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The Female Tattooed Body Negotiation and Resistance

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The Female Tattooed Body Negotiation and Resistance Half-Title Page NEGOTIATION AND RESISTANCE: THE FEMALE TATTOOED BODY NEGOTIATION AND RESISTANCE THE FEMALE TATTOOED BODY By ARIANE ELLERBROK, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Ariane Ellerbrok, October 2008 MASTER OF ARTS (2008) McMaster University (Sociology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Negotiation and Resistance: The Female Tattooed Body AUTHOR: Ariane Ellerbrok, B.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Dorothy Pawluch NUMBER OF PAGES: iv, 84,177 11 ABSTRACT Negotiation and Resistance The Female Tattooed Body This study examines the ways in which the female tattooed body is interpreted by others, and to what degree these perceptions impact the tattooing practices, the behaviour, and ultimately the social status of tattooed women. Broadly speaking, the study focuses on the process of 'meaning making' in relation to female tattoos, and how the various meanings that are ascribed to tattoos and those who bear them are constantly shifting across bodies and time in a manner that renders bodies as either negotiated or resistant. In examining interpretations of female tattoos, I take a detailed look at how female tattooing comes to be interpreted within the context of sexuality. Discussion on this topic focuses in part on the recent development of the label tramp stamp for women's lower back tattoos. The implications of these various tattoo interpretations are considered and discussed in relation to the symbolic expression of power that is associated with many female tattoo projects. The thesis contributes to the literature on tattooing, body modifications, femininity, gender resistance, promiscuity, symbolic meaning, and labeling. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to gratefully acknowledge the help of several people, without whom this project would not have been possible. First, I am indebted to Dorothy Pawluch, for her ongoing patience and advice on this project, as well as her scrupulous help with the editing process. I am also grateful to James Gillet and William Shaffir, who offered much constructive feedback on earlier drafts of this thesis. And finally, I would like to thank Michele Donnelly, Steph Shipton and Scott Milligan, who were ever helpful and always willing to share their experience on research related matters. This project also would not have been possible without the many many people who contributed to the data collection process. I would like to thank the 32 interview participants, who took the time to share with me their stories, triumphs, and perspectives. I would also like to thank the 294 survey participants who also provided a great deal of valuable data, as well as the 50 professors who kindly allowed me into their classrooms during their class time that I might recruit participants for this research. And last but not least, I would like to thank my parents and my partner for their infinite patience and support through all stages of this project. I am so grateful. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Theoretical Framework 2 The Literature on Tattooing 4 The Literature on the Female Body 12 Substantive Questions 16 Methodology 17 Chapter One Negotiation and Resistance in Female Tattooing 22 Mitigating the Masculinity of Tattooing - 'Feminine' Tilloci~ n Tattoo Visibility - Concealment vs. Communicative Power 29 Mainstream Tattooed Bodies - The Role of 'Meaning and 'Meaninglessness' 36 Summary 43 Chapter Two Sexual Interpretations of the Female Tattooed Body 46 Sexual Categorization of Female Tattooing 46 The Tramp Stamp Label 57 Sexual Agency vs. Practicality in Selecting the Tramp Stamp 66 Summary 72 Conclusion 75 Summary of Findings 75 Conclusions and Implications 76 Contributions 81 Future Research 82 v THESIS APPENDIX Table of Contents Appendix A - Bibliography 86 Appendix B - Ethics Approval Document 91 Appendix C - Interview Recruitment Flyer 92 Appendix D - Interviewee Consent Form 93 Appendix E - Interview Schedule for Tattooed Participants 95 Appendix F - Interview Schedule for Non-Tattooed 98 Participant Appendix G - Interviewee Name Index and Additional 101 Information Appendix H - Interviewee Transcript Excerpts - Personal 102 Tattoo Stories Appendix I - Survey Recruitment Flyer 108 Appendix J - Survey Monkey Online Consent Form and 109 Questionnaire (pdf) Appendix K - Survey Monkey Incentive Form (pdf) 133 Appendix L - Overall Tattoo Survey Results and 134 Demographic Information (pdf) Appendix M - Tattoo Survey Results by Gender (pdf) 165 Appendix N - Tattoo Survey SPSS Crosstabulation 174 Appendix 0 - Transcript of Saturday Night Live Skit 175 VI MA Thesis - A. Ellerbrok McMaster - Department of