THE NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN BALTIMORE: CAMBRIDGE SEVEN ASSOCIATES

FROM BEIJING TO KASH!: OBSERVING THE CHINESE RURAL HABITAT TWO INTERPRETIVE CENTERS BLEND INTO NATIONAL PARK SITES A HOUSE BY RICHARD TREMAGLIO BUILDING TYPES STUDY: LOW-RISE OFFICE BUILDINGS FULL CONTENTS ON PAGES 10 AND 11 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD MAY 1982 5 A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION SIX DOLLARS PER COPY Your most prestigious execu­ tive offices, conference rooms, and lobbies deserve the highest compliment you can give the : the high-tech and high style of Soft Look Trimlok ceiling system. This nevv system combines the beauty of fabric-covered Soft Look Ceilings with the crisp, clean lines of fhe Trlmlok brushed-aluminum grid. A black recess accentuates the grid, adding depth and dimension to the concept of up-scale ceiling design. The uniquely gracious effect created by Soft Look Trimlok goes beyond appearance. This ceiling absorbs up to 65% of the sound striking its surface. And creates an atmosphere of quiet, studied elegance. Trimlok grid is lightweight and allows for easy installation of the 2'x2' Soft Look panels. There are 13 fabric colors to choose from, each designed to coordinate stylishly with the contemporary Trimlok grid. Soft Look panels are also avail­ able with a tegular-edge detail for installation in a conventional grid. To learn more, write Armstrong, Dept. 25NAR, P.O. Box 3001, Lancaster, PA 17604. We'll show you how Soft Look Trimlok can help make any room you design as stunning as can be. Now that's a compliment.

Circle 1 on inquiry card ~~~on intehiational collection p.a. box 7288, 919/434-4151 high point, n.c. 27264 boston (617) 423-0040 chicago (312) 822-0711 dallas (214) 747-7130 denver (303) 825-5093 houston (713) 523-4900 las angeles (213) 652-5450 minneapolis (612) 872-0510 new york (212) 371-6131 st. louis (314) 241-8431 san trancisco (415) 652-5646 toronto (416) 368- 3051 logos design waiter k. collection

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ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 7982 3 LETTERS/CALENDAR

Letters to the editor I wish Mr_ Perkins would have Calendar ARCHITECTURAL RECORD (Combined with AMER elaborated this facet of the article_ As CAN ARCHITECT, ARCHITECTURE and WESTER ARCHITECT AND ENGINEER) Sometime I would like to talk to Brad­ MAY it is written, it raises many interesting (ISSN0003·8S8X) May, 1982, Vol. 170, No. 6. Titl ford Perkins about various points he questions and should produce, I 12-13 Seminar, "Air Systems Design reg. in U. S. Patent Office, copyright() 1982 raised in his very thoughtful review hope, a lively discussion_ and Retrofit for Energy Cost Effec­ McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Indexed Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, Art lnde [ ARC HITECTURAL RECORD, February 1982, Elsa Pena, Architect tiveness," first seminar in the Energy Applied Science and Technology Index, Engineeri pages 86-89]. Georgia State University Professional Development Series of Index, and The Architectural Index . E.g., the idea that the rising costs Atlanta the American Society of Heating, Every possible effort will be made to return materi of building had something to do with Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning En­ submitted for possible publication (if accompani by stamped, addressed envelope), but the edito the triumph of the International Style_ George Nelson's review of Knoll gineers; at the New York Statler and the corporation will not be responsible for lo I insis t it had nothing whatsoever to Design is thoughtful, very generous Hotel. Contact: ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie or damage. do with it. and witty [RECORD, mid-February Circle, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30329. EXECUTIVE, EDITORIAL, CIRCULATION AND A VERTISING OFFICES: 1221 Avenue of the America Tom Wolfe 1982, page 49]- 17 Professional Development Seminar New York, N.Y. 10020. New York City He continues to be one of the 1, sponsored by the Society for Mar­ OFFICERS OF M cGRAW-HILL PUBLICATIONS CO most articulate writers in the architec­ keting Professional Services; held in PANY: president: Paul F. McPherson; executive vi The article by Bradford Perkins about tural profession. Seattle, Wash. Contact: Society for presidents: Daniel A. McMillan, Ill, Gene W . Si pson; senior vice president-editorial : Ralph R. Schul Tom Wolfe's book in your February Florence Knoll Bassett Marketing Professional Services, 1437 vice presidents: Kemp Anderson, business syste edition and his comments about Coconut Grove, Florida Powhatan St., Alexandria, Va. 22314. development; Robert B. Doll, circulation; James media influence on the development 20 through July 5 The American pre­ Hackett, controll er; Eric B. Herr, planning and dev opment; H. Joh l) Sweger, marketing. and maintenance of an architectural I am reminded of Mark Twain's com­ miere of the First International Exhibi­ CORPORA TIO 'i, OFFICERS : Harold W . M cGra practice are ever so right. ment that " reports of my death have tion of Architecture from the Venice chairman of the board and chief executive offic I suppose everybody knows, or been greatly exaggerated" by your Biennale, " The Presence of the Past," Joseph L Dionne, president and chief operati officer; Robert N. Landes, senior vice president a should know, that media coverage at Pier 2, Fort Mason, San Francisco. recent article on Ten Stamford Forum secretary; Ralph ). Webb, treasurer. and especially media connections can [RECORD, December 1981, pages 86- Contact: Friends of the Biennale, ASSOCIATED SERVICES/ M cGraw-Hill lnformati make a successful architect. How­ 91), which cites my building by Aldo 415 / 433-5149. Systems Co.: Sweet's Catalog Files (General Buildi ever, it is discouraging to think of Giurgola as " in spirit akin to a Beaux 27 through Oct. 3 Exhibition, "Grand Engineering, Industrial Construction and Renovati Light Residential Construction, Interiors), Dod innumerable small practitioners who Arts cenotaph across the street." Central Terminal : Th e City Within the Building Cost Services, Dodge Reports and Bulleti consistently have good designs and Webster's Third New Interna­ City, " exploring the development Dodge/ SCAN Microfilm Systems, Dodge Mana never get recognized beca use they tional Dictionary defines cenotaph as and influence of Grand Central Ter­ ment Control Service, Dodge Construction Statisti Dodge regional construction newspapers (Chica practice in the wrong location and " a tomb or a monument erected in minal. Organized by the Municipal Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco) . lack the right connections, media­ honor of a person whose body is Art Society of New York, sponsored SUBSCRIPTIONS: Position, firm connection, and ty wise _ Opposite to that, we have the elsewhere-" I' m not elsewhere­ by Philip Morris Incorporated and the of firm must be indicated on subscription orde Please allow 4-12 weeks for shipment. Subscripti Graveses, Venturis and Rudolphs, National Endowment for the Humani­ yet-and my name appears on that rates for personnel of Architectural, Engineeri whose latest designs might get monument. ties, and designed by Hardy Holzman Interior Design, Design and other directly relat acclaimed because of the name The monument incorrectly desig­ Pfeiffer Associates . At the New York firms and students thereof, are as follows: U.S . a behind the design rather than the nated as a cenotaph was once pri­ Historical Society, 170 Central Park U.S. Possessions $28.00; Canada $30.00; all at countries $S7 .00. For all other personnel; U.S. a merits of the design _ marily a monument to the living_ It is West, New York City. u_s_ Possessions $39.00; Canada $SO.OO; all at In his article, Mr. Perkins com­ St. John 's Park Monument, dedicated Through May 28 The Office for Met­ countries $65.00. Publisher reserves right to det ments that architecture has become in 1920 to those citizens of Stamford ropolitan Architecture's " Toward a mine subscription rates which apply. Single co price for Domestic and Canadian: $6.00; for F too close to fashion_ Could it be that whose names are inscribed thereon modern (re)construction of the Eu­ eign: $7 .00. the pressures associated with trying and who had served our country ropean city: four housing projects," CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Forward changes of addr to get coverage make architects drift from the French and Indian War an exhibition of recent projects by or service letters to Fulfillment Manager, ARCHIT TURAL RECORD, P.O . Box 430, Hightstown, toward the latest published ideas and Rem Koolhass and Elia Zenghelis; at through World War I. Although our 08520. Provide both old and new address; inclu styles, no matter how artificial or numbers have diminished considera­ The Institute for Architecture and zip code; if possible attach issue addre ss label. unsuited to their particular design? bly since the occasion, I recollect that Urban Studies, 8 W. 40th St., New GUARANTEE: Publisher agrees to refund that part How many times have we not seen at the time of the dedication -Armis­ York City. subscription price applying to unfilled part of s scription if service is unsatisfactory. buildings, portions of which seem tice Day, 1920-there were many of COPYRIGHT AND REPRINTING: Title® reg. in U vaguely familiar, and come to realize us young World War I veterans pre­ JUNE Patent Office. Copyright a:> 1982 by McGraw· that they have been strongly influ­ sent, along with some old codgers 6-9 Annual national convention of the Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, per sion is granted by the copyright owner for libra enced by published designs? from as far back as the Civil War, and American Institute of Architects, "A and others registered with the Copyright Cleara In a simplistic way, architecture we were all pretty proud to see our Quest in Time"; Honolulu. Contact: Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein has always been an art with a trend names insc ribed on the bronze AIA, 1735 New York Ave. , N.W ., the base fee of $1-50 per copy of the article plus cents per page. Payment should be sent directly anyway. Otherwise, how could the Washington, D.C. 20006. plaques at the base of the monu­ the CCC, 21 Congress Street. Salem, MA 019 Gothic, the Romanesque and the ment. 11 Seminar, " Application of Gr,ound­ Include code with request : ISSN0003-8S8X S1.50 Baroque have occurred as architec­ The monument that inspired Mr_ water Source Heat Pumps for Com­ .10. Written permission must be secured for tural movements and not as isolated Giurgola's splendid design was itself mercial and In dustrial Heating and other copying. Write Reprint Manager to obt permission for any other copying or for cases? That the first examples of each inspired by a distinguished architec­ Cooling," sponsored by Geraghty & orders. period were a response to the cultur­ tural forebear. The design is by Miller, Inc.; at the New York Hilton SUBSCRIPTION UST USAGE: Advertisers may al happenings of the epoch does not George A. Freeman and is an inter­ Hotel, New York City. Contact: our list to mail information to readers. To excluded from such mailings, subscribers sh detract from the fact that once each pretation of the Choragic Monument Richard M. Miller, American Ecology send a request to: ARCHITECTURAL RECORD, movement started it carried itself to of Lysicrates (335 B.C) in Athens, of Services, Inc., 127 E. 59th St., New ing List Manager, P.O. Box SSS, Hightstown, exhaustion by simple repetition of the which Sir Banister Fletcher remarks, York, N. y_ 10022. 08S20_ Through June 20 Exhibition, " Robert PUBLICATION OFFICE : 1221 Avenue of the Am central theme _ " a type of monument erected to sup­ cas, New York, New York, 10020. ARCHITECTU The difference from the kind of port a tripod, as a prize for athletic A.M. Stern: Modern Architecture RECORD (ISSN0003-8S8X) published monthly exc fashion Mr. Perkins talks about is exercises or musical competitions in after Modernism," at the Neuberger February, May, August and October when s merely that today ideas get instant Greek festivals __ _ .a nd referred to in Museum, State University of New monthly, by M cGraw-Hill, Inc. Second-class post paid at New York, NY and additional mai and wide distribution by the media_ Virgil's Aeneid: ' _ _ the Sacred Tri­ York, College at Purchase, Purchase, offices. There is little if any explanation of the pods glow with wreaths of palms to N.Y. POSTMASTER: PLEASE SEND FORM 3S79 to F philosophical theory behind each_ bind the Victor's brow_'" 24 through Oct. 10 Exhibition, " New ment Manager, ARCHITECTURAL RECORD, Box 430, Hightstown, NJ 08S20. Ideas get adopted and discarded like Someday the monument could American Art Museums," conce ptual THIS ISSUE is published in national and sepa clothes by designers who do not fully be a cenotaph, but, hopefully, not drawings, plans, renderings, photo­ editions. Additional pages or separate editions n understand the reasoning behind the soon_ graphs and models of eight new bered or allowed for as follows: Western Sec 32- 1 through 32·4_ ideas. They get adopted for the F. O_ Rich, Sr. museums and museum additions. At wrong reasons, and rarely are they Founder and Chairman Emeritus the Whitney Museum of American fully developed or do they evolve to F. D. Rich Company Art, Madison Ave. at 75th St ., New maturity as a comprehensive whole. Stamford, Connecticut York City_ ® 1111 'WBPA {~BP

