Value Chain Analysis of Mango in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh (2017-2018)

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Value chain analysis of mango in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh (2017-2018)

PRECISION FARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTER, WATER TECHONOLGY CENTER PROFFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD

Sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation Government of India, New Delhi

(For official use only)

Value chain analysis of mango in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh (2017-2018)

PRECISION FARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTRE WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE PJTSAU, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD – 500 030.

CONTENTS

Chapter Chapter Title Page No. No. Abstract 1-4 1. Introduction 5-8 2. Status of Andhra Pradesh in mango cultivation 9-14 3. Materials and Methods 15 4. Results 16-39 5 Constraints and action plans 40-51 7 Photographs 52-57 Annexure I Questionare for nursery units 58-59 II Questionare for farmers 60-63 III Questionare for traders 64 IV Questionare for processing units 65-67 V Process flow chart for mango pulp in canning units 68 VI Process flow chart for mango pulp in aseptic packing units 69 VII Prescribed data of Nursery units on value chain study for mango 70-74 in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh VIII Prescribed Data of Farmers on Value Chain Study for Mango in 75-78 Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh IX Prescribed data of Traders on value chain study for mango in 79-81 Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh X Presribed data of Processors in Chittoor district 82-83

Abstract

The study on ‘value chain analysis of mango in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh’ has been conducted during 2017 to analyze the area, production, marketing channels, processing units, constraints for value chain and to arrive the actionable activities to be undertaken to further encourage and strengthen the mango value chain system in Chittoor district. Chittoor is the leading district with regard to area (77637 ha) and production (854007 t) of mango in Andhra Pradesh.

A survey was taken up in different mandals of Chittoor district in which the total mango sample farmers covered were 96, processors were 10, traders were 21, nursery units were 11. Among the sample farmers, majority are in the age group of 45-50 years, the education levels are intermediate and below tenth. The maximum number of farmers holding an area of 2.5-5.0 acres. Major mango varieties grown are Totapuri, Banishan, Alphonso. Majority of the mango processors are graduated and are in the age group of 45-50 and the major value added mango product is mango pulp. Among the traders, majority are falling in the age group of 55 to 60 years and possessing 20 to 30 years of experience in trading of mango in Chittoor district.

There are only two Govt. nursery units in Chittoor district, one is at Srikalahasthi (producing nearly 1,00,000 saplings per year) and the other one is at Tirupathi (producing nearly 25,000 saplings per year) , which are unable to meet the demand of farmers. The nursery units expressed that Govt. is not giving license to them, facing problem with transport and experiencing loss. Also, experiencing pest problem to the mango nursery. Private nursery units are not propagating seedlings on their own and they are simply purchasing from different districts and selling to the local farmers.

On interaction with farmers, they expressed that, they want subsidy for fencing and further increase in subsidy for drip installation. They are facing shortage of availability of field labour. Maximum no. of farmers are unaware of insurance. They are unhappy with traders commission of 5%. The occurrence of rainfall during flowering stage resulting in low production levels. They expressed no proper ripening chambers facility in the mango

1 marketing yards. They are facing shortage of pack house facility also. The Govt. is providing subsidy for pack houses but they are feeling difficulty to bear the initial capital investment. They are expressed that the Govt. should encourage use of mango value added products more and more officially in schools and different departments. There are about 14 Farmers Producers Organizations (FPO’s / FPC’s) registered with the Dept. of Horticulture, A.P. covering 2404 farmers and 5560 ha area.

On interaction with the traders, in general they opined that export business is getting declined. Some of the farmers are selling mangoes directly to processing units. Farmers are asking to reduce the commission amount of 5%. They are facing heavy competition among themselves and entry of big traders leading to loss of scope for small traders. They are facing the constraint that buyers are not coming forward. They also expressed that there are no ripening chambers in market yards.

The processers expressed that they are facing problems in getting loans from the banks, feeling the GST charges @ 12% as heavy when compared to the earlier tax of 5%. They want concession in electricity charges during off season. They also expressed that Govt. should further encourage use of value added mango products in all official activities like mid day meals in schools and others.

The Dept. of Horticulture, A.P. is taking different measures to encourage the export of mangoes and other horticultural crops viz., formation of FPOs, arranging buyers sellers meet, arranging conferences/workshops with FPOs & companies/retailers, providing 75% assistance for formation, capacity building & development of infrastructure, providing assistance for development of post harvest & marketing facilities like pack house / farm collection unit, integrated pack houses, pre cooling units, cold storages, primary processing units / minimal processing units fruit ripening chamber evaporative low energy cool chamber, low cost produce storage structure, refrigerated transport vehicles / transport vehicles from 1 ton to 6 tones capacity based on actual need of FPO, farm mechanization equipments, custom hiring centres, retail marketing outlets and any other pre / post harvest / marketing infrastructure as per the local need. The following actionable points were arrived to further strengthen the mango value chain in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. 1. Increase the Govt. nursery units in major mango growing mandals for supply of genuine planting material.

2. Provide licenses to private nursery units and frequently arrange short term (1 to 3 days) training programmes and reviews to the private nursery unit managers on pest management and maintaining healthy mango seedlings. 3. Including the item of fencing around mango orchards in the present subsidy programmes list of Govt. as wild animals attack is becoming major threat to farmers. 4. Arrange awareness programmes to farmers with regard to crop insurance to protect them in the events of unexpected calamities. 5. To encourage mechanization to reduce the dependence on limited labour availability, more no. of custom hiring centers may be established. The net work of custom hiring centers should be strengthened to such an extent that, the hiring of implements should be made very easy like by downloading an app in the smart phones and booking. (For ex. how the private cabs are booked now by citizens in different cities). 6. To facilitate establishing solar based cooling chambers at farm levels by including them under subsidies list and encouraging on educating on that aspect, as only 12 cooling chambers (private) are available to store 854007 MT of mango. 7. To increase the solar based refrigerated transport facilities on custom hiring basis to increase the shelf life of mangoes and reduces the fruit losses and to preserve the fruit quality. 8. Increase the infrastructure facilities like pre cooling chambers, ripening chambers, pack houses at every market yard. 9. To arrange regular short term training programmes to farmers of different age groups to review their knowledge and update with regard to scientific management of cultivation aspects and export oriented awareness programmes. 10. For the processors, necessary leverage may be provided with regard to electricity charges during off season. 11. The rules with regard to the eligibility of the processors to receive the bank loans may be modified on discussions with the banking officials and processors. 12. The Govt. should encourage use of mango value added products and include them in different government schemes like mid day meals to school children, supply of rations to economically backward citizens etc. 13. Creating awareness programmes to attract young generation to enter in to the profession of agriculture / horticulture. 14. Include the subject of value chain in science subject at school and college levels education syllabus to increase the awareness from school children level.

15. Encourage the organic cultivation in a large scale for quality production and premium price realization in clusters. 16. Promotion of pack houses by the growers and promoters of Integrated pack houses by the FPOs to promote exports and group marketing. 17. Protocols to be developed for packing and transport to distance markets within the country (Corrugated Fibre Board Cartons/boxes). 18. Popularization of nutrient value of Mangoes to the public for increased consumption and better health for promotion of table varieties. 19. Development of Market yards with Ripening chambers, Cold Rooms on custom service basis by the private enterprises. 20. To request the South Central Railways to allot more parcel vans (20*25 BCN Wagons) and to run special trains to North India during the season. 21. Promotion of direct marketing between farmers and processing industries to avoid middle men to get remunerative prices to the Mango Farmers. 22. At present production is not meeting the demand of processing industries. There is need to promote processing varieties like Banglora, Alphanso e.t.c. 23. Promotion of small scale industries for production of Mango jelly, candy, tandra and other value added products. 24. Introduction of Technologies for different value added products like Solar Drying, minimal processing. 25. Modernization of existing processing industries for IQF and other value added products and production of quality pulp with international standards.

Export of Mangoes:

1. Providing cargo facility at International Airport, Tirupathi for export of Mangoes to South East Asian countries.

2. Air Fright charges for perishable goods may have to subsidized.

3. Promotion of Integrated Pack houses with vapour heat treatment and irradiation facilities to export to European and other destinations.

1. Introduction 1.1 Botanical Name of Mango and its Cultivation

The Mango, Mangifera indica L., which belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae, is one of the most important tropical and subtropical fruits of the world and is popular both in fresh and processed forms. It is called as the king of fruits on account of its nutritive value, taste, attractive fragrance and health promoting qualities. In many languages it is called the mother of all tropical fruits and is the national fruit of India. Mango has been in cultivation in Indian subcontinent for well over 4,000 years and has been the most favorite fruit since ages. Historical facts revealed that mango was introduced to India archipelago from the main land. Some researchers are of the view that it had originated in the Indo –Burma region. Presently, besides India, it is being cultivated world over especially, in the South and South-East Asian countries, African countries, tropical Australia and the USA. In USA mango is grown mostly in Florida, Hawaii, etc. Mango is also grown in Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, West Indies Island and Cambodia.

1.2 Mango in Sanskrit Scriptures

Mango has been portrayed in the ancient paintings and sculptures, Hindu folklore and mythology, legends and in the sacred Sanskrit scriptures dating back to 2000 BC. Mango continued to be grown as a seedling tree until the establishment of the Moghul rule in India. During the Moghul period seedling trees were designated as distinct varieties and attempts were made to promote vegetative propagation. Akbar, the great Moghul emperor (1556 to 1605), planted mango orchards of 0.1 million trees near Darbhanga in Bihar. This was the time when mango actually got royal patronage. In India the first systematic record of varieties of mango was available in “Ain-e-Akbari”, the biography of Akbar, AD 1590, by Abul Fazl. However, mango orchard remained the prerogative of the “Rajas and Nawabs” for a very long time. Mango cultivation has now been taken up commercially.

1.3 Important Characteristics of Mango

The mango tree is a large branched perennial tree with height of 30-40 m and a crown radius spreading about 10 m. The flowers are produced in terminal panicles of 10-40 cm long and each flower has 5 petals of 5-10 mm long. After flowering, the fruit, which is a drupe, takes three to six months to ripe. The Mango fruit varies considerably in size, shape, color, presence of fiber, flavor, taste and several other characters. The shape of the fruit varies from round to ovate-oblong or longish, with the length ranging from 2.5 to 30 cm in different

5 varieties. The weight of mango goes up to 2.5 kg for some varieties. However, the average size of mango available in India marked weighs about 200- 350 grams. The ripe fruit is yellow, orange or red in color; usually reddish on the side facing the sun. Mango is well adapted to tropical and sub tropical climates. The ideal temperature ranged for mango is 240 to 300 C during the growing season, along with high humidity. A rainfall ranging from 890 mm to 1015 mm in a year is considered to be ideal for growing mangoes. Dry weather before blossoming is conducive to profuse flowering. Mangoes, ripe or unripe, are widely used as a fresh fruit. It is also used to make juice, milk shake, pulp, jam, jelly, pickle, and chutney. Ripe mango is often cut into thin layers, desiccated, folded and then cut and sold as mango chewy bars. Pieces of the fruit can be mashed and used in ice-cream. Dried unripe mango, mainly amchur is used as a spice in India

1.4 Nutritional Value of Mango

Mango is nutritious and an excellent source of carotene as compared to other fruits. A 100 gram of edible portion of the mango contains about 1,990 mcg of beta-carotene (vitamin A), which is much higher than the same in other fruits. Eating mangoes in the season may provide a store of vitamin A in the liver, sufficient to last for the rest of the year and highly beneficial for the prevention of vitamin A deficient disorders, like night blindness. Mangoes, both ripe and unripe, are good source of vitamin C. About 16 mg of vitamin C is present in 100 gram of mango. Ripe mango provides a good source of calories and supplies 74 kcal per 100 gram.

1.5 Commercialization of Agriculture— Traditional to New crop

Mechanization, diversification and commercialization of agriculture resulted in shifting of cropping pattern from traditional crops to new crops, which had contributed to the increased area and production under Mango. Changing demand pattern also contributed significantly to shifting of more area under production of mango. However, marketing and processing of mango have not picked up commensurate with the level of production. Further, supportive mechanism in the form of agriculture inputs, post-harvest infrastructure set up, such as packaging, pre-cooling, cold storage, pack houses, marketing system, and institutional credit have not come up in proportion to the increase in production of fruit. Even though India is the world’s largest producer of mango, it accounts for less than one per cent of global mango trade. Around 95 per cent of India’s mango exports are routed to the Middle-East countries, whereas only 5 per cent is channeled to Europe and America, Japan, Hong Kong etc. Further, exports of mangoes in the processed form remain limited. Besides,

6 high perishability, absence of post-harvest facility, lack of standardized supply chain system, etc. resulted in loss of about 25-30 per cent of the total mango production during post-harvest period. This reduces further availability of fruits for consumption, value addition and export. There are issues such as weak institutional arrangements, limited marketing facilities, lack of coordination among the various organizations, etc. that have acted as hindrance to the growth of mango. The whole lot of the issues encompasses the supply chain system (SCS) within the mango-processing sector. The importance of this study on mango lies in addressing these issues affecting the above mentioned parameter.

1.6 Value chain

A Value chain is a network of facilities and distribution options. The chain of activities gives the product more added value than the sum of added values of all activities. The ultimate goal is to maximize value creation and minimizing cost. For increasing customer satisfaction and managing cost more effective. A systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage. The value chain has also been called supply chain and the service chain. An operational strategy if implemented properly, will provide a new dimension to competing: quickly introducing new customized high quality products and delivering them with unprecedented lead times, swift decisions, and manufacturing products with high velocity

1.7 Importance of Value Chain

Any product without any value addition when sold in market in the raw form will fetch relatively low price. Further there would not be much of product differentiation. At each stage of supply chain, there would be additional cost without any additional value. However, in value chain, at each stage, of the stake holder’s involvement there would be additional value to the product in the form of packaging, processing, quality branding, grading, etc. Therefore awareness and skill development to the farmers will help them in identifying the market opportunities and tap the available potential resulting in enhanced profits.

1.8 The Scope of the study

The study covers a sample of nursery units, mango growers, mango processors, traders, mango growers’ associations etc. The findings & recommendations are based on discussions with the above samples from different categories and district level functionaries

7 like, officials from the Department of Horticulture (DOH) at the district level marketing committees.

1.9 Objectives of the value chain analysis

1. To conduct a sample survey in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh from different partners of value chain of mango viz., nursery units, farmers, traders and processing units. 2. To analyse the existing situation with regard to value chain of mango and study the potential of mango value chain and constrains being faced by different partners of value chain. 3. To arrive the actionable activities to be undertaken to further encourage and strengthen the mango value chain system in Chittoor district.

2. Status of mango cultivation

 Andhra Pradesh has emerged as 2nd largest fruit producing state in the country. In Andhra Pradesh, mango is being cultivated in an area of 0.30 million ha with a productivity of 2.73 million MTs.

