Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 180: 405^122. 1982.

Fisheries in the CINECA region

M. Ansa-Emmim FAO/UNDP CECAF Project B. P. 154, Dakar, Senegal

The CINECA region extending from Gibraltar to about 10°N latitude is one of the richest fishing grounds in the world. The occurrence of permanent upwelling gives rise to high primary productivity and hence rich fisheries resources. Until recently, fishing in the region has been conducted mostly from inshore canoes. The present fisheries are composed of local artisanal, semi-industrial and industrial fleets as well as fleets from Europe and Asia. Fish stocks found in the region range from large shoals of pelagic species such as sardines and sârdinellas, to mixed demersal species. Several stocks in the region have become heavily exploited, but their state of exploitation is difficult to assess owing to lack of good data. This paper describes the fisheries, the present state of exploitation of the various stocks, and their management.

Introduction Fisheries resources The CINECA region extending from Gibraltar to 10°N In describing resources of this region, three types can latitude is one of the richest fishing grounds in the be distinguished: the demersal fishes (e.g. sea breams, world. This is due to the occurrence of permanent groupers); the coastal pelagic fishes (e.g. sardines, sar- upwelling which gives rise to high primary productivity dinella, and the mackerels); and the oceanic pelagic and hence rich fisheries resources. species (e.g. tunas, sailfishes). Figure 269 gives the Fishing operations by both local and foreign fleets general distribution of species groups in West Africa. have been carried out for a long time. Within a period This figure is fairly representative for the West African of about twelve years (1958-1970), total catches tropical fish fauna between 20°N and 15°S. reported for this region rose from around 400 000 ton­ nes to over two million tonnes. This rapid increase has been due to the activities of long-distance fleets of many countries from Asia and Europe. The present The pelagic resources fisheries still attract a large number of fishing vessels The most important pelagic resources in the region are from countries outside the region as well as an increas­ the sardines off Morocco and Mauritania, and the sar­ ing number of local vessels. dinellas, mackerels, and horse mackerels mainly distri­ Fish stocks found in the region range from pelagic buted from Mauritania to Sierra Leone. species such as sardines and sardinellas to mixed tropi­ Mgrations of the sardine (Sardina pilchardus) are cal demersal species. The type of fishing vessels ranges not well known, but there are theories based on the from artisanal canoes to the most sophisticated stern/ movements of the various fishing fleets in the area freezer trawlers and factory ships. Some stocks have (Belveze, 1972; Bravo de Laguna et al., 1976, 1977). already shown signs of overfishing; others are being The young sardines move northwards in spring and fished close to their maximum potential yield. generate seasonal fisheries off the Moroccan coast The multinational nature of the fisheries and the from May through July/August. The sardines migrate large variety of species and fishing gears complicate the southwards during the second half of the year, again implementation of any proper management policy. giving rise to fisheries off Agadir (Morocco). Management of these stocks is, however, the collec­ Sardinella aurita perform both seasonal migrations tive responsibility of the coastal states, and close col­ perpendicular to the coast and daily vertical move­ laboration among these states is required. ments depending on age, sexual condition, and hydro- graphic situation. More important for the fishery is the

405 m acker el Pomadaiydae

Figure 269. Distribution by depth of species or species groups off the west coast of Africa between 20°N and 15°S. (Anon., 1971).

seasonal migration parallel to the coast related to the Demersal resources movement of the boundary between the warm and cold waters in the areas of seasonal upwelling south of Cape The most important demersal resources are the sea Verde. Sardinella move closer to the coast for spawning breams, hakes, and cephalopods, (squids, cuttlefishes, in May/June along the coast of Senegal (Boely and and octopi). The distribution of demersal stocks in the Fréon, 1980) followed by a northern migration in July region is related to the bottom deposits. Fishes like the and August as the warm-water front progresses north­ flatfish (Cynoglossus canariensis), the polynemidae, wards. In winter it is likely that they return to the the rays, the sciaenidae, and the penaeid shrimps in­ south. habit the coastal muddy or sandy grounds. The ser- The mackerels have seasonal migrations parallel to ranidae, lutjanidae, most sparids, and cephalopods the coast similar to those of 5. aurita. Figures 270-274 inhabit the coastal hard bottoms. Hakes, some spari- give schematic representations of these migrations, dae (Dentex angolensis and Dentex macrophthalmus), according to Boely et al. (1979). Paracubiceps ledanoisi, Brotula barbata, and the deep Sardinella eba are more coastal and more euryhaline, sea shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and the crab preferring warmer waters (above 24°C). The concen­ (Geryon quinquedens) are some of the important trations are found within the 30 m depth zone mainly species inhabiting the edge of the slope of the continen­ off Senegal, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. Other small tal shelf. pelagic fishes such as bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) are Contrary to pelagic resources which exhibit migra­ found in close inshore areas with low salinity waters tions related to the seasonal changes in the hydrologi­ (e.g. around The Gambia). Anchovy (Anchoa guineen- cal regime, migrations of the demersal resources are sis) also occur very extensively, but there is no large- relatively restricted. Some species, however, under­ scale fishery for this species. take seasonal movements perpendicular to the coast. It

406 MAY JUNE AUG SEP OCT DEC

RIO PE PRO 23°

22-

20*

MAURITANIA

Nouakchott

1 6°

SENEGAL

GUINEA BISSAU

li”

Weak concentrations Mean concentrations Big concentrations >___ ». Route of adult sardinella

Nursery ^ Main spawning —► Minor spawning

Figure 270. Migratory cycle, spawning periods, nurseries, and monthly location of adult Sardinella aurita in the Senegalo- Mauritanian area. (After Boely et al., 1979).

407 RIO DE ORO RIO DE ORO

22°

21°

• tø o uad h i bou Nouadhibou

MAURITANIA MAURITANIA June

Nouakchott Nouak c hotl 18°

16°

15“ SENEGAL 15° _ SENEGAL a kar

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G A-M-B i ' K GAMBIA

13'

G U ' K< E A • GUINEA BISSAU 12„ * BISSAU

V\• Important nurseries fc y ÿ l Important nurseries Observed distribution of fish with modal length more than 24 cm > ► Displacement of adults

* * Observed displacements ^ Main spawning

R : Reproduction

Figure 271. Displacement, main period of reproduction, and Figure 272. Migratory cycle, spawning periods, nurseries, and nurseries of Sardinella maderensis in the Senegalo-Mauritani- location of principal adult concentrations of Caranx rhonchus an area. (After Boely et al., 1979). in the Senegalo-Mauritanian area. (After Boely et al., 1979).

408 RIO DE ORCf RIO DE ORO23*

22* 22*

Nou adh ibou hfouadh ibou

20*

„Vv

MAURITANIA MAURITANIA

Nouakchott Nouakchott i®*

17*

16*

SENEGAL 15* SENEGAL .Dakar Dakar

GUINEA BISSAU

Important nurseries Displacement of adults ^ Main spawning

Minor spawning

Figure 273 (left): Trachurus trecae; Figure 274 (right): Trachurus trachurus. Migratory cycle, spawning season, and location of main adult concentrations of Trachurus trecae and Trachurus trachurus in the Senegalo - Mauritanian area. (After Boely et al., 1979).