4 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 Word processing work­ station, featuring variable height worksurfaces. can be ordered with panels in a variety of heights for visual and acoustical privacy. Power and com­ munications cables are accommodated in top or base of panels. Cover: National Aquarium in Ba ltimore EDITOR Baltimore, Maryland WALTER F. WAGNER, JR., AIA Arch itects: Cambridge Seven Associates, Inc Photographer: Steve Rosenthal EXECUTIVE EDITOR MILDRED F. SCHMERTZ, FAIA

SENIOR EDITORS THE RECORD REPORTS ARCHITECTURAL BUSINESS HERBERT L. SMITH, JR ., AIA, Administration ROBERT E. FISCHER 13 Editorial 53 Legal perspectives: A p lug for N EOCON 14 - interference with contract­ ASSOC/A TE EDITORS This year I think they've got it the law and ethics GRACE M . ANDERSON Attorney A rthur Kornb lut d iscusses the DOUGLAS BRENNER 4 Letters/ calendar im plicatio ns of the A IA's decisio n to CHARLES K. GANDEE rescind the "supp lanting rule" that MARGARET F. GASKIE BARCLAY F. GORDON 33 New in brief pr eviou sly governed architects' CHARLES K. HOYT, AIA contractual relatio nship s JANET NAIRN 34 News reports: with their clients. Nebrask a judge rules that copyright law ASSISTAN T EDITOR is applicable to architectural d rawings. 55 Office management ANDREA GABOR Mid-J an uary Brooks Law d irective is p ut System s '82 expands into a m ajor on hold. Re trofitting the nation's existing au tom ation show for architects EDITORIAL ASSISTAN T b uild ing stock w ith e ne rgy-efficient and engin eers. LINDSAY LI equipment. Presiden t Reagan unveil s PRODUCTION EDITOR short-term program to help t he housing ANNETTE K. NETBURN ind ustry. Lu cy the Margate El e phant gets SUSAN STEI N, Ass istant a face lif t .

DESIGN 37 Buildings in the news ALEX H. STILLANO, Director One Westheim er Plaza in H o uston is ALBERTO BUCCHI ANERI, Senior associate designed by Morris Au b ry A rchitects. ANNA-MARIA EGGER, Associate Largest b uilding in Sa n Antonio is MURIEL CUTTRE LL, Illustration J. DYCK FLEDDERUS, Illustration desig ned by SOM . A new conventio n JAN W HITE, Consultant center is designed fo r Rochester, N ew York . Northwestern Universi ty in EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS Chicago is b uilding a new legal center . EDWARD LARRABEE BARNES, FAIA JONA THAN BARNETT, AIA, Urban design GEORGE A CHRISTIE, JR., Economics ERNEST MICKEL, Hon. AIA, W ashington PAUL RUDOLPH, FAIA Foreign architecture L' Architecture d' Aujourd'hui, Paris

McGRAW-HILL WORLD NEWS MICHAEL J. JOHNSON, Director 9 domestic and 10 international news bureaus: Bonn, Brussels, Buenos Aires, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Si ngapore, Tokyo, Toronto.

C/RCULA TION DIRECTOR RICHAR D H. DI VECCHIO 42 Design awards/ competitions The American Institute of A rchitects BUSINESS MANAGER 1982 Honor Award w inners. JOSEPH R. WUNK ELLEN M ULLER SIEGEL, Assistant

MARKETING SERVICES MANAGER CAMILLE H. PADULA

DIRECTOR-NA TIONAL ACCOUNTS HARRINGTON A. ROSE

ASSISTANT TO PUBLISHER ELIZABETH HAYMAN

PUBLISHER PAUL B. BEATTY

10 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD MAY 19B2 1982 MAY ARCHITECTURAL RECORD

FEATURES BUILDING TYPES STUDY 575 ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

83 The National Aquarium in Baltimore 114 Office buildings: 132 Office literature Appropriately sited on a prominent pier Low-rise solutions for complex issues in Baltimore's lively Inner Harbor, the Three office complexes are studied for 139 Product reports spirited new National Aquarium by their varied design approaches in solving A report on this year's NEOCON 14 Cambridge Seven Associates is at once critical urban and energy-related issues. show in Chicago highlights new product a superlative scientific and educational introductions to be exhibited by showcase and a richly rewarding 115 Levi's Plaza manufacturers in their showrooms at architectural experience. San Franciso, California The Merchandise Mart. Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, Inc.; 92 Islamic architecture and rural Gensler & Associates/ Architects; dwellings from Beijing to Kashi Howard Friedman Associates. 180 Classified advertising A report and photo essay by Mildred F. Schmertz, who last October attended a 120 Square 254 Development 194 Advertising index seminar on "The Changing Rural Washington, D.C. Habitat," sponsored by the Aga Khan 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue Office, 197 Reader service inquiry card Award for Architecture, which began in Frank Schlesinger Architects, and Beijing and was followed by a "National Place," Frank Schlesinger remarkable 5,000-mile field trip across Architects and Mitchell/Giurgola NEXT MONTH IN RECORD China to Xi'an and the rarely visted Architects. cities and towns of urOmqi, Turfan and Building Types Study: Rehabilitation Kashi (Kashgar). 126 Enerplex Because of the United States' large stock of sound Princeton Forrestal Center, but outdated buildings, architects will likely find 102 Two interpretive centers Plainsboro, New Jersey much business in the salvation of old buildings and blend into natural sites Princeton University School of their re-application to new uses. The June Building Two centers that aid visitors understand Architecture and Skidmore, Owings & Types Study will consider the conversion of an the National Park Service's function in Merrill, Architects. old papermill to new condominiums, the reuse of maintaining wildlife refuges set a new a luxurious stable as a hard-working school for the contextural and energy conscious image. blind, the pivotal position of an endangered office The first, by architects Neil Astle building in a small city, and the metamorphosis of Associates, is located on the De Soto a big-city artist's studio into a secluded village of Refuge between Iowa and Nebraska. Japanese teahouses. The second, by Leonard Parker Associates, is on the Tamarac Refuge in Minnesota.

108 Building to the music of time Richard Tremaglio's "process" approach to building design results in structures whose spatial sequences are best understood as they unfold through time. Author Eleni Constantine's analysis of a seaside house designed by Tremaglio relates the architect's idiosyncratic style and philosophy to the demands of a specific program. ;l''f~

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 11

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 13

THE RECORD REPORTS NEWS IN BRIEF NEWS REPORTS BUILDINGS IN THE NEWS DESIGN AWARDS/COMPETITIONS REQUIRED READING

February's $8.9 billion of contracting for new construction fell 16 per cent after seasonal adjustment, interrupting the modest improvement made in recent months, according to George A. Christie, vice president and chief economist for the F.W. Dodge Division of McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company. The brief improvement in December and January was due to several large electric utility and gas pipeline projects. "February's contracting decline was confirmation that the expected recovery of the building industry remains stalled by the basic problem of the high cost of credit," said Christie. "Ordinarily, when the economy is as deep into recession as it is now, funds that are not being invested in the industrial sector find a secondary outlet in residential building. By this process, housing usually leads the rest of the economy into recovery. But it's not happening in 1982, and it won't happen as long as the Federal Reserve and the Administration continue to give higher priority to reducing inflation with monetary restraint than to promoting recovery." February was the seventh consecutive month in which the rate of housing starts remained below the one-million unit level.