Sociology Introduction The intent of this study is to examine how the female tattooed body is interpreted by others, and to what degree these perceptions impact the tattooing practices, behaviour, and ultimately the social status of tattooed women. The study focuses on the process of 'meaning making' in relation to female tattoos, and how the various meanings that are ascribed to tattoos and those who bear them are constantly shifting across bodies and time in a manner that renders bodies as either negotiated or resistant. In this context, negotiation is understood as soliciting a measure of social approval for one's tattoos, wherein the young female tattooees are viewed as attempting to work within the bounds of what is socially appropriate, and what is perceived to cause the least potential risk to their social status in the acquisition of their tattoo(s). Alternatively, resistance is understood as that which challenges the traditional view of appropriate femininity and 'feminine' tattooing, and thus engages in the selection of tattoos that will be interpreted as a challenge to dominant gender roles. The extent to which this meaning making has an impact on the performance of gender through tattooing, and in particular the performance of femininity, is also discussed throughout the course of the analysis. I will be looking at various female tattoo projects, including tattoos that are inscribed with meaning in relation to sexuality as well as providing an in depth discussion of the tramp stamp - a popular culture label that is currently in use to describe the very popular lower back tattoo on women. Based on my results I argue that the ways in which female tattooed bodies become labeled in relation to their perceived negotiation and resistance reflects the informal social control of the female body, as it relates to gender politics in a larger social context. While this study focuses on the perceptions of tattooing and tattooed women per se, I would suggest that the implications of this study go 1 MA Thesis - A. Ellerbrok McMaster - Department of Sociology -- -- -- -- -- --- beyond body modification practices. Rather the research speaks to the ways in which womanhood is portrayed, reaffirmed and recreated in a corporeal sense, and why such affirmations playa critical role in relation to gender inequality. In this introduction I provide context and background for this study on the female tattooed body. I begin by detailing my theoretical approach, which brings the concerns of symbolic interactionism, particularly in relation to meaning, together with the concerns of labeling theory and critical feminist theory. This is followed by a discussion of the two main bodies of conceptual literature that are most central to my questions about tattooing. The first of these areas is the literature that focuses on tattooing itself in the context of North American practices and perspectives over the course of the 20th century. The second body of knowledge which has informed this study deals with the construction and control of the female body and female sexuality. In discussing each of these bodies of literature I summarize some of the predominant themes as well as identify the gaps that my thesis makes a contribution towards filling. Finally, having clarified my questions and contextualizing them within the relevant conceptual literature, I provide details about how this study was conducted. The introduction ends with an overview of the remaining chapters of this study. Theoretical Framework The following study draws upon various aspects of symbolic interactionism, labeling theory, and critical feminist theory. First, and primarily, this study is premised in the idea that bodily representation serves as a symbolic means of communication, and that 'meaning making' plays a key role in corporeal representation of self, and can also potentially playa key role in the informal social control of the body. The emphasis on meaning making and its links to labeling and social control situates the study within a symbolic interactionist paradigm. For symbolic interactionists, the structure of society is "created and maintained by the actions and interactions of individuals" (Turner 2003:343). The term symbolic interaction ism was initially coined by Herbert Blumer (1969), but the development of this school of thought goes back to the work of George Herbert Mead (1934). Mead argues that the individual is a product of society; self is developed from the process of interaction wherein symbols serve as a means of communication between individuals. Thus Mead "viewed society as a constructed phenomenon that arises from the adjustive interactions among individuals" (Turner 2003 :349). The symbolic interactionist perspective has developed from these initial insights, and emphasizes the ability of social
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