House Concurrent Resolution No. 54
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"So Help Me God" and Kissing the Book in the Presidential Oath of Office
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal Volume 20 (2011-2012) Issue 3 Article 5 March 2012 Kiss the Book...You're President...: "So Help Me God" and Kissing the Book in the Presidential Oath of Office Frederick B. Jonassen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Repository Citation Frederick B. Jonassen, Kiss the Book...You're President...: "So Help Me God" and Kissing the Book in the Presidential Oath of Office, 20 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 853 (2012), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol20/iss3/5 Copyright c 2012 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj KISS THE BOOK . YOU’RE PRESIDENT . : “SO HELP ME GOD” AND KISSING THE BOOK IN THE PRESIDENTIAL OATH OF OFFICE Frederick B. Jonassen* INTRODUCTION .................................................854 I. THE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF “SO HELP ME GOD” AS HISTORICAL PRECEDENT IN THE PRESIDENT’S INAUGURATION ...................859 A. Washington’s “So Help Me God” in the Supreme Court ..........861 B. Newdow v. Roberts.......................................864 II. THE CASE AGAINST “SO HELP ME GOD”..........................870 A. The Washington Irving Recollection ..........................872 B. The Freeman Source ......................................874 C. Two Conjectural Arguments for “So Help Me God” Discredited ...879 D. One More Conjecture .....................................881 III. THE EVIDENCE THAT WASHINGTON KISSED THE BIBLE ..............885 A. First-Hand Accounts of the Biblical Kiss ......................885 B. The Subsequent Tradition ..................................890 1. Andrew Johnson......................................892 2. Ulysses S. Grant......................................892 3. Rutherford B. Hayes...................................893 4. James A. -
Legislative Process Lpbooklet 2016 15Th Edition.Qxp Booklet00-01 12Th Edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 1
LPBkltCvr_2016_15th edition-1.qxp_BkltCvr00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 2:49 PM Page 1 South Carolina’s Legislative Process LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 1 THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 2 October 2016 15th Edition LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 3 THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS The contents of this pamphlet consist of South Carolina’s Legislative Process , pub - lished by Charles F. Reid, Clerk of the South Carolina House of Representatives. The material is reproduced with permission. LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 4 LPBooklet_2016_15th edition.qxp_Booklet00-01 12th edition 11/18/16 3:00 PM Page 5 South Carolina’s Legislative Process HISTORY o understand the legislative process, it is nec - Tessary to know a few facts about the lawmak - ing body. The South Carolina Legislature consists of two bodies—the Senate and the House of Rep - resentatives. There are 170 members—46 Sena - tors and 124 Representatives representing dis tricts based on population. When these two bodies are referred to collectively, the Senate and House are together called the General Assembly. To be eligible to be a Representative, a person must be at least 21 years old, and Senators must be at least 25 years old. Members of the House serve for two years; Senators serve for four years. The terms of office begin on the Monday following the General Election which is held in even num - bered years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. -
Oversight Reform Proposals
DOCURKNT RESUSE 06261 - [B16466691 Oversight Reform Proposals. June 8, 1978. 17 pF. * enclosure (1 pp.). Testimony before the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration; by Harry S. Havens, Lirector, Program Analysis Div. Contact: Proqraa Analysis Div. Congressional Relevance: Senate Conmittee on Rules and Administration. Authority: S. 2 (95th ConQ.). Deficiencies in the current congressional oversight process include incomplete coverage of the reauthorization process, inadequate attention to broad policy subjects, incomplete review coverage of Federal ;rograns and activities, and lack of clarity and specificity in statemants of the objectives of programs and activities. The key aleaent tc oversight reform is congressional commitment to better oversight and the establishmeat of a disciplined process for the revieu and study of Federal programs in the context of broad policy subjects. The proposed bill, S.2, would establish a mandatcry reauthorizing process for Federal Fprogras, but it would exempt some specific types of programs, including the major Federal income security and health financing programs and tax expenditures. The proposed legislation uculd schedule reauthorization and related reviews of a 6-year cycle in accordance with a timetable written into law; it would force action to reauhorize programs, grouped by budget subfunction, by specified dates and place a ban on future funding fcr programs not reauthorized by specified dates. The period of the authorization of new budget authority would be limited to 6 years. S.2 would base the reauthorization Frocess on a list of all activities of the Federal Government categorized by budget subfunction, establish a statutory schedule by kudget subfunction, provide that Frograms in the sane budget subfunction be acted upon in tne sane Congress, and reguire that an inventory of programs be developed and maiotained by the Conqressional Budqet Office. -
