposal £98,328 Engineering Photonic Quantum Tech- AWE Plc nologies (led by University of Bristol) Prof Steven Rose, ORION opacity PHOTONICS £612,782 Phase 2 £330,000 Imperial College EPSRC Impact The Royal Society Acceleration Account Imperial College EPSRC Impact Dr Vijay Singh, Newton Fellowship: Prof Paul French, Pathways to Impact - Acceleration Account Design for a fountain of YbF molecules Translating automated FLIM-HCA to Prof Roland Smith, Knowledge Transfer to measure the electron's electric dipole drug discovery, systems biology and Secondment for Siddharth Patankar to moment £66,000 basic research £124,591 AWE £23,908 Engineering & Physical Science The Leverhulme Trust Imperial College EPSRC Impact Research Council Prof Paul French, Nano-particle assisted Acceleration Account Dr William Okell, Doctoral Prize Fellow- super-resolution microscopy for live cell Prof Roland Smith, Knowledge Transfer ship imaging (led by Experimental Solid Secondment for Chris Price to RAL £62,124 State) £56,055 £49,460 SPAT Royal Academy Of Engineering Science and Technology Facilities QOLS Dr Edmund Kelleher, RAE Fellowship: Council Engineering & Physical Science Next generation short-pulse lasers for Mr Chris Carr, Cluster FGM (2014) Research Council the visible and ultraviolet £434,126 Dr Ben Brown, Doctoral Prize Fellow- £103,959 Commission of the European ship for for Ben Brown £36,370 Science and Technology Facilities Communities Council Imperial College EPSRC Impact Prof Martin McCall, GoPhoton! £39,773 Prof Michele Dougherty, Cassini (2014) Acceleration Account £330,702 Biotechnology and Biological Prof Edward Hinds, Knowledge Trans- Sciences Research Council fer Secondment for Ben Yuen to NPL The Royal Society Dr James McGinty, Enhancing spatial £81,242 Prof Michele Dougherty, Royal Society and temporal resolution for isotropic vol- Professorship £912,156 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 113 Grants Awarded Commission of the European Imperial College EPSRC, NERC and Commission of the European Communities STFC Impact Acceleration Accounts" Communities Dr Jonathan Eastwood, Heliospheric Prof Steven Schwartz, Support for Dr Steffen Gielen, Marie Curie Fellowship: Cataloguing, Analysis and Techniques SpaceLab conference 2014 £18,000 Cosmology from QGó What quantum Service (HELCATS) £172,190 gravity teaches us about the origin of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology universe: Extension of early universe Prof Ralf Toumi, Stochastic Parameter- Commission of the European cosmology by using non-perturbative Communities ization and Forecasting of Wind Energy quantum gravity. £164,152 Dr Heather Graven, Marie Curie Career in India £191,472 Intergration Grant: Observing Carbon John Templeton Foundation Dioxide Emissions at Regional Scales Theoretical Physics Prof Joao Magueijo, What banged? (OCDERS) £74,074 Commission of the European Com- £269,881 munities Science and Technology Facilities Prof Jerome Gauntlett, ERC Advanced The Leverhulme Trust Prof Joao Magueijo, Research Fellow- Council Grant: GravQuantMat - Gravity, black Prof Tim Horbury, STFC studentship ship: Dimensional reduction at the holes and strongly coupled quantum enhancement programme for Martin Planck scale and models of the early matter £1,402,530 Archer £12,958 universe £41,610 Science and Technology Facilities Science and Technology Facilities Science and Technology Facilities Council Council Prof Jerome Gauntlett, Consolidated Council Prof Tim Horbury, Solar Orbitor addi- Prof Arttu Rajantie, STFC studentship Grant: M Theory, Cosmology and Quan- tional equipment £52,000 enhancement programme for Laura tum Field Theory £1,909,894 Bethke £12,958 Science and Technology Facilities Imperial College Trust Council Prof Jerome Gauntlett, String Theory, Prof Steven Schwartz, Cluster CSC Quantum Field Theory and Cosmology (2014) £102,169 £20,000

114 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Blackett Laboratory Alumni Events 2013-14

Early in 2014, the department was approached by the Higgs Boson. the elusive particle whose existence was 1974 undergraduate cohort, a subset of which keeps in finally confirmed at CERN in 2012. Alumni were offered regular contact with each other. The group got in touch tea and cake in the Blackett Laboratory foyer (a trip with Linda Jones, now Departmental Administrator, down memory lane for many) followed by a champagne asking whether a function could be held for them over reception in the common room and the 8th floor roof ter- the Imperial Festival in May. The request resulted in the race overlooking the West London skyline and the Department hosting a social event for over 100 alumni Royal Albert Hall. The appeal of such a prestigious within (the very fondly remembered) Blackett level 8 speaker was apparent as the event attracted a huge common room. Linda toured many of the alumni to visit range of alumni from recent graduates through to those the level1 main lecture theatre and other familiar who were taught by Professor Kibble himself. haunts. Friends of Imperial Theoretical Physics Inspired by the success of this event, and recognising In 2013 the Theoretical Phyiscs Group at Imperial Col- the need to provide Physics focused alumni visits, the lege initiated a new association called "Friends of Impe- department contacted the College Alumni office to ask rial Theoretical Physics" or FITP for short. The purpose them to help organise the first formal Departmental of FITP is to host periodic popular talks at South Kens- alumni function. In September 2014, over 120 alumni ington campus allowing members to keep abreast of the attended an exclusive Physics event to hear Professor exciting research that is currently going on in the Group Sir Tom Kibble talk about his role in the prediction of the and in theoretical physics more generally. www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 115 Blackett Laboratory Alumni Events 2013-14

