DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia Asiatica: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia Asiatica: a Review Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review REVIEW ARTICLE Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review Zuneera Akram1,*, Rehana Perveen1, Aisha Noreen2, Maryam Inayat3, Muzammil Hussain1, Sadaf Ibrahim3, Mariam Razzak1, Kiran Qadeer2 1 Department of Pharmacology, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 3 Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 4 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan ABSTRACT Authors’ Contributions Pakistan has various variety of medicinally essential plants which have been 1 Conception & Study Design, Data Collection, guaranteed with useful therapeutic effects and better bearableness for side Drafting, Critical Review. 2,6 Data Collection, Critical Review. effects. One of the shrubs is Grewia asiatica (G. asiatica) commonly called 3,5,8 Data Collection, Drafting. Phalsa fruit, of Tiliaceae family, is grown in warmer season for edibility and 4 Conception & Study Design, Data Collection. 7 Data Collection. medicinal uses. In traditional folk medicine, Phalsa was used for its astringent, digestive and cooling properties whereas the unripened fruit has been used Article info. as an inflammatory reliever, antipyretic, and as an aid in blood and cardiac Received: January 29, 2019 Accepted: May 7, 2019 disorders. It’s leaves are applied on skin rashes while root and bark are Funding Source: Nil prescribed in rheumatic disorders and infusion owes demulsifying properties. Conflict of Interest: Nil Different parts of its specie display distinctive medicinal significance but still Cite this article: Akram Z, Perveen R, Noreen A, Inayat M, Hussain M, Ibrahim S, Razzak M, needs to be researched phytochemically. This review article is dependent on Qadeer K. Morphological, Phytochemical, and information of conventional uses, phytochemistry, and organic impacts of Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review. RADS J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2019; various parts of G. asiatica rich in supplements, for example, nutrients, 7(1): 53-62. minerals, amino acids-proteins and contain different bioactive mixes, as *Address of Correspondence Author: anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and phenolic substances. The [email protected] extract preparation of different parts of the species showed different natural impacts, such as antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant effects. Keywords: G. asiatica, pharmacological properties, nutrition, phytochemistry. INTRODUCTION pharmacological medicines particularly in field of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders and in The most established archeological records of plant treating various cancer forms. demonstrate its use for therapeutics for several Plant of Grewia genus comprises of bushes and trees thousand years, mostly used in health care system and significantly disseminated in warmer regions [2]. around the world common to all societies and Species found in Pakistan chiefly are G. asiatica L., cultures. Herbal prescriptions prospered through G. sapida Roxb., G. helicterifolia Wall., G. glabra hundreds of years and about 70% of all medicines Blume, G. tenax (Forssk.) Fiori., G. microcos L. and were herbal [1], yet now the pharmaceutical business few others. These species are of trading importance, has become active and synthetic medicines have medicinally as well as aromatically, and are source of started to assume control herbal medicine. As a income, in particular for poor families. G. asiatica of theme of data, investigation of conventional remedies Tilicaceae is the only significant edible fruit [3] and of has prompted the development of numerous ISSN (Print): 2521-8514 ISSN (Online): 2521-8484 RADS J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 53 Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review other plants of this family are economically useful and bark is utilized for treating stiffness, fruit as astringent are a natural source of fiber. and stomachic and when unripe they lighten irritation G. asiatica (Phalsa) is a fascinating shrub grown as a and is utilized in respiratory, cardiovascular and blood small fruit crop and a traditional medicine. Regardless diseases, and in fever [3]. Bark infusion is given as of its differing use, it has endured acknowledgement demulcent, febrifuge, and for bowels looseness. The and literature refusal. We have examined the plant leaves on skin ejections are connective and have characteristics, pharmacological