The President's Reorganization Authority
Order Code RL30876 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web The President’s Reorganization Authority: Review and Analysis March 8, 2001 name redacted Specialist in Government Organization and Management Government and Finance Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress The President’s Reorganization Authority: Review and Analysis Summary Among the initiatives being promoted with the beginning of the Administration of President George W. Bush is that of renewing the President’s lapsed authority to submit reorganization plans to Congress. The general rationale offered for renewing this authority is that it would provide additional flexibility and discretion to the President in organizing the executive branch to promote “economy and efficiency” as well as his political priorities. The regular legislative route for considering presidential proposals involving organizational changes is deemed by reorganization authority supporters as being unduly slow and cumbersome. Thus, the proposal to permit the President to submit reorganization plans subject to mandatory congressional consideration with “fast track” procedures is viewed by the reorganization proposal’s proponents as a necessary reform for good government. Critics of the reorganization plan authority reject the arguments and assumptions behind the proposal and defend the efficacy and legitimacy of the regular legislative process for executive reorganization proposals. This report addresses three specific issues: (1) the historical basis and use of the President’s reorganization authority; (2) the factors contributing to the lapse of the President’s reorganization authority in 1984,1 and (3) thoughts on the future of reorganization in the executive branch. 1 It is worth noting that the Reorganization Act of 1977, as amended, remains “on the books,” but is not presently operative for execution as it expired on December 31, 1984. -
Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions
Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions Henry B. Hogue Specialist in American National Government March 11, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21308 Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions Summary Under the Constitution (Article II, §2, clause 2), the President and the Senate share the power to make appointments to high-level policy-making positions in federal departments, agencies, boards, and commissions. Generally, the President nominates individuals to these positions, and the Senate must confirm them before he can appoint them to office. The Constitution also provides an exception to this process. When the Senate is in recess, the President may make a temporary appointment, called a recess appointment, to any such position without Senate approval (Article II, §2, clause 3). This report supplies brief answers to some frequently asked questions regarding recess appointments. Additional information on recess appointments may be found in other CRS reports: CRS Report R42329, Recess Appointments Made by President Barack Obama, by Henry B. Hogue and Maureen O. Bearden; CRS Report RL33310, Recess Appointments Made by President George W. Bush, by Henry B. Hogue and Maureen O. Bearden; and CRS Report RL33009, Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, by Vivian S. Chu. This report will be updated as events warrant. Congressional Research Service Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions Contents What Is the Purpose of a Recess Appointment? ....................................................................... -
Contemplating the Congressional Budget Process
CONTEMPLATING THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET PROCESS Government is aptly compared to architecture; if the superstructure is too heavy for the foundation the building totters, though assisted by outward props of art.1 When the subject of the Congressional budget process arises a common and usually mildly exasperated complaint is often heard: “It is so complex.” The adjective “complex” is usually paired with other adjectives, sometimes adverbs, like “overly”2, “cumbersome”,3 “tedious,”4 “incoherent,”5 or “endlessly.”6 Even “maddeningly”7 has been used, though when this last has been employed, it has been unclear whether the meaning is that it incites anger or causes an impairment of cerebral functioning. The truth of the characterization is manifest: The current budget process system is, in fact, complex, but that, in itself, is not a flaw, fatal or otherwise. Many things are complex: Microcomputers, theoretical mathematics, Hegelianism and Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology all may be characterized as such. Even the primary governing document of the American Nation, the U.S. Constitution, is purposefully complex in its construction. In answering a query as to why 1 Though this quote is attributed to Benjamin Franklin from an article published in The Pennsylvania Gazette in April 1737, John Webbe has also been named as its author. Webbe was an essayist and publisher who was Franklin’s contemporary. The sentiment is valuable no matter who held the pen. See The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1960, vol. 2, pp. 145–146. 2 Brian M. Riedl , “What’s Wrong with the Federal Budget Process”; Backgrounder #1816 on Federal Budget, The Heritage Foundation, January 25, 2005. -