 Average productivity of mango is 10 ton per ha in AP compared to national average of 7.2 ton per ha.

 Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in mango productivity of 16.00 ton per ha while Kenya is the leading country in world with a productivity of 48.8 ton per ha

Map of Chittore district, Andhra Pradesh

Fig 1: Administrative map of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh.

• There are total 66 mandals in Chittoor district.

• Major mango growing mandals (more than 1000 ha) – 25 no.

• Rompicherla (2023 ha), Yerravaripalem (2909 ha), Chandragiri(1978 ha), Chinnagottigallu (2321 ha), Sodam (2881 ha), Pulicherla (3668 ha), Pakala (2889 ha), Vedurukuppam (1033 ha), Ramachandrapuram (1382 ha), Vadamalapeta (2264 ha), Puttur (2250 ha), Karvetinagar (2686 ha), Puthalapattu (1738 ha), Irala (3366 ha), Somala (2340 ha), Chowdepalle (1181 ha), Thavanampalle (2773 ha), Gangadharanellore (1483 ha), Chittoor (1385 ha), Palamaner (1188 ha), Baireddipalle (1327 ha), Venkatagirikota (1273 ha), Ramakuppam (1210 ha), Bangarupalem (4163 ha) and Yadamarri (1620 ha).

• Mandal having maximum area under mango:

Bangarupalem - 4163 ha

Pulicherla - 3668 ha

• Mandal having minimum area under mango:

Tirupathi (urban) – 13 ha

Nagalapuram – 47 ha

Area in ha

Chittoor 77637 62464 Ananthapuram 47686 43418 Kadapa 27500 (Source: Brouchure on Flavour of Andhra15864 Pradesh, 2017, Dept. of Horticulture, Govt. of A.P. Visakhapatnam 14023 10520 Srikakulam 10232 9012 Prakasham 8458 6765 Guntur 1062

Fig 2: Area wise distribution of mango in Andhra Pradesh.

Production in MTs

854007 687104 687104 Production in MTs

524546 477598

302500

174504

154253

115720

112552 99132

93038 74415

Fig 3: Production of mango in Andhra Pradesh.

(Source: Brouchure on Flavour of Andhra Pradesh, 2017, Dept. of Horticulture, Govt. of A.P.

2.1 The predominant varieties cultivating in the Chittoor District S.No Name of the variety Area (Ha) 1 Totapuri 37,889 2 Benishan 27,000 3 Neelum 25,000 4 Others 8,524 Total 98,413

2.2 Availability of different varieties of mango in market S.No Name of the variety Availability of the fruit 1 Totapuri June – August 2 Baneshan May – June 3 Neelum July – September 4 Pulihora Round the year 5 Alphanso April – May 6 Rumani June 7 Mallika May 8 Kalepahad June 9 Imampasand May

2.3 Varietal wealth of Andhra Pradesh

 The commercial mango varieties grown are Banganapalli, Suvarnarekha, Neelam, Totapuri etc.

 Varieties suitable for processing are Alphanso and Totapuri.

 Varieties suitable for export are Immampasad, Benishan, Suvarnarekha and Alphonso.

2.4 Varietal wealth of Chittoor district

 The commercial mango varieties grown are

 Banganapalli (Benshan)

 Totapuri

 Neelum

 Mallika

 Alphonso,

 Kesar etc.

2.4.1 Banganapalli (Benishan)

Variety suitable for dry areas; fruit large sized; obliquely oval in shape, golden yellow in colour; good keeping quality; good for canning; biennial in habit.TSS 14-19 % Producing areas: Krishna, East Godavari, West Godavari, Guntur, Prakasham, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Kurnool, Visakhapatnam, Nellore, Kadapa and Ananthapuram.It has got a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, making Andhra Pradesh the proprietor of the variety known for its sweetness.

2.4.2 Totapuri (Bangalora)

Fruits medium-large, oblong shaped with pointed base with golden yellow colour,good keeping quality; used for processing, heavy and regular bearing variety.TSS 14- 16%.Producing areas: Vizianagaram, Visakapatnam, East Godavari, Krishna, Prakasham, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Ananthapuram and Kurnool

2.4.3 Neelum

Fruit shape is oblong oval, color of skin is Greenish Yellow, skin texture is smooth, yellow pulp colour. Late and regular bearer.TSS 19 %.Producing areas: Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Krishna, Prakasham, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Kurnool and Ananthapuram

2.4.4 Mallika: Regular bearer, large fruits of oblong elliptical shape and cadmium yellow coloured. Fruit quality is good.

2.4.5 Alphanso

Grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. Fruit medium in size, ovate oblique in shape, orange yellow in colour; juice is moderate-abundant. Excellent keeping quality, good for pulping and canning; mainly exported as fresh fruit to other countries. Flesh develops spongy tissue.

2.4.6 Kesar

Fruit medium oblong with a red blush on the shoulders, Good keeping quality, ideal for pulping and juice concentrates, early season variety

Banganapalli (Baneshan) Totapuri (Bangalora)

Neelum Mallika

Alphanso Kesar Fig 4: The list of mango varieties grown in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh

2.4 Govt. initiatives for promotion of mango in Andhra Pradesh.

Encouraging good Agriculture practices like INM/ IPM, organic cultivation, rejuvenation and post harvest technologies in large scale for quality production and promotion of export of mango.

The Govt. is providing financial assistance for establishment of pack houses, ripening chambers, integrated pack house and functional market infrastucture etc. under National Horticulture Mission, State plan and RKVY programmes. Rejuvenation of old orchards is another important programme being implemented by the department to improve the productivity of existing old orchards. In association with APEDA the Department is implementing cluster development project for promotion of exports from Andhra Pradesh by registering farmers in APEDA Hortinet website.

3. Materials and methods

To study the value chain analysis of mango in Chittoor district. The data has been collected in the state Andhra Pradesh of Chittoor district in the prescribed format which is enclosed in annexure –I, II, III, IV the total number of farmers are 96, processors are 10, Traders are 21, Nursery units are 13.The detailed surveyed data of farmers, processors, traders, nursery units in the Chittoor district of different mandals are enclosed in annexure V, VI, VII, VIII. The data consists of mango sample growers age, education, land area, production details, processors investment details, Traders details and nursery units. The list of existing processing units in Chittoor district are provided in annexure IX.

Table 3.1 Details of data collected for value chain analysis in Chitoor.

Farmers 96

Processors 10 Traders 21

Nursery units 13 Total 138

Fig 5: Various channels in mango value chain

4. Results

4.1 Nursery units:

Qualitative and quantitative crops can essentially be produced from healthy plants which in turn are produced only when their seedlings/ saplings are vigorous and healthy. Nursery is consequently the basic need growing horticultural crops. Plant propagation techniques and practices is the core of horticulture nurseries. The planting materials for horticultural plantations are raised from seeds and vegetative parts.

We surveyed the following mango growing nurseries in Chittoor district.

Table 4.1 Nursery units and varieties supplied by them in Chittore district

S Name of the Nursery Grower Varieties No Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 1 Dinakar Gardens, Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 2 Prabhakar Nursery Gardens, Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 3 YMN Nursery gardens, Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 4 Sridhar Nursery Gardens, Chittoor Khader Vishnu Teja Nursery Gardens, Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 5 Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 6 Laxmi nursery gardens, Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 7 Srikrishna Nursery Gardens, Chittoor Khader Sri Sai ram Nursery Gardens, Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 8 Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 9 BRR Nursery , Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 10 Suvera Nurseries, Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 11 Chandra nursery gardens, Chittoor Khader Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 12 Horticulture farm, Srikalahasti Khader

Totapuri, Benishan, Neelum, Baganpalli and 13 Horticulture farm, Tirupati Khader

For our convenience we divided the nurseries in to three groups based on their area i) Small scale: area < 10000 m2, ii) Medium scale: area 10000-20000 m2 and iii) Large scale: >20000 m2.

Production details of small scale nursery (area <10000 m2) are shown in Table 4.2. In Totapuri variety total 446 plants were sold at 70 rupees per sapling. The mean gross income gained was Rs. 31,200. In Banishan variety total 617 saplings were sold at 70 rupees per sapling. Mean gross income gained was Rs. 43,200. Total 471 saplings were sold at 70 rupees per sapling and Rs. 33,000 gained in Neelam variety. In Mallika total 386 saplings sold at 70 rupees and Rs. 27,000 gained. In Khader variety total 549 saplings sold at 70 rupees and Rs. 38,400 gained. The total amount gained from all the varieties was Rs. 1,72,800.

Table 4.2: Production details of small scale nursery (area <10000 m2) Mean gross Name of Price per S. No. Quantity sold per year income the variety sapling (Rs) Minimum Maximum Mean 1 Totapuri 0 840 446 70 31200 2 Benishan 360 720 617 70 43200 3 Neelam 300 720 471 70 33000 4 Mallika 0 600 386 70 27000 5 Khader 360 720 549 70 38400 172800

Table 4.3: Cost structure of small scale nursery (area <10000 m2).

Mean total Cost per Particular cost 1000 m2 Raw material 5703 101.8 Seed material 9874 176.3 Fertilizers 19780 353.2 Pesticides 12000 214.3 Irrigation 1000 17.9 Labour 100000 1785.7 148357 2649.2

Cost structure of small scale nursery (area <10000 m2) in rupees are shown in Table 4.3. The mean total cost of raw material required for small scale nursery was Rs. 5703. The seed material available at Rs. 9874. The cost of fertilizers and pesticides was Rs. 19780

17 and Rs. 12000 respectively. The cost on labour was Rs. 100000. The total amount required to spend for small scale nursery was Rs. 148357.

Table 4.4: Production details of medium scale nursery (area 10000-20000 m2) Name of the Price per Mean gross S.No. Quantity sold per year variety sapling income (Rs) Minimum Maximum Mean 1 Totapuri 240 480 345 70 24150 2 Benishan 960 960 960 70 67200 3 Neelam 600 960 780 70 54600 4 Mallika 336 600 504 70 35280 5 Khader 600 960 720 70 50400 231630

Production details of medium scale nursery (area 10000-20000 m2) are shown in Table 4.4. In Totapuri variety total 345 plants were sold at 70 rupees per sapling. The mean gross income gained was Rs. 24,150. In Banishan variety total 960 saplings were sold at 70 rupees per sapling. The mean gross income gained was Rs. 67,200. Total 780 saplings were sold at 70 rupees per sapling and Rs. 54,600 gained in Neelam variety. In Mallika total 504 saplings sold at 70 rupees and Rs. 35,280 gained. In Khader total 504 saplings were sold at 70 rupees and Rs. 50,400 gained. The total amount gained from all the varieties was Rs. 2,31,630. Table 4.5: Cost structure of medium scale nursery (area 10000-20000 m2) in rupees

Particular Mean total cost Cost per 1000 m2 Raw material 6964 130 Seed material 13236 247 Fertilizers 27575 514 Pesticides 12000 224 Irrigation 1200 22 Labour 150000 2799 210975 3936

Cost structure of medium scale nursery (area 10000-20000 m2) in rupees are shown in Table 4.5. For medium scale nursery, mean total cost required of raw material was at Rs. 6964. The seed material available at Rs. 13236. The mean total cost of fertilizers and pesticides is Rs. 27575 and Rs. 12000, respectively. The mean total cost on labour was Rs. 150000. The Mean total cost required to spend for medium scale nursery is Rs. 210975.

Table 4.6: Production details of large scale nursery* (area >20000 m2)

S.N Name of the Quantity sold per year Price per Mean gross o. variety Minimum Maximum Mean sapling income (Rs 1 Totapuri 0 5000 2500 30 75000 2 Benishan 15000 50000 32500 30 975000 3 Neelam 0 5000 2500 30 75000 4 Mallika 5000 10000 7500 30 225000 5 Khader 5000 30000 17500 30 525000 1875000

* Horticulture farm nurseries, Department of Horticulture, A.P.

Production details of large scale nursery (area >20000 m2) are shown in Table 4.6. In Totapuri variety total 2500 plants were sold at 30 rupees per sapling. The mean gross income gained was Rs. 75,000. In Banishan variety total 32,500 saplings were sold at 30 rupees per sapling. The mean gross income gained was Rs. 9,75,000. Total 2500 saplings were sold at 30 rupees per sapling and Rs. 75,000 gained in Neelam variety. In Mallika total 7500 saplings sold at 30 rupees and Rs. 2,25,000 gained. In Khader total 17,500 saplings were sold at 30 rupees and Rs. 5,25,000 gained. The total mean gross income gained from all the varieties was Rs. 18,75,000.

Table 4.7: Cost structure of Large scale nursery (area >20000 m2) in rupees

Particular Mean total cost Cost per 1000 m2 Raw material 127000 1551 Seed material 312500 3817 Fertilizers 625000 7633 Pesticides 75000 916 Irrigation 4000 49 Labour 400000 4885 1543500 18851 Cost structure of Large scale nursery (area >20000 m2) in rupees are shown in Table 4.7. For Large scale nursery, the mean total cost required raw material was Rs. 127000. The seed material available at Rs. 312500. The cost of fertilizers and pesticides was Rs. 625000 and Rs. 75000, respectively. The mean total cost on labour was Rs. 400000. The mean total cost required to spend for large scale nursery was Rs. 1543500.

Table 4.8: Return on Mango nursery units of different scale

Small scale Medium scale Large scale Particulars (<10000 m2) (10000-20000 m2) (>20000 m2) Total cost 148357 210975 1543500 Gross income 172800 231630 1875000 Net income 24443 20655 331500 B:C 0.16 0.10 0.21

Return on Mango nursery units of different scale is shown in Table 4.8. The total cost incurred on small scale nursery was Rs. 1,48,357, on medium scale nursery it was Rs. 2,10,975, whereas for large scale nursery it was Rs. 15,43,500. The gross income of small scale nursery, medium scale nursery and large scale nursery was Rs. 1,72,800, Rs. 2,31,630 and Rs. 18,75,000, respectively. Whereas, net income was Rs. 24,443, Rs. 20,655 and Rs. 3,31,500 for small scale nursery, medium scale nursery and large scale nursery, respectively.

Net income 350000 325000 300000 275000 250000 225000 200000 175000 150000

Net Net income 125000 100000 75000 50000 25000 0 Small scale nursery Medium scale nursery Large scale nursery

Fig 6: Net income of mango nursery units of different scale

4.2 Mango growing farmers:

The survey had done based on different age groups of mango sample growers in Chittoor district of different mandals in which maximum range of the farmers are in the age group of 45-50 years and minimum range of the farmers in the age group of 30-35 years, and the highest number of sample mango growers are present in Bangarupalyam.