Fazlur R. Khan, general partner of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, died of a heart attack on March 27, while working in Saudi Arabia. He was 52 years old. As a general partner-in-charge of structural engineering at SOM's C:hicago office, Khan was the chief structural engineer for the Sears Tower, the world's tallest building. Khan was born in Bangladesh where he received a bachelor of engineering degree at the University of Dacca. He did his graduate work at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, and was known for the innovative bundled tube and long-span structural systems he designed for a wide range of award-winning buildings. Khan was a member of a number of professional organizations, including the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute, the National Academy of Engineering and was chairman of the International Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Author of numerous scholarly papers and engineering publications, Khan lectured throughout the world and was a recipient of numerous honors and awards.

The first World's Fair in seven years will open May 1, for six months, in Knoxville, Tennessee. McCarty Bullock Holsaple, Inc., a Knoxville architecture firm, is in charge of the over-all planning, development and landscaping of the site. Foreign and United States architects will be designing specific pavilions. The World's Fair will be located between downtown Knoxville and the University of Tennessee. Over 11 million visitors are expected to attend.

The wo.rk of Mies van der Rohe and Robert A.M. Stern will be shown at the Neuberger Museum of the State UniverSity of New York at Purchase this summer. Robert A.M. Stern: Modern Architecture after Modernism, a collection of the architect's models, drawings and furniture designs, will be open until June 20. Mies van der Rohe: Barce!oi;a Pavilion and Furniture Designs will be open until August 22. For further information contact: Suzanne Delehanty, Office of the Director, SUNY, College at Purchase, Purchase NY 10577, 9141253 5087.

Manhattan Suite, at the Museum of the City of New York, celebrates eight important buildings. The exhibit of large color screenprints by Richard Davies, an English artist, and Bernard Pratt, a proofer /printer, will depict the following Manhattan buildings: Flatiron Building, Rockefeller Center, The Seagram Building, 9 West 57th Street, CiticorViCenter, the World Trade Center, the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building. Manhattan Suite will remain on view in the Museum's rotunda through June 10. The Museum is located on Fifth Avenue at 103rd Street.

The AIAhas proposed an energy research approach that would place emphasis on retrofit of existing buildings. The proposal was made in recent Congressional testimony concerning the Department of Energy's fiscal 1983 budget for conservation and solar programs. The proposal is called the Building Energy Research Technology Programs. "The current 1983 budget ignores the important contribution that energy-efficient buildings make to the nation's economic health," said Ellis W. Bullock Jr., AIA vice president. The AIA's research priorities, as outlined by Bullock, are: monitoring the energy performance of occupied buildings to gauge the effects of using energy conserving technologies and passive design strategies; creating energy design tools that are compatible with architec!ural practice; and developing adequate climatic data at regional and micro-climate levels.

The Architecture of Richard Neutra: From International Style to California Modern will be shown at UCLA in the School o'f Architecture and Urban Planning, from July 31-0ctober 19. Forty-five of Neutra's buildings and projects will be represented by photographs and architectural drawings, and approximately 80 other drawings, ranging from early landscapes and portraits to architectural studies, will also be on view. The exhibit was organized by the Depart111ent of History and the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at UCLA.

The American Institute of Architects 1982 Medal honoring artists whose work relates to architecture goes to Jean Dubuffet, a renowned French artist who has made significant contributions to the architectural world of sculpture. The award will be presented to Dubuffet during the AIA's 1982 national convention in Honolulu, June 6-9.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 33 Judge rules that copyright Belmont used the sa me plans for the not be subject to copyright. In another aspect of the case, law protects architects const ruction of a similar apartment Another issue that arose in the the construction company claimed building in 1980 without the firm's case was w hether the architect/ engi­ that its suggestions to the firm during In a decision of national significance, permission, and the fi rm filed su it. neer had an employee relationship the design development were signifi­ a Nebraska Fed eral District Court has Because of the case's potential with th e construction cli ent, or was cant enough to make it a co-author ruled that engineers and architects impact on future interpretation of the acting as an in dependent contractor. of the plans, and, therefore, free to enjoy copyri ght protection of their Copyright Act, the American Institute The copyright law provides that an reuse them w ith immunity from copy­ drawings under th e Copyright Act of of Architects (AIA) and the Nati onal employer owns the copyright to ri ght infringement. The architec­ 1976. In one of the first such cases Society of Professional Engineers work th at is prepared by employees ture/enginee ring firm countered that under the Act, Judge Warren K. (NSPE) joined the Nebraska Society of as part of their employment or spe­ the cl ient's contribution was minor. Urbom rul ed that suc h drawings nor­ Architects as " friends of the court" cially ordered or commissioned as Judge Urbom declined to rul e on this ma lly may not be reproduced by a supporting the plaintiff's position. part of a coll ective project. issue pending more tes timony. The client for use in building a se cond Judge Urbom rul ed that copy­ Judge Urbom rul ed th at the plan s firm also argued that its client could structure based on the ori ginal plans. right protection for design plans and clrawings in the case before him not be considered a co-author of the The decision ca me in a suit for ex tends only to the copying of such are, " not a commissioned work plans in any case beca use it is not copyright infringement brought by plans, as opposed to the structure beca use there is no w rit ten agree­ li censed to practice architecture or th e architecture/ engineering firm of it self. Citing from a lega l reference, ment betwee n the parties that the engineering in Nebraska. Judg e Ur­ Aitken, Hazen, Hoffman, M iller, Ju dge Urbom wrote, " Where the plans should be considered a work bom said that argument is attractive aga inst the Belmont Construction alleged infrin ger ha s copied a plan made for hire. " But he put off until and has consider ab le p olicy Co. , both of Lin coln . from a plan, the copying ha s been further hea rin gs a ruling on w hether strength, but again he declined to The firm, in 1977, had designed held to be an infringement." He also th e architecture/ engineering firm make a ruling, pending further testi­ an apa rtment building for Belmont, sa id that the law indica tes that archi­ could be lega ll y considered an em­ mo ny. -Peter Hoffmann, W orld w hich was completed in 1979. Later, tectural structures themselves may ployee of the construction company. News, Washington, D.C.

President's housing plan an estimated $1 billi on a year for five Lucy the Margate Elephant gets a new lease on life is countered by NAHB years to finance so-called buy-down mortgages that would be parceled After 101 years of enduring punishing pachyderm of a building has recently President Reag an has unveiled hi s out to lenders who would agree to coastal w inds that aged and disfig­ been designated a historic landmark . short-term program for helping the make mortgages at below-market ured her, Lucy the M arg ate Elephant Lu cy operated as a tourist attraction severely depressed homebuilding in­ interest rates. Th e government would is finally getting a face lift. Lu cy is in a Margate town park on the New dustry, but it is " too li ttle and too retrieve its investment once a house actually an architectural folly, born of Jersey shore, before fa lling on hard late, " according to Fred Napolitano, that was financed in this manner was the rea l estate fancy of land develop­ times. Her dignity w ill finally be president of the National Association so ld or re-financed . er James V. Lafferty who designed restored to her when the landscap ing of Home Builders . As a result, the One va riation on this theme, and built her. This six-story, 90-ton around her is completed this spring. NAHB is stepping up it s lobbying sponsored by Senator Ri chard Lugar efforts to persuade Congress to (R-lnd.), would limit th e buy-down enact a program more to its li king. program to buyers of new homes. As part of a five-point program, But as the Lugar bill bega n to pi ck up Reagan proposes to relax regulations broad support in Congress, Senate that have put constraints on state Democrats ca me forward w ith thei r housing age ncies in issuing mortgage own proposa l that would permit the revenue bonds. That step could pro­ purchas e of existing homes. The vide funds for 50,000 more home­ Democratic bill w ould also lend up to buyers at a lower cost, according to $5,000 for down payments by first­ the President. Th e restricti ons were time homebuyers. Reagan ca lls this fi rst imposed as a result of criticism a " multi-billion-d o ll ar b ail -out that mortgage revenue bonds, w hich sc heme." -Donald Loomis, World were supposed to provide low-inter­ News, Washington, 0. C. est mortgages for low-income home buyers were, in fact, bein g used to funnel subsidized fi nancing to middle­ New Brooks Law directive and upper-income purchasers. is temporarily suspended Mr. Reag an also prom ises changes in Fed eral regulation of pri­ Th e government's Office of Federal va te pension funds to encourage Procurement Policy (OFPP), fa ced in vestment in mortgages for single­ with a number of comments and f amil y houses. Thi s would also en­ ques tions from architect and contrac­ courage the pri vate sector to take tor organizations, has put a hold on a over the processing of loan applica­ mid-J anuary directive involving the tions submitted to the Federal Hous­ Brooks Law. ing Administration (FH A), change FHA The directive would, in effect, rules to all ow relatives to assist young limit Brooks Law applicability to actual people in financing down payments, constru ction work and specify price and remove restrictions that bar real­ competition for just about all ancill ary tors from going into the title in sur­ work, such as feasibility studies, site ance busin ess. evaluations and mapping. OFPP Ad­ But these proposals would be ministrator Don Sowles ' office has in effective in stimulating new con­ as ked Federal agencies not to issue struction and new jobs, according to new regulations to carry out the Napolitano . " The trouble is that the directive, pending further public Pr esident continues to cling to hi s comment and more information gath­ basic economic program d es pite ering during a 90-day period ending mounting evidence of deepening Jun e 30th . This will help assuage the re cession, record-high interes t rates fea rs of architects and engineers who and rising unemployment," he sa id. consider the present interpretation of The NAHB is putting its support th e Brooks Law too vague. behind proposed legislati on under -Peter Hoffmann, World News, w hi ch th e government would put up Washington, O.C.