and phytochemical anti-toxic activity. properties for acknowledgeable purpose. This article will fill in as a valuable snippet of data for further Economical Utilities evaluation of the plant. G. asiatica have tremendous utilizations for financially segments. Ripe phalsa fruit is eaten and made into Morphological Description soft drinks and squash in India during summer, leaves G. asiatica bush is 4-5 m extended, leaves are 5-18 utilized as animal food, bark as substitute cleanser in cm in length. The blooms are orchestrated in cymes, Burma and adhesive concentrate of bark is utilized in single blossom is yellowish in shading with 5 (12 mm) sugar. Fiber acquired from the bark is utilized to make prolonged sepals and 5(4-5 mm) shorter petals with 2 twines [12]. Wood can be used for making bows, cm in diameter [4]. The fruit is fleshy and fibrous shingles and shafts for conveying shoulders load [13]. drupe, grayish violet at development, with spherical depressed blackish spots with trichomes covered by Types of G. asiatica vast stellate. Seeds, are 1-2 in count, pointed toward In India, two different types are developed that differ a side with notched surface and hard coating, 1-2 regarding chemical and physical characteristics i.e., chambered with slick endosperm. Leaf, short and tall and short one (Table 1, Figure 1). The yield of peculiar, is heartily shaped, with 5-7 nerves, principle juice is marginally increased in the tall ones as nerves associated by venations that are parallel, edge identification with edibility while sugars have been serrate, stellately pubescent from upper side, and noticed in the dwarf ones. The tall type had extra tomentose [5]. Bark, grayish verdant outside and sugars, more protein and titrable acidity than the vermillion brown inside, or creamish in shade, with shorter ones [5]. thick, sinewy, intense and rough. G. asiatica is a self- pollinated reap. [6]. In January-February blossoms Table 1. Attributes of tall and dwarf Grewia show up and organic products develop during May asiatica types. and June. Skin of the fruit is light green over million Content (%) Tall Type Dwarf Type becomes purple or completely black when ripen completely. The ripen product is fragile, delicate and Edibility 91 91 secured by a thin white blush [7-9]. The natural product resembles berries with a sweet and sharp Kernel content 9 9 acidulous taste [10]. Juice content 68 66 Microscopic Characters Mash content 33 34 G. asiatica indicates nearness of Rosette and Moisture content 77 75 Prismatic crystals, Parenchymal cells, Crystal fibers, Spiral cells, Starch grains, Aleurone grains, Stellate Total sugar content 6 8 hairs, which are important microscopic diagnostic Reducible sugars 1 1 features [11]. Non-reducible sugars 4 7 Conventional Uses Titrable content 1 1 Use and development of phalsa natural product has been referenced in the old Indian writing and it has Mash protein 3 2 been utilized for different afflictions in Indian Kernel protein 9 7 medicinal system. The unripe organic products are said to evacuate vata, kapha and biliousness. Root Pulp protein 1 7 ISSN (Print): 2521-8514 ISSN (Online): 2521-8484 RADS J. Pharm. P harm. Sci. 5454 Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review Table 2. G. asiatica ash values. 100 90 Ash Types Value % 80 Tall Total ash 3.0 70 60 Dwarf Acid insoluble ash 1.4 % 50 40 Water-soluble ash 1.1 30 20 G. asiatica Extractive Values Content Content 10 0 The ethanol soluble values are found to be 45.4%, methanol soluble 46.2%, petroleum ether soluble 0.8%, chloroform soluble 1.6%, benzene soluble 14.0% and ethyl acetate soluble extractives 3.4% (Table 3) [8]. Figure 1. Camparison between the content % of tall Table 3. G. asiatica extraction values. and dwarf types of G. asiatica. Extract Value % Ethanol soluble 45.4 Harvesting and Production Methanol soluble 46.2 Summer is the natural product bearing season for Petroleum ether soluble 0.8 phalsa. Fruits perish in brief time thus should be Chloroform soluble 1.6 utilized for selling in 24 hours. Normal yield per plant Benzene soluble 14.0 of phalsa is 9-11 kg in one season [3]. Ethyl acetate soluble 3.40 G. asiatica Ash Content Nutritional Composition Total ash content yielded is 3.0%, where acid Calories and fat are low in G. asiatica (Phalsa) but it insoluble is 1.4% and water-soluble is 1.1% (Table 2) is high in vitamins, minerals and fiber [13]. Six basic [8]. micronutrients as discussed in Table 5 were additionally distinguished in dry weight (DW) and fresh weight (FW) in G. asiatica [14]. The detailed nutritional profile of the fruits is shown