Table: 4.9 Age wise Distribution of Mango growers

Mandals S. Tot Age Bangar Irala Thanva Y.V.Pa K.V.Pa Chitoor Chima Others No upalya palli lem lli gorikol al m 1 30-35 ------1 1 2 35-40 - - 2 - - - 1 - 3 3 40-45 11 - 2 3 - - - 2 18 4 45-50 16 14 - - 2 3 - - 35 5 50-55 11 6 - 3 - - - 20 6 55-60 1 4 4 - 1 - - - 10 7 60-65 - - 4 - - - - - 4 8 65-70 - - 4 - 1 - - 5 9 Total 39 24 16 6 4 3 1 3 96

18 16 14 12 30-35 10 8 35-40 6 40-45 4 45-50 2 50-55 0 55-60

60-65

Irala

others chitoor

k.v.palli 65-70

y.v.palem

Thanvapalli

Chimagorikol Bangarupalyam Mandals

Fig 7: Age wise Distribution of Mango growers The survey had done based on different levels of education of mango sample growers in Chittoor district of different mandals in which maximum level of the growers are intermediate and next level are below 10th.

Table: 4.10 Distribution of Sample Mango Growers by level of Education

Mandals S.N Tot Education o Bangaru Irala Thanv Y.V.P K.V Chitto Chimagori 0the al palyam apalli alem Palli or kol rs 1 Below`10th 16 14 3 1 2 - - 2 38 2 SSC 3 2 6 3 2 2 1 - 19 3 Intermedia 19 8 4 3 - 1 - - 35 te 4 Degree 1 - 3 - - - - - 4 5 Total 39 24 16h 6 4 3 1 2 96

The survey had done in different mandals of Chittoor the total land is 282 acres in that bangarupalyam farmers ranged majority and maximum no of farmers holding the area of 2.5 - 5.0 acres

20 Below`10th 18 ssc Intermediate 16 Degree 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Irala

0thers

K.V Palli K.V

Chittoor

Y.V.Palem

Thanvapalli

Chimagorikol Bangarupalyam Mandals

Fig 8: Distribution of sample mango growers by level of education.

Table 4.12 Land Size Distributions of Sample Orchards (in Acre)

Mandals

S.No Area Banga Irala Thanvap Y.V.Pal K.V.Pal Chitoo Chima Others rupaly alli em li r goriko am l 1 Below 2.5 2 11 - - 1 2 - - 2 2.5-5.0 29 13 1 1 1 1 - - 3 5.01-10 4 - 4 4 2 - - 3 4 10.01-25 - - 3 1 - - 1 - 5 Total 35 24 8 6 4 3 1 3 82 The study conducted and surveyed in different mandals of Chittoor in that Majority have mango orchards in the maximum range of 2.5 to 5.0 ha and minimum range of mango orchards of 5.01-10

Table 4.13 Area wise Distribution of sample mango orchards (Area in acre)

Mandals

S.N Area Bangar Irala Thanv Y.V.P K.V Chitto Chima others Total o upalya apalli alem Palli or gorikol m 1 Below 19 12 - - 2 2 - - 35 2.5 2 2.5-5.0 19 5 11 1 3 1 1 4 44 3 5.01-10 7 - 6 7 - - - - 20 4 10.01-25 ------5 Total 45 17 17 8 5 3 1 4 99 The survey had done in Chittoor district of different mandals in that farmers are growing Major varieties are Totapuri, Benishan, Alphonso.

Table 4.14 Varietal Distribution of Sample Mango Orchards

No Of Farmers Growing In Different Mandals Varetial S.N Banga Chima Tot Distributio Thanv Y.V.P K.V.P Chitoo o rupaly Irala goriko others al n apalli alem alli r am l 1 Totapuri 39 25 15 2 1 3 - - 85 2 Bensihan 22 9 12 3 4 2 1 2 55 3 Alphonso 12 4 5 - 1 - - - 22 4 Mallika 2 4 - 4 3 1 - 2 15 5 Neelum 2 1 3 - 2 1 2 - 11 6 Kesar 1 1 ------2

Table 4.15: Establishment cost of mango orchard per acre in Chittoor district during first year

Mean % of total PARTICULARS Minimum Maximum Rs/ acre cost Fencing 0 33333 5229 10.0 Digging pits 1000 25000 3477 6.6 Manures & fertilizers 1000 50000 16407 31.4 Seed/transportation 0 25000 4646 8.9 Inter cultivation 0 25000 4469 8.5 Irrigation 0 33333 5552 10.6 Labour 1250 42857 11574 22.1 Land tax/year 150 6667 253 0.5 Miscellaneous 0 333 4 0.0 Total cost 51611

The details of establishment cost of mango orchard per acre in Chittoor district during first year is presented in Table 4.15. The total costs incurred during first year of mango cultivation amounted to Rs. 51611. It can be seen that among different operational costs, manures and fertilizers formed the major item with Rs. 16,407 (31.4 per cent). Next to manures and fertilizers, cost of labour charges formed the major item of expenditure which worked out to Rs. 11,574 (22.1 per cent) followed by irrigation (10.6 per cent), fencing (10.0 per cent) and seed/transportation (8.9 per cent), inter cultivation (8.5 per cent) and digging of pits (6.6 per cent). Table 4.16: Maintenance cost of mango during 2nd to 6th year

2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year Particulars/ye % of % of % of % of % of Rs/ac Rs/ac Rs/ac Rs/ac Rs/ac ar total total total total total re re re re re cost cost cost cost cost 433 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gap filling Manuring 833 8.5 433 7.4 400 8.0 655 12.4 900 15.4 Fertilizers 1333 13.7 1167 20.1 1100 22.0 1117 21.2 1183 20.3 Irrigation 433 4.4 317 5.4 400 8.0 383 7.3 500 8.6 Inter 2733 28.0 1000 17.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 cultivation Plant 833 8.5 550 9.5 667 13.3 675 12.8 900 15.4 protection Land tax 100 1.0 100 1.7 100 2.0 100 1.9 100 1.7 Labour 3050 31.3 2250 38.7 2333 46.7 2333 44.3 2250 38.6 9750 5816 5000 5263 5833

Maintenance cost of mango during 2nd to 6th year are presented in Table 4.16. The total costs incurred during 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th year were Rs. 9750, Rs. 5816, Rs. 5000, Rs. 5263 and Rs. 5833, respectively. The operations such as watering and weeding required more human labour requirement. Costs incurred towards labour during 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th year were Rs.3050.00 (31.3 per cent), Rs.2250.00 (38.7 per cent), Rs.2333.00 (46.7 per cent), Rs.2333.00 (44.3 per cent) and 2250.00 (38.6 per cent), respectively. Costs incurred towards human labour were increased from 2nd to 4th year and decreased from 4th to 6th year. It was mainly due to the operations such as watering the plants, weeding, application of manures and fertilizers and intercultural operations demanded more labour requirement in the earlier years. Inter cultivation was taken up till 2nd and 3rd year only. Costs incurred towards Manures and fertilizers during 2nd to 6th year ranged from Rs 833 to Rs.900 and Rs. 1333 to Rs. 1183, respectively. Plant protection chemicals were applied from 2nd year onwards and the expenditure on which came to Rs. 900 (15.4 per cent). As the plants grew up watering the plants gradually increased, which raised the cost from Rs. 433 (4.4 per cent) to Rs 500 (8.6 per cent). Gap filling was done only in 2nd year. Table 4.17: Maintenance cost of mango during 6th to 32nd year

6 to 10 years 11 to 20 year 21 to 32 years % of % of % of Rs/acre total cost Rs total cost Rs total cost Gap filling Manuring 675 11.4 552 9.5 565 9.6 Fertilizers 1230 20.7 1270 21.9 1262 21.5 Irrigation 525 8.8 525 9.0 524.5 8.9 Inter cultivation 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 Plant protection 909.5 15.3 858 14.8 910 15.5 Land tax 100 1.7 100 1.7 100 1.7 Labour 2500 42.1 2500 43.1 2500 42.7 Sum 5939.5 5805 5861.5

Maintenance cost of mango during 6th to 32nd year is given in the Table 4.17. The total costs incurred towards mango cultivation during 6 to 10 years were Rs. 5939.5, 11 to 20 years were Rs. 5805 and 21 to 32 were Rs. 5861.5. Total costs were almost of the same magnitude with little variations.

The costs incurred on labour charges took major share from 6th to 32nd year. As the age of the orchard increased, yield of the orchard, application of fertilizers, plant protection measures, irrigation requirement also increased, which subsequently demanded more labour.

The total costs incurred towards fertilizer application in 6th to 10th year was Rs. 1230 (20.7 per cent), in 11th to 20th year was 1270 (21.9 per cent) and in 21st to 32nd year was Rs. 1262 (21.5 per cent). The cost incurred on fertilizers was more in 11-20 years time period and it was decreased in 20-32 years time duration. The reason might be that as the economic life of orchard was on the decline, not much care was taken in performing different operations by the farmers. The total costs incurred towards manure application in 6th to 10th year was Rs. 675 (11.4 per cent), in 11th to 20th year was 552 (9.5 per cent) and in 21st to 32nd year was Rs. 565 (9.6 per cent).

The total costs incurred on plant protection during 6th to 10th year was Rs. 909.5 (15.3 per cent), during 11th to 20th year was 858 (14.8 per cent) and during 21st to 32nd year was Rs. 910 (15.5 per cent).

Table 4.18: Return on mango orchard per acre in different aged orchards

Particulars 1 2 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 32 Yield (t/acre) 0 0 5.3 7.2 6.8 Cost (Rs/acre) 51611 6457 5940 5805 5862 Returns 42400 57600 54400 (Rs/acre)* Net income -51611 -6457 36460 51795 48538 *Mango selling price ranged between Rs. 8-12 per kg in the market. Rs. 8/ kg i.e. least price considered to calculate gross returns.

Return on mango orchard per acre in different aged orchards is presented in Table 4.18. Mango grafts commence bearing from 5th year onwards. Earlier, stray fruits may appear on the tree but it is advisable not to allow them to mature. Good yields are obtained from 6th year onwards.

During 6-10 year an acre of mango orchard yielded 5.3 tonnes, during 11-20 year 7.2 tonnes and during 21-32 year, it is reduced to 6.8 tonnes. This could be attributed to the fact that production increased with increase in age, then stabilised and decreased thereafter.

The gross return from the orchard ranged from Rs 42,400 during 6-10 year duration, Rs. 57,600 during 11-20 year duration and Rs. 54,400 during 2-32 year duration. The net return ranged from Rs -51,611 in 1st year to Rs 48,538 in 32nd year.

4.3 Post harvest: Mangoes are generally harvested at maturity and ripened for optimum quality. Fruits are handpicked and plucked with a harvester. The best way to observe maturity in mango is color of the pulp, which turns cream to light yellow on maturity. The harvesting needs to be done in the morning hours and fruits should be collected in plastic trays and kept in shades. The fruits harvested with 8-10 mm long stalks appear better on ripening as undesired spots on skin caused by sap burn are prevented. Such fruits are less prone to stem-end rot and other storage diseases. The post- harvest losses in mangoes have been estimated in the range of 20- 30 percent from harvesting to consumption stage (Table 4.19) Table 4.19. Preliminary screening of food losses in the selected food supply chain (FSC)

Mango Pulp in Chittoor district

Step in the Expected Critical Loss Points Comments/Remarks FSC Quantitative Qualitative

Production 5-10 % 5 %  Pre-harvest losses due to climatic and conditions, diseases, and pests Harvesting  Physical damage of fruits due to improper harvesting

Sorting 10 % 2 %  Culled fruits are sometimes lost and completely or sold for less value grading depending on the demand

Ripening– 10-15% 20 %  Due to improper handling and Traditional non-standard process Process

Ripening – 3-6 % 10 %  Due to internal injuries, fungal Ripening infections, over maturity Chambers

Harvesting– In order to reduce value loss and to remove the field heat, the produce should be harvested during the coolest part of the day, i.e. in the morning. Grading- A preliminary grading is done immediately after harvesting at the field level. The mangoes are graded according to size and maturity.

Desapping– Matured mangoes exude large amount of sap from the cut stem. As the sap contain lots of resorcinol (oil), which burns the mango skin if contracted by the sap, the mangoes are desapped by placing them in framework in an inverted position for two hours to completely remove the sap from the fruit. Processing– After the desapping process, the mango is processed in a post-harvest treatment line having following operations in a common facility center (pack house). 4.4 Processing units:

The data has been surveyed that Maximum no of processors are preparing mango pulp

Table 4.20 Processing industries of Mango in Chittoor dist, that were surveyed.

S Value added Name No products

1 Tasa food pvt ltd, kottapalli(vellore) Mango pulp A.Shashidaran, Abhishek shasidharan, Geetha shashidaran, Sun gold 2 Mango pulp processed foods , Madupollur,Nalagampalli, Bangarupalem

3 Shashidar, Tropic fruit products, madras cross/pallur,Gudipalem Mango pulp

K. Govardhana Bobby, Suvera Processed Foods Pvt. Ltd, Aramgonda 4 Mango pulp Road, Thavanampalli (M),Chittoor

G. Jayaprakash Reddy, Ranga fruit products, Madras cross road, Pallur, 5 Mango pulp Gudipala(M), Chittoor D. Srihari, E. Balaji Reddy, New Ranga Fruit Products, Gopalapuram 6 Mango pulp (V), Narigepalli (P), Vellore, Chittoor

Tanveer, RMM foods products, Gangasagaram (V), Reddigunta (P), 7 Mango pulp Vellore, Chittoor

S. Ramesh, Navya Foods Pvt Ltd., Mudigolam(V), Irala (P), 8 Mango pulp Chittoor(D)

J. Shiva Kumar, Sri Manjunatha Fruit Canning Industries, Door No. 2- 9 1086/1 , Opp: Sherman girls School,Kongareddy pally, Chittoor, Mango pulp Partnership base (6 Members)

M/S Maruti Fruit Canning industries, Village Gajulapply, Mandal 10 Mango pulp Thavanampally. Dr. S. Anand Naidu.

Table 4.21 Age wise Distribution of Mango processors

S. Mandals Tot N Age Bangaru Gudipale Thavana Narigepa Vellore Irala Kongare al o palyam m palli lli ddy palli 1 45-50 - - 1 - - 1 1 3 2 50-55 - - - - - 1 - 1 3 60-65 1 ------1 4 65-70 - 1 - 1 - - - 2 7 Maximum no of processors are in the age group of 45-50

Table 4.22 Education level of mango processors

Mandal S.N Educatio Tot o n Bangar Gudipal Thavan Narigep Vellore Irala Kongar al upalya em apalli alli eddy m palli 1 Graduate 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 9

Cost of processing in aseptic units presented in Table 4.23. These costs were spilt into variable costs and fixed costs. The total cost of processing was Rs.2026.8 lakh. Of this, fixed cost constituted nearly 12.6 per cent of which the major items were salaries to percent employee (Rs. 178.8 lakh), depreciation on machinery (Rs. 47.6 lakh) and interest on fixed capital (Rs. 19.5 lakh) and rest of the items were of minor importance.