34 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 Two groups discuss energy-efficiency in existing buildings

Retrofitting of the nation's existing could result in savings of up to seven building stock-some 65 million resi­ quads annually-one quad is about dential and 4 million nonresidential 50 million tons of coal. Most of these structures-with energy-efficient investments could be recovered in equipment could open up a profit­ most building types within seven able vista for the American housing years, frequently resulting in annual industry that would result in huge returns of more than 30 per cent. energy savings during the rest of the However, poor access to Jong-term century. Yet, if present financial and financing, typical for most types of economic trends prevail, much, if not commercial and multifamily building most, of that potential will be Jost. owners, precludes the widespread This was the message that emerged introduction of energy retrofit mea­ from two events in Washington relat­ sures. Jn most of these instances, ing to energy conservation, that took property improvement Joans are place during late March and the available only at high interest rates­ beginning of April. two per cent above prime and short­ The first, sponsored by the terms of two years or less. "! would National Institute of Building Sciences, normally want to spend $5,000 to was a sponsor's briefing for NJBS's save $2,000 a year but not when I Building Energy Efficiency Project, the can't afford debt service on the opening rally to attract sponsors to $5,000," said one apartment building come up with $370,000 to pay for owner from Buffalo in the OTA the first part of a two-stage effort to study. promote more efficient use of energy "Apartment managers must con­ in buildings. The second was a new serve capital in the early years," energy-in-buildings study presented another owner told OTA. "They are )y the Office of Technology Assess­ not going to want to touch the cash nent in House hearings. "The nation flow." Long-term financing presents >S a whole has been slow in respond­ Jess of a problem to big-time owners, ng to the many opportunities to use such as pension funds, insurance =nergy efficiently ....Past public and companies, corporations that use )rivate sector efforts to respond to their own buildings, and nationally his situation have met only with lim­ syndicated partnerships because, ac­ ted success, and new government cording to one executive of a nation­ nitiatives in this area are unlikely," al syndicate interviewed by OTA, ;aid Joseph Newman, president of "The sophisticated investors we deal rishman Research Corp. and former with want quality in their product­ iresident of NIBS' board of directors. not just a tax shelter." 'This building energy efficiency proj­ Low-rent buildings, which would ~ct intends to fill this void." benefit most from energy retrofit NIBS initially wants to formulate because energy is such a large part of .trategies that would draw on indus­ expenses, find it especially hard to ry experience and expertise to iden­ raise this type of capital. In one of its ify the economic payoff for energy case studies, OTA found that this mprovements, pinpoint barriers expense is causing grave concern to 1gainst them and find means to over­ city housing officials: "The smaller :ome them. A second step would landlords are well in over their heads ormulate specific programs to ex- already and do not know how to 1and the market for energy-efficient cope," a Jersey City, N.J., official told 1uilding products. NIBS says it has OT A, adding that the Jersey City :!ready found six sponsors willing to building inspection departments in 1ut up a total of $150,000, close to 1981 registered an increase in heating 1alf of the initial financial goal, Repre­ complaints from 2,400 to 3,400 ten­ entative Richard Ottinger (D-N.Y.), ants within one year. hairman of the House Subcommittee Both Senator Ted Stevens (R-AI), 1n Energy Conservation, who was chairman of OTA's board, and Repre­ mong the more than a dozen indus­ sentative Henry Gonzales (D-Tex.), "Y and government speakers at the chairman of the Subcommittee, came 1eeting said that the United States down hard on the problems caused Second step in Carnegie Hall renovation is announced ould save the equivalent of more by high-interest rates on energy, but ian 8 million barrels of oil a day by they differed over what to do about A second step in the restoration and dais are expecting the new structure xing up the nation's buildings. NIBS it. Gonzales urged the Housing and expansion of Carnegie Hall was to provide urgently needed music stimates that they account for one- Energy departments and state and recently announced by Isaac Stern, support spaces, loading facilities, re­ 1ird of the total energy consumed at local officials to review the study and president of Carnegie Hall, Deputy hearsal studios and public areas for total cost of more than $100 billion to take immediate steps to stimulate Mayor Karen N. Gerard and Philip E. the Hall; to generate funds for the very year. "This is energy saved necessary and cost-effective energy Aarons, president of the New York restoration and renovation of the Hall very day, year after year," said conservation improvements in our City Public Development Corpora­ itself, and to help insure its physical )ttinger. "I'm very enthused that the existing building stock. "It makes it tion. The officials released a request and financial future; and to create 1stitute is undertaking this initiative even more important that we contin­ for proposals to real estate develop­ new revenue and employment for nd that the building community is ue efforts to reduce Federal spending ers for the development of a vacant the City of New York. They also want rilling to participate." and get the budget under control," Jot, known as the Rembrandt Site, to assure a building that is architectur­ The OT A study, Energy Efficien­ said Stevens. "It is heartening to see that lies directly east of the Hall. The ally compatible with Carnegie Hall. v of Buildings in Cities, was pre­ that it is possible to improve the ener­ first step in the Carnegie restoration "At a time when government support !nted at the April 1 hearing of the gy efficiency of our nation's buildings was to create a new lobby for, and for the arts is diminishing, Carnegie ouse Subcommittee on Housing and without the need for additional Fed­ restore, the Recital Hall and to reno­ Hall is looking for practical, business­ ommunity Development. According eral spending."-Peter Hoffmann, vate the studio entrances to their like ways to help ensure its future," 1the study, appropriate investments World News, Washington, D. C. 19th-century appearance. The offi- said Isaac Stern.

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Gardco Lighting Circle 23 on inquiry card °' BUILDINGS IN THE NEWS

Morris Aubry Architects designs Houston towers

One Westheimer Plaza is the first phase of a twin-tower office development by Alfan­ co in Houston, estimated to cost a total $100 million. Designed by Morris Aubry Architects, the 22-story tower is scheduled to be completed in July. The terraced design at the sixth and top four levels provides private balconies and decks that overlook the Galler­ ia area and west Houston. The building is clad in travertine marble and recessed bronze glass, and focuses on a Jand­ sc aped plaza and motor court.

SOM designs downtown San Antonio's largest building

)M builds Hartford Skidmore, Owings & Merrill wer have designed this new 28- story bank in San Antonio, r windows create a corner­ which will be the largest build­ , view from each exterior ing in the downtown area. First ice of Skidmore, Owings & International Plaza will be con­ rrill's CityPlace in Hartford. structed on a two-acre plot, ! 535-ft, 38-story main of­ and is designed to reflect the ~ tower, the first phase of Gothic Revival style prevalent . development, is the tallest in many of the city's buildings . :onnecticut. It will be Jinked The Plaza will include a garage, > three-story glass-enclosed retail and restaurant services um. The second phase of and landscaped public plaza. project will involve the This $SO-million building is istruction of a 12-story of­ scheduled to be completed in ! building, adjacent the mid-1983. in tower and atrium. The 1ject is being developed by Urban Investment and De­ opment Company of Chica­ and Bronson & Hutensky of omfield, Connecticut. The 'er is scheduled for com­ tion in 1983.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 37

BUILDINGS IN THE NEWS

Northwestern University's law school addition will house ABA national headquarters

Northwestern University has signed by Holabird & Root, is a unveiled plans for construction two-level structure, connected of a national legal center, to the present Jaw buildings by which will house an addition to a glass-enclosed, four-story its School of Law and the atrium that will contain three national headquarters for the classrooms, a moot court­ American Bar Association, at room, auditorium, offices and Lake Shore Drive, between a major library. The addition is Chicago Avenue and Superior scheduled to be completed in Street. The new structure, de- 1984.

A new convention center is underway for Rochester, New York

James Stewart Polshek and ing and will provide a view of Partners, in association with the river, The Old Erie Canal Skoler & Lee Architects and Aqueduct, and the restored The DeWolff Partnership, are brick 19th-century mill build­ designing a 215 ,000-square­ ings along the river's west foot convention center in Ro­ bank. Facilities will include an chester, New York. Located at exhibition hall, banquet hall, the Intersection of Main Street meeting rooms, dining and and the Genesee River, the food service areas and office building's galleria will provide space. It is due to be com­ access to all parts of the build- pleted in 1985.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 39

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ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 41 DESIGN AWARDS/COMPETITIONS

The American Institute of Architects will presen t Honor Awards to 12 projects at the 1982 AIA National Convention next month. Eight winners in the Current Use category (designed and completed within the past seven years) were selected by jurors Joan E. Goody, AIA, jury chairman; Howard Barnstone, FAIA; Thomas H. Beeby, AIA; Gary Chan, an architecture student at the University of Washington; John 0. Merrill, Jr ., FAIA; Jay C. M cAmis, an associate AIA member from Mission Viejo, California; and Robert Venturi, FAIA. Four Extended Use projects (represe nting restoration, rehabilitation, or adaptive use carried out during the past seven years) were cited by Frank 0. Gehry, FAIA, jury chairman; Bruce A. Abrahamson, FAIA; Dora P. Crouch, associate professor of architectural history at Rens selaer Polytechnic Institute; Mark Lowe Fi sher, an associate AIA member from Minneapolis; Pamela Jenkins, an architecture student at Pratt In stitute; Nory Miller, a senior editor of Progressive Architecture; and Pe ter Papademetriou, AIA, of the Rice University School of Architecture.