409 is presumed that hake migrate seasonally into shal­ Table 83. Catches of the Senegalese artisanal fleet for 1975 lower waters as well as along the coast, but the range is and 1976 in tonnes not known. Fishes 1975 1976 Good fishing grounds for the pink shrimps (Penaeus Sardinella/anchovies 50 703 68 279 duorarum) are mainly found in the vicinity of large Ethmalosa fimbriata 21 410 18 755 lagoon entrances and river mouths at depth of 20-60 Epinephelus spp. 10 781 10 806 Dentex spp. 1 655 1 084 metres. Juveniles of this species are also caught in the Pagrus spp., Dentex spp. 18 185 16 221 lagoons and rivers during the seaward migrations. The Pomatomus saltatrix 9 662 10 951 following stocks have been identified in the area: the Pseudotolithus spp. 18 056 18 788 Cape Timiris, Saint Louis, and Roxo-Bissagos stocks. Caranx spp. 11 111 17 099 Trachurus spp. 9 842 8 300 These are separate stock units without any interrela­ Mullidae 15 187 14 091 tion between them (Anon., 1977a). Lutjanus spp. 1 320 1 691 Sphyraena spp. 5 818 4 251 Sharks 6 405 8 207 Oceanic resources Other fishes 83 814 66 349 The most important of the oceanic resources are the Crustacea tunas (especially yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye). Shrimps 1 734 1 146 Tunas abound fairly close to the continental shelf in the Lobsters 421 214 warmest waters of the region. The fishery for oceanic Crabs 131 112 Other crustacea 61 99 squids and myctophids, which may provide large potential resources, has not yet been developed. Mollusca Sepia sp., Loligo sp. 2 806 2 069 Cym bium sp. 6 256 6 840 Bivalves 659 771 The fisheries Oysters - 156 Other 38 69 Fisheries of the region can be conveniently classified into artisanal, local semi-industrial or industrial, and Total 278 433 276 258 long-distance fisheries mainly conducted by non-Afri­ can countries. Source: Ba, M’Baye (1976).

Artisanal fisheries The total catches of the artisanal fishery in some The artisanal fishery is important in Senegal and The countries have significantly increased during the past Gambia. It is estimated that there are over 16 000 ten years. In Senegal, artisanal landings increased from canoes (Talarczak, 1976) in the northern sector of the 83 000 t in 1965 to 278 433 t in 1975. The total landings CECAF1 region. Most of the canoes are still not for 1976 were 276 258 t - slightly lower than the 1975 mechanized, but in some countries motorization is well figure (Table 83). In Mauritania artisanal landings advanced. Normally the canoe is constructed out of a increased from 1000 t in 1965 to about 7000 t in 1975 dug-out tree trunk, but the Senegalese “pirogue” has a and 13 500 t in 1977 (Table 84). Catches of the artisanal keel. In Senegal, where there are about 6100 canoes, sector in The Gambia increased from 3000 t in 1965 to 63 % were already equipped with outboard motors in about 14 000 t in 1976. It is estimated (Zupanovic, 1976. They use mainly hand lines for catching demersal personal communication) that the canoes in Guinea species and purse seines for small pelagic species. The land about 7000 t (30 % demersal species and the rest artisanal fishery can easily be maintained because of pelagic). simplicity of the equipment, low maintenance costs, suitability for crossing the surf, and the large number of landing sites to ease distribution. The range of opera­ tions of the canoes is, however, limited. Table 84. Catches of the Mauritanian artisanal fleet in 1976 The canoe fishery contributes substantially to the total marine catch of the coastal countries of the re­ Fisheries Catches (t) gion. In Senegal for example, the canoe fishery accounts for about 80 % of the total marine fish land­ Canariens 10 975-1 Imraguens 558-7 ings, and about 60 % of the landings of canoes are Artisans (Nouadhibou) 2 043-7 pelagic fish species. Total 13 577-5

Source: “Bulletin du Laboratoire des pêches de Nouadhibou, 1 FAO Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic. N° 5, Décembre 1976”.

410 Table 86. Total landings of Dakar-based purse seiners in 1976 Semi-industrial and industrial local fisheries Species Landings (t) The semi-industrial fisheries might be defined as a transition between canoe fisheries and the true indus­ Sardinella spp. 37 266 trial fisheries. Most of the vessels are generally of Trachurus spp. 4 380 wooden construction, equipped with inboard engines, Pomadasys jubelini 760 Chloroscumbrus chrysurus 76 and on the average between 10 to 13 m long. Scomber japonicus 174 The local industrial fisheries also include sardine and Others 1 469 sardinella purse seiners, medium-sized trawlers, and Total 44 125 shrimp and tuna vessels. The oldest industrial fishery in the region is the Moroccan sardine fishery, already Source: Ba, M’Baye (1976). developed in the 1930s (Gulland et al., 1973). Sardine catches increased from only 3000 t in 1927 to 120 000 t in 1950, and in 1976 the catch was over 200 000 t. Most of the catch is canned for export to European coun­ Industrial fishing activities in Guinea Bissau with tries, mainly France. The present Moroccan sardine local vessels are negligible, but there are some foreign fleet consists of about 300 purse seiners, of which more vessels operating on the continental shelf of Guinea than 200 are based on the Atlantic coast (Ansa-Emmim Bissau. and Dayhoff, 1977). Morocco is planning to introduce Tables 85 and 86 give total landings of the Dakar- larger vessels equipped with modern gear such as based trawlers and purse seiners for 1976. Table 87 power blocks for large-scale fishing of sardine. gives landings of all tuna vessels operating from Dakar, In Morocco there are also about 110 small trawlers and Table 88 gives the landings of tuna by Senegalese fishing close to the shore and landing about 20 000 t of vessels. demersal fish for local consumption. The total demer­ During 1976 the Conakry-based trawlers landed sal landings in Morocco reach about 30 000 t. Morocco about 13 000 t of demersal species. has in recent years engaged in joint venture activities with some European and Asiatic countries. In Mauritania industrial fishing by local vessels is being developed. Long-distance vessels In Senegal, the local industrial fleet in 1976 was com­ Exploitation of fisheries resources in the CINECA re­ posed of 12 sardinella purse seiners, 80 trawlers (63 gion by non-local and non-African countries has been shrimpers, 9 finfish trawlers, and 8 mullet trawlers), in existence for over seventy years. For example a trea­ and 42 tuna vessels (14 Senegalese and 28 French). Of ty signed in 1903 between France and Spain recog­ the 80 trawlers, 43 were Senegalese; 33, French; and 4, nized the right of Spanish fishermen to fish in Maurita­ Panamanian vessels. The vessels normally operate in nian waters (Gulland et al., 1973). Fishermen from the Senegambia area as well as on the continental shelf England also fished for hake in the region 60 years ago. of Guinea Bissau. The tuna fleet may also operate in But until recently, the majority of foreign fleets have some areas of the Gulf of Guinea. According to been from Portugal and Spain, operating mainly along Aubray (1976) there are ten trawlers from Senegal the coast of Morocco. Many of these boats that fished operating from Conakry. with ice have now been replaced by freezer trawlers. Four major groups of non-local fisheries can be distin­ guished: Table 85. Landings of the ten most important species in catches of Senegalese trawlers and shrimpers in 1976

Species Landings (t) % of total catch i) trawl fisheries mainly by southern European coun­ tries, Japan, and Korea for high-value demersal Penaeus duorarum 2 982 14-9 fish such as hake, sole, sea bream, and also Cynoglossus canariensis 2 956 14-8 Pseudotolithus sp. 2 885 14-4 cephalopods, Sepia sp. 1 722 8-6 ii) trawl fisheries by long-distance fleets from the Dentex sp., Pagrus sp. 1 456 7-3 USSR and other Eastern European countries Galeioides decadactylus 914 4-6 (Poland, German Democratic Republic, Bulgaria, Pseudopenaeus prayensis 742 3-7 Brotula barbata 707 3-5 and Romania) and African countries, mainly for Pomadasys jubelini 555 2-8 pelagic fish species, Pagellus coupei 451 2-2 iii) factory vessels operating with purse seiners fishing Total of dominant species 15 370 76-8 for pelagic species (sardinella, horse mackerel, sardine), Total catch 20 013 iv) tuna fleets. Source: Lhomme (1977).