Variable cost constituted over 87.4 per cent in total cost. Among the variable costs, the major items were cost of packing material (Rs. 925.0 lakh) and cost of raw material purchased (Rs. 781.2 lakh). Power charge and labour costs incurred were Rs. 37.5 lakh and Rs. 28.0 lakh, respectively.

Table 4.23: Cost of processing in aseptic units

Particulars Costs (in Rs Percentage Fixed cost lakh) of total cost Salaries to percent employee 178.8 8.8 Depreciation on building 6.8 0.3 Depreciation on machinery 47.6 2.3 Depreciation on effluent treatment plant 2.3 0.1 Interest on fixed capital 19.5 1.0 Total Fixed cost 255.0 12.6 Variable cost Cost of raw material purchased (including Transportation 781.2 38.5 Cost of packing material 925.0 45.6 Power charge 37.5 1.9 Labour 28.0 1.4 Other raw material 0.1 0.0 Total variable cost 1771.7 87.4 Total cost 2026.8

Table 4.24 provides information on Investment particulars of mango processing unit with aseptic packing. The total investment of aseptic packing units which do processing was around Rs. 1248.1 lakh.

The major item of investment was on machinery, on which the amount spent was Rs. 1029.4 lakh and accounted for nearly 82.5 per cent of total investment. Among investment on machinery, aseptic steriliser cum fillers constituted 61.3 per cent of total investment (Rs. 765.0 lakh). The investment on pasteurizers and tip cutting machine was also high i. e., Rs. 113.3 lakh (9.1 per cent) and Rs. 40.0 lakh (3.2 per cent).

The next item of importance was the investment on Supporting machine, on which an amount of Rs. 218.8 lakh was spent and this formed 17.5 per cent of total investment. Among the Supporting machine the important item was transformers (Rs. 132.0 lakh), fork lift (Rs. 92.7 lakh) and water efficient treatment plant (Rs. 50.0 lakh) which together constituted 22 per cent of total investment.

Table 4.24: Investment particulars of mango processing unit with aseptic packing

Particulars Costs Percentage Details of machinery (in Rs lakh) of total cost Fruit washing machine Tip cutting machine 40.0 3.2 Belt conveyor 28.8 2.3 Destoner 26.7 2.1 Pulpers 19.8 1.6 Preheaters 29.5 2.4 Decanters 31.8 2.5 Pasteuizers 113.3 9.1 Balance tanks 12.0 1.0 Aseptic steriliser cum fillers 765.0 61.3 Total cost for machinery 1029.4 82.5 Supporting machine Boilers 20.5 1.6 Generators 23.5 1.9 Cooling towers 11.0 0.9 Chillrs 18.3 1.5 Transformers 132.0 10.6 Fork lift 92.7 7.4 RO plant 8.0 0.6 Water efficient treatment plant 50.0 4.0 Total cost 218.8 17.5 Grand total 1248.1 Table 4.25 furnishes the details about Cost of processing in canning units. These costs were split into fixed costs and variable costs. The total fixed costs amounted to Rs.167.5 lakh which constituted 22.4 per cent of total costs (Rs.747.6 lakh). The total variable costs amounted to Rs.580.1 lakh, which constituted nearly 77.6 per cent of total costs

Among the fixed costs, the major items were depreciation on machinery (Rs. 87.4 lakh), interest on fixed capital (Rs. 59.1 lakh), salaries to percent employee (Rs 11.3 lakh) and depreciation on building (Rs. 8.5 lakh).

The major items of variable costs were Cost of packing material (Rs. 250.0 lakh), followed by Cost of raw material purchased (including Transportation (Rs 241.4lakh), Labour (Rs. 65.5 lakh) and Power charge (Rs. 23.1 lakh).

Table 4.25: Cost of processing in canning units

Particulars Costs (in Percentage Fixed cost Rs lakh) of total cost Salaries to percent employee 11.3 1.5 Depreciation on building 8.5 1.1 Depreciation on machinery 87.4 11.7 Depreciation effluent treatment plant 1.2 0.2 Interest on fixed capital 59.1 7.9 Total fixed cost 167.5 22.4 Variable cost Cost of raw material purchased (including Transportation 241.4 32.3 Cost of packing material 250.0 33.4 Power charge 23.1 3.1 Labour 65.5 8.8 Total variable cost 580.1 77.6 Total cost 747.6

Table 4.26 provides information on Investment particulars of mango processing unit with canning for raw fruit. The total investment of mango processing unit with canning for raw fruit was around Rs. 1115.8 lakh.

These investments were split into machinery and supporting machine. The major item of investment was on machinery, on which the amount spent was Rs. 729.0 lakh and accounted for nearly 65.3 per cent of total investment. Among investment on machinery, aseptic steriliser cum fillers constituted 25.4 per cent of total investment (Rs. 283.3 lakh). The investment on fruit washing machine and pasteurizers was also high i. e., Rs. 180.9 lakh (16.2 per cent) and Rs. 106.0 lakh (9.5 per cent). The investment on tip cutting machine and belt conveyor was 30.0 lakh and 15.0 lakh, respectively. Also, the investment on pulpers, preheaters and destoner was Rs. 12.3 lakh, Rs. 10.8 lakh and Rs. 10.7 lakh. Rest of items were of minor importance as these costs constituted less than 5 per cent of total costs.

The next item of importance was the investment on Supporting machine, on which an amount of Rs. 386.8 lakh was spent and this formed 34.7 per cent of total investment. Among the Supporting machine the important item was transformers (Rs. 300.0 lakh), boilers (Rs. 49.1 lakh), fork lift (Rs. 20.0 lakh) and generators (Rs. 1.9 lakh) which together constituted 34.2 per cent of total investment.

Table 4.26: Investment particulars of mango processing unit with canning for raw fruit

Particulars Costs (in Percentage of Details of machinery Rs lakh) total cost Fruit washing machine 180.9 16.2 Tip cutting machine 30.0 2.7 Belt conveyor 15.0 1.3 Destoner 10.7 1.0 Pulpers 12.3 1.1 Preheaters 10.8 1.0 Decanters 50.0 4.5 Pasteuizers 106.0 9.5 Balance tanks 8.0 0.7 Reforming tanks 9.0 0.8 Scaling machinery 3.0 0.3 Retarts 2.0 0.2 Electric hoist machinery 8.0 0.7 Aseptic sterlizer cum fillers 283.3 25.4 Total cost of machinery 729.0 65.3 Supporting machine Boilers 49.1 4.4 Generators 11.9 1.1 Cooling towers 3.8 0.3 Chillrs 2.0 0.2 Transformers 300.0 26.9 Fork lift 20.0 1.8 Total supporting machine cost 386.8 34.7 Total cost 1115.8

Infrastructure availability in Chittoor district:

Total No. of Processing Units 85 No.

a) Aseptic units (200 Kg. pckg) 15

b) Canning units (3.1 Kg. pckg) 70

c) Aggregate Production Capacity 4,500 M. Tons / day

d) Cold Storage Units 12

Mango has huge scope for its different kind of processing products mentioned below in the table 4.27

Table 4.27: Different kinds of mango products

Mango products Raw Green mango Ripe mango

Pickles, Amchoor, Mango Beverages Pulp, Mango jelly, Beverage, slices Squash, Mango leather

But in Chittor district people are going only for pulp, because of pulp industry monopoly. However the pulp industries could process only around 4,05,000 MT of mango, which is 47.2% of produced mango. There is still huge scope for other processing industries like mango jelly, squash, beverages and pickles. However Galla group has started preparation of beverages from mango, still there should be great need of encouraging other processing materials. Existing Mango market yards in Chittoor district: Five no.

1. Chittoor

2. Bangarupalem

3 . Pakala(Damalcheruvu)

4. Tirupati

5. Puttur

4.5 Export of mango from Chittoor:

From the total production i.e. 854007 MT only 208 tons (0.2 MT) was exported during 2016 by different processing industries. In 2017 only 90 tons of fresh fruits were

34 exported to Singapore and Malasia. The details of exports during 2016 were as follows in table 4.28

Table 4.28: Status of exports during 2016

Name of the Variety Quantity exported Exported countries exporters Vistas investments Baneshan 58 tons Singapore, Brunei, south east countries Life style solutions Beneshan, Alphanso 70 tons Malaysia Srini Food Park Baneshan, Alphanso 35 tons Japan, UK, Singapore Kishan suvida Baneshan 20 tons USA producers ltd CCD Baneshan 25tons Malaysia Total 208 tonnes However the exports during 2012-13 and 2013-14 were significantly greater the details were as follows

Table 4.29. Exports of mango and its products during 2012-13

Sl. Quantity Value Name of Commodity Destination No. (M.T.s) (Rs. in Crores) 1 Mango fresh fruit 149 0.49 Middle East countries, 2 Mango Pulp 1,85,000 616.86 Singapore, Sri Lanka

Table 4.30: Exports of mango and its products during 2013-14

Sl.No Name of the product Quantity exported 1 Totapuri mango pulp 1,02,670.75 MT 2. Alphanso mango pulp 10761.39 MT 3. Fresh Mango fruits 27,057 kg 4. Mango concentrate 7224.84 mt

Andhra Pradesh in producing great amount of mango with high quality still there is very tiny amount of mango is exporting. The major constraints are as follows. a. European union imposing high duties for Indian Agri products like fruits, vegetables, fruits puree & concentrates, spices, nuts e.t.c, but they are not charging duties for many other countries, accordingly the importers willing to buy same products from other countries, because they are getting goods at low price.

35 b. For example: Andhra Pradesh mainly Chittoor district producing lot of Mango and other fruits Pulp, Concentrate, but exporters from Andhra Pradesh able to export very less volume of concentrates, because duty is 12% above, accordingly the processors are reducing the raw material price at farm level to offer competitive price with other countries in international market, which is directly impacting on farmers economically.. c. The sea and transport freights are too much variable, hence requesting you to support with transport cost subsidies for exported goods from Andhra Pradesh. d. The export packing material costs are varying frequently, hence requesting you to support with packing material cost subsidies for exported goods from Andhra Pradesh.

Export Promotion Strategies 1. Strengthening infrastructure base, 2. Efficient post harvest management, 3. Improved packaging, 4. Including new markets, 5. Improving cold storage and transportation logistics, 6. Developing India brand mangoes and campaigning abroad about the quality, 7. Promoting an efficient export marketing network to optimize export, and 8. Setting up of more quality control laboratories in the Export Processing Zones.

4.6 Farmer producer organisations:

Farmer producer organisation (FPO) is collectivization of Producers especially small and marginal farmers so as to form an effective association to collectively address many challenges of agriculture effectively such as improved access to investment, technology, inputs and markets. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India has identified ‘Farmer Producer Organizations ‘registered under the special provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 as the most appropriate Institutional form around which the mobilization of farmers is to be made for building their capacity to collectively leverage their production and marketing strength. The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (MoA) has setup ‘Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium’ (SFAC), a society under DAC, as designated Agency to act as a single window for Technical support, Training needs, Research and Knowledge management and to create linkages to investment, Technology and Markets. SFAC provides all round support to State Governments FPOs and other entities engaged in promotion and development of FPOs

In order to significantly improve the terms of smallholder farmers’ access to the market and strengthen their position in agri-value chains, it is gradually being realized that if federated; small farmers can easily bargain for better prices, both while buying inputs and selling their produce. This belief has led to the concept of establishing “Farmer Producer Organizations” (FPOs) in the country. Besides, in the backdrop of the previous experiences of the poor performance of traditional cooperatives in India, it was felt that there was a need to give more freedom to cooperatives to operate as business entities in a competitive market. Small Farmers’ Organizations such as FPOs are expected to overcome the constraints of farmers imposed by the small size of their individual farms by leveraging the collective strength and bargaining power to access financial and non-financial inputs, services and technologies (Braverman et al. 1991; SFAC 2014); enhance incomes, reduce costs of input purchases along with transaction costs, create opportunities for involvement in value-addition including processing, distribution and marketing (Welsh 1997; Agarwal 2010). Furthermore, there is a growing realization that the farmer’s share in consumers’ price is still substantially low, if we wish to bring a transformation in agricultural sector to improve the livelihoods of smallholders, new institutional arrangement has to be made for interventions in post-harvest handling and marketing the produce from the farm gate till it reaches the consumer (Shepherd 2007). As a result, the focus of development has shifted from enhancement of production to market connectivity, which also resonates with the overarching strategy of Inclusive Market- Oriented Development (IMOD). It emphasizes on harnessing markets for smallholder farmers combined with research for development (ICRISAT 2011).

In Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh there were 14 FPOs were registered with department of Horticulture. In these FPOs 2404 farmers are enrolled covering 5560 ha of land. Under which 4500 ha were enrolled for sole mango. The particulars of FPOs were mentioned in the following table.

Table 4.31 List of FPOs in Chittoor district

S.No Name of FPOs/FPCs No. of Mandal Crop details farmers enrolled under FPO 1 Maathota Mutually Aided Coperative 1000 Tirupathi Fruits and society Ltd Vegetables 2 Kisan suvidh farmers Producer 425 C.G.Gallu Fruits and company ltd Vegetables

3 Kanipaka vinayaka swamy rythu 13 Kampalem Vegetables sangam (Gourds) 4 Sri Sai Mulasthanamma Mutually 12 Vayalpad Vegetables aided co-operative society pvt ltd (Tomato, Brinjal, Gourds) 5 Sri siddeswara Rythu Seva mutually 370 Y.V.Pale Mango aided cooperative society pvt ltd m 6 Sri Balaji Horticulture farmers 16 Kalikiri Fruits and mutually aided cooperative society Vegetables pvt ltd 7 Sri Balaji Horticulture farmers 16 Kalkiri Fruits and mutually aided co-operative society Vegetables limited 8 Balaji Farmers producer mutually 23 C.G.Gallu Aided Cooperative society ltd 9 Mellacheruvu watershed mutually 80 C.G.Gallu Aided cooperative society ltd Mango & 10 Bodieddygaripalli watershed mutually 196 C.G.Gallu Vegetables Aided Cooperative society Ltd 11 Thummachenupalli watershed 132 C.G.Gallu mutually Aided cooperative society

12 Sri Lakshmi Vinayaka farmers 15 Kalikiri

society

13 Sri obuleswara swamy farmers 11 Vayalpad society 14 Vankamaddivaripalliwatershed 95 C.G.Gallu mutually aided cooperative society ltd. The major problems identified by the FPOs in the mango production and value chain analysis

1. Production was not a problem under these FPOs as they are also maintaining Agriclinics their self hence they get technical support in production.

2. Still some farmers are not following some technology like pruning, those want to follow the technology are facing shortage of labour.

3. Farmers who has not enrolled under the FPOs were not known the technical procedure for pruning

4. Farmers are not following the recommended package of practices, while spaying some farmers are using high dosages of chemicals.