..... II I .--

1982 AIA Th e Current Use jury observed a juxtaposition of sca le and treatment. jury: " Our awards included only one " preponderance of modest and low­ Spatial organization is conce ived for project that could be ca ll ed an archi­ HONOR AWARDS tech commissions in the fin al pool of the benefit of the user, rather than to tec t-designed remodeling. There projects," according to Joan Goody. satisfy a preconceived geometri c or­ were dozens submitted. It was the " We had anticipated more examples der. Appropri ate use of traditional feeling of the jury that w hile the of design that could represent so lu­ building materials and methods has quality of restoration in the United ti ons to the many large-scale, socially produced a va riety of so lu tions w ith States had markedly improved in significa nt or technologica lly difficult appealing textures and colors. The recent years, the quality of work that building problems facing us today. jury hopes that the work in dicates a demands an interweaving of old and The few submissions which dealt with direction that will find fruition soon in new still generall y fa ll s short of the these issues , however, did not suffi­ larger and more complex commis­ quality of the best new design. Much ciently transce nd their national origins sions and will advance in technically work simply evades the challenge on to become architecture of a higher and conce ptually more innovative the assumption that the only alterna­ order . . . . The group o f w inning build­ directions." tive to matching is ignoring. We feel in gs are sens itive to and fit eas ily into Fra nk Gehry commented on the that remodeling, renovation, and all thei r surroundi ngs, avoiding harsh deliberations of the Extended Use the va rious ca tegories w hich mi x new

42 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 5

and old can be viewed as architec­ patrons. The atmosphere of the year-round energy efficiency. son/Robert Rietow, Inc. architects ture in context, not unrelated to entire project suggests that a building 3. American Academy of Arts and (Current Use). The cedar-dad house buildings in urban contexts." can be joyful and even capricious Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts; responds to an irregularly shaped site 1. Illinois Regional Library for the while still solving the pressing needs Kallmann, McKinnell & Wood, Archi­ with extensive lake frontage. "Circu­ Blind and Physically Handicapped, of a difficult and sensitive program." tects, Inc. (Current Use; see RECORD, lation sequences and careful place­ Chicago, Illinois; Joseph W. Casserly, 2. Garfield Elementary School, San November, 1981, pages 79-87). The ment of openings dramatize views to Chicago City Architect, and Stanley Francisco, California; Esherick Hom­ panel described this meeting place the lake while sheltering private Tigerman & Associates, consulting sey Dodge and Davis architects (Cur­ for distinguished scholars as "a strong spaces from road disturbances," the architects (Current Use). A colorful rent Use; see RECORD, August, 1980, evocative form which . . . shelters jury noted. "Precise detail reinforces focus for an inner-city neighborhood, pages 103-105). Designed to meet without overpowering smaller neigh­ an over-all design that is both the library was designed to permit seismic safety codes, the three-story boring buildings [and] merges into its resourceful and truly creative." The interaction between blind and sighted school comprises 10 classrooms, two wooded hilltop site by careful place­ tapered, sloping roof has been ori­ · users. The Honor Awards jury re­ kindergartens, and a multi-use space ment, landscaping, and choice of ented to deflect winter winds. marked that "fenestration, architec­ available for neighborhood activities. materials." 5. lath House at Heritage Square, tural features, and furnishings are Solar collectors, operable windows, 4. Lejeune Residence, Orono, Min­ Phoenix, Arizona; Robert R. Franke­ used to orient and direct library and outdoor walkways maximize nesota; Frederick Bentz/Milo Thomp- berger, AJA, architect (Current Use;

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 43 DESIGN AW ARDS / COMPETITIONS

tOPeter Aaron/ ESTO

see RECORD, Jun e 1981 , pages 100- ma!, and symbolic -in a controll ed was found on the site, probably came quietly to its neighbors with well pro­ 103). Situated in central Phoenix, and yet easy way . . .Its convention­ from ea rlier plantation structures and portioned setbacks and ca refully de­ adjacent to gardens, courtyards, and al sa ltbox form fixes the house as a ga rden walls. The pavilion is oriented tailed exteriors. The two major build­ historic landmarks, this timber pole shelter appropriate for its exposed to take advantage of multiple expo­ ing elements, one above the other st ructure provides a multi-purpose site, but its inner layer of set-back sures for cross-ventilation. Because with a common exterior garden shelter for public activities. The jury window-walls opens the house to the the house has no electri city, lighting, between, take full advantage of the commended the Lath House as " a outside for use on summer holi­ cooli ng, and refrigeration are all kero­ restricted site. The glass-enclosed unique public gatherin g space, partic­ days." sene-powered . inclined elevator connecting th e vari­ ularly appropri ate to the warm cli­ 7. Talbot House, Nevis, West Indies; 8. Macondray Terrace, San Francisco, ous levels adds to the over-all quality mate in which it is located." Taft Architects (Current Use). Four California; Hood Miller Associates, of openness and grace which is inher­ 6. Residence, East Hampton, New two-story stone towers, housin g bed­ architects (Cu rr ent Use). " Macondray ent in the design ... York; Eisenman Robertson Architects rooms and a kitchen, flank the central Terrace utilizes its steeply sloping site 9. Schulman House Addition, Prince­ (Current Use; see RE CORD, mid-May living/ dining space of an open pavil­ in an exceptionally se nsitive and cre­ ton, New jersey; M ichael Graves, 1981, pages 78-81). " The house ion. The massing and bri ght colors of ative manner. Loca ted in a finely architect (E xtended Use.). A new Ji v­ accommodates a rich variety of the project refl ect indigenous archi­ sca led residential area, this relatively ing room, ga rden wall and screened needs - programmatic, climatic, for- tectural forms. Building stone, w hich large condominium complex relates porch were added to a two-story

44 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 7982 Calendar

PC! 1982 Awards. The awards pro­ gram recognizes architectural and engineering design excel­ lence in architectural precast concrete and precast pre­ stressed concrete buildings and bridges. The entry dead­ line is August 2; winners will be announced on November 2. For entry instructions, write to the Prestressed Concrete Insti­ tute, 201 North Wells Street, Chicago, Illinois 60606.

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Energy Conservation Awards. The program recognizes architects, engineers, and building own­ ers who have made significant contributions to energy con­ servation through design ex­ cellence. Entries will be judged in five categories: commercial, governmental, industrial, insti­ tutional, and multifamily resi­ dential. The competition is open to all registered archi­ 11 tects and professional engi­ neers practicing in the United States. Any building com­ pleted, under construction, or commissioned and being de­ signed on the entry date is eligible. Entries must be sub­ mitted by August 27. To receive an entry form, write to Jane P. DeChant, Owens­ Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Fiberglas Tower, Toledo, Ohio 43659.

1983 AIA-ALA/LAMA library Build­ ings Award Program. Coordi­ nated by the Library Adminis­ tration and Management Asso­ ciation, a division of the Amer­ ican Library Association, and the AJA, the awards commend excellence in the design and planning of libraries. Brochures with application forms are available from Roger Parent, executive director, LAMA, ALA, SO East Huron, Chicago, Illinois 60611. Initial entry slips should be postmarked no later than October 1, 1982. Submis­ sions in binders are due De­ cember 1, 1982.

suburban house. The stepped align­ reversing the decline of a city neigh­ ronment, as well as to see its and adaptive re-use." ment of structures along the street borhood, this project coordinated by improvement through the thoughtful 12. Valley National Bank, Des facade is intended to accentuate a Historic Denver, Inc. restored the attention of the architects involved." Moines, Iowa; Charles Herbert and new entry. Graves's project was exteriors of 43 houses occupied by 11. Scoville Square Building, Oak Associates, architects (Extended Use). commended for both its "inventive their low-income owners. The aver­ Park, Illinois; Office of John Vinci Inc., Built in 1931 and vacant since 1972, solution to an ordinary problem and age budget for each house was architects (Extended Use). The 7 4- the bank required new energy sys­ the manner in which the physical $10,000; funding came from Federal, year-old Masonic Temple Building, tems, improved lighting, and more environment was extended beyond state, and private-sector agencies. one of the few commercial structures effective circulation areas. "Restora­ the existing conditions. It is a contem­ The architects discussed strategies for influenced by Prairie School architec­ tion was undertaken with a great deal porary approach to the problem of exterior rehabilitation with individual ture, has been adapted to serve as of design restraint as well as thorough linking old and new by the knitting owners, who made all final decisions. corporate headquarters for the Indus­ technical competence .. The brilliance together of fragments ...." "This project was a demonstration of trial Fire and Casualty Company, and of earlier detail was brought out fully 10. Curtis Park Face Block Project, architectural practice in a true service to provid(' rental store and office in the process, in addition to which Denver, Colorado; Long Hoeft Archi­ capacity, an important type of pro­ space. The jury noted: "The project the principal banking space was tects and Mccrystal Design, archi­ fessional activity. This allowed pre­ actually combines elements of careful improved through better handling of tects (Extended Use). With the goal of sent owners to remain in their envi- restoration, inventive reconstruction, both natural and artificial light."

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46 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 ARCHITECTURAL BUSINESS BUILDING ACTIVITY BUILDING COSTS AND FINANCING BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT LEGAL PERSPECTIVES OFFICE MANAGEMENT