411 Table 87. Landings by gear and by species of tuna vessels in Dakar in 1974-1976

Landings up to 30 September (t) Landings up to 31 December (t)

Yellowfin Skipjack Bigeye Total Yellowfin Skipjack Bigeye Total

Baitboats 1974 3 482 3 814 332 6 949 4 329 4 306 402 9 037 1975 2 800 1 532 1 016 5 348 2 800 1 886 1 155 5 840 1976 4 738 1 765 805 7 308 4 738“ 2 173 915“ 7 826“

Purse seiners 1974 1 670 1 362 75 3 107 2 433 1 917 96 4 446 1975 2 614 1 653 180 4 447 3 035 2 693 334 6 062 1976 1 630 977 78 2 685 2 124“ 1 769“ 184“ 4 077“

Total 1974 5 152 5 176 407 10 056 6 762 6 223 498 13 483 1975 5 414 3 185 1 196 9 795 5 834 4 579 1 498 11 902 1976 6 368 2 742 883 9 993 6 862“ 3 942“ 1 099“ 11 903“

a Data extrapolated. Source: ICCAT (1977).

Southern European, Japanese, and Korean trawl cephalopods) is transshipped to Japan, but some of the fisheries catch is also sold to African and Mediterranean coun­ With the development of the freezer trawlers, fishing tries. Some Japanese vessels are based in Nouadhibou fleets from Spain and Portugal were joined by other (Mauritania) and fish for cephalopods. Mediterranean countries, notably Italy and Greece, and the fisheries progressively extended south off Eastern European and African long-distance trawlers Mauritania, Senegal, and The Gambia. Vessels from The long-distance fleets of the USSR, Poland, and France and Spain fishing off Morocco and the Sahara other Eastern European countries have concentrated coast caught as much as 42 000 t of sardine in 1970. The on lower-priced but more abundant species, particu­ Spanish fleet is based in Las Palmas as well as on the larly sardinella, mackerel, and horse mackerel, using mainland. bottom as well as midwater trawls. The USSR started The Japanese trawl fleet started operations in this exploratory fishing in the area as early as 1957. The region in 1959 (Gulland et al., 1973), while the Korean Polish as well as the USSR fleets have recently also operations are of fairly recent origin. They both fish entered the sardine fishery. Some of these vessels are mainly for high-value fish species, e.g. sea breams and based in Las Palmas and others in African ports, cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish, and squid). The mainly Nouadhibou, Dakar, Conakry, Bissau, and Japanese and Korean fleets are largely based in Las Freetown. The number of vessels currently operating Palmas, from which most of the catch (especially in the region from these countries is not known.

Table 88. Development of the Senegalese tuna fishery, 1966-1976 (SOSAP - Independent)

Gear Total Catch by species (t) Total Year no. Bait- Purse of Yellow­ % Skip­ % Big­ % boat seiners trips fin jack eye (t)

1966 4 _ 47 1 419 79 367 21 _ 1 786 1967 5 _ 64 3 096 82 685 18 -- 3 781 1968 5 - 63 3 233 84 453 12 170 4 3 856 1969 5 - 72 2 436 72 671 20 278 8 3 385 1970 8 4 108 4 040 65 1 915 31 238 4 6 193 1971 8 8 171 5 203 59 3 378 38 197 3 8 778 1972 7 9 169 7 037 63 4 089 37 4 - 11 130 1973 _ 16 149 6 793 72 2 551 27 82 1 9 426 1974 1“ 18 166 4 306 54 3 678 46 15 - 7 999 1975 2“ 14 152 2 837 52 2 441 45 154 3 5 432 1976 2“ 14 104b 2 902b 51 2 685 47 61 2 5 648

a Independent Senegalese baitboats. b Extrapolated up to 31 December, 1976. Source: ICCAT (1977).

412 Table 89. Total catches of "Interpêche” Tables 89 and 90 give available catch data of “Inter­ pêche”, “Astra”, and “Norglobal”. The peak year for Year Total catch (t) “Astra” and “Norglobal” was 1971. 1973 161 600 1974 104 106 Tuna fleet 1975 167 943 Unlike the other species described above, tunas are 1976 81 992 1977a 216 388 truly oceanic fish and the fisheries are carried out by long line and surface fishing gears such as purse seine a Ansa-Emmim (1978). and pole and line. Source: CECAF Project Files. Large-scale surface fishing for tuna started in the Catches are mainly Sardinella spp. and Sardina pilchardus. region in 1954 with the arrival of French baitboats in Dakar. This fishery covers the whole of the Atlantic. The bulk of the tuna catch in the area is taken by Some African countries also operate long-distance France, Spain, Japan, Korea, and the USA. Most of trawlers in this region. Ghana for example had a the foreign tuna fleets operating in the region are based number of freezer trawlers that operated in the area in Las Palmas. Others are based in Dakar. between the early 1960s and 1972. Nigeria has her own long-distance fleet.

Factory-ship-based purse-seine operations Fish catches in the region Towards the end of 1969, a group of factory ships accompanied by purse seiners from Norway and South The total reported catches for the region have been Africa started fishing for pelagic species for fish meal. steadily increasing since 1964. Appendix Table 1 gives Other self-contained catcher-factory vessels also oper­ total catches by major species groups. The total catch ated in the region. The catches of these vessels com­ (all species) rose from about 0-6 million t in 1964 to prised mainly sardinella, horse mackerel, sardine, and about 2-7 million t in 1974. The catch of demersal fish mackerel and varied with the season. The ships usually species increased from about 0-2 million t in 1964 to operated between 12° and 23°N and at the edge of the about 0-7 million t in 1974. The catches of pelagic fish continental shelf. In the early 1970s there were six fac­ rose from about 0-4 million t in 1964 to 1-7 million t tory ships in the area. “Suiderkraus” (South African), during 1974. It must be noted here that owing to impro­ “Willem Barends” (South African), “Astra” (Norwe­ per species breakdown, most of the catches are clas­ gian), “Norglobal” (Norwegian), “Warwickshire Bay” sified as “other fishes”. (South African), and “Devonshire Bay” (South Afri­ can). The “Willem Barends” fished during 1970 only Catches of the major fish species and was withdrawn. “Suiderkraus” was later renamed “Interpêche” and operated under the Bermudian flag. Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) “Warwickshire Bay” and “Devonshire Bay” fished in Appendix Table 2 gives annual catches of Sardina pil­ the area between 1970 and 1974, but their operations chardus by the major fishing countries in this fishery. are not well documented. “Astra” sank off Guinea in These figures have been revised by a Working Group mid-1974. “Norglobal” was withdrawn at the end of on Sardine, organized by the CECAF Project in 1975. Currently, only “Interpêche” is known to be December 1977 at Casablanca (Anon., 1979c). operating off Mauritania. The factory ship operates The USSR catches were later revised, based on with 9-14 purse seiners depending upon the season. figures provided by Soviet scientists (Anon., 1979c).