5. Marketing facility and minimum support price are the main problems of mango farmers.

6. Andhra Pradesh in producing great amount of mango with high quality still there is very tiny amount of mango is exporting. The major constraints are as follows. a. European union imposing high duties for Indian Agri products like fruits, vegetables, fruits puree & concentrates, spices, nuts e.t.c, but they are not charging duties for many other countries, accordingly the importers willing to buy same products from other countries, because they are getting goods at low price. b. For example: Andhra Pradesh mainly Chittoor district producing lot of Mango and other fruits Pulp, Concentrate, but exporters from Andhra Pradesh able to export very less volume of concentrates, because duty is 12% above, accordingly the processors are reducing the raw material price at farm level to offer competitive price with other countries in international market, which is directly impacting on farmers economically.. c. The sea and transport freights are too much variable, hence requesting you to support with transport cost subsidies for exported goods from Andhra Pradesh.. d. The export packing material costs are varying frequently, hence requesting you to support with packing material cost subsidies for exported goods from Andhra Pradesh.

The probable solutions identified:

1. Mango cultivation in Chittore district could be improved by providing technical support to the farmers from government end. Where Horticultural Officers are more or less busy in supplying inputs rather providing technical support. Hence govt. should deviate HO from supply job to technical job.

2. Mango pruning machinery should be brought from the other countries and provide farmers on rent basis.

3. Encourage FPOs to establish their own processing units, integrated pack house by providing subsidy and other inputs.

4. To ensure the farmers price, government should action to reduce Europe duty through central government and government shall pay equaling amount as incentive to exporters till duty relaxation order by European union, government shall pay the transport and packing material subsidies, all of these will ensure the farm good prices and high Agri volume exports from Andhra Pradesh.

5. Constraints faced by farmers

1. Cultivation Aspects:

o Lack of availability of genuine plant material. Thus small and marginal farmers are often deceived. Orchard management is not proper among many of the farmers. Improper spacing, soil type, variety, rainfall/ irrigation, etc. giving rise to poor yield.

o Some farmers follow blanket fertilizer doses, which are not based on soil type, irrigation and plant conditions. No effort to minimize irregular bearing by adopting suitable cultural practices, like open canopy management, pruning, adequate manuring, etc.

o Fruit drop (premature) has been a problem for certain farmers. They opined that even after careful farming, mangoes were infected with spots (mangu diseases), which did not fetch remunerative prices. However, in most cases, the farmers tended to take the advice of local fertilizer/ pesticide dealers for its control, which often failed. Where as application of recommended doses of plant growth regulators at the appropriate stages of fruit growth, following of proper plant nutrition, Plant protection measures and cultural practices, especially irrigation schedule, could have greatly reduced the fruit drop.

2. Inadequate Extension Services

Lack of training and awareness creation on various cultivation practices for producing good quality mango among farmers. Growers have no adequate knowledge on good agricultural practices. Horticultural officers are not adequately posted in the district for providing the required extension services. There is inadequate awareness on post-harvest needs and its technology among the mango growers and traders.

3. Infrastructural Bottlenecks

It has been reported that more than 20-30 per cent of the produce is lost in the post- harvest operations. This is mainly because of factors like non-availability of proper infrastructure in terms of facilities for handling the produce, poor transport and storage facilities. For distant markets and exports, infrastructure in the form of pack houses with automatic sorting, washing, waxing, packing, pre-cooling, storage and marketing has not developed commensurate with the level of production and export prospects. The poor transportation and road condition coupled with inappropriate packing and temperatures as

40 high as 40 °C further deteriorates the quality. The price of mangoes in international market fluctuates on daily basis and long period of journey reduces the freshness as also price realization for mangoes. Grading standards are not uniform and limited to a few varieties and that too are not mandatory.

4. Lack of Export Promotion and International Competition Strategies

International trade demands mango varieties that are with fibre-less flesh, good aroma, attractive colour (preferably red, pink, purple or yellow) and better sugar and acid blend. Efforts are not being made to produce and grade mango, based on such tastes and varieties. India’s major marketing season is April to July, whereas it is produced round the year in Brazil, Colombia, Kenya and Venezuela. Very big mango orchards of a single variety of size ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ha area have come up in those countries, keeping an eye on export market, which requires consistent bulk supply of uniform good quality. Growers, fruit size and shape improvement, under-nourished trees cannot exhibit correct shape and size of the fruits. Canopy management need to be stressed to achieve the desirable leaf size. Uniformity of shape and color exhibition. An attractive shape is always appealing to the buyer. Colour development and bright exhibition are possible with exposure of the fruit to solar light and temperature, through canopy management, adequate nourishment and timely harvest. Early harvests always lack good colour development on ripening.

5. Blemishes / Scars on Fruits:

Different types of blemishes and scars on the fruit make it unattractive for marketing and get rejected while grading. Various causes for the occurrence of blemishes / scars need to be identified and suitable remedial measures may be taken up to reduce such occurrences. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), has introduced mango varieties, which have an acidic-sweet taste. They have developed a technology to prevent infection of mango fruit by insects. Exporters and traders, export promotion strategies, strengthening infrastructure base, efficient post harvest management, improved packaging, including new markets, improving cold storage and transportation logistics, developing India brand mangoes and campaigning abroad about the quality, promoting an efficient export marketing network to optimize export, and setting up of more quality control laboratories in the export processing zones.

6. Post -harvest Infrastructure

Since the creation of post-harvest infrastructure requires huge capital investment initially, its creation has to be considered on merit so that the proposed infrastructure remains in operation for atleast 200-250 days in a year. Creation of collection centres with facilities of sorting, grading, transportation and marketing in nearby urban areas requires to be stressed.

A. Pack House

For distant markets and exports, establishment of pack houses with automatic sorting, washing, waxing, packing, precooling, storage and marketing on large scale could be considered by public and private sector. These facilities could be made available on hire basis to the farmers. Certain criteria like, urban areas with concentrated pockets of production, having good connectivity, availability of electricity, water round the year and hygienic surroundings etc, need to be considered for setting up of pack houses. The pack houses need to have adequate capacity and should have a pre cooling unit/ cold storage. Provision of refrigerated / insulated van to have cold chain up to marketing point may also be considered in the pack house with the aim to market quality graded products

B. Cold Storage

The development of adequate cold storage capacity with latest technology/ cold chain would help in increasing the shelf life minimizing post-harvest losses through proper storage and help the farmers in taking timely marketing decision. Cold storages with multi-chamber/ multi-commodity facilities need to be popularized.

C. Vapour Heat Treatment Plant

There is a need to establish one Vapour Heat Treatment Plant (VHTP) to sort out the problem of fruit fly, which is the main hindrance for exporting mangoes to Japan, USA and European countries.

D. Rail, Air and Road Transport

Mangoes are transported in trucks, open pickup or bigger trucks. Specialized transport vehicles should be used, which may have separate cabins and partial shades so that losses during transport are minimized. For export purpose, mango is being transported to Chennai air port. Cargo flights need to be introduced for mango.

E. Capacity Building

There is a shortage of trained and skilled manpower for the management and operations at field level and need to create world class mango orchards, for which capacity

42 building needs to be initiated. An effective technology transfer system (ETTS) may be promoted to take up technology development/ transfer to the mango growers/ processor.

F. Processors

• Not to charge electricity bill in off season • GST effect before GST tax was 5% now it is 12% • Government or banks not giving loans to start processing units • Government should promote mango products

Traders:

Farmers going directly to processing units

• Farmers claiming that 5% commission is more to reduce commission percent

• Export business is declining

• Entering of big traders so that losing scope for small traders

• Ripening chamber problem in mango yards

• Heavy competition

• Buyers are not coming forward

G. Nursery units

Government not giving license till date, Facing transportation problem and losses facing pest problem.

H. Marketing

Middlemen are considered as a necessary evil in the marketing system. Two types of measures need to be directed for controlling the activities of middlemen. These are regulating the marketing of mango, and creating alternative channels of trade for marketing of mango. It is a known fact that the present commission levied by the commission agents is nearly 4-10 per cent of the total value. But the commission charges fixed under the APMC Act of the State may be 1 to 1.5 per cent. To correct the situation, it is necessary to have a dialogue with the traders and fix a reasonable commission (4-6%), which may partly be borne by sellers and buyers instead of sellers alone paying it as at present. This type of realistic approach may give results in getting the markets regulated and prevent other losses in weighing, handling etc. It is suggested that creating producers cooperative organizations will solve most of the problems and increase the bargaining power. But marketing is a specialized activity and

43 producer cooperatives consisting of small growers cannot undertake the job. So it is necessary to create marketing organizations, which can take care of marketing as well as trade in mango. The main features of the organizations may include establishment of collection centres at growing regions and regulation of all buying/ selling activities through the organizations at the market yards. Further, registration of all buyers with the organizations, advancement of loans on the pledge of produce, disbursement of inputs through collection centres and arrangements with banks for providing production loans, etc. are other features of the organization. For sustaining the organization, a commission of 4-6 per cent may be charged.

Institutional Credit

The credit requirement of mango is very high. Presently middlemen meet part of the requirement of credit as farmers market the produce through middlemen. Therefore, to shorten the activities of the middlemen in the marketing channel, it is necessary to provide the credit required by the growers. At present, though the banks are advancing credit, it is limited to production of crop / establishment of mango orchards.

Policy Suggestions / Action Points

Growth and sustainability

Growth and sustainability of farms is important as they constitute about 75 per cent of total mango orchards selected. Since promoting small mango growers is a viable proposition, support and incentives should be given so that they overcome the competition due to opening up of the economy

1. Forward and Backward Linkages

The mango processing industry should be supported as the unit value realization of mango pulp is more stable than that of raw mango. It also has a number of forward and backward linkages, benefiting the economy of the region.

2. Contract Farming

Contract farming should be promoted to ensure timely and adequate supply of raw materials and to minimize the cost of raw materials. It will minimize the marketing margin in the supply of raw materials to the processing industry

3. Promotion of Domestic Consumption

Domestic consumption should be promoted through campaigns and by producing diversified products to serve as a cushion for mango processing industry against fluctuations in demand in international markets.

4. Formation of Cooperative Societies

Cooperative societies should be set up to enable the small firms increase their access to the international markets and realize higher price for their output.

5. Availability of Adequate Quality Planting Material

Small firms are poor in adopting the adequate quality standards and the appropriate technology used is not favoring the market. This calls for the support and nurturing by government to help technology up-gradation and to adopt Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)

6. Promotion of Mango as Horticulture Crop by providing raw materials

Government should promote the production of mango and other horticultural commodities in the region to promote the adequate supply of raw materials throughout the year for increasing the capacity utilization of firms.

7. Cluster Approach

The mango being a potential horticulture crop needs to be developed by adopting a cluster approach. The Department of Horticulture may categorize the districts into specific clusters.

8. Branding and Registration for Geographical Identity of Mango

There are several varieties, which need to be identified and given a geographical identity. Such varieties are dependent on specific soil and climatic conditions. The Department of Horticulture may identify and make efforts to enlist the places linked with a particular variety of mango and thereafter attempt for registration of geographical identity of such local varieties, branding mango in such a way that it would lead to integrated growth of that crop.

9. Uprooting the Senile and Unproductive Orchards

Improved root stocks need to be introduced and strategies are required to be finalized to promote high density planting of mangoes. The Department of Horticulture may

45 popularize the improved package of practices among the growers and ensure that new plantations are established.

10. Transferring Latest Technology to Marginal and Small Farmers

The study revealed that availability of genuine planting material of the required quantity is lacking. It is learnt that banks are reluctant to offer term loan on account of non- availability of adequate planting material. The DoH may take necessary action and ensure that adequate and good quality mango is available for new mango plantation. Sometimes there has been a demand in certain quarters to create Horticultural Crops Planting Material Authority (HCPMA) for ensuring quality of planting material.

11. Popularizing Appropriate Package of Practices

It is believed that alternate bearing has been creating problems in mango production to a large extent. While in one year it creates glut with excess production, the next year it results in short supply due to low production. This results in high price of mango, which affects processing units through high cost of production. The crop production can be regulated to a certain extent through pruning immediately after the harvest, followed by adequate manuring, judicious irrigation and effective plant protection measures. The appropriate package of practice may be popularized by the DoH of the selected districts of the states.

12. Setting up Package Houses

There is an increasing need to set up pack houses with washing, waxing, packing, pre-cooling and storage including refrigerated vans for transport at the production center. The pack houses need to be designed in such a manner to facilitate year round operation, taking into consideration the availability of other perishable products in the region. They should be linked with terminal markets.

13. Establishment of Vapour Heat Treatment Plant

There is a need to establish one Vapour Heat Treatment Plant (VHTP) to sort out the problem of fruit fly, which is the main hindrance for exporting mangoes to Japan, USA and European countries. There should be a provision for the export of mangoes in modified atmospheric containers in ships.

14. Availability of Adequate Institutional Credit

Mango processing industry, particularly pulp making, has enough potential to grow in the future. This is because of the fact that consumer preferences towards synthetic drinks have been declining due to growing health consciousness and increase in purchasing power. Jelly and pickle making has also immense potential to grow. Proportionately, production and productivity of good quality/ processing worthy mango has to increase for which the availability of adequate institutional credit is essential. Credit is required for crop establishment and maintenance, installation of on farm infrastructure, such as drip irrigation, processing units, export credit, etc. Banks may provide adequate credit to various segments of mango industry, keeping in view the banking plan / potential envisaged in Potential Linked Credit Plans (PLPs) by NABARD)

15. Streamlining Data on Credit Flow to Mango Sector

The credit purveyed to the mango sector is not getting reflected in the present system of data generation by banks. There is a need to streamline data on credit flow to mango separately for various activities, especially in the AEZs. Credit flow in AEZs may be included as an item of agenda for discussion in the district level and state level banker’s meets.

16. Regular Review and Monitoring of Progress and Issues

There is a need to regularly review and monitor the progress and various issues confronted by the stake holders in AEZs at the state/ district levels to identify constraints and initiate corrective actions.

17. Registration of Export Oriented Orchards

Exporters purchase quality mangoes from markets as also directly from the farmers. Except for a few big farmers, other farmers are not aware that their produce is being exported. Registration of export orchards, on the lines of grapes in Maharashtra has not picked up. It needs to be expedited by the Agriculture Department of the respective State Governments.

18. Formation of Self-Help Groups

The Self Help Groups (SHGs) / Farmers Clubs of mango farmers in selected districts of Maharashtra could organize mango festivals with the help of their counterparts in other districts. The mango farmers can be taken on study tours to other places for awareness and skill upgradation.