Military Law Review
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET 27-1 00-25 MILITARY LAW REVIEW Articles AN OFFICERS OATH Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Reese COUNTERINSURGENCY: A PERMITTED INTERVENTION? Lieutenant Colonel john 1. Douglas BRIBERY AND GRAFT Major lack Crouchet . AN INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY JUSTICE IN FRANCE Gerald L. Kock HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY JULY 1964 AGO 9077B PREFACE The Military Law Review is designed to provide a medium for those interested in the field of military law to share the product of their experience and research with their fellow lawyers. Articles should be of direct concern and import in this area of scholarship, and preference will be given to those articles having lasting value as reference material for the military lawyer. The Military Law Review does not purport to promulgate De- partment of the Army policy or to be in any sense directory. The opinions reflected in each article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Judge Advocate General or the Department of the Army. Articles, comments, and notes should be submitted in duplicate, triple spaced, to the Editor, Military Law Review, The Judge Advocate General's School, U. S. Army, Charlottesville, Virginia. Footnotes should be triple spaced, set out on pages separate from the text and follow the manner of citation in the Harvard Blue Book. This Review may be cited as 25 MIL. L. REV. (number of page) (1964) (DA Pan; 27-100-25, 1 July 1964). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402, Price : $.75 " (single copy). -
Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions
Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions Updated March 11, 2015 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21308 Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions Summary Under the Constitution (Article II, §2, clause 2), the President and the Senate share the power to make appointments to high-level policy-making positions in federal departments, agencies, boards, and commissions. Generally, the President nominates individuals to these positions, and the Senate must confirm them before he can appoint them to office. The Constitution also provides an exception to this process. When the Senate is in recess, the President may make a temporary appointment, called a recess appointment, to any such position without Senate approval (Article II, §2, clause 3). This report supplies brief answers to some frequently asked questions regarding recess appointments. Additional information on recess appointments may be found in other CRS reports: CRS Report R42329, Recess Appointments Made by President Barack Obama, by Henry B. Hogue and Maureen O. Bearden; CRS Report RL33310, Recess Appointments Made by President George W. Bush, by Henry B. Hogue and Maureen O. Bearden; and CRS Report RL33009, Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, by Vivian S. Chu. This report will be updated as events warrant. Congressional Research Service Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions Contents What Is the Purpose of a Recess Appointment? ........................................................................ 1 How Often Have Recent -
Senate Resolution No. 1705
Session of 2021 Senate Resolution No. 1705 By Senators Masterson, Suellentrop and Sykes 1-22 1 A RESOLUTION adopting rules for the Senate of the State of Kansas for 2 the terms of the Senators commencing with the 2021 regular session 3 of the Legislature. 4 5 Be it resolved by the Senate of the State of Kansas: The following rules 6 shall be the rules of the Senate for the terms of the Senators 7 commencing with the 2021 regular session of the Legislature. 8 RULES OF THE SENATE 9 2021-2024 10 Rule 1. Time of Meetings. The Senate on the first day of a session 11 shall convene at 2:00 p.m., and at all other times shall convene at 2:30 12 p.m., unless otherwise ordered by the Senate. 13 Rule 2. Convening – Quorum – Assuming Duties of Chair. (a) The 14 President shall take the chair at the hour fixed for the convening of the 15 Senate, and the roll shall be called in order to ascertain if a quorum is 16 present. A majority of the Senators then elected (or appointed) and 17 qualified shall constitute a quorum, and, in the absence of a quorum, the 18 Senators present, by majority vote, may take such measures as they shall 19 deem necessary to secure the presence of a quorum. 20 (b) In the absence of the President, the Vice President shall assume 21 the duties of the President. The President or Vice President may also 22 name any Senator to temporarily perform the duties of the chair, but the 23 Senator so named shall not act as President beyond adjournment, unless 24 by leave of the Senate. -