Interference with contract: the law and ethics

Until 1981, the AJA had an ethical prohibition against an architect approaching another hibition against supplanting, the legal protec­ architect's client for a given project unless certain requirements were first met. This ethical tions against interference with contract prohibition was known as the "supplanting rule" because it prevented one architect from remain as viable as ever. being supplanted surreptitiously by another. The rule was designed to preserve orderly Many cases involving the issue of wrong­ relationships between architects and their clients. In the 1970s, the "supplanting rule," as had ful interference with contract stem from ex­ happened with many other professional ethical provisions, came under attack on anti-trust employees contacting the clients of their grounds. As a result, the AJA has announced that it no longer will have or enforce a rule against former employers. Even though the facts of supplanting. The change in the ethics, however, does not leave an architect defenseless when these cases are not analogous to one archi­ someone wrongfully interferes with the architect's contractual relationship with a client. That tect supplanting another architect for a proj­ relationship is protected by law, and liability can ensue if someone tampers with it. ect, the legal principles are similar. In a 1978 Pennsylvania case, lawyers who had been by Arthur Kornblut, Esq. associates (employees) of a law firm decided to establish their own firm. In the process, Prior to 1981, the AIA's ethical prohibition planting rule being in violation of the anti­ they contacted clients of their former law against "supplanting" generally stated that an trust laws. In ruling for the plaintiff, the court firm to announce the formation of the new architect could not attempt to obtain, offer to found that the ethical prohibition against sup­ firm. They sent these clients form letters (and undertake, or accept a commission for which planting violated the Sherman Act because it self-addressed stamped return envelopes) he knew another legally qualified individual or unreasonably restrained trade or commerce. with which to discharge their former firm and firm had been selected or employed, until the The court was particularly troubled by to retain the new firm as their legal counsel. architect had evidence that the selection, the operation of the prohibition against sup­ The former employers promptly filed suit to employment or agreement had been termi­ planting even though a valid contract might get an injunction to stop these activities. nated and the architect gave the other firm or not actually be in force between an architect The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in rul­ individual written notice that the architect and his client; i.e., when the "supplanting" ing in favor of the law firm whose clients had would be taking on (or attempting to take on) occurred after selection of the first architect been contacted, said: "At least since (1853), the commission. Because of anti-trust and but prior to entering into a contract. The the common law has recognized an action in other considerations, the AJA issued a revised now-rescinded ethical standard specifically tort for an intentional, unprivileged interfer­ statement of ethical principles in 1981 that no prohibited attempts to obtain a commission ence with contractual relations. It is generally longer regulates the problem of supplanting. when another architect had been selected (as recognized that one has the right to pursue However, this change has no impact on the well as when he had been employed). his business relations or employment free legal consequences of someone wrongfully The court noted that the supplanting rule from interference on the part of other per­ interfering with the relationship between an operated at the selection stage to limit the sons except where such interference is justi­ architect and his client. The former ethical freedom of an owner to negotiate with, fied or constitutes an absolute right. ... prohibition, after all, was basically a profes­ select, or employ some other architect once There are frequent expressions in judicial sional expression of concern about a course he selected the first architect unless the AIA opinions that 'malice' is requisite for liabili­ of conduct that the law has long recognized ethical strictures were observed, even ty .... But the context and course of decision as improper. Nonetheless, sanctions by a pri­ though the ethics would not otherwise apply make it clear that what is meant is not malice vate organization such as the AIA against that to a non-member of the AIA. The court called in the sense of ill will but merely purposeful type of conduct were deemed to conflict this a "broad and artificial monopoly" as interference without justification." The court with the anti-trust laws; thus, the demise of directed against any other AJA member, with noted that the elements of the tort of induc- the ethical prohibition. the effect of suppressing competition. The . ing breach of contract or refusal to deal The case which focused on the anti-trust court recognized the apparently valid con­ involve one party, without legal justification, mplications of the "supplanting rule" was cerns which prompted the development of inducing a third party not to perform a con­ Mardirosian v. A/A et al. which was filed in the supplanting rule, but it concluded none­ tract or enter into or continue a business 1977 and settled in 1981 (ARCHITECTURAL theless: " ... the means that the AIA has relation with another party, with actual harm ~ECORD, October 1981, page 35). The 13laintiff, chosen to address these legitimate concerns resulting. If interference with contract can be rn architect, brought this lawsuit after the AIA is the imposition of a broad and direct restric­ shown, the defendant will be liable for the :ensured him for "supplanting" another tion of competition after one architect has pecuniary loss that results from the third >rchitect. After extensive discovery proceed­ been 'selected or employed,' in any and all party's failure to perform the contract. ngs, the plaintiff filed a motion for partial circumstances where the competition is Under the foregoing principles, an ;ummary judgment on the issue of the sup- directed at the same work covered by that attempt to induce an architect's client to selection or employment. Suppression of terminate a valid contract for architectural Vlr. Kornblut is a registered architect and practicing attor- competition is the essence of that restraint as services would be grounds for a lawsuit. Even 1ey in Washington, D.C. well; it is, therefore, necessarily anticompeti­ though the architect no longer would have tive. This ruling and the continuing costs of recourse through professional disciplinary 'Legal Perspectives" is published with the understanding litigating the suit led the AIA to a decision to channels, the ability to recover monetary hat the publisher is not rendering legal services. If legal 1dvice is required, the services of a competent profession­ settle the case and to revisions in the profes­ damages provides meaningful protection ii should be sought. sion's ethics. But even without an ethical pro- against this type of conduct.

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Systems '82 expands into a major automation show for architects and engineers

For those who find the burgeoning field of June 11 will have presentations by Weld SEMINAR TOPICS automation and reprographics equipment Coxe on "How to Manage Change," Kent and services a somewhat bewildering pros­ Johnson on "Buying a Small Computer," Ed Thursday, June 10, 1982 pect-or for those already into automation Powers on "Setting Up a Standard Detail Managing Professional Performance and looking for more sophisticated systems­ System" and Tim O'Connor on "Planning and Low-cost Applications for Small Computers some serious answers and clarifications may Organizing for CADD." The presentations The Designing Computer well be found at the upcoming Systems '82: are scheduled to run for half an hour to an Setting Up a Standard Detail System the Third International Conference on Pro­ hour, and obviously many will run concur­ Working With the Repro Services Firm duction and Management in A/E Firms. rently. How to Find Good People and Keep Them To be held June 10-11 at the Expocenter "This will be a double-barreled event," Project Management and MIS in downtown Chicago's Apparel Mart, the says George Borkovich, Systems '82 Confer­ Buying a Small Computer two-day trade show and seminar program is ence Director. "The exposition will presfnt A/E Computer Use for the '80s expected to draw some 4,500 architect and everything new in engineering and architec­ CADD: What it Can and Can't Do for A/E's engineer attendees, and approximately 500 tural firm automation, and the 49 workshops Managing Reprographic Production sales representatives and company experts to Getting the Most Out of Overlay Drafting will present objective guidance in selecting explain and demonstrate the systems of Reprodrafting and Reprographics and setting up new systems." He adds that about 150 vendors, displayed in some 250 Implementing an Ink Drafting Program "We think the popularity of the event is booths. Legal Aspects of Construction Documents another testimony to increasing competition Since the first conference in Chicago in Marketing Your Systems Capabilities in the design professions. A-E's have learned 1980 and the next year in Los Angeles-with they must adopt new tools· and new tech­ How to Do More in Less Time attendees and exhibitors about doubling each Improving Specification Production niques for boosting productivity. We're try­ year-the emphasis has been on reprodraft­ How to Shop for Interactive Graphics ing to make Systems '82 the single, best place ing, mini- and micro-computers, overlay Organizing for New Production Techniques where A-E's can find ways to sharpen their drafting, financial management systems, com­ Training Staff to Use Systems firm's competitive edge." Borkovich does puter-aided drafting, copiers, drafting equip­ Communications and MIS make it all sound compelling, whether one is ment and materials. Though there are many feeling competive or just very curious. Minimizing Liability Claims computer /automation shows held in the Managing the Marketing Program Systems '82 is sponsored by A/E Systems country each year, the expected growth in How to Select a Word Processor Report (a new newsletter combining The displays and attendance this year will make Ex­ Planning and Organizing for CADD Paper Plane and Design Compudata Systems '82 the largest and most comprehen­ change) and PSMJ (a management newsletter Small Firm Production Techniques sive such show specializing in serving archi­ for professional services firms). Michael Friday, June 11, 1982 tects and engineers. Hough, publisher of both newsletters and How to Manage Change A partial exhibitors list released for this promotional director for Systems '82, notes in Buying a Small Computer year includes such familiar firms as Auto-trol, the promotional flyer for the conference, "It Planning and Organizing for CADD Calcomp, DuPont, Eastman Kodak, Hewlett­ is not an easy transition into these new Managing Reprographic Production Packard, Intergraph Corporation, Keuffel & methods. First, attitudes within the firm have How to Introduce Systems to Your Office Esser, miniMax Association, NuArc, Vemco to change. Then you have to be sure to select Minimizing Liability Claims and Xerox. new techniques and equipment that are right Project Management and MIS Concurrent with the exhibits will be a for the firm. And then these new methods Managing the Marketing Program two-day seminar program to present the have to be correctly implemented. Low-cost Applications for Small Computers latest information on implementing these sys­ "When you have comparative informa­ Engineering and Planning tems. Attendees will have access to 49 pre­ tion regarding the systems that are available, Applications for CADD sentations and workshops, conducted by 32 you are less likely to choose the wrong one. CADD: What it Can and Can't Do for A/Es experts in various disciplines; many are given And when you can hear the implementation Setting Up a Standard Detail System twice for convenience in scheduling. The full mistakes others have made, you are less likely The Future of Reprographics list of topics and repeats is boxed at left. to make them yourself." How to Introduce Systems to Your Office Management consultant Ken Barlow. will For those who want to explore all this How to Find Good People and Keep Them lead off on Thursday, June 10 with a talk on further, advance registration is $95 for the Marketing Your Systems Capabilities "Managing Professional Performance," fol­ seminar program and no cost for the exhibit; How to Do More in Less Time lowed by Doug Stoker of SOM on "The on site it is $125 and $10, respectively. For How to Select a Word Processor Designing Computer," and Russ Molpus on further information, contact Carol Gosselin, How to Shop for Interactive Graphics "Managing Reprographic Production" and Systems '82, P.O. Box 11318, Newton, CT Organizing for New Production Techniques Page Highfill on "Low-cost Applications for 06111; phone: 203/666-1326. Small Computers." -Herbert L. Smith

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 55

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD MAY 1982 THE NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN BALTIMORE: CAMBRIDGE SEVEN ASSOCIATES

©Steve Rosenthal photos

"Architecture is not the issue, 11 says Cambridge 'Seven's Peter Chermayeff Rather the new aquarium's form is conceived as merely a device for organizing a progression of experiences ''so involving that you forget about the architec­ ture. 11 Happily, the device is only partly success­ ful. Within the building the orchestration of exhibits is so merged with their visual and spatial framework that the architecture becomes ineradicably a part of the visitor's total experi­ ence. And without . . . it is surely architecture that establishes this spirited and spirit-lifting land­ mark at the rim of Baltimore's Inner Harbor.