Opportunities for strengthening of mango value chain

• Assured sale of inputs

• Good demand for inputs during monsoons

• Day by day increase in the acreage of mango

• Input devices are not affected by the mango prices

• Less numbers of buyers in the market

• High export potential for mango

• Growing processable varieties

• Agroclimatic conditions are very much suitable for growing mango

• Good demand from upcoming markets

• Traders are the price makers

• Very good demand for valued products round the year

• Scope of establishing processing firm in the mango growing belts

• Good demand from secondary processors

• Great demand for mango pulp from foreign countries like UAE,USA etc

Measures taken by department of horticulture, A.P. for encouraging exporting of mangoes & other horticulture crops

 Formation of Farmers, Producers Organisations (FPO’s).  Arranging Buyers Sellers Meet.  Arranging Conferences/Workshops with FPOs & Companies/Retailers.  Providing 75% Assistance for Formation, Capacity building & Development of Infrastructure.  Providing Assistance for Development of Post Harvest & Marketing facilities like

1) Pack House / farm collection unit. 2) Integrated pack house 3) Pre cooling units. 4) Cold Storages 5) Primary processing units / minimal processing units

6) Fruit Ripening chamber 7) Evaporative low energy cool chamber 8) Low cost onion /Coconut / other particulars produce storage structure

9) Refrigerated transport vehicles / transport vehicles from 1 ton to 6 tones capacity based on actual need of FPO. 10) Farm Mechanization equipments 11) Custom Hiring Centres 12) Retail marketing outlets 13) Any other pre / post harvest / marketing infrastructure as per the local need.

(Source: Dept. of Horticulture, Govt. of A.P., 2017)

Based on the present study, the following actionable points were arrived to further strengthen the mango value chain in Chittor district, Andhra Pradesh. 1. Increase the Govt. nursery units in major mango growing mandals for supply of genuine planting material. 2. Provide licenses to private nursery units and frequently arrange short term (1 to 3 days) training programmes and reviews to the private nursery unit managers on pest management and maintaining healthy mango seedlings. 3. Including the item of fencing around mango orchards in the present subsidy programmes list of Govt. as wild animals attack is becoming major threat to farmers. 4. Arrange awareness programmes to farmers with regard to crop insurance to protect them in the events of unexpected calamities. 5. To encourage mechanization to reduce the dependence on limited labour availability, more no. of custom hiring centers may be established. The net work of custom hiring centers should be strengthened to such an extent that, the hiring of implements should be made very easy like by downloading an app in the smart phones and booking. (For ex. how the private cabs are booked now by citizens in different cities). 6. To facilitate establishing solar based cooling chambers at farm levels by including them under subsidies list and encouraging on educating on that aspect, as only 12 cooling chambers (private) are available to store 854007 MT of mango. 7. To increase the solar based refrigerated transport facilities on custom hiring basis to increase the shelf life of mangoes and reduces the fruit losses and to preserve the fruit quality.

8. Increase the infrastructure facilities like pre cooling chambers, ripening chambers, pack houses at every market yard. 9. To arrange regular short term training programmes to farmers of different age groups to review their knowledge and update with regard to scientific management of cultivation aspects and export oriented awareness programmes. 10. For the processors, necessary leverage may be provided with regard to electricity charges during off season. 11. The rules with regard to the eligibility of the processors to receive the bank loans may be modified on discussions with the banking officials and processors. 12. The Govt. should encourage use of mango value added products and include them in different government schemes like mid day meals to school children, supply of rations to economically backward citizens etc. 13. Creating awareness programmes to attract young generation to enter in to the profession of agriculture / horticulture. 14. Include the subject of value chain in science subject at school and college levels education syllabus to increase the awareness from school children level. 15. Encourage the organic cultivation in a large scale for quality production and premium price realization in clusters. 16. Promotion of pack houses by the growers and promoters of Integrated pack houses by the FPOs to promote exports and group marketing. 17. Protocols to be developed for packing and transport to distance markets within the country (Corrugated Fibre Board Cartons/boxes). 18. Popularization of nutrient value of Mangoes to the public for increased consumption and better health for promotion of table varieties. 19. Development of Market yards with Ripening chambers, Cold Rooms on custom service basis by the private enterprises. 20. To request the South Central Railways to allot more parcel vans (20*25 BCN Wagons) and to run special trains to North India during the season. 21. Promotion of direct marketing between farmers and processing industries to avoid middle men to get remunerative prices to the Mango Farmers. 22. At present production is not meeting the demand of processing industries. There is need to promote processing varieties like Banglora, Alphanso e.t.c. 23. Promotion of small scale industries for production of Mango jelly, candy, tandra and other value added products.

24. Introduction of Technologies for different value added products like Solar Drying, minimal processing. 25. Modernization of existing processing industries for IQF and other value added products and production of quality pulp with international standards.

Export of Mangoes:

1. Providing cargo facility at International Airport, Tirupathi for export of Mangoes to South East Asian countries. 2. Air Fright charges for perishable goods may have to subsidized. 3. Promotion of Integrated Pack houses with vapour heat treatment and irradiation facilities to export to European and other destinations.

Some photographs of collecting data from various sectors of value chain are attached

Visit to processing units

Visited Processing Unit: Mr. Bobby,M/s Suvera Processed Foods Pvt. Ltd. Thavanampalli, Chittoor. Met N Changal Reddy, N. Changal Reddy and Co. President of Mango Traders Union, Chittoor.

Visited Processing Unit: Sri Manjunatha Furit Canning Industries, Kongareddypalli, Chittoor.

Mango products

Raw Green mango Ripe mango Pickles, Amchoor, Beverages Pulp, Mango jelly, Mango slices Beverage, Squash, Mango leather

Mango Pickle Amchoor Mango slices

Interacting with DDH and President of processors federation

Smt. T, Saraswathi, DDH, Chittoor K Balakrishna Reddy, President Chittoor Dist. Processors Federation

Visited the office of Assistant Director of Visited to ADH office Pileru met the official Marketing, Chittoor Smt. K. Indumati, viz., S.S.V.Subhashini (ADH, Pileru), Special Grade Secretary AMC Chittoor. Naveen Kumar (HO, Pileru), Y. Lakshmi (HO, Pileru).

Visited the office of Assistant Director of Visited Mango Market Yard Bangarupalem. Horticulture, Palamner. Met the official viz., Met Umapathy Reddy, Secretary, Mango K. Reddaiah (HO Chowdepalli), S. Market Yard. Bangarupalem. Collected the Srinivasulu (HO,Technical, Venkatagiri information regarding mango growing Kota), Lakshmi Prasuna (HO farmers and traders. Bangarupalem).

Interacting with Dr. Ananda Naidu,Properiotor of Maruthi Fruit Canning Industries and Poorna processed foods, Gajulapalli

Visit to Mango processing unit M/s Maruti Fruit Canning Indistries, Village Gajulapally, Mandal Thanavam Pally, Chittoor district

Canning unit Chiller tank

Packing unit

Visited Processing Unit: S. Ramesh (MD), Navya Foods Pvt

Visited Processing Unit: S. Ramesh (MD), Navya Foods Pvt. Ltd. Survey No. 737, 738 and 739. Mudigolam village and post Irala Mandal Chittor.

Visited Processing Unit: Sun Gold Processed Food, Madupollur, Nalagampalli, Bangarupalem.

Nursery units

Annexure I PRECISION FARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTER (PFDC), WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500 030.

Value Chain Study for Mango in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.

I - Questionnaire for Mango Sapling units (Nursery units)

Schedule No ___ Date: ______

1. Details Name of the Nursery Grower and Address:

Contact No: Education Level:

Mail ID: Age:

Field Location: Latitude: Experience in Mango Nurseries Management(Years): Longitude:

2. Mango sapling varietal during (2016-17)

Sl. Name of the variety Quantity Reasons for selecting variety No. sold (No.) I Ii Iii Iv V Vi Total

3. Cultivation and economics details:

i. Type of grafts prepared: Veneer Grafting/Approach Grafting

ii. Details of Manuring:

iii. Details of Fertilization:

iv. Details of Pest and disease management:

v. Watering source: vi. Method of watering: Micro irrigation or Conventional? vii. Any other information related to production activity or maintenance:

4. Cost Economics involved in nursery management: Sl. Name of the variety Price realized per Total money Cost (Rs) No. sapling (Rs) realized (Rs) I Ii Iii Iv V Vi Total

S.NO. Particular Quantity Value 1 Raw material (soil, polythene) 2 Seed material 3 Fertilizers 4 Pesticides 5 Irrigation 6 Machinery 7 Labour 8 9 Total

V: Credit details: Source of Credit? (Bank/ other) Whether credit available timely – Yes/ No. (If available, is it sufficient?)

VI: Any problems noticed in cultivation / sales / prices / credit with regard to mango sapling unit maintenance

ANNEXURE II PRECISION FARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTER (PFDC), WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500 030.

Value Chain Study for Mango in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.

II - Questionnaire for Farmer Schedule No ___ Date: ______

1. Details: Name of the Farmer: Village:

Age: Mandal:

Contact No: Education Level:

Mail ID: Field Location: Latitude: Size of Land holdings (acres):

Longitude: Area Under Cultivation:

Number of Plants (No.):

2. Economics of raising mango orchard:

2.1 Establishment cost during 1st year (Rupees per acre)

Sl.No. Particulars Total cost 1 Fencing 2 Digging pits 3 Manures 4 Fertilizers 5 Seed/ transportation 6 Inter cultivation 7 Irrigation: Surface Irrigation/Drip Irrigation 8 Labour 9 Land Tax 10 Miscellaneous Total cost

2.2 Maintenance expenditure during the period second year to fruiting (Rupees per acre)

Sl.No. Particular Amount spent (year wise) II III IV V VI 1 Gap filling 2 Manuring 3 Fertilizers 4 Irrigation 5 Inter Cultivation 6 Plant Protection 7 Land Tax 8 Labour 9 Miscellaneous Total cost

3. Production details:

Sl. Variety Area Year of Production Gross Cost of Net No. (acres) planting (tones) Income Cultivation Income (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) I II III IV V Total

i. Details of value addition (Grading, packing, processing):

ii. Cost involved in value addition iii. Additional returns

4. Marketing aspects:

A. Whether FPO (Farmers Producers Organization) exists? Yes/ No If yes, whether FPO aggregate produce? Yes/ No

If yes, how and when FPO sell the produce?

B. Marketing Details: Sl. Quantity Amount Quantity Amount Quantity Amount Net No. sold sold direct to sold to Returns through Processing Traders (Rs.) AMC’S Unit direct form Garden I Ii Iii

C. Details of marketing and returns Sl. No. Particulars Amount (Rs.) I Bagging and loading Ii Transportation Iii Unloading Iv Commission V Incidental expenses Total

D. Other than APMC sales Sl. No. Method/place of sale Quantity Price Total Cost if ( Quintals) realized returns any (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) I Public private partnership models (if any) Ii iii

5. Institutional Gaps: a. Credit gap: whether banks are providing loan? Yes/No If Yes Loan details: Sl. Name of Giving Loan Loan amount Monthly/Quarterly No. the Bank under amount Sanctioned Interest Paying Special requested (Rs) Schemes (Rs) Loan Amount if any Interest (%)

1 2

b. Whether Mango crop is insured? Yes/No If yes give details: Sl. Name of the Monthly/Quarterly/Seasonal/Annual No. Insurance Company charges 1 2

c. Whether any institution or organization giving extension services? Yes/No If yes give details: Sl. Name of Details provided Period No. Institution/organization 1 2 3

6. Others:

A. What are the advantages / disadvantages of selling in APMCs?

B. Suggestions for better functioning of APMCs?

C. Who are the people involved in Mango Marketing?

D. Is selling of mango through a market intermediary inevitable? If yes, why?

E. Do you deal with the same market intermediary every time? Yes / No, why?

F. Are there any handling losses during mango marketing? If yes, can they be minimized?

G. Are you following any grading and standardization practices? If yes, give details

H. Whether pack house available? Yes/ No. If yes, give details

I. Whether good transportation facility available? Yes/ No. If yes, give details

J. Whether ripening chamber available? Yes/ No. If yes, give details

ANNEXURE III PRECISION FARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTER (PFDC), WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500 030. Value Chain Study for Mango in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.

III - Questionnaire for Traders

Respondent No ___ Date: ______

1. Details: Name of the Trader & Address:

Age: Education Level:

Contact No: Experience in Marketing (Years):

Mail ID:

2. Marketing aspects 2.1 Retail/Whole sale,

Fresh Mango: Quantity Source Quantity Buyer Selling Benefits Procured sold/day price (Rs.) (Rs/quintal)

a) Which are the mango varieties you deal with? Reasons for the same.

b) According to you, who is the important player in the mango marketing?

c) How many intermediaries do you deal with during mango marketing? Give details.

d) Do you have ripening chamber facility? If yes, give details.

e) What are the problems faced by you in mango marketing?

f) What are your suggestions for the above mentioned problem?

g) What is mango supply chain according to you?

ANNEXURE IV PRECISION FARMING DEVELOPMENT CENTER (PFDC), WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500 030.

Value Chain Study for Mango in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.

IV - Questionnaire for Processors

Respondent No ___ Date: ______1. Details: Name of the Processors & Address:

Age: Education Level:

Contact No: Experience (Years):

Mail ID: Type of processing unit: Small / Medium 2. Processing details: A. Structure of processing cost: Canning/Aseptic Unit

Sl.No. Particulars Quantity Cost Fixed cost 1 Salaries to percent employee 2 Depreciation 3 Interest on fixed capital Total Variable cost 1 Cost of raw material purchased (Including Transportation) 2 Cost of packing material 3 Power charge 4 Labour 5 Other raw material 6 Sales 7 Miscellaneous charges Total

B. Details of Machinery:

Sl.No. Particulars No. Value

1. Fruit washing tank 2. Tip Cutting Machine 3. Belt Conveyor 4. Destoner 5. Pulpers 6. Pre Heaters 7. Decanters 8. Pasteurizers 9. Balance Tanks 10. Reforming Machinery 11. Scaling Machinery 12. Retarts Crates 13. Electric Hoist Machinery 14. Trolleys 15. Aseptic Sterilizer cum Fillers

C. Supporting Machinery: Sl.No. Particulars No. Value 1. Boilers 2. Generators 3. Cooling towers 4. Chillers 5. 6. 7.

D. Procurement of mango:

Sl. Source Variety Quantity Price No. purchased (Rs/quintal) per month

I APMCs Ii Farmers field Iii Iv V

E. Value added mango products prepared by you?

Sl. No. Type of product Quantity Brand Price produced (Rs/unit) (per month)

I Ii Iii Iv

F. Sale of value added mango products

Sl. Buyers Products Brand Quantity sold Unit Total No. (units/month) price returns (Rs.) (Rs.) i. ii. iii. Iv . 1. Do you sell mango pulp to any companies for further processing?