Table 90. Catches of “Astra” and “Norglobal” in the northern zone of CECAF, 1970-1975

Species 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975“

Trachurus spp. 3 391-0 82 908-2 18 385-2 15 754-4 36 991-9 12 510-3 Caranx rhonchus - 9 438-6 1 368-3 162-4 18 287-0 - Sardinella spp. 1 899-3 71 604-9 62 385-5 - 9 661-5 9 852-1 Scomber japonicus - 36 786-1 2 377-3 - - - Sardina pilchardus --- 11 469-4 1 065-3 - Others 90 672-2 266-0 115 783-2 117 303-3 2 968-7 -

Total 95 962-5 201 003-8 200 299-5 133 220-1 79 378-5 23 427-7 a Only “Norglobal”. Source: Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.

413 Out of a total catch of about one million t in 1976 the Sparids USSR fleet contributed 514 978 t. The catch of the Since 1965, sparid catches in the region have fluctuated Moroccan fleet in 1976 was 209 428 t as compared with between 80 000 and 130 000 t (Appendix Table 8). With 334 309 t in 1973. Spain and Poland are the other major the inclusion of revised Spanish data for 1972-1974, the fishing countries. The Spanish fleet, especially from the highest catch was in 1973: 170 400 t. The main part of Canary Islands, with a total catch of 114 950 t in 1976, the catch was taken by the USSR, and in 1973, 108 000 has been very active in this fishery. The Polish fleet t were landed. which entered the fishery in the early 1970s has been fishing between Cape Bojador and Cape Barbas. The Potential and state of exploitation of the total catch of this fleet in 1976 was 106 119 t. major stocks

Until recently there was only little coordination be­ Sardinella (Sardinella aurita and Sardinella eba), horse tween the different national research centres in the re­ mackerel (Trachurus spp.), mackerels (Caranx rhon- gion as well as between those having fishing interests in chus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) the area. In 1969 CECAF/FAO set up a Working Party Catch statistics of sardinella, horse mackerel, and mac­ on Resources Evaluation for the major demersal and kerels in the area have been reviewed by the A d hoc pelagic stocks in the whole of the region. The Interna­ Working Group on Coastal Pelagic Stocks, organized tional Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic in Dakar by the CECAF Project in June 1978 (Appen­ Tunas (ICCAT) also has a Standing Committee on dix Table 3). Research and Statistics to assess tuna stocks in the Before the factory-ship operations started in the Atlantic. In addition the UNDP/FAO CECAF Project area, catches of Sardinella spp. were below 100 000 t. is organizing special working groups of scientists from With the expansion of the fishery offshore in the early the region to update past assessments with an improved 1970s, catches in excess of 100 000 t were reported. The data base. But the work has been hindered owing to highest catch of 378 593 t was observed in 1972. lack of proper catch statistics and detailed knowledge Horse mackerels (Trachurus trachurus and Trachurus on the biology of the stocks, especially the highly mig­ trecae) and the mackerel (Caranx rhonchus) are also ratory fishes. Table 91 summarizes the current knowl­ being exploited by the factory ships. Owing to impro­ edge on the state of exploitation of the various stocks in per species breakdown it is not possible to give precise the region. catch statistics by species, and the catches of these Sardines three species have therefore been grouped together (Appendix Table 4). The highest catch of 517 127 t was The question of whether sardines (S. pilchardus) off observed in 1973. Catches since 1973 have fluctuated the coasts of Morocco and Mauritania belong to one or between 420 000 and 490 000 t. several stocks has in a way hampered the evaluation of Appendix Table 5 gives annual catches of chub mac­ the sardine resources. The Third Session of the kerel (Scomber japonicus). The highest catch, 247 113 CECAF Working Party on Resources Evaluation in t, was taken in 1970. Rome in 1976 (Anon., 1976b) and the A d hoc Working Group on Sardine in Casablanca, December 1977 Hakes (Merluccius spp.) (Anon., 1978a) identified three main fishing areas: Appendix Table 6 gives the total catch of hakes in the zone A from Gibraltar to south of Agadir, fished exclu­ region. These figures have been revised by the CECAF sively by Morocco; zone B from Ifni (Morocco) to Project A d hoc Working Group on Hakes in June 1978 27°N, exploited mainly by Spanish vessels from the (Anon., 1978b). For Merluccius merluccius, catches in Canary Islands; zone C from Cape Bojador to south of excess of 10 000 t were observed in 1970, 1974, and Cape Barbas, fished mainly by the Polish and other 1975. Catches of the other species of Merluccius (M. foreign fleets. senegalensis and M. cadenati) have increased from the Assuming that there are three different stocks, the 1964 level of about 7000 t to 112 678 t in 1974. The Working Group inferred that the fishery in zone A has main countries participating in this fishery are the reached or perhaps passed the level of effort which USSR, Spain, Portugal, and Morocco. gives the optimal production of the stock. Available data on catch and effort did not permit reliable analysis Cephalopod fishery of the stocks in zone B and zone C, and because of the Catches of cephalopods in the CINECA region were recent increased fishing by the USSR fleet, especially given by the CECAF Project A d hoc Working Group in zone C, it is necessary to make a new assessment of on Cephalopods in September 1978 (Anon., 1979b). the sardine stock, taking into account the substantially See Appendix Table 7. Currently Spain is the major high catches (Appendix Table 2) recently reported. country in this fishery, followed by Korea and Japan. The general conclusion, however, is that more inves­ The highest catch of about 208 000 t was observed in tigation on stock units (tagging) is required to deter­ 1975. mine whether the sardines in the region belong to one

414 Table 91. Summary of the current knowledge on the state of exploitation of various stocks in the CINECA region

Stocks Main fishing countries Catches in (’000) tonnes Estimated State of exploitation potential 1974 1975 1976 1977 ('000 t)

Sardina pilchardus1 Morocco, Poland, 669 708 989 _ (?) Possibly close to full Spain, USSR exploitation

Sardinella spp.2 USSR, Bermuda, 222 297 211 _ (?) Possibly close to full Trachurus spp. and Norway, Poland, exploitation Caranx rhonchus Senegal, Ghana 488 427 424 - Scomber japonicus 127 161 132 -

Sparids3 Senegal, Japan, Italy, 177 162 147 _ 160 (+) Fully or overexploited USSR, Greece, Portugal

Hakes4 USSR, Portugal, (?) Fully exploited M. merluccius Morocco, Spain 13 12 8 - Merluccius spp. 113 100 89 -

Cephalopods Spain, Japan, Korea, Overexploited Octopus USSR, Greece, Morocco 103 97 118 101 109 Cuttlefishes 42 28 20 22 39 Squids 50 35 39 37 40

Pink shrimps5 Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Possibly close to full Saint Louis stocks Gambia, Greece, USSR -- 0-5 - 0-8 exploitation Roxo-Bissagos stocks -- 2-2 - 4-5a, 2-4b

Tunas6 Spain, Japan, USA, Fully exploited Yellowfin Korea, France, Senegal, 108 117 112 - 100-140 Fully exploited Bigeye etc. 52 51 36 - 40-45 Probably moderately Skipjack 117 62 73 - Not known exploited

