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Beaufort Sea Region Socioeconomic Baseline

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Beaufort Sea Region Socioeconomic Baseline Technical Report Number 11 “ 3 Alaska OCS :.:.,::.. ~ ,.::.? Socioeconomic . , . .. .. ...///.....:-.::::::::... %%%%%.. ... .. .. ... .. .+ Studies Program ,..,<.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:.:.:.:..:$~~:.’ %+. =:.” ;:::y..:.:.y..::..:.:.:.:.:.y..:.:.:.:.:.:++:. :.y. Sponsor: ::::::~;:y:: 7 ,.....%.i Bureau of } Land Management L.$;.... ... ... ....>... Alaska Outer R. Continental Shelf a Off ice Beaufort Sea Region Socioeconomic Baseline The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the mineral leasing and develop- ment of offshore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (ELM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of offshore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OCS decision making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsi- bilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BLM has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program. The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a multi-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the effects of Alaska OCS Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environments within the state. The analysis addresses the differing effects among various geographic units: the State of Alaska as a whole, the several regions within which oil and gas development is likely to take place, and within these regions, the various communities. The overall research method is multidisciplinary in nature and is based on the preparation of three research components. In the first research component, the internal nature , structure, and essential processes of these various geographic units and interactions among them are documented. In the second research component , alternative sets of assumptions regarding the location, nature, and timing of future OCS petroleum development events and related activities are prepared. In the third research com- ponent, future oil and gas development events are translated into quantities and forces acting on the various geographic units. The predicted con- sequences of these events are evaluated in relation to present goals, values, and expectations. In general, program products are sequentially arranged in accordance with BLM’s proposed OCS lease sale schedule, so that information is timely to decision making. In addition to making reports available through the National Technical Information Service, the BLM is providing an information service through the Alaska OCS Office. Inquiries for information should be directed to: Program Coordinator (COAR), Socio- economic Studies Program, Alaska OCS Office, P. O. Box 1159, Anchorage, Alaska 99510. II TECHNICAL REPORT No. 11 CONTRACT NO. AA550-CT6-61 ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM BEAUFORT SEA REGION SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE PREPARED FOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFICE DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 111 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Office, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM BEAUFORT SEA REGION SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE Prepared by PEAT, MARkJICK, MITCHELL & CO. Iv REPORTDOCUMENTATI ON PAGE 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipient’s Accession No. Technical Report No. 11 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program July, 1978 Beaufort Sea Region Socioeconomic Baseline 6. ~. Author(s) 8. Performing organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Projec t/Taak/Work Unit No. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. 601 West 5th Street 11. Contract or Grant No. Anchorage, Alaska 99510 AA550-CT6-61 13. Type of Report 12. Sponsoring Organization Nam~ and Address Bureau of Land Management Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office P.O. Box 1159 Anchorage, Alaska, 99510 14. L5. Supplementary Notes lb. Abstract This report is a compilation of four Beaufort Sea baseline reports prepared for the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program between 1976 and 1978: Technical Report Title Author Number 5 Baseline Studies: The Beaufort Sea CCC/HOK (Crittenden, Region - Interim Report Cassetta, Cannon/Helmuth, Obata, Kassabaum) Number 8 Beaufort Region Man-Made Alaska Consultants Environment Number 9 Beaufort Sea Region Sociocultural Worl Associates Systems Number 10 Beaufort Sea Region Natural Dames and Moore Physical Environment 1?. Originator ‘9 Key Words 18. Availability Statement Alaska, Beaufort Sea, OCS Development, National Technical Information Socioeconomic Baseline Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 19. U. S. Security Class if. of the Report 20. U. S. Security Claasif. This Page 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified , 1 *1 v TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION . Purpose of the Socioeconomic Studies Program . PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT . The Concept of a Baseline . METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS . THE VALUE OF ANALYTIC INTERPRETATION . THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASELINES IN OTHER AREAS . Definition of the Beaufort Sea Region . AN OVERVIEW OF THE REGION ● . OIL AND RECENT SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE . II. SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMS . 15 Aboriginal Period . ● . 16 INUPIAT: ECOLOGICAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS . 16 Tagiugmiut . Territorial Occupation Beaufort/Chukchi Sea . $: Settlement Patterns . 25 Migration Cycles . 27 Tribal and Family Social Organization . 29 Economic Complexes . Nunamiut . ii Territorial Boundaries . 42 Major Groups . 43 Social Organization . 45 Subsistence Patterns . 45 Tagiugmiut/Nunamiut Interrelationship . 47 The Historical Period: Major Economic Influences . 50 EXPLORATION PERIOD . 51 THE COMMERCIAL WHALING PERIOD AND DECLINE . 53 THE FUR INDUSTRY . 61 NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE #4 EXPLORATION . 64 The Contemporary Period . 66 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT . 66 Village Councils . 67 Wainwright . 69 Point Hope . 75 Kaktovik . Anaktuvuk Pass . ;: Barrow . 78 Summary . 80 Regional Development . 81 Inupiat Paitot . ● . 84 Arctic Slope Native Association . 85 The Inupiat Conmunity of the Arctic Slope . 89 The Arctic Slope Regional Corporation . 90 Land Status Following ANCSA . 92 Edwardsen vs. Morton . 96 The North Slope Borough . The Inuit Circumpolar Conference . 1;; SOCIOECONOMIC SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS . 107 VII Subsistence Issues . ...6. 107 The Caribou Crisis . 107 The Bowhead Whale Controversy . 110 Petrol eum Exploration and Development Activities . 111 Subsistence Elements . 116 Economic Aspects of Subsistence . 116 The Socioeconomic Unit . 118 Cultural Values of Subsistence . 121 Settlement Patterns and Land Use . 121 Ice Hunting . 124 Interethnic Relations . 131 AREAS OF CONFLICT . 136 Economic Factors . 136 Social Factors . 137 Institutional Factors . 139 Sociocultural Impact of New Technology and Rate of Change . 140 Increase and Diversity of Social Contacts . 143 Resident Inupiat . 145 Resident Non-Inupiat . ● . 147 Transients . 148 Indications of Negative Impact . 150 Alcohol and Drugs . 150 Family Discord and Violent Behavior . 161 Suicide and Mental Illness . 167 Indicators of Positive Change . 168 II 1. REGIONAL POPULATION, ECONOMY, AND SERVICES . 173 Population . 173 PAST TRENDS . 173 POPULATION COMPOSITION . 179 GROWTH PROSPECTS . 184 Economy . ● . 186 COMPOSITION OF EMPLOYMENT . 186 UNEMPLOYMENT AND SEASONALITY OF EMPLOYMENT . 191 RECENT TRENDS AND CHANGES . 197 OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS . ..
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