2. Do you have primary processing centre or mobile processing centre?

3. What are the major problems faced by mango processers?

4. What are your suggestions for the above mentioned problems?

5. What is the mango supply chain according to you?

ANNEXURE V

Process flow chart for mango pulp in canning units

Unloading of fruits

Storing and ripening

Grading and washing

Cutting into slices

Feeding into pulper

Sterilization by kettles at 900c

Filling of pulp in cans or tins

Packing of cans in cartons (6 cans per 1 carton)

Transportation

ANNEXURE VI

Process flow chart for mango pulp in aseptic packing units

Mango unloading

Quality checking

Ripening

Storing

Washing

Fruit cutting and inspection on three tier belt conveyor

Feeding into pulper

Pasteurization at 90°C

Fine pulping by turbo extractor

Intermediate storage tank

Sterilization in filtron machine at 74°C

Aseptic filling of pulp in barrels or drums

Storage for sterility test

Dispatch

ANNEXURE VII Prescribed data of Nursery units on value chain study for mango in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh

Name of the Contact Varieties Buying Cost

Nursery no address economic

grower s

Selecting Selecting

Age

S.No

Varieties

material

prepared

Education

Experience

price

Water source Water uantity

Value

Credit Credit details

size ofsize plant

Type of graphs of graphs Type

Reasons for

source of planting of planting source

Quantity Sold / Plant

Method of watering Method

size ofm2size Land holding

5 70 Raw material 5420 Totapuri 0

Seed 10 90 2280 9120 Benishan 50 material Dinakar

Krishnagi Gardens, M. Neelam 50 15 90 fertilizers 19.8 18269.2 ri, Anand, 98856270 1 48 25 Mallika 40 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No Kanipakam, 98 SSC ri,

60 X 140 60 X Patrampally, Khader 50 well Bore 70 400 Irrigation Surface Commercial thirupathi Chittoor Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Convention method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Veneer & approach grafting approach & Veneer

Total 144809

Totapuri 40 5 70 Raw material 7400

Seed Prabhakar 10 90 3600 14400 Benishan 80 material

Nursery

Krishnagi Gardens, M. Neelam 80 15 90 fertilizers 31.3 30000.0

160 ri, Subrahmany 95027020 1 45 30 Mallika 40 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No

am , 45 Inter ri, 70 400 Irrigation Surface Khader 60 well Bore Kanipakam, 100 X Commercial thirupathi

Patrampally, Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying Chittoor method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Veneer & approach grafting approach & Veneer

Total 163800

YMN Totapuri 60 Raw material 6140

Krishnagi

Nursery ri, 5 70 gardence, Y. 94409883 Benishan 50 seed material 2760 11040 3 46 20 Rajamand 23.95833 No

Ramesh 61 Inter others 10 90

grafting ri,

approach approach 60 X 120 60 X Neelam 60 fertilizers 33 22115.385 babu, & Veneer well Bore

Commercial Buying from from Buying thirupathi Kanipakam, Mallika 0 15 90 pesticides 15 12000 70

Patrampally, Khader 60 40 300 irrigation Surface

Chittoor Machinery *

Labours 2 100000

Total 200000

Totapuri 30 5 70 Raw material 5600 Seed

10 90 Sridhar Benishan 60 material 2400 9600

20.83333 Nursery Krishnagi 15 90 fertilizers

Gardens, Y. Neelam 30 ri, 33 19230.769 94402403 4 Vishnupriya, 42 25 Mallika 50 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No 57 Inter Kanipakam, ri,

60 X 140 60 X Khader 30 well Bore 70 400 Irrigation Surface Patrampally, Commercial thirupathi

Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Chittoor method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Veneer & approach grafting approach & Veneer

Total 146431

Totapuri 25 5 70 Raw material 6590

Seed 10 90 3060 12240 Vishnu Teja Benishan 80 material

Nursery Krishnagi Neelam 50 15 90 fertilizers 26.5625 25500 Gardens, ri, 96402550 5 Srikanth, 38 20 Mallika 50 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No

77 SSC Kanipakam, ri,

80 X 160 80 X 70 400 Irrigation Surface Khader 50 well Bore

Patrampally, Commercial thirupathi

Veneer grafting Veneer

Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Chittoor method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Total 156330

Totapuri 20 5 70 Raw material 6500

Laxmi Seed

10 90 3000 12000

nursery Benishan 80 material

Krishnagi gardens, K. 26.04166 ri, 15 90 fertilizers 25000

Tyagaraju 94405157 er Neelam 50 667 6 38 20 Rajamand No

reddy, 01 Int Mallika 50 ri, 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000

80 X 160 80 X Kanipakam, well Bore Commercial thirupathi 70 400 Irrigation Surface Patrampally, Khader 50 grafting Veneer

Buying from others from Buying

Convention method Convention

Chittoor Machinery *

Labours 2 100000

Total 155500

Totapuri 70 5 70 Raw material 6680 Seed

10 90 3120 12480 Srikrishna Benishan 60 material

Nursery

Krishnagi 27.08333 Gardens, Sri 15 90 fertilizers 25000

Neelam 35 ri, 333 krishnayya, 94412198 7 52 30 Mallika 35 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No Near Rail 33 SSC ri,

60 X140 gate, Khader 60 well Bore 70 400 Irrigation Surface Commercial thirupathi Chittoor

Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Road method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Veneer & approach grafting approach & Veneer

Total 156160

Totapuri 30 5 70 Raw material 7364 Sri Sai ram Seed

10 90 3576 14304 Nursery Benishan 80 material

31.04166 Gardens, Krishnagi 15 90 fertilizers 29800

Reddappa, Neelam 80 ri, 667 96520355 8 Near 52 25 Mallika 28 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No 41 SSC Railway ri,

Bore well Bore 100 X 120 100 X Khader 80 70 400 Irrigation Surface gate, Commercial thirupathi

Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Chittoor method Convention

Road Labours 2 100000

Veneer & approach grafting approach & Veneer

Total 163468

Totapuri 50 5 70 Raw material 6500 Seed

10 90 3000 12000 Benishan 60 material

26.04166 BRR Krishnagi 15 90 fertilizers 24038

Nursery , Neelam 40 ri, 667 90007714 9 Kanipakam 55 30 Mallika 50 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No 53 Inter Road, ri,

60 X 140 60 X Khader 50 well Bore 70 400 Irrigation Surface Chittoor Commercial thirupathi

Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Convention method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Veneer & approach grafting approach & Veneer

Total 154538

l l

g g

er m m

60 on

Suvera 92900867 50 25 Krishnagi nti 5 70 Raw material 4970 No 10 Int

Co Ve Bu fro ers Co

roa yin gra oth

r & Totapuri nee ftin 30 app wel nve

120 rcia Bor met hod

Nurseries, 15 ri, Seed 10 90 1980 7920 Madanapalli, Benishan 50 Rajamand material Banglore Neelam 25 ri, 15 90 fertilizers 17.1875 15865 Road, thirupathi Chittoor Mallika 25 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 Khader 35 70 400 Irrigation Surface

Machinery *

Labours 2 100000

Total 140755

Totapuri 20 5 70 Raw material 4610 Seed

10 90 1740 6960 Benishan 30 material

Krishnagi 15.10416 Chandra 15 90 fertilizers 13942

Neelam 35 ri, 667 nursery 11 52 30 Rajamand 40 300 Pesticides 15 12000 No gardens, SSC Mallika 25

approach grafting approach ri,

Bore well Bore Chittor 180 100 X 70 400 Irrigation Surface Khader 35 Commercial thirupathi

Machinery *

Buying from others from Buying

Convention method Convention

Labours 2 100000

Veneer & Veneer

Total 137512

Totapuri 0 5 30 Raw material 2000

150 Seed 10 30 Benishan 00 material 25000 0

Neelam 0 15 30 fertilizers 0 0

Horticulture 500

40 30 Pesticides 12 Farm, Mallika 0 40 50000 No

Drip Tirupathi 500 grows 70 30 Irrigation Khader 0 Government Drip 4000

Convention method Convention Machinery *

grafting approach & Veneer Labours 4 300000

Total 356000

500

Horticulture 5 30 Raw material

Totapuri 0 2000

13 Farm, nt No

500 Drip Seed

grows

method Srikalahasthi grafting 10 30

approach approach

Veneer & Veneer Benishan 00 Governme material 100000 0

Convention Convention

500 15 30 fertilizers Neelam 0 0 0 100 40 30 Pesticides Mallika 00 60 100000 300 70 30 Irrigation Khader 00 Drip 4000

Machinery *

Labours 8 500000

Total 606000

ANNEXURE VIII

Prescribed Data of Farmers on Value Chain Study for Mango in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh

ent cost

Age

acre acre

S.No

Village

Farmer

Mandal

Insurance

Education

Net income

Cultivation

Contact No

Area under

Name of the

No of Plants

Land (Acres)Land

production per

Age of orchard

Gross income per

maintainance cost

establishm 1 M.Rajendra Velytuuruchenu 47 7330927838 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 250 6 4.5 32667 6024 36000 29976 No 2 K. Raja Velythuruchenu 55 9966556528 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 2 2 150 5 5 33667 5452 40000 34548 No 3 C .Maheswar Veluthuruchenu 52 8790036435 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 6.5 6.5 455 7 5.5 54769 5855 44000 38145 No

4 N.Jayamma Bommayapalli 57 9440860278 Bangarupalyam 7th 10 10 600 6 4 88000 6024 32000 25976 No th 5 N .Nagaiah Chandrashekarpuram 42 Bangarupalyam 5 3 3 210 8 5 31000 5855 40000 34145 No 6 K.Neerajakhsulu Bommayapalli 55 8332937450 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 10 4 480 10 6.5 89000 5855 52000 46145 7 Ravindra naidu Yarrallapalli 55 9247355005 Bangarupalyam 7th 10 10 600 6 4 89000 6024 32000 25976 No

8 Raghupathi Bandladoddi 54 9550531098 Bangarupalyam Ssc 3 3 250 7 4.5 75917 5855 36000 30145 9 Sankar Nallamgod 42 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 5 5 350 8 5 86200 5855 40000 34145 10 Sujatha CJFSC 45 7702699193 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 210 8 5 39300 5855 40000 34145 11 saraswathi mahasamudra Bangarupalyam 2.5 2.5 8 5 44800 5855 40000 34145 12 Sarathkumar Reddy Mahasamudra 44 9000808059 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 210 6 4.5 70333 6024 36000 29976 13 Jayachandra naidu Mahasamudra 44 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 240 7 5 46000 5855 40000 34145 14 Lakshmana reddy Thimojipelli 42 8106365280 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 200 6 4 46000 6024 32000 25976 No 15 M Vinod Mahasamudra 49 9704846252 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 250 9 6.5 37000 5855 52000 46145 No 16 G.Viswanad naidu Chandrasekharpuram 47 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 210 5 3.5 40000 5452 28000 22548 No 17 N Sankaraiah kettanadu 49 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 210 6 4.5 46667 6024 36000 29976 No 18 Rajendra Velythuruchenu 42 Bangarupalyam 7th 2 2 150 7 5 32500 5855 40000 34145 No 19 Mallaiah Vepanapalli 50 Bangarupalyam 2nd 3 3 220 9 5.5 33667 5855 44000 38145 No 20 Jayasankar Cjfsc 48 7893329062 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 180 8 5 28667 5855 40000 34145 No 21 Balakrishna Ragimanupent 48 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 7 5.5 28667 5855 44000 38145 No 22 Chundaiah Vepanapalli 42 9502239069 Bangarupalyam 5th 3 3 210 8 6 29000 5855 48000 42145 No 75

23 Nagabushavnam Mahasamudra 43 9000808059 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 9 6 28667 5855 48000 42145 No 24 Ram narayan reddy Nalagampalli 45 9666863476 Bangarupalyam MBBS 20 10 1000 10 6.5 55000 5855 52000 46145 No 25 kavali gandhi palamakulapalli 51 9490504554 Bangarupalyam 10 6 3 300 9 5 33333 5855 40000 34145 No 26 k.sivaiah naidu kolavarivuovu 40 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 210 8 5.5 31250 5855 44000 38145 No 27 Thyagaraju naidu guvardanagir 50 9550827653 Bangarupalyam 8th 3 3 210 7 6 33667 5855 48000 42145 28 Jayansankar CJFSC 48 7893329062 Bangarupalyam 7th 3 3 210 8 7 28667 5855 56000 50145 29 Mallaiah Vepanapalli 50 9502239069 Bangarupalyam 2nd 3 3 210 7 6 33667 5855 48000 42145 30 Balakrishna Ragimanupent 48 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 10 7.5 28667 5855 60000 54145 31 Ranemma Velytuuruchenu 45 9618919453 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 11 7 33667 5910 56000 50090 32 Rekha Velytuuruchenu 45 8500621723 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 15 7.5 55000 5910 60000 54090 n0 33 P. Varadaiah Velytuuruchenu 52 7893329062 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 18 8 56667 5744 64000 58256 No 34 Govindaraju Velytuuruchenu 43 9550662690 Bangarupalyam 10th 3 3 210 17 8.5 35667 5744 68000 62256 No 35 lakshmipathi Kotur 47 Bangarupalyam 5th 3 3 210 18 8.5 71667 5744 68000 62256 36 Hari Sankarthipalli 43 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 210 16 7 47000 5744 56000 50256 37 Vinayakan Velluthuruchenu 44 9959293101 Bangarupalyam 10th 3 3 180 11 5.5 48333 5910 44000 38090 No 38 Baskar naidu Jambuvaripalu 49 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 4.75 4.75 330 12 6 62000 5910 48000 42090 No 39 Siva Gunturu 49 Bangarupalyam Intermediate 3 3 230 13 7 57053 5910 56000 50090 No 40 S.Alfath kolakarivoru 53 Irala Intermediate 3 3 150 20 8 55667 5744 64000 58256 No 41 B.Ambujamma Raminayanapalle 52 9052154127 Irala 4th 2 2 150 19 8.5 51667 5744 68000 62256 42 P.Saukar Naidu Polakalayellampalli 60 99661666045 Irala 7th 2 2 150 20 8 83000 5744 64000 58256 No 43 B.Rama naidu Kaminayanapalle 47 9441923902 Irala 7th 2 2 150 11 6 95000 5910 48000 42090 No 44 M Bhaskaraiah Ghyeesepalli 57 9912490146 Irala 6th 2 2 100 13 7 48500 5910 56000 50090 No 45 B.Eshwaramma Kaminayanapalle 52 9866917587 Irala Intermediate 2 2 150 14 7.5 40000 5910 60000 54090 No 46 P.Leela kumar Polakla yellanapalli 48 9966166045 Irala 9th 3 3 210 12 6.5 72500 5910 52000 46090 47 K.Muniratnam reddy Mudigolam 52 Irala Intermediate 3 3 210 16 7 95000 5744 56000 50256 48 B.Jaggaiah naidu kaminayapalli 45 9492547971 Irala Intermediate 3 2 180 17 7.5 54333 5744 60000 54256 49 K.Balakrishnama Naidu Nampalle 56 Irala 8th 4 4 300 14 6.5 75333 5910 52000 46090 No 50 D Prabarathi Koudepalli 49 9490244969 Irala 7th 2 2 140 13 7 68750 5910 56000 50090 No 51 B Bashkar Naidu Kaminenipalli 48 9701997224 Irala Intermediate 2 2 140 22 7.5 85000 58500 60000 1500 No 52 E Sreenivasulu T.V Patu 49 9916099937 Irala Intermediate 4 4 280 28 6 55000 5923 48000 42077 No 53 P Bhaskar naidu Potakala Yelampalle 47 9646322972 Irala 7th 3 3 210 25 5 64000 5800 40000 34200 No 54 P Narasimhulu P Yellampalle 49 9550170134 Irala Intermediate 3 3 210 24 7 41667 5800 56000 50200