In 2013 FITP hosted a Symposium celebrating Tom getting the message that science is fun, worthwhile, Kibble's 80th Birthday concluding with a keynote talk by interesting and exciting out to the next generation. Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg to a packed audience Janet (nee Eccles) and Gwyndaf John of over 700 people in the Great Hall. Physics 1971 In 2014 FITP organised a talk titled "The World in Eleven Dimensions" by Professor Michael Duff FRS, the Abdus Salam Professor of Theoretical Physics.

A Grand Day Out! Imperial Festival 2014, the dates went straight into our calendar when we received our email from the Friends. This was our third Festival, and it didn’t disappoint, the event seems to be going from strength to strength. First of all, a visit to the Alumni base in the Senior Common Room. Always a cheerful welcome with a good cup of coffee and bis- cuits to get us going. Everyone is keen to chat and within minutes we had been exchanging words with an alumnus of 1958 Elec Eng who was visiting with a fellow stu- dent and a recent alumnus of 2013 Com- puter Science who had climbing the Queen’s Tower firmly on her agenda. Next the big marquee. So much to see, so much to learn about, so much to try. Knowl- edgeable students keen to share their enthu- siasm; explaining, demonstrating and inspiring the Festival visitors. Great to see so many children who had come along with their families having such a good time controlling skiing penguins by nodding their head, whizzing cars down tracks to simulate DNA, looking at tape worms in jars, ugh! My own favourites included the 3D printer attached to the scanning fluid pipette which generated amazing models such as of the eye of a fly. Also the enthusiastic epigenetics student whose patience whilst trying to explain to two physicists what it was all about was impressive. Lectures to go to, workshops to try out, Jezebel and Bo to visit, the day sped by but we were keeping an eye on the time as we had an important date at 4:30pm. The Physics Department had invited alumni for a nostalgic visit to the department- and they did it in style. We met in the Senior Common Room on level 8, scene of our post finals party so many years ago. We were warmly welcomed by organiser Linda Jones, the Physics Department Operations Manager, and Professor Lesley Cohen, Director of External Liaison. Wine and a superb buffet ensured that people relaxed, mixed, reminisced and generally had a really good time. Thank you for a day to remember for alumni like us. It is also great to see that IC is doing such an excellent job in

116 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Juno Transparency and Opportunity Committee http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics/staff/juno

www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 117 Juno Transparency and Opportunity Committee http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics/staff/juno

The Juno Transparency and emphasised the need for better math focus the interview on the personal Opportunity Committee meets and science teaching to encourage and career development of the monthly throughout the year. The more pupils to take up STEM appraisee. The new form has business of the meetings is driven subjects after the age of 16, already been used in PRDP cycle by (i) the evaluation of progress on particularly girls and those from less during 2014. the action plan from the last Athena- affluent backgrounds. This was also SWAN application, and (ii) new and a central theme during the visit to 5. One of the main activities of the on-going initiatives related to wider the DoE. Juno Committee is the preparation issues, such as the gender and the of the Departments application for racial imbalance among physics 2. As an outgrowth of Mark Richards’ an Athena-SWAN Gold Award, which students. Information about the Insights programme, Lesley Cohen will be submitted in April 2015. The committee’s activities, including the spearheaded a Women’s Day on Department currently holds the minutes, are disseminated to the June 4, 2014. Presentations Silver Award, which was first department through the committee included an overview, female awarded in 2009, and renewed in website, which is accessible through researchers/academics talking about 2012. There is only one department the departmental website. their journey, tours and lunch, where within Imperia (Chemistry) and one staff talked informally with the physics department in the UK The activities of the committee are students about all aspects of (Cambridge) with Gold Awards. often driven by an individual academic life at Imperial. member, which is then supported by the committee as a whole through 3. Following the successful initiation advice and concrete action. During of the PDRA committee to provide a the previous year, the main output of forum for the concerns of that the committee is as follows: community, Rob Nyman (Juno Committee member) has established 1. Following a meeting between a committee for Early Career several members of the committee Researchers. and Elizabeth Truss MP (at the time Parliamentary Under-Secretary of 4. Training sessions for the new form State for Education and Childcare) for the personal review and at the Department for Education development plan (PRDP) began in (DoE) an invitation was issued and November 2013, with additional accepted for her to visit Imperial in sessions to be added as needed. 2014. That visit happened on May The new form is designed for use 14, 2014, when the Under-Secretary across all job categories and to

118 www3.imperial.ac.uk/physics Department of Physics Review 2013 -14 Artist in Residence

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