1 From Anon. (1978a) and Anon. (1979c). Catches include new USSR data. 2 From Anon. (1979c). 3 iFrom FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Vol. 42; and Anon. (1976b). 4 From Anon. (1978b). 5 From Anon. (1977a). 6 Statistics from ICCAT for the whole Atlantic. a Catches from nurseries from Saloum-Gambia-Casamance rivers included, b No catches from nurseries included in calculations. or several stocks. Catch and effort data also need to be yield of P. coupei could be expected by higher fishing refined to allow better analysis. effort with the prevailing age at first capture. However, a substantial increase in the yield would be expected Sardinella and mackerels with moderate increase of age at first capture. A regu­ According to the CECAF Working Party on Resources lation of minimum 60 mm mesh size has been adopted Evaluation (Anon., 1976b) the fishery in the area is for this fishery, but the effects of this regulation are not supposed to exploit a single stock of Sardinella aurita. easily assessed, because most countries have not given Again, lack of complete catch data on Sardinella, as any information on how it has been enforced. well as on Trachurus spp. and Scomber japonicus, ham­ The CECAF Working Party on Resources Evalua­ pers reliable evaluation of these stocks. tion (Anon., 1976b) observed that the other sparids For this reason the CECAF Project A d hoc Working exploited on the same or on close fishing grounds are Group on Coastal Pelagic stocks in Dakar in June 1978 subjected to varying degrees of heavy exploitation. (Anon., 1979c) could not recommend specific manage­ Because of lack of good data, no reliable assessments ment measures. However, under the current heavy could be made of the other sparids. It is worth noting state of exploitation some of these stocks (e.g. the mac­ that Pagellus coupei (Bellotti) makes up only a rela­ kerel) may be overfished, and the group recommended tively small proportion of the total sparid catch. reduced exploitation as a precautionary measure. Hakes Sparids The CECAF Project A d hoc Working Group on Hakes Of the sparid stocks in this region only Pagellus coupei (Anon., 1978b) evaluated these stocks with the best (Bellotti) have been assessed to some extent. data currently available. The Working Group arrived According to Ikeda and Sato (1971), no increase in at the following conclusions:

415 er> c3 Q. 03D 210 O ALL CEPHALOPODS CD 3 Q. CD X

0 3 < CD

= 3 CD C/3 CD O) TD O) D 3"en' o \ 90 p c 6 9 « CD

• 70

7 2 «

0

Total effort Figure 275. Cephalopod fishery in the northern zone of CECAF. Relationship between all cephalopod abundance and estimated total effort and resulting equilibrium yield curve. (Anon., 1976b).

i) For Merluccius merluccius and Merluccius spp., it Cuttlefishes (Nouakchott grounds, tentative) 6 200 t should be possible to increase the yield by reducing Total cephalopods 198 000 t fishing effort; a relatively large gain for M. merluc­ cius, but only a small gain for Merluccius spp. Source: Report of the A d hoc Working Group on ii) For both groups, but particularly for M. merluc­ Cephalopod Stocks in the Northern Zone of cius, it should be possible to increase the yield per CECAF, September 1978 (Anon., 1979b). recruit by introducing a larger mesh size in the trawls (and hence the age at first capture). The The Working Group further recommended an overall Working Group therefore recommended that all reduction in fishing effort. This would lead to a moder­ vessels fishing for hakes should use a minimum ate increase in stock biomass and fewer fluctuations in mesh size of 70 mm. total yield. The relationship between abundance index and effort for the same year is given in Figure 275.

Cephalopods The CECAF Project A d hoc Working Group on Other stocks Cephalopod Stocks (Anon., 1979b) concluded that The pink shrimp stocks in the Senegambia area may cephalopods located to the north of Cape Verde were also be close to full exploitation. Of the tunas, yellow­ overexploited in 1977. This conclusion is in agreement fin and bigeye resources are both fully exploited, while with the one reached by the Third Session of the it is probable that skipjack is moderately exploited. CECAF Working Party on Resources Evaluation (Anon., 1976b). The current estimated maximum Current management measures potential yield is as follows: It is evident from Table 91 that most of the major Octopus 109 000 t resources in the area are fully exploited. For a few fish (All grounds north of Cuttlefish 39 000 t stocks some regulatory measures have been recom­ Cape Verde) Squids 40 200 t mended.

416 In 1971, the CECAF Sub-committee on Implemen­ future. Many stocks in the area are already being heav­ tation of Management Measures recommended the use ily fished. Others have been overexploited. For man­ of larger meshes (70 mm) for hake and sea bream. agement purposes, fish stocks in the CINECA area can CECAF also recommended a 60 mm mesh for cephalo­ be grouped into three categories: pod fishery in order to protect juvenile sea breams i) coastal demersal (including shrimps) and pelagic taken as by-catch. At its Sixth Session (Agadir, 1979), stocks like the bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) which CECAF recommended the adoption of a single mesh have limited migrations and which are classified as with an opening of at least 60 mm for exploiting all national stocks, demersal species. While recognizing that the adoption ii) pelagic (e.g. sardinellas, mackerels, and horse and enforcement of the 70 mm mesh would be theoreti­ mackerels) and demersal stocks which have migra­ cally more appropriate for many stocks, CECAF made tions and distributions covering more than one this recommendation in order to facilitate implementa­ national coastal zone and which are classified as tion and control by all member States. multinational stocks, From 1 July 1973, ICCAT introduced a regulation iii) highly migratory species (tunas, etc.) occurring in prohibiting landing of yellowfin tuna below 3-2 kg (55 international waters. cm). This regulation allows for the landing of incidental catches not exceeding 15 % of the total catch of yellow­ For the first category, the countries concerned can set fin (by number). From 7 September 1980, ICCAT the regulations to manage the resources properly. introduced a regulation prohibiting landing of bigeye The second group will require cooperation among tuna below 3-2 kg. the relevant countries with shores where these stocks To date, no decision has been taken to control the occur. level of fishing of the other overexploited stocks. There CECAF, at its Fifth Session in Lome in March 1977 are currently no regulations for the sardine fishery or (Anon., 1977b) made a specific resolution to FAO con­ the other coastal pelagic fishes (sardinellas, mackerels, cerning the holding of four management meetings and horse mackerels). (Resolution CECAF/V/2): The effect of the mesh regulations for hake, sea bream, and the cephalopods is yet to be seen, as there Meet- Area Stock Countries has not been any action at the regional or subregional ing participating levels to control the use of illegal mesh sizes. The 1 22°-9°N Round sardinella Cape Verde Islands CECAF Report of the A d hoc Working Group on approximately Horse mackerel Gambia Coastal Demersal Stocks (North) (Anon., 1979a) Mackerel Guinea therefore made a specific recommendation about Guinea Bissau Mauritania cataloguing all regulations in the northern zone of Senegal CECAF and the actual meshes being used in the vari­ Sierra Leone ous fisheries. Spain The control of fishing in the region has become more 2 Gibraltar-15°N Hakes Mauritania urgent in recent years, and the coastal states with approximately Sea breams Morocco shores where these resources occur need to play a more Senegal active part in resources management. Spain