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Behind the entry platform, which shields-a-seal pool (far left), is an inverted pyramid of bright red pipe.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 85 THE NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN BALTIMORE

THE NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN BAL Tl MORE

The entry lobby (bottom) is enlivened by burbling blue tubes whose mirrored images spin off to infinity, and a colorful mural. The adjacent atrium is a soaring space of ·strong forms and vivid images: dolphins at play, a skeletal whale poised to sound, an ominous glimpse of sharks. Radiograms of sea creatures, projected against concrete balconies, dissolve and re-form, adding to the sense of movement within the space. second, smaller glass pyramid. Although literal nautical references are shunned, the aquarium enters zestfully into the spirit of its aquatic surround. The upthrusting pyramids, for example, hint broadly at sails thrust into the wind, or the prow of a ship-or, less romantically, pier­ side gantries. The gaily painted pattern of the harbor-facing west wall strongly recalls signal flags or burgees. And the projected bases of the graduated pyramids are defined by-what else?-navy blue. Be cause the waterborne site precluded placing the aquarium's extensive mechanical, service, and staff areas below grade, these occupy the .plaza level and one level above. Public spaces are introduced by a pyramid­ capped raised platform that affords an overlook to the inner and outer harbors, the city skyline, and the flag-bedecked forecourt of the aquarium itself. Th e adjacent iobby marks the beginning of the continuous one-way path through a building of which its designer remarks, " Circulation is what it's all about." As shown in the schematic above, the route zigzags upward through the central atrium lined by exhibit galleries, emerges at the rooftop rain forest, then winds down again via scissored ramps through the center of the huge ring tank . En tering the lobby the visitor first encounters a " water toy" : transparent tubes of bubbling and gurgling blue water that screen the gift shop beyond and deflect incoming traffic away from the outbound circulation stream. As the entering visitor moves on to the main exhibit area, he passes into a hushed and shadowy undersea world, a soaring cavern crusted with projecting balconies and decks and crisscrossed by upreaching bridges. Immediately below, dolphins cavort

86 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 89 THE NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN BALTIMORE

glimpsed around the next bend. The ascent culminates in the dense and humid jungle of the rain forest, where lush foliage yields to reveal free-ranging birds and animals. Emerging from the twisting path, the visitor climbs to a tree house from which ca n be surveyed across the treetops the panorama of city and harbor. From the forest one descends to the surface of the water in the ring tank, and a wrap-around painted horizon, before drifting down the ramps through the enclosing tank and into the depths. The first port of ca ll is a coral reef whose brilliantly colored inhabitants swoop and dart under the occasional shadow of more formidable fish. Descending farther the visitor is surrounded by the sinister forms of sharks and rays before moving gratefully on to a lower expanse of windows looking from underwater to the dolphin pool. The final lap is up to lobby level, where a summary exhibit traces the role of man as explorer and exploiter of the fragile, life­ giving sea. - Margaret F. Caskie

NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN BALTIMORE, Baltimore, Maryland. Owner: City of Baltimore. Architects and exhibit designers: Cambridge Seven Associates, Inc. -Peter Chermayeff, principal­ in-charge; Frank Zaremba, principal exhibit designer; Bobby C. Poole, project architect; Esther Pullman, graphic designer. Consultants: Jerry M. Johnson, In c. (habitat exhibits); LeMessurier Associates/ SC/ (structural); Francis Associates/ SC/ (mechanica l/electrical); Inland Oceans Design & Management Croup (life support systems); Howard Brandston Lighting Design (lighting). General contractor: Whiting-Turner Contracting.

The final stage of the journey through the aquarium leads through displays depicting extremes of coastal environments-North Atlantic cliffs (complete with puffins a California kelp forest, a Pacific coral reef-to the building's most appealing exhibit. A children's cove simulates the rocky Maine coast, with tidal pools where children ma climb and splash and handle such small shore creatures as crabs and starfish. A short escalator ride up, the visitor emerges to the daylit pyramid-roofed rain forest with its LEVEL 5 panoramic harborscape. The downward path then descends via scissored ramps through the ring tank, which offers 360-degree view of a colorful Atlantic coral reef and the deepwater domain of sharks and giant rays.

90 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE AND RURAL DWELLINGS FROM BEIJING TO KASHI

Last October in Beijing, the Aga Khan Award came together in a scholarly seminar in Beijing which he has been engaged-at least so far for Architecture held a four-day seminar on followed by a remarkable five-thousand mile as the interests of his client are concerned - " The Changing Rural Habitat," followed by a field trip, which allowed the world's special­ but ideally, for most who are affected, includ­ seven-day trip across China. We went to the ists in the Third World human habitat to meet ing the users and the public in general. But the city of Xi 'an, then on to the Xinjiang-Uygur the rural peasantry of China face to face. rural habitats of the developing world are Autonomous Region in the far west-popu­ There were 120 of us in all, including frequently harmed by experts' initiatives. Sad­ lated by a large minority of Muslims of Turkic staff and logistics personnel. The seminar par­ ly, the architect/planner who upholds ver­ origin. ticipants, including the Aga Khan's brother nacular traditions may do as much damage to This was the sixth seminar in a series Prince Amyn, numbered 49 visitors to China a given rural community or region as the which began in April 1978 at Aiglemont near and 20 participants from our host group, the champion of technological innovation. Paris and continued over a three-year period Architectural Society of China . The 49-mem­ As several case studies presented at the successively in Istanbul, Turkey, Jakarta, ber visiting team comprised an international seminar made clear, experts are too often Indonesia, Fez, Morocco and Amman, Jordan. theoretical and technological elite including ignorant of the realities of a particular rural The China seminar was the first in a new architects, planners and engineers-largely place. Unfortunately, however, the quantity series following the presentation of the first specialists in regional rural development, of information-ecological, cultural, financial, Aga Khan Awards in Lahore, Pakistan in Octo­ Third World housing and renewable energy technical which the architect/planner must ber 1980 (see RECORD November 1980). techniques. Among the social scientists were master so as not to make things worse is Except for the first, all the seminars preceding an ethnologist with particular knowledge of formidable. More attention must be paid to the one in Beijing have been held in Muslim Chinese village patterns, an anthropologist the hopes and aspirations of the Chinese rural countries. The Aga Khan chose China for his expert in all forms of rural dwelling and people themselves, but plans cannot be tai­ sixth to acknowledge and take advantage of several sociologists interested in the psychol­ lor-made for each rural community. the current change for the better in China's ogy of social change. Helping us all gain It may be true, in the words of Harvard treatment of its Muslim minorities. During the perspective were the small corps of art and University professor and Aga Khan Award Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), Muslims, social historians in the Islamic field who con­ steering committee member Oleg Grabar Christians, and Buddhists were persecuted tinue to help shape and guide the seminars. that: " Perhaps the rural world is still too little and their places of worship were closed by The 20 participants from the Architectur­ understood to be given to architects as a field the Red Guards in the autumn of 1966. The al Society of China included two historians of work." It seems to me, however, that present regime allows freedom of religious and three professors from schools of archi­ architect/planners have a role in attempting belief (for all but the Roman Catholics), per­ tecture. The rest were associated with insti­ to shape the rural habitat when it has been or mits minority languages to be spoken and tutes for building research and / or construc­ is about to be disrupted by resettlement written, and respects the customs and habits tion (sub-professional technical schools) or programs made necessary by disasters or by of the minorities. The Muslims in particular government bureaus. From those who spoke the depletion of natural resources. Decisions are being well treated because of China's English I was able to learn that most had been to reorganize agricultural patterns and to cre­ current foreign policy goals, which include forced to work in farms or in factories during ate lakes and dams must also be accompa­ certain accommodations with the Muslim the Cultural Revolution and had been sepa­ nied by architectural and planning expertise. nations of the Middle East and Southeast Asia . rated from their families. There is presently a Further, the architect/planner can help rural The improved attitude is related also to the serious lack of architects and architectural communes to construct the kinds of buildings Sino-Soviet tensions. The USSR is wooing the technicians in China because of the ten-year which are new to them-schools, medical Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang, which is directly gap in which the schools and universities centers and various types of community across the Soviet border, so the Chinese were closed. Today China has about 6,000 buildings for example. government is reciprocating. architects in a population of 1 billion people. Finally, the so-called " total rural archi­ To this end the Chinese have recently Of the world's architects, only one in 50 is tect" who brings solutions to energy issues, opened the Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Re­ Chinese. addressing the depletion of wood supplies, gion to visitors from the rest of China, foreign It is unclear how many of this number fuel and food can be of direct and immediate travelers, and-most significantly-to the are or will be at work on rural habitat prob­ use to the Third World. World Bank econo­ Aga Khan, in his role as spiritual leader of the lems or how the building bureaus and insti­ mist/engineer Roger Carmignani presented lsmaili sect and as the Muslim who has done tutes actually function in rural areas. We did an important paper on this subject in which so much to bring an understanding of Islamic not meet mid-level officials in charge of the he discussed renewable-energy technology culture to the rest of the world. actual implementation of rural policies. Thus such as photovoltaics, small hydro plants and Although the Aga Khan's primary agenda our perception of the role of the archi­ solar energy. And he defined for us his con­ in China was religious, the opportunity to tect/planner in the Chinese countryside was cept of the ideal rural strategist. In his words: hold an architectural seminar there was not to not sufficiently focused to help us formulate " One who is first a surveyor of the social and be missed . The rural habitat in the Third answers to one of the basic questions of the economic agriculture scene; second, aware World is a major concern of the Awards conference: What is the role of the archi­ of energy issues as they affect rural life; and program, and because 80 per cent of the tect/planner in the rural Third World? only third a designer and builder always con­ Chinese population consists of rural peasants, In developed societies we are used to scious of the need for self help and mass the rural habitat is also very much in the the idea that a good architect is able to diffusion, when building for the rural poor." minds of the Chinese government. So it all intervene for the better in any project for -Mildred F. Schmertz

92 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 Photographs b y Mildred F. Schmertz except as noted