in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4. Nutritional composition of phalsa fruits. Nutrient Content Nutrient in 100 g Fruit Nutrient Content Nutrient in 100 g Fruit Calories (Kcal) 90.5 Phosphorus (mg) 24.2 Fat (Kcal) 0.0 Potassium (mg) 372 Moisture content 76.3 Sodium (mg) 17.3 Fat (g) < 0.1 Iron (mg) 1.08 Protein (g) 1.57 Vitamin B2 (mg) 0.264 Carbohydrates (g) 21.1 Vitamin, B3, Niacin (mg) 0.825 Dietary fiber (g) 5.53 Vitamin C, Ascorbic Acid (g) 4.385 Ash (g) 1.1 Vitamin A, Retinol (µg) 16.11 Calcium (mg) 136 Vitamin B1, Thiamine (mg) 0.02 Table 5. Mineral contents of G. asiatica fruit (Khan et al. [14]). Minerals Dry Weight (DW) per 100 g Fresh Weight (FW) per 100 g Cobalt, Co 33 µg 0.99 mg Chromium, Cr 36 µg 1.08 mg Copper, Cu 16 µg 0.48 mg Nickel, Ni 87 µg 2.61 mg Zinc, Zn 48 µg 144 mg Iron, Fe 1695 µg 140.8 mg ISSN (Print): 2521-8514 ISSN (Online): 2521-8484 RADS J.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • III. Triterpenoids from Grewia Sp
    III. Triterpenoids from Grewia sp. 3.1 Introduction The extract of leaves and flowers of a Grewia sp. (MG 3692) was obtained from Madagascar rainforests as a part of the ICBG program for the isolation of active anticancer agents. After testing the extract on A2780 bioassay, it exhibited activity at 3.7 μg/mL and hence it was selected for further analysis of its chemical components. The extract yielded one new and one known triterpenoid, 1 and 2. The isolation and structure determination of these compounds is described in this chapter. 3.1.1 Chemical Investigation of a Grewia sp. Grewia sp. of the Malvaceae family (previously belonging to the Tiliaceae family) is a genus of flowering plants found in tropical and temperate regions as well. The Malvaceae family has 75 genera and about 1500 species. Plants belonging to this family are economically useful, as they provide an excellent source of naturally occurring fiber, like cotton from the genus Gossypium, and certain foods like okra, from Abelmoschus esculentus, which is used as a vegetable. The stem and roots of Hibiscus tiawanensis, native to Taiwan, have anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.2 The dried leaf extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa acts as a anti-hypertensive by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).3 Plants of the Hibiscus sp. have been used as an antidote for chemical and wild mushroom poisoning4 as well as an Ayurvedic herbal shampoo in Indian medicine. The genus Grewia is mainly associated with triterpenoids and alkaloids. The extracts from these plants are known to have medicinal properties.5 The bark and roots of Grewia 61 tiliaefolia are used to treat skin diseases, hypertension, ulcers and diarrhoea.6 Lupenol (3.1), isolated from this plant, is known to cause apoptosis in several cancer cells.7 3.1 Lupenol Grewin (3.2) isolated from the extract of Grewia bilamellata, exhibits antimalarial activity against P.
    [Show full text]
  • Grewia Tenax
    Academic Sciences Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Vol 5, Suppl 3, 2012 ISSN - 0974-2441 Review Article Vol. 4, Issue 3, 2011 Grewia tenax (Frosk.) Fiori.- A TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANT WITH ENORMOUS ISSNECONOMIC - 0974-2441 PROSPECTIVES NIDHI SHARMA* AND VIDYA PATNI Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur- 302004, Rajasthan, India.Email: [email protected] Received:11 May 2012, Revised and Accepted:25 June 2012 ABSTRACT The plant Grewia tenax (Frosk.) Fiori. belonging to the family Tiliaceae, is an example of multipurpose plant species which is the source of food, fodder, fiber, fuelwood, timber and a range of traditional medicines that cure various perilous diseases and have mild antibiotic properties. The plant preparations are used for the treatment of bone fracture and for bone strengthening and tissue healing. The fruits are used for promoting fertility in females and are considered in special diets for pregnant women and anemic children. The plant is adapted to high temperatures and dry conditions and has deep roots which stabilize sand dunes. The shrubs play effectively for rehabilitation of wastelands. The plant parts are rich in amino acids and mineral elements and contain some pharmacologically active constituents. The plant is identified in trade for its fruits. Plant is also sold as wild species of medicinal and aromatic plant and is direct or indirect source of income for the tribal people. But the prolonged seed dormancy is a typical feature and vegetative propagation is not well characterized for the plant. Micropropagation by tissue culture techniques may play an effective role for plant conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersal Modes of Woody Species from the Northern Western Ghats, India