3 Gibraltar-13°N Cephalopods Mauritania approximately Morocco Discussion Senegal Spain Fisheries of the CINECA region have been described Coastal waters Pink shrimps Nigeria as complex, with many species harvested by different of Nigeria and ( Penaeus Cameroon fishing gear and vessels from several countries. All the Cameroon duorarum) management problems that extended jurisdiction will pose for the developing countries are found in this area The resolution requires that the necessary background (Miles, 1975). It is noted that the demand for fish by documentation for these meetings be prepared, and the coastal states is low because of the small popula­ since 1977 the CECAF Project has therefore organized tion. At present the coastal states use their extended several ad hoc working groups for hakes, cephalopods, jurisdiction as a means of deriving revenue as well as coastal pelagic stocks (sardinella, horse mackerels, and' for expansion of their fisheries (Miles, 1975). Many mackerels), coastal demersal stocks, shrimp, and Sar­ fishing agreements have been entered into between dina pilchardus to review the state of exploitation of coastal states and countries from outside the area. the stocks and to recommend management measures. These agreements take the form of either payment of Certainly no good assessment can be made without a licence fees or joint ventures or both. It is expected good data base. Although there has been some im­ that many more agreements will be signed in the provement in the reporting of catch and effort data,

27 Rapports et Procès-Verbaux 417 information available for some major stocks is far from Anon. 1979a. Report of the A d hoc Working Group on Coas­ satisfactory. Some major fishing countries do not tal Demersal Stocks (North). Dakar, Senegal, November report their catches as recommended by CECAF. The 1977. CECAF/ECAF Ser. 78/8 (En). reliability of some of these catch data is often question­ Anon. 1979b. Report of the A d hoc Working Group on Cephalopod Stocks in the Northern Zone of CECAF, Sep­ able. Most of the major fishing countries do not report tember 1978. CECAF/ECAF Ser. 78/11 (En). fishing effort at all and there are very few data on the Anon. 1979c. Rapport du Groupe de Travail A d hoc sur les actual fleet size of the major fishing countries, espe­ Poissons Pélagiques Côtiers Ouest-Africains de la Mauritanie au Libéria (26°N à 5°N). COPACE/PACE Ser. cially from Eastern European and Asiatic countries. 78/10 (Fr). There is also a need to improve statistics of artisanal Ansa-Emmim, M. 1978. Report of Travel to Santa Cruz de fisheries, which still contribute substantially to the total Tenerife, Canary Islands. 2-12 June 1978. CECAF Project catches of the area. Foreign fleets operating in the area Travel Rep. No 57. (Restricted FAO staff). often use flags of convenience and the catches are Ansa-Emmim, M., and Dayhoff, E. 1977. Report of Travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco, 27 November-10 probably not properly reported. The requirements for December 1977. CECAF Project Travel Rep. No 41. improved statistics have been described by Ansa- (Restricted FAO staff). Emmim and Levi (1975). It should be noted that to Ansa-Emmim, M., and Levi, D. 1975. Biostatistical data for assess the state of stocks and formulate management stock assessment purposes. Present situation and sugges­ tions for improvement. CECAF/ECAF Ser. 75/2 (En). measures, complete knowledge of life cycles, distribu­ Aubray, R. 1976. Task Force Report on the Fishery of Guinea tion, age composition of catches, etc. is also required. Conakry. FAO. Department of Fisheries Investment The CECAF Working Party on Resources Evalua­ Centre Joint Working Group, (mimeo). Ba, M’baye. 1976. Résultats généraux de la pêche maritime tion and the ad hoc working groups have made several sénégalaise. Direction de l’Océanographie et des Pêches recommendations for improving the situation. The Maritimes, Sénégal, (mimeo). CECAF Project, through its biological and statistical Belveze, H. 1972. Observations complémentaires sur le stock programmes, is gradually achieving this aim. sardinier de PAtlantique marocain de 1968 à 1971 et essais The ad hoc working groups have improved the co­ d’estimation de quelques paramètres. Bull. Inst. Pêch. Marit. Maroc, 20: 5—55. operation amongst fishery scientists and institutions. Boely T., Chabanne, J., and Fréon, P. 1979. Schémas des The working groups have made a number of recom­ cycles migratoires, lieux de concentrations et périodes de mendations for proper management of the stocks, such reproduction des principales espèces de poissons pélagiques as reduction and redistribution of fishing effort, protec­ côtiers dans la zone sénégalo-mauritanienne. Annexe 4 COPACE/PACE Ser. 78/10 (Fr). tion of nursery grounds, enforcement of minimum Boely, T., and Fréon, P. 1980. Coastal pelagic resources. In mesh sizes, etc. Fish resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. I. The It is hoped that the proposed management meetings resources of the Gulf of Guinea from Angola to will be adequate forums for the discussion of manage­ Mauritania. FAO Fish. tech. Pap., 186.1: 13-76. Bravo de Laguna, J., Fernandez, M. A. R., and Santana, J. ment measures as well as how the regulations can be C. 1977. Length distributions of the fishes discarded in the enforced and perhaps how unexploited stocks like bottom trawl fishery off northwest Africa. ICES CM Brachydeuterus auritus and Anchoa guineensis can be 1977/G:13, 14 pp. (mimeo). fully utilized. Domain, F. 1980. The demersal resources. In Fish resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. I. The resources of the Gulf of Guinea from Angola to Mauritania. FAO Fish, tech. Pap., 186.1: 77-119. References Gulland, J. A. 1971. The fish resources of the oceans. FAO/ Fishing News Books Ltd., Surrey, England, 255 pp. Anon. 1971. Consultation on the conservation of fishery Gulland, J. A ., et al. 1973. Management and development of resources and the control of fishing in Africa. Casablanca, fisheries in the Eastern Central Atlantic. J. Fish Res. Bd Morocco, 20-26 May 1971. Can., 30: 2264-2275. Anon. 1976a. Nominal catches 1964-74. CECAF Statist. Bull. ICCAT. 1977. Report for the biennial period 1976-1977. Part No. 1. I (1976). English version. Anon. 1976b. Report of the Third Session of the CECAF Ikeda, I., and Sato, T. 1971. Biological information on Pagel­ Working Party on Resources Evaluation. Rome. 9-13 Feb­ lus bellottii Steindachner off the northwest coast of Africa ruary 1976. FID/R 183 (En). with preliminary stock assessment. In Report of the Second Anon. 1976c. Nominal catches by countries and species 1971— Session of the CECAF Working Party on Regulatory Mea­ 76. Eastern Central Atlantic. FAO Fisheries Circular No sures for Demersal Stocks. FAO Fisheries Rep. No 109: 616. Rev. 3. 88-89. Anon. 1977a. Rapport du Groupe de Travail sur l’Exploita­ Jamet, J. 1976. Les résultats de la pêche commerciale à tion de la Crevette (Penaeus duorarum notialis) du secteur Nouadhibou en 1976. Bull. Labo. Nouad., 5: 101-109. Mauritanie-Libéria. COPACE/PACE Ser. 77/5 (Fr.). Lhomme, F. 1977. La pêche chalutière à Dakar en 1976. Anon. 1977b. Report of the Fifth Session of the Fishery Com­ CRODT Archive No 46. April 1977. mittee for the Eastern Central Atlantic. Lome, Togo, 7-11 Miles, E. 1975. An assessment of the impact of proposed March 1977. FAO Fisheries Rep. No 195. changes in the Law of the Sea on Regional Fishery Commis­ Anon. 1978a. Report of the A d hoc Working Group on Sar­ sions, on FAO Technical Assistance Programmes in dine Sardina pilchardus. Casablanca, December 1977. Fisheries, and the FAO Committee on Fisheries, and De­ CECAF/ECAF Ser. 78/7 (En). partment of Fisheries. December 1975. Anon. 1978b. Report of the A d hoc Working Group on Hakes Talarczak, K. 1976. Industrial marine fisheries in the CECAF in the Northern Zone of CECAF, June 1978. CECAF/ area. Part I: Morocco to Liberia. CECAF/Tech/76/3. ECAF Ser. 78/9 (En).