55 M Bhaskar Naidu Morampalle 47 9000683523 Irala 10th 1 1 70 25 7.5 38333 5800 60000 54200 No 56 P Subramanyam Morumpalli 32 9441588248 Irala 10 2 1 80 27 6 50000 5923 48000 42077 57 N Rajan Yellampalli 56 Irala Intermediate 4 4 280 28 6.5 63000 5923 52000 46077 No 58 M krishnamma Nampalle 48 Irala 7th 3 3 210 32 5 59000 5800 40000 34200 No 59 V N Shekar Reddy Varampativari Palli 46 9490278969 Piler B.com 4.52 4.52 300 31 5.5 50333 5923 44000 38077 No 60 V Ratnamma Mudigolam 49 9160429794 Irala 10th 2 2 140 30 5 59000 5922 40000 34078 No 61 P Venkatadri Nainampalle 50 8478012563 Irala 7th 3.5 3.5 245 21 7.5 84000 5800 60000 54200 No 62 T Kaviramma Nainampalle 49 9704189667 Irala Intermediate 3 3 210 24 8 47429 5800 64000 58200 No 63 P Krishnamurthy Potakala 49 9618372342 Irala 7th 2 2 150 26 7.5 39333 5923 60000 54077 No 64 P V Hemalatha Modalapalli 50 96403710918 Irala 7th 3 3 210 23 8 37000 5800 64000 58200 No 65 D Ganapathi Reddy Jillellamanda 40 9441820629 K V Palli 10 4 300 21 8.5 37000 5800 68000 62200 66 B Krishnayya Jillellamanda 60 9731009394 K V Palli 7 7 440 27 6.5 30250 5923 52000 46077 No Sadhu Dwarakanatha Kambham vari 64000 58200 67 Naidu Kammapalli 45 9573268799 Palli 0.79 0.79 60 21 8 34333 5800 68 B Narayana Bommalata vari Palli 50 9652175963 K V Palli 4.5 4.5 300 22 8 27778 5800 64000 58200 No 69 K Rama Chandra Raju Rajagopala Puram 59 9440934638 Sathyamedu SSLC 11 5 450 23 7.5 35778 5800 60000 54200 No 70 K Krishna Reddy Pandeampalli 45 9440376889 Chittoor 10th 4 4 80 21 7 39333 5800 56000 50200 71 K Venkateshwaralu Pandram Palli 48 9701134641 Chittoor Intermediate 1 1 60 24 6.5 41750 5800 52000 46200 Vonka Madyava 44000 38077 72 Mallikarjun Reddy Palli 35 Chimagorikal 10th 20 20 2000 28 5.5 58000 5923 73 R Chandra Shakar Reddy Nagamvandla palli 45 9652276797 Chittoor 7th 2 2 200 29 6 73417 5923 48000 42077 74 S Ramesh Yellamandha 44 8897222456 Y V Palam Intermediate 5 5 320 26 6.2 76667 5923 49600 43677 75 K Maheswar Reddy Bodevanapalli 57 9440206531 Y V Palam Intermediate 15 10 1000 29 5.5 26200 5923 44000 38077 76 B Ramana Bodevanapalli 55 7893153035 Y V Palam 10th 3 3 140 32 5.4 25007 5923 43200 37277 77 M Meenakshi Valasapalli 47 9959762435 Y V Palam Intermediate 5.15 5.15 700 21 8.5 25437 5800 68000 62200 78 A Changal Rayudu Mekalavandlapalli 44 8790510397 Y V Palam 10th 5 5 500 23 8 26200 5800 64000 58200 79 P Shoba Rani Marripativari Palli 42 9492375114 Y V Palam 9th 4.5 4.5 300 24 7.3 29111 5800 58400 52600 80 O Narashima Reddy Narballe 67 8464861342 Y V Palam 10th 5 5 500 23 7.5 26200 5800 60000 54200 81 P Ramana Santha Palli 64 9480616806 Thavanapalli 10th 9 4 350 29 6.3 97778 5923 50400 44477 82 B R Rama Krishna Santha Palli 62 9396979997 Thavanapalli Intermediate 10 6 400 31 5.5 58667 5923 44000 38077 83 V Thyagaraja Santha Palli 52 9618127523 Thavanapalli 7th 4 4 280 23 6.5 88000 5800 52000 46200 84 B L Gouri Shakar Santha Palli 63 9441583587 Thavanapalli Intermediate 10 6 400 32 5 31250 5923 40000 34077 85 T Babu Santha Palli 40 9966634809 Thavanapalli 10th 10 4 350 30 4.5 88000 5923 36000 30077 77

86 G Bhaskar Naidu Santha Palli 67 9491580452 Thavanapalli Intermediate 7 4 280 23 5.5 88000 5800 44000 38200 87 G R Eshwar Santha Palli 42 9845127702 Thavanapalli Intermediate 15 5 500 21 7.5 115714 5800 60000 54200 88 B Sharavan Kumar Santha Palli 37 9866111977 Thavanapalli Degree 20 7 800 21 7.5 58667 5800 60000 54200 89 B N Rajasimhulu Santha Palli 62 9440272155 Thavanapalli Degree 20 7 800 22 8 51250 5800 64000 58200 90 M Krishnappa Santha Palli 70 8801840868 Thavanapalli Degree 30 10 1800 21 8 62500 5800 64000 58200 91 T.Krishnamurthy saythapalli 40 99630236610 Thavanapalli 5th 7 5 300 21 8 33367 5800 64000 58200 92 Baskar reddy santhapalli 78 99491165538 Thavanapalli 4.5 2.5 150 21 7.5 36143 5800 60000 54200 93 Saraswatamma Santhapalli 72 Thavanapalli 10th 4 2 120 23 6.5 30667 5800 52000 46200 No 94 B Radhika Santhapalli 40 9441391562 Thavanapalli 10th 8 5 330 22 7 31250 5800 56000 50200 No 95 K kumarswamy Santhapalli 52 9866632267 Thavanapalli 10th 5 3 210 21 6.5 24000 5800 52000 46200 96 G.Alpdra naidu Santhapalli 67 9440559239 Thavanapalli 10th 15 7 500 22 7 50667 5800 56000 50200

ANNEXURE IX

Prescribed data of Traders on value chain study for mango in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh Marketing Aspects Quantity Quantity S.No Name of the Trader Age Education Contact no Experience Source sold per Buyer Profit procured day N. Changal Reddy, No. 9 Agril. Commette Market processors 1 72 B.V.Sc 9440046645 50 300 tons Farmers 300 tons 4% Yard, Kattamandi Road, traders Chittoor

MN Ali, No. 9 Agril. processors and 200-300 200-300 2 Commette Market Yard, 52 Degree 9441911115 35 Farmers traders of dif. 4% tons tons Kattamandi Road, Chittoor States

E. Damoder reddy, No. 9 processors, Agril. Commette Market 250-300 250-300 3 60 Degree 9618459227 40 Farmers traders, 4% Yard, Kattamandi Road, tons tons exporters Chittoor Balakrishna traders, No. 9 processors, Agril. Commette Market 250-300 250-300 4 68 Degree 944045996 40 Farmers traders, 4% Yard, Kattamandi Road, tons tons exporters Chittoor G. Govind swamy traders, processors, No. 9 Agril. Commette 250-300 250-300 5 65 Degree 944072125 45 farmers traders, 4% Market Yard, Kattamandi tons tons exporters Road, Chittoor Nandagopal, Balaji fruit processors, exporters, No. 9 Agril. 300-500 300-500 6 68 Degree 50 farmers traders, 4% Commette Market Yard, tons tons exporters Kattamandi Road, Chittoor

Radha krishna, Sri rama processors, fruit exporters, No. 9 Agril. 300-500 300-500 7 65 Degree 9849445116 45 Farmers traders, 4% Commette Market Yard, tons tons exporters Kattamandi Road, Chittoor Rams traders, G. Mohan, processors, 8 Door No. 18-19, High 58 Degree 9866366299 35 400 tons farmers 400 tons traders, 4-5% Road, Chittoor exporters Srilaxmi sai traders, A. processors, Krishna naidu, No. 9 Agril. 9 50 Degree 9440088843 30 300 tons farmers 300 tons traders, 4% Commette Market Yard, exporters Kattamandi Road, Chittoor BV Reddy Traders, B. Venugopal reddy, No. 9 processors, 10 Agril. Commette Market 55 Degree 9440243076 30 400 tons farmers 400 tons traders, 4-5% Yard, Kattamandi Road, exporters Chittoor Sreeram & Co , G. processors, 300-500 300-500 11 Sreeram, Gollapelli, 50 Degree 9989202333 25 farmers traders, 4% tons tons Chittoor exporters Prashanthi fruits, processors, 12 Jagannada reddy, 55 Inter 9885289022 30 400 tons farmers 400 tons traders, 4-5% Cherlopally (V), Chittoor exporters Sathish Mango Exports, D. processors, Keshavulu Naidu, 13 50 Degree 9440274443 20 300 tons farmers 300 tons traders, 4% Bangarupalem (M), exporters Chittoor DV Anandareddy & Sons, processors, 300-500 300-500 14 Bangarupalem (M), 70 Inter 9441330279 35 farmers traders, 4% tons tons Chottoor exporters processors, Chethan traders, K. Sridhar, 250-300 250-300 15 50 Degree 9440240349 20 farmers traders, 4% Bangarupalem, Chittoor tons tons exporters

Srilaxmi narsimha traders, processors, 300-500 300-500 16 B.K. Rajkumar, 55 Degree 9440799729 25 farmers traders, 4% tons tons Bangarupalem, Chittoor exporters processors, Barkath Traders, V. 17 50 Inter 9963347899 20 300 tons farmers 300 tons traders, 4% Abdulla saheb, Chittoor exporters processors, VAS fruits, SG Gaffar 18 50 inter 9963347889 20 300 tons farmers 300 tons traders, 4% Saheb, Chittoor exporters processors, ASR Traders,AS Rasool 19 60 Degree 9441311384 25 300 tons farmers 300 tons traders, 4% basha, Chittoor exporters Bangaru palem best mango processors, 20 exporters, V. Yugendhar, 65 Degree 9550226666 30 300 tons farmers 300 tons traders, 4% Bangarupalem, Chittoor exporters SK Valli traders, S. Umar processors, 300-500 300-500 21 Saheb, Bangarupalem, 55 inter 9440249387 25 Farmers traders, 4% tons tons Chittoor exporters

ANNEXURE X

Presribed data of Processors in Chittoor district

Sl. Exp Value Ag Educatio Processing Details of Supporting Procurement .n Name Contact no erie added Constraints e n details machinery machinery of mango o nce products

GST is the main Tasa food pvt ltd, problem, subisidices 1 1,04,60,000 18,00,000 Pulp kottapalli(vellore) for machinery, capital investment A.Shashidaran, Abhishek shasidharan, Geetha From APMSc shashidaran, Sun gold 944008970 Farmers field 2 66 Graduate 35 4,46,35,050 3,87,50,000 6,85,00,000 Pulp processed foods , 0 (50%), Traders Madupollur,Nalagampalli (50%) , Bangarupalem Shashidar, Tropic fruit 990001797 3 products, madras 1,04,60,000 74,00,000 From APMC Pulp 9 26,03,00,000 cross/pallur,Gudipalem Bank should provide Low cost interest, CC limit to be K. Govardhana Bobby, increased upto 15% Suvera Processed Foods 944083574 From APMCs of stock, Power 4 Pvt. Ltd, Aramgonda 48 B.E 23 5,17,00,000 1,50,00,000 25,00,000 Pulp 5 12000/Ton chargers should not Road, Thavanampalli collect in unseason, (M),Chittoor Sales - To local market, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Mumbai G. Jayaprakash Reddy, Ranga fruit products, From APMCs 5 Madras cross road, 68 Graduate 944274275 20 3,96,00,000 1,89,00,000 17,00,000 & Formers Pulp Pallur, Gudipala(M), Field Chittoor

Major GST is a issue D. Srihari, E. Balaji Reddy, electricity bill should New Ranga Fruit be decreased in off 984904770 6 Products, Gopalapuram 65 Graduate 30 25,06,20,000 6,13,00,000 57,00,000 season, Govt should 1 (V), Narigepalli (P), encourage mango Vellore, Chittoor juice colleges schools Tanveer, RMM foods Major problem is From APMCs products, Gangasagaram 939485395 the GST, Subsidy for 7 45 Graduate 20 5,23,95,000 7,56,00,000 70,00,000 & Formers (V), Reddigunta (P), 2 Machinery, Land Field Vellore, Chittoor enhancement

Govt Subsidies are Totapari, Squash S. Ramesh, Navya Foods insuffucient, Major 900082260 Alphonso, (Rasna) 8 Pvt Ltd., Mudigolam(V), 50 B.Tech 7 97,63,00,000 4,76,00,000 1,10,00,000 problem is the GST, 0 Neelam, 1500000/ Irala (P), Chittoor(D) Sales - Exotic fruits Sindhura month Pvt Ltd, Mumbai

J. Shiva Kumar, Sri 80-90% Working Manjunatha Fruit Main source capital should Canning Industries, Door from farmers Pulp 6000 provide by banks for No. 2-1086/1 , Opp: field , 9 53 B.Sc 939332015 20 13,25,00,000 24,50,000 MT/seaso 6 months. Subsidy Sherman girls 12,01,50,000 Totapari, n schemes on School,Kongareddy pally, Alphonso 5000 machinery. GST Chittoor, Partnership MT/Season issue base (6 Members) Main source from APMC Farmers field, Ripening chambers, Maruthi Fruit Govt Tax, Govt not Dr. S. Anand Canning giving scope to Naidu,Gajulapalli,Via B.V.Sc, 10 60 949248999 25 72,12,75,000 4,85,00,000 4,20,00,000 Industries & juice, Sales - Export Aragonda,Thavanam MA. Poorna to other countries palli,Chittoor Process fruits, like Malasia, Spain, Totapari, etc Neelam 10000 MT/Season 83