XI'AN: All one-hundred-twenty of us taking Xi'an). The Mosque (photos above), equally at home in the Alhambra. The THE CREA T MOSQUE part in the seminar were, whatever acknowledged to be an architectural so-called memorial archway (above our faith as individuals, supporting masterpiece, was founded in A.O. 742 left) is located in the first of five players in a great ongoing religious during the Tang period (A.O. 618-907), courtyards. The brick and stone arch drama, a joyous pageant, beginning the first era in which Islam came to (above right), one of four symmetri­ in Beijing, moving to Xi'an and then China. It was rebuilt in its present cally placed, appears to be an 18th­ airborne over the ancient sJ/k route form in A.O. 1392 (early Ming Dynasty) century addition. Its over-all form, with stops in uri.imqi, Turfan and through 1522, and restored and decoration and calligraphy are Chi­ Kashi (Kashgar). We were celebrating added to in 7606 and 1764-8. nese but its inner arch is Islamic. The the coming together of Chinese Mus­ Because the Mosque plan is axially entire complex is presently undergo­ lims-persecuted during the Cultural symmetrical, the stone gateway (pho­ ing restoration. The mosque, as well Revolution and only recently allowed to top) centers on the main portal of as being a religious center, plays an to resume the practice of their faith­ the prayer hall (masjid) and the rec­ important political, cultural, educa­ with their spiritual brother, the Aga tangular walled courtyard. Ornament tional and social role in the lives of Khan (shown at left being greeted by and detail combine Islamic and Chi­ the Hui Muslims and lies in the center the Imam of the Great Mosque of nese motifs. The fountain would look of their district.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 93 XI'AN: In Shaanxi Province, near the city of clay made from dust blown by strong Fenghuo People's Commune to build RURAL COMMUNES Xi'an, is the Fenghuo People's Com­ winds from the steppes of Asia and this instant ruin, although it surely mune which includes a school ca rved covering the entire province of must have taxed their common sense into the hiflside (top and above left) Shaanxi as well as vast neighboring so evident in the rest of the ir con­ and dwellings for 240 households. territories.) On the third and fourth struction. Farther down the hill is a The photograph of the school was tiers are smaller caves -student living recently built and very snug little taken from an almost identical wing quarters except during the rainy sea­ classroom building of mud brick. The opposite the facade shown. This son when the rooms are said to be elderly peasant (photo left) lives in incredible earthwork-a terraced, too damp to be lived in. They looked one of the cave dwellings (opposite four-tiered U-shape-overlooks the unliveable at the time of our visit (the page top) in small village near Xi'an. In peasa nt houses arranged Soviet style dry season), most were closed and his village, 164 people make up 34 in parallel rows on the plain below none seemed to be occupied. The households, and 22 of these families (above right). On the first two tiers of classrooms did not appear to be live in caves. Th ey aspire to houses, the school are the classrooms, literally functioning either. Th e fact that Mao and as the commune prospers houses caves hollowed out of the soft earth Zedong himself once went to school are being built. So far there are 12 of called "loess." {This is a fine silt or in a cave is said to have inspired the them with more olanned.

94 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 DRY I NG GROU ND

. ·. . ' :•

. . .. ·. . ·. ~: . ·. . . ·. ' • The drawings by Chinese­ American architect Paul Sun, partner in the Boston firm of Shepley, Bulfinch, Ri chardson & Abbott and a participant in the seminar, show a typica l arrangement of living-sleeping caves opening o nto a sunken courtyard si milar to tho se sh own . Lik e t he terraced school, these courts and caves are carved out of loess. Unlike the school, how ever, these

TYPICA L FAMILY UN IT spaces have good thermal qualities providing natural insu­ latio n fro m the cold, yet cool­ ness during the hot summer. The Chinese have been living in similar cave dwellings since the 11th-century B.c.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 95 Christopher Little

TURFAN: A MOSQUE When we flew from Xi'an to Urumqi which has roots in common with in urumqi at da wn following Marco AND AN ANCIENT MUD CITY in the Xinjiang -Uygur Autonomous modern Turkish. The Turkish-sp eak­ Polo 's route to Turfan across a IN CHINESE TURKESTAN Region, we left the land of the Chi­ ing members of our seminar w ere p arched, gray mountainous land­ nese people and their culture and able to communicate with Uygur scape. Th e to wn itself is a little oasis entered a world p opulated by Mus­ peasants. The little girl in the photo is of vineyards, honey melons and cot­ lims of Turkic origin, who for centu­ probably a Uygur (their fa ces are said ton. Along the way we visited an ries have used Arabic script. Compris­ to combine Inda-Iranian and Mongol ancient walled city built of rammed ing seven ethnic groupings among fea tures). She lives in a mud brick earth (opposite p age) of which little which the Uygurs and Kazaks pre­ house in Turfan which is just a few appears to be known. Only a mile dominate but which includes the Kir­ hours by bus from Urumqi along the and a quarter to the east of Turf an is giz, Salai, Tartar, Uzbek and Yugur ancient silk route. O ur late 20th­ the mud brick Amin Mosque (above peoples, these descendants of inva d­ century cara van was led by a black and opposite page top). Built in 1778 ing Turks and Mongols were once Chinese limousine allocated to the it is a modest, provin cia l effort clearly nomadic but are no w mostly farmers. Aga Khan, se veral staff ca rs and six inspired by the great Islamic buildings They all belong to a language group ­ small buses for the seminar partici­ of Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Ur­ ing (one of five in China) called Altaic, pants. We left our visitors compound gench and Tashkent-al/ in Uzbekis-

96 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD M ay 1982 / / / / ,,, /

tan in Soviet Central Asia. These Minaret in Bukhara, built in 1127. The cities, whose greatest monuments mosque has been extensively re­ were begun in the 14th century by stored since the Cultural Revolution. the Timurid Dynasty (founded by Th e roof, except for a dome over the Tam erlane), are connected to Turfan mihrab and small paired domes by a branch of the silk route which around the perimeter is flat and built turns northward at Kashi (Ka shga r). of mud plaster over a wooden frame Unlike the great works to which it supported by wooden posts. The aspires, the Amin Mosque is without simplicity of the entire ensemble, mosaic tile work, but there may once except for the minaret, reminds us have been some decoration in the that Turfan was never more than a niches and panels. The minaret has a humble oasis along the silk route. fired brick pattern in a style which More important, it tells us that by the suggests that the late 18th-century end of the 18th century, the Muslim minaret builders of Turfan carefully passion to build magnificently was studied an early model-the Kalayan spent.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 97 KASHI (KASHGAR): Kashi is at the western tip of the so, only the occasional mountain ing everything. And some, including THE ABA KHOJA Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region. climber, linguistic scholar or archaeo­ the lady in the photo, invited us into MOSQUE AND MAUSOLEUM To the north and northeast on the logist has been allowed to visit Kashi. their homes for little ceremonial AND A UTILE HOUSE NEARBY other side of the Pamir Mountains, is So the whole town turned out to feasts. We will never know ho w we IN TURKISH STYLE Uzbekistan, U.S.S.R. , and the cities of watch our motorcade, lining every must have seemed to them. Th e early Samarkand, Bukhara ani Tashkent. route we took. For three days they 18th-century Aba Khoja Mausoleum Just to the southeast is Afghanistan, watched the black limousine, the staff (above top) and its interiors {opposite Pakistan and Kashmir, separated from cars and six small buses carrying the page right) display both engineering Xinjiang by the Karakoram Range. world-disgorging Europeans, Ameri­ skill and artistry in the arrangements The people of Kashi once moved cans, Middle Easterners, Japanese, of vault and dome. The prayer hall of back and forth across the mountain Indians, Africans, Egyptians, Pakistan­ the mosque (opposite page top left) passes, but today, because of the is, Malaysians, Indonesians and our has been restored along with the gate international tension in the region, Chinese hosts. They watched us to the compound. Also shown are they are made to stay put. All diplo­ streaming into mosques, climbing the porch and interior of a small Kashi mats and journalists have been minarets, buying rugs, hats, strange house, not very different from old denied access. For the last 20 years or musical instruments and photograph- houses in Istanbul.

98 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 7982 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 99 KASHI: A mile or so from Kashi is a small Kashi at dawn, by foot or ca rt to be platform to the rear of the principa1 THE POTIERS' VILLAGE settlement that ascends and crowns a present for yet another sweep of the room is heated by means of a fire hill. Intricately terra ced in mud brick, motorcade, on its way to a nearby box inserted within it, and used as a its roofs double as walkways. This commune for a demonstration of sitting area by day and for sleeping al little place was considered to be too local mud building techniques. The night The town itself appeared to bt fragile in its construction to withstand lady in the goatskin cap was one of self-sufficient with its own vegetablt a visit from all 720 of us so it was several who invited us into their gardens, public market and mo~que arranged that on our last morning in homes -tiny quarters in which each The pottery is made in a number 01 Kashi only four people go-Michael family lives, sleeps, cooks and eats in small workshops spread throughow Curtis, who is executive aide to the one room. Th ese dwellings were the village. More is produced thar Aga Khan for education, health and even smaller, darker and more would seem to be loca lly requirec housing, the photographer, Christo­ crowded than the peasants' caves in and is probably shipped abroad b) pher Little, a Chinese guide and Xi'an. Even such humble spaces, how­ way of Pakistan. I have seen woo myself The town seemed underpop­ ever, have one element in common rugs from Kashi for sale at Blooming ulated but it is possible that a good with all the rural housing we saw in dales . Some of this pottery may bt number of its residents had left for China. Known as the K'ang-a brick getting there too. -M.F.S

100 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 101 Neil Astle Associates designed this large concrete structure for a A visitor center that 7,800-acre w ildli fe refuge that stretches across the M issouri River between Iowa and Nebraska. To help make the st ru cture harmonious with the site, the architects have made ample use of wood infill panels fits into a natural site and earth berms, and ha ve divided the building into several parts that reduce its scale (see plan overl eaf). The berms (see photo left) are also important in helping the building retain hea t and deflect north winds during the severe winters. Ca ll ed the DeSoto Visi tor Center, the structure was conceived to provide public education about th e ecology of the ri ve r, and about an important archaeological find-the w reck of the stea mboat Bertrand, w hi ch sa nk nearby in 1865. Accordingl y, the rooms are arranged in a ca reful sequence (see caption overl eaf) that culminates in a viewing ga ll ery over the water (photos right and below). From the gallery literall y thousands of ducks and geese can be seen resting at peak migration periods.

DESOTO VISITOR CENTER , DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa and Nebras­ ka . Owner: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Archi­ tects: Neil Astle Associates. Engineers: KKBNA Inc. (structural); Ray Alvine Associates (mechanical/ electrical). Interpretive design consultant: Consortium West. General contractor: Leuder Construction.

Joel Strasser photos

102 ARCH ITECTURAL RECORD May 7982 The building is reached by a long entrance drive past woods and ponds, with stop­ ping points for views (see site plan above). It is located on a placid lake created by cutting off a bend in the Missouri Riv­ er from the main channel. The building's water side is on ta ll concrete columns on piles to raise it above flood level. The round form of the theater for introductory films (photo right) projects into a central court. Large glass areas face south and act as solar collectors dur­ ing winter months. In summer, the building is cooled with water from the lake . The Center anticipates a million vis­ itors by the yea r 2000.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1982 103