Selected Climatic Data Tasks for Vegetation Science 5
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Selected climatic data Tasks for vegetation science 5 Series Editor HELMUT LIETH University of Osnabriick, F.R.G. MANFRED J. MOLLER Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE / BOSTON / LONDON 1982 Distributors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA jor all other countries Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data CE MUller, Manfred J. Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. (Tasks for vegetation sciences ; 5) Includes index. 1. Climatology--Observations. 2. Vegetation and climate--Observations. I. Title. II. Series. QC982.M84 1982 551.6 82-8958 AACR2 ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8042-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8040-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8040-2 Copyright © 1982 by Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any jorm or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Dr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box 13713, 2501 ES The Hague, The Netherlands SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE The present volume, Nr. 5 in the T:VS series is an example of a handbook volume for working in vegetation science. Anyone working and teaching in this field knows the difficulties in obtaining basic environmental da ta needed for research and interpretation. There are regional publications and there are other data sets availa ble. In both cases the distribution is limited. The present volume by Dr. Muller intends to provide a selection of climatic parameters as they are commonly needed for the work of the vegetation scientist. The same set of monthly mean values are provided for about 1000 stations distributed as evenly as possible over the global land surfaces. The tabular presentation of data from the individual stations is put into a geographical context through va rious means. Climatological classifications according to KOPPEN/GEIGER and TROLL/PAFFEN are inclu ded as well as a revised system of climate diagrams from WALTER and LlETH. In the present form the glo bal standard climate data set should prove to be useful for vegetation science, biometeorology, agriculture, and forestry as well as general geography. I have to thank Dr. Muller for providing this valuable work to the T:VS series. I am sure that this selection of climatic data for the special needs of vegetation scientists will help many colleagues in different parts of the world. Osnabruck, November 1981 H. Lieth PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR Whoever is concerned with climate geography, vegetation science or geoecological questions will have repea tedly felt the absence of an extensive but easily accessible collection of climate data from selected stations on the earth. In a series of handbooks of various scientific disciplines climate tables from the most important stations can indeed be found but unfortunately they mostly only contain the average values of the air temp erature and precipitation. There is no need to give particular reasons why these average values are not sufficient for climate geographi calor vegetational observations of an area. Therefore, we attempted to record as many additional values of the individual climate elements as possible. In spite of great progress in the publication of climate data in the past few years it was not all that easy to fi II the tables designed for this handbook. Only a few stations regis ter all the values of the climate elements given here - that is the reason for the gaps. From the beginning it was clear to us that an entirety in this respect was by no means to be achieved. The aim of our work was rather to compile information from all the climate regions of the earth by means of station data and thereby to pay particular attention to the regional aspect. For this reason the climate zones according to KOPPEN/ GEIGER and TROLL/PAFFEN were also displayed cartographically and the location of the stations was re corded in the maps. Without the active help of E. Lutz and Th. Boullion (cartography), E. Krames, M.A., H. Willger, R. Strasser, M. Rosen and J. Wolfers this work would not have been accomplished. Therefore, I yvould especially like to thank them here. In addition I would also like to thank Dr. K. Albrecht, Dachau, Dr. A. Bronger, Kiel, Dr. A.G. Benzing, Villingen-Schwenningen, Prof. Dr. M. Domros, Mainz, Dr. J. v. Lengerke, Heidelberg, Prof. Dr. C. Rathjens, Saarbrucken, Prof. Dr. H. Reinhard, Greifswald, Prof. Dipl.-Met. H. Schirmer, Offenbach, Dipl. Met. H. Skade, Enkirch and Prof. Dr. H. Walter, Stuttgart, for their advice, stimulus and criticism. Special thanks are owing to Prof. Dr. KH. Paffen, Kiel, who put his revised map of the seasonal climates of 1969 and 1980 at our disposal and helped with the correction of the maps we used. I thank Prof. Dr. H. Lieth, Osnabruck, for accepting this project into the series. I also thank him and Mr. Ostendorf for providing the climate diagrams and the chapter on producing these diagrams on computer faci lities. Trier, November 1981 Manfred J. Muller v CONTENTS Preface of the Editor v Preface of the Author. V I ntrod uction . VII The computer drawn climate diagrams XIX (by B. OSTENDORF and H. LlETH) References. XXV List of European stations Climate diagrams. 3 Climate tables Europe without U.S.S.R .. 5 Climate stations Europe. between 11/12 List of Soviet and Asian stations 55 Climate diagrams. 59 Climate tables U.S.S.R. and Asia. 61 Climate zones Eurasia between 106/107 List of North American and Mexican stations . 143 Climate diagrams. 145 Climate tables North America and Mexico . 147 Climate zones North America. between 147/148 List of Middle and South American stations 183 Climate diagrams. 185 Climate tables Middle and South America. 187 Climate zones South America . between 189/190 List of African stations 223 Climate diagrams. 225 Climate tables Africa . 227 Climate zones Africa . between 227/228 List of Australian and Oceanian stations 269 Climate diagrams. 270 Climate tables Australia and Oceania 271 Climate zones Australia and Oceania. between 273/274 List of Arctic and Antarctic stations 287 Climate stations Polar regions . 288 Climate diagrams. 289 Climate tables Polar regions 290 Index. 297 VII INTRODUCTION The climate data had be compiled from various sources in order to achieve a meaningful geographical distri bution. In the process we could not avoid to use in part different measurement periods. In most of the cases with the average temperatures and the average amount of precipitation we have a long dependable series of measurements at our disposal. Our standard series lasts from 1931 to 1960, as accepted at the International Meteorological Conference in Washington in 1957. However, a large number of the climate stations which we included were initiated in the 1940's or 1950's only. Therefore many of the measurement series are shorter and the values compiled in this manual cannot be compared with one another without reservations. For rea sons of space it was not possible to state the exact years of the measurement period in years under the head ing "p" (period). If the figure 30 appears there it can normally be assumed that it concerns the measurement period from 1931 to 1960. Values of shorter measurement periods mostly come from the 1960's and 1970's or have undergone interruptions during the Second World War. If no details were to be found with regard to the measurement period the column was left empty. SELECTION OF THE CLIMATE STATIONS The number of the stations had to be limited for various reasons. The handbook was not to become too ex tensive but was to retain the character of a handy reference book. Stations which only measure the tempera ture and precipitation were not considered as they do not provide enough information. The stations in the Polar regions are an exception. Europe has purposely been over-represented with regard to the number of stations. To prevent this from effecting the vegetation-geographical comparison of the regions of the earth the suitable stations have been marked. An essential criterion in the selection of the stations was the traceabi lity in the current atlases. Small locations which are not marked in the atlases were only included in the sur vey if no comparable station of a larger location could be called upon. However, as the exact location can be ascertained from the climate maps this disadvantage does not seem to be of particular importance. Moreover, a corresponding reference is to be found in the index for small locations which are close to larger towns and for suburbs. In addition, attention was paid to achieving as uniform a distribution as possible across the earth. This could not always be realized because for example, very few stations which can reveal a longer series of measurements are situated in the large dry regions or the Central Asian heights. Very short series, as, for example, in the case of the stations of the Polar regions, were only brought in in exceptional cases, even if a comparison of these data with those from longer measurement periods is not possible. Furthermore it seemed important to us for every country to be represented by stations. Unfortunately this demand could not completely be fulfilled. In addition we took care that all types of climate are represented by characteris tic stations and that topographical-orographical dependent peculiarities are not lost.