418 Appendix

Table 1. Total annual catches (t) by major species groups in the northern zone of CECAF, 1964-1974

Species 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Pleuronectiforms 1 316 6 441 1 343 1 660 2 799 3 588 4 388 6 302 6 952 11 387 15 392 Gadiforms 8 313 15 229 20 657 26 895 27 149 23 830 22 819 29 220 43 124 109 911 107 200 Sparidae 102 209 111 637 98 638 104 271 98 930 111 790 123 263 147 376 148 625 177 069 145 867 Sciaenidae 6 182 10 362 15 630 13 801 20 690 24 296 32 352 35 532 35 077 43 107 32 715 Pomadasyidae 1 304 3 470 3 548 3 166 3 923 6 154 5 333 3 884 3 141 2 910 2 451 Trichiurus lepturus 500 1 232 7 700 4 624 9 882 10 979 11 809 22 798 35 986 24 126 35 526 Other demersal percomorphs 11 186 21 929 27 600 31 402 31 152 29 938 40 530 49 155 57 025 61 488 72 205 Carangidae 67 247 66 414 48 254 120 397 178 498 164 452 353 610 486 592 465 377 521 385 523 252 Clupeidae 199 213 222 103 311 843 288 375 278 826 392 954 779 403 739 422 776 583 940 339 987 471 Engraulidae 957 1 027 617 1 066 559 568 4 983 1 929 1 490 3 943 4 111 Pomatomus saltatrix 6 869 4 805 22 348 10 189 17 855 13 623 20 212 16 981 17 251 14 873 29 373 Scomber spp. 73 294 69 177 45 795 76 945 120 361 201 819 261 561 230 416 207 401 144 848 148 112 Other pelagic percomorphs 0 12 0 0 0 3 464 4 109 6 462 12 499 15 827 16 357

Sharks and rays 2 678 5 298 6 364 4 884 7 289 10 205 10 558 14 745 14 161 13 255 17 550 Crabs 14 20 3 12 10 70 1 068 307 650 838 442 Lobsters 1 913 1 868 1 341 1 030 765 636 887 699 2 381 446 1 417 Shrimps and prawns 2 287 2 350 1 853 2 901 13 868 18 946 12 221 14 406 16 478 17 396 8 721 Other marine crustaceai 100 600 600 200 615 1 200 2 700 2 401 2 729 4 060 1 679 Cephalopoda 51 839 128 242 120 800 166 670 172 335 150 288 118 834 165 001 192 830 128 497 198 884 Other marine molluscs 0 0 0 400 1 397 78 116 39 5 776 7 308 14 979 Turtles Other marine fishes 87 786 184 720 218 162 236 688 242 047 280 125 328 271 326 667 290 687 305 568 321 263

Total 625 208 856 938 953 095 1095 575 1228 950 1549 003 2139 023 2300 334 2336 222 2548 273 2684 976

All demersal fishes 189 841 308 679 306 076 361 915 390 803 391 999 386 876 491 865 564 934 601 491 655 037 All coastal pelagic fishes 347 580 363 537 428 857 496 972 596 100 876 879 1423 878 1481 802 1480 601 1641 214 1708 676

Other marine fishes 87 786 184 720 218 162 236 688 242 047 280 125 328 271 326 667 290 687 305 568 321 263

Total 625 208 856 938 953 095 1095 575 1228 950 1549 003 2139 023 2300 334 2336 222 2548 273 2684 976

Source: CECAF Statistical Bulletin No. 1.

Table 2. Annual catch (t) of Sardina pilchardus by country in the northern zone of CECAF, 1965-1976

Country 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Bulgaria ____ 1 215 1 862 4 417 9 764 13 845 France 5 531 4 400 ! 589 8 313 10 352 : : 583 11 300 4 574 5 310 4 486 5 393 5 000a Morocco 150 354 244 627 203 496 162 566 168 373 163 028 173 296 194 823 334 309 209 144 157 167 209 428 Norway ------11 469 182 - Poland ----- 6 145 3 124 15 354 23 687 76 720 106 119 Portugal ------4 2 --- Rumania ~ —— ———— —— 21 275 34 939 17 641 Spain (Continental) 25 000 25 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 5 000 -- Spain (Canaries) 11 568 18 979 19 530 26 532 28 146 40 827 46 711 44 520 63 500 79 899 65 740 114 950 German Demo­ cratic Republic ------1 561 1 913 7 410 Bermudab ------15 788 21 078 72 - USSRC -- -- 80 100 88 700 123 600 91 000 154 800 287 200 357 183 514 978

Total 192 454 293 006 264 615 227 411 316 971 334 144 385 052 369 260 600 925 669 216 709 073 989 371

Source: Anon. (1978a), except USSR catches, a Estimate. b Estimate from operations of “Interpêche”. c From Anon. (1979c).

27* 419 Table 3. Annual catch (t) of Sardinella spp. by country in the Senegalo-Mauritanian area (CECAF divisions 34.1.3 and 34.3.1), 1964-1977

Gear Country 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

Trawlers Bulgaria __ 37 1 845 5 606 2 604 952 3 624 165 582 212 261 _ Ghana 2 778 ; 621 3 853 600 3 712 4 428 4 928 142 179 2 662 5 760 9 453 13 294 - Poland ---- 1 500 2 690 1 480 1 269 1 411 335 54 1 267 1 399 38 673 Rum ania ------74 647 3 303 4 232 1 188 1 821 611 -

Trawlers/ German Demo­ seiners cratic Republic 13 -- 87 51 240 239 2 514 397 ----- Cuba ----- 100 1 400 ------USSR 3 700 1 100 5 000 6 400 22 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 45 000 50 000 55 000 59 388 51 245 -

Seiners Norway _____ 54 669 71 605 126 761 71 489 9 662 9 852 _ Bermuda ----- 120 000 136 000 136 000 128 119 73 485 146 835 65 903 • 198 S. Africa ------90 000 ------

Seiners Senegal 4 063 4 702 6 445 5 407 8 857 14 477 13 643 11 480 21 723 26 206 27 774 21 927 26 729 22 398 Artisanal" Senegal 22 900 23 300 22 600 20 600 21 100 17 500 26 400 30 500 31 300 32 800 40 200 46 100 51 300 56 600 Artisanal M auritania 3 000 3 900 5 4(H) 5 610 6 510 7 800 13 200 17 361 8 895 7 173 7 770 --- Gambia ------182

Total 36 454 37 623 43 298 38 741 65 575 82 841 363 637 312 470 378 593 323 181 221 475 296 855 210 742 -

a Estimated. Source: Anon. (1979c).