    Tropical Ecology 53(1): 53-67, 2012 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Dispersal modes of woody species from the northern Western Ghats, India MEDHAVI D. TADWALKAR1,2,3, AMRUTA M. JOGLEKAR1,2,3, MONALI MHASKAR1,2, RADHIKA B. KANADE2,3, BHANUDAS CHAVAN1, APARNA V. WATVE4, K. N. GANESHAIAH5,3 & 1,2* ANKUR A. PATWARDHAN 1Department of Biodiversity, M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, Karve Road, Pune 411 004, India 2 Research and Action in Natural Wealth Administration (RANWA), 16, Swastishree Society, Ganesh Nagar, Pune 411 052, India 3 Team Members, Western Ghats Bioresource Mapping Project of Department of Biotechnology, India 4Biome, 34/6 Gulawani Maharaj Road, Pune 411 004, India 5Department of Forest and Environmental Sciences and School of Ecology & Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru 560 065, India Abstract: The dispersal modes of 185 woody species from the northern Western Ghats (NWG) were investigated for their relationship with disturbance and fruiting phenology. The species were characterized as zoochorous, anemochorous and autochorous. Out of 15,258 individuals, 87 % showed zoochory as a mode of dispersal, accounting for 68.1 % of the total species encountered. A test of independence between leaf habit (evergreen/deciduous) and dispersal modes showed that more than the expected number of evergreen species was zoochorous. The cumulative disturbance index (CDI) was significantly negatively correlated with zoochory (P < 0.05); on the other hand no specific trend of anemochory with disturbance was seen. The pre-monsoon period (February to May) was found to be the peak period for fruiting of around 64 % of species irrespective of their dispersal mode.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Actions and Potential Uses of Grewia Asiatica: a Review
    International Journal of Applied Research 2015; 1(9): 222-228 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Grewia Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2015; 1(9): 222-228 asiatica: A review www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 21-06-2015 Accepted: 22-07-2015 Sangeeta Paul Sangeeta Paul Abstract Department of Pharmacy, India has a diverse variety of medicinally important plants which have been claimed with beneficial Banasthali University, therapeutic effects along with better tolerability in terms of side effects. G. asiatica also known as Rajasthan, India. phalsa, a member of tiliaceae family is a small fruit crop cultivated in warmer season and is known to contain cyanidin 3- glucoside, vitamin C, minerals. A brief review of work so far carried out is compiled in the present study showing radioprotective, antioxidant, antimalarial, antihyperglycemic, antipyretic, analgesic, antifungal, antiviral, antiplatelate, anticancer and immunomodulatory effect of plant. Keywords: Grewia asiatica, Traditional uses, Activity, Anthocyanins Introduction Grewia asiatica belongs to family Tiliaceae. Plant of genus Grewia consists of shrubs and trees and majorly distributed in the warmer regions. Numerous species around 40 are found in India to name a few are G. tenax, G. hirsuta, G. damine, G. Lasiodiscus, G. optiva, G. biloba, G. bicolor, G. tiliaefolia, G. flavescens and many more. These species are the part of trade of medicinal and aromatic plants and are the income source particularly for the poor families. Plants belonging to this family are of enormous use economically and provide good source of naturally occurring fiber. Genus Grewia, yield only edible fruit of family Tiliaceae [1] and that is only Grewia asiatica, the species of importance [Morton et al., 1987] .
    [Show full text]
  • Grewia Asiatica) FRUIT and ITS LEAVES
    RESEARCH PLAN PROPOSAL ANTIOXIDANT AND CANCER PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES OF PHALSA (Grewia asiatica) FRUIT AND ITS LEAVES For registration to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy IN THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE THE IIS UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR Submitted by KULDEEP KAUR IISU/2011/7120 Under the Supervision of Supervisor Co- Supervisor Dr. Ila Joshi Dr. Sreemoyee Chatterjee Professor and Head Sr. Asstt. Professor Department of Home Science Head, Department of Biotechnology Department of Home Science May, 2014 1. INTRODUCTION Nutrition may be defined as the science of food and its relationship to health. It is concerned primarily with the part played by nutrients in body growth, development and