MICHIGAN MILITARY ACT Act 150 of 1967 an ACT to Provide for The
MICHIGAN MILITARY ACT Act 150 of 1967 AN ACT to provide for the militia of this state and its organization, command, personnel, administration, training, supply, discipline, deployment, employment, and retirement; and to repeal acts and parts of acts. History: 1967, Act 150, Imd. Eff. June 30, 1967;Am. 1998, Act 212, Imd. Eff. July 1, 1998. The People of the State of Michigan enact: CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 32.501 Michigan military act; short title. Sec. 101. This act shall be known and may be cited as the “Michigan military act”. History: 1967, Act 150, Imd. Eff. June 30, 1967. 32.503 Michigan military act; intent, construction. Sec. 103. It is the intent of this act and other acts of this state affecting the Michigan national guard, the Michigan defense force and the unorganized militia to conform to applicable acts and regulations of the United States. The laws of this state shall be construed to effect this intent, and anything to the contrary shall be held to be null and void as long as the subject matter shall have been acted upon by the United States. Upon any subject not acted upon with reference to these matters by the United States, any law or regulation of this state shall be in full force and effect. History: 1967, Act 150, Imd. Eff. June 30, 1967. 32.505 Definitions. Sec. 105. The definitions used in the command, administration, supply, training, discipline, deployment, and employment of the armed forces of the United States, unless clearly inapplicable or contradictory, are adopted with respect to the state military establishment except as otherwise provided in this act. -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE, Vol. 158, Pt. 11 November 13, 2012 Americans
15090 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE, Vol. 158, Pt. 11 November 13, 2012 Americans. Earl Morse and Jeff Miller acknowledge and respect as we come the text of which is carried in 5 U.S.C. have devoted so much of their private back to work on behalf of the Amer- 3331: lives to bringing great joy to Ameri- ican people. I’d like my colleagues to ‘‘I, AB, do solemnly swear (or af- cans across this country. We should allow me, for a moment, to raise the firm) that I will support and defend recognize them. We should thank them. issue of the recognition of introducing the Constitution of the United We should remember. a legislative initiative to award the States against all enemies, foreign Those of us who have relatives that Congressional Gold Medal to Malala and domestic; that I will bear true have fought in the military, those of us Yousufzai, the little girl in Pakistan faith and allegiance to the same; who appreciate those who have—on who had the courage to stand up that I take this obligation freely, this Veterans Day week, let us give due against the heinousness of the Taliban. without any mental reservation or credit to what brings us together as a On October 9, 2012, Malala was shot purpose of evasion; and that I will people, our great sense of patriotism, and nearly killed by Taliban operatives well and faithfully discharge the our great sense of valor, and the appre- because she advocated simply for edu- duties of the office on which I am ciation we could give to those Ameri- cating girls in Pakistan. -
H. Con. Res. 112
112TH CONGRESS 2D SESSION H. CON. RES. 112 CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 1 Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate 2 concurring), 3 SECTION 1. CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET 4 FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013. 5 (a) DECLARATION.—The Congress determines and 6 declares that this concurrent resolution establishes the 2 1 budget for fiscal year 2013 and sets forth appropriate 2 budgetary levels for fiscal years 2014 through 2022. 3 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 4 this resolution is as follows: Sec. 1. Concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2013. TITLE I—RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS Sec. 101. Recommended levels and amounts. Sec. 102. Major functional categories. TITLE II—RECONCILIATION AND DIRECTIVE TO THE COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET Sec. 201. Reconciliation in the House of Representatives. Sec. 202. Directive to the Committee on the Budget of the House of Represent- atives to replace the sequester established by the Budget Con- trol Act of 2011. TITLE III—RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS FOR FISCAL YEARS 2030, 2040, AND 2050 Sec. 301. Policy statement on long-term budgeting. TITLE IV—RESERVE FUNDS Sec. 401. Reserve fund for the repeal of the 2010 health care laws. Sec. 402. Deficit-neutral reserve fund for the sustainable growth rate of the Medicare program. Sec. 403. Deficit-neutral reserve fund for revenue measures. Sec. 404. Deficit-neutral reserve fund for rural counties and schools. Sec. 405. Deficit-neutral reserve fund for transportation. TITLE V—BUDGET ENFORCEMENT Sec. 501. Limitation on advance appropriations. Sec. 502. Concepts and definitions. Sec. 503. Adjustments of aggregates and allocations for legislation.