Table 4. Annual catch (t) of Carangidae (T. trachurus, T. trecae and Caranx rhonchus) by country in the Senegalo-Mauritanian area (CECAF divisions 34.1.3 and 34.3.1), 1964-1977

Gear Country 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

Trawlers Bulgaria __ 1 472 359 6 066 9 805 3 293 8 203 9 238 7 318 10 698 9 247 _ Cuba ----- 8 700 1 100 ------G hana - 200 8 955 7 150 16 216 10 927 2 589 19 783 4 019 4 625 2 2 649 5 548 2 134 - Japan 5 995 8 512 5 483 6 210 6 032 11 143 7 785 4 649 5 304 9 388 6 726 --- Poland 1 461 5 804 6 255 7 890 4 528 10 697 12 976 9 790 13 495 7 117 4 306 6 555 12 204 19 010 Portugal1 -- 700 400 400 500 300 400 00 923 553 618 594 - Rumania ------2 400 7 289 19 571 30 750 39 334 29 652 14 144 - G reece -- 647 137 333 176 253 271 66 3 --- -

Trawlers/ German Demo­ seiners cratic Republic 156 - 14 9 387 1 787 1 241 4 730 11 524 2 356 ----- USSR 46 400 35 200 20 900 67 600 140 400 215 700 232 400 329 600 332 300 335 500 360 300 344 132 365 069 - K orea ------64 249 - -

Seiners Bermuda _____ 30 000“ 34 000“ 34 000“ 26 539 5 231 10 332 13 965 12 335 S. Africa _ _ ---- 45 000 ------Norway ------36 205 92 347 60 856 93 478 55 279 12 511 0 0

Seiners Senegal2 3 500 3 500 3 900 3 900 4 100 3 100 4 500 2 900 2 500 4 100 4 700 4 700 5 100 5 100 (coastal) Mauritania1 ------89 50 89 1 187 1 657 1 103 562

Total 60 712 61 971 45 049 113 212 168 866 251 212 414 837 501 271 483 827 517 127 487 647 426 652 423 560 -

1 Trachurus spp. Estimated percentage representation a Estimated. 2 Caranx rhonchus. C. rhonchus 10 % T. trecae 20-30 % T. trachurus 60-70 % Source: Anon. (1979c).

420 Table 5. Annual catch (t) of Scomber japonicus by country in the Senegalo-Mauritanian area (CECAF divisions 34.1.3 and 34.3.1), 1964-1977

Gear Country 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

Trawlers Bulgaria _ _ 2 274 2 721 10 341 16 416 5 345 3 178 1 323 1 046 3 204 540 - Ghana - 2 422 - 062 -- 3 857 6 533 401 504 - 51 1 338 308 - Greece 916 582 265 255 636 224 353 168 174 174 -- - Japan 1 859 879 1 043 1 668 1 878 1 571 217 91 68 134 306 --- Poland 2 696 2 436 7 461 8 828 8 558 6 871 3 118 3 009 2 685 1 189 749 1 264 1 722 1 408 Rumania ------1 611 4 900 6 726 6 187 4 986 9 409 2 144 -

Trawlers/ Portugal _ 12 900 16 400 10 200 21 400 39 300 20 400 196 507 328 359 410 - seiners German Demo­ cratic Republic 236 143 6 175 2 989 2 394 19 777 20 521 1 933 ----- USSR 60 600 : : ooo 12 900 32 200 85 800 141 100 139 700 130 100 174 800 122 700 119 600 142 600 126 938

Seiners Norway ____-_ 5 088 36 786 5 887 1 926 - - -- S. Africa ------15 000 ------Bermuda ------

Seiners Senegal _ . _____ 108 55 47 100 3 037 52 69 (coastal)

Total 66 307 28 319 39 774 67 800 112 782 187 758 247 113 221 829 196 206 134 187 127 166 161 211 132 114 -

Source: Anon. (1979c).

Table 6. Annual catch (t) of hakes in the northern zone of CECAF, 1964-1976

Year M. merluccius Merluccius spp.

1964 _ 6 814“ 1965 - 14 118 1966 - 16 994 1967 - 21 306 1968 - 18 085 1969 - 17 906 1970 11 432 27 052 1971 8 795 24 351 1972 8 477 38 527 1973 7 851 102 172 1974 13 094 112 678 1975 12 059 99 601 1976 7 739 88 972

a Spanish catches not included. Source: Anon. (1978b).

421 Table 7. Annual catch (’000 t) of Cephalopods (all species combined) by country in the northern zone of CECAF, 1966-1977

Country 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

Argentina --_ - __ __ 0-3 ___ Bulgaria ---- 0-1 0-1 0 - 0-2 0 _- Gambia ------0 0-2 ____ Greece 3-0 2-7 3-6 5-1 3-7 4-7 4-0 3-9 ____ Italy 11-9 10-3 7-2 8-6 4-0 5-1 4-5 3-1 7-9 8-0 8-0 8-0 Ivory Coast ------0-3 -- Japan 51-7 95-5 108-9 75-4 56-5 59-1 60-4 55-9 45-9 33-2 27-5 29-0 Korea --- 2-5 3-5 5-2 5-6 17-1 23-4 28-8 38-9 39-0 Mauritania ------______Morocco 1-2 0-9 1-1 1-0 1-8 1-2 0-6 1-0 1-3 1-1 1-2 6-1 Poland ------_ 0-2 0 ___ Portugal 1-5 2-0 1-6 1-2 1-1 ---_ 0-3 0-1 0-1 Rumania ----- 0 0 0 0-1 0 0 _ Senegal ------0-2 0-7 2-4 2-6 3-8 3-8 Spain 50-8 54-2 54-7 53-5 45-0 93-5 112-1 88-2 112-8 127-4 94-6 71-4 USSR - 0-4 1-3 1-6 1-4 2-8 5-1 4-1 7-1 6-6 9-4 9-0

Total 120-1 165-6 178-4 148-9 115-7 171-7 192-5 174-4 201-4 208-3 183-5 166-4

Source: Anon. (1979b).

Table 8. Annual catch (’000 t) of Sparids (all species combined) by country in the Northwest African area, 1965-1975

Country 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Bulgaria -____ - _ 0-8 0-8 0-3 German Democratic Republic --- 0-4 0-0 0-2 1-1 0-0 0-0 a 0-0a Ghana 3-5 0-7 1-1 0-0 0-3 0-3 0-3a 0-3a 0-3a 0-3a Greece 11-8 13-7 13-1 12-6 8-0 11-6 11-6 10-0 10-4 10-4 Italy 21-9 18-0 16-5 13-1 11-4 12-9 9-7 -- 0-2 Japan 12-5 16-1 20-9 15-2 17-6 9-5 7-4 11-9 7-5 4-6 Korea ---- 0-3 0-3 1-0 1-8 5-7 2-0 Mauritania 0-1 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4a Morocco 1-9 1-9 2-0 2-2 2-4 2-2 2-2 2-4 1-9 3-3 Poland 0-7 0-1 0-5 1-0 0-2 0-0 0-7 0-6 1-8 0-4 Portugal 7-8 6-0 5-9 4-9 5-2 5-2 3-0 5-1 5-9 8-8 Spainb ------(25-3)1’ (22-3)b (25-5)b 9-9 8-4 5-3 5-9 6-4 6-2 9-2 3-4 33-7 3-7 USSR 18-2 16-2 22-7 30-7 41-1 51-2 34-3 80-7 108-1 90-0

(143-8)‘: (170-4)c (154-2)c Total 88-3 81-3 88-6 87-1 92-9 100-0 81-2 118-5 148-1 128-7

Source: Anon. (1976b). a Estimate. b Estimates provided by Spanish scientists, c With Spanish catches as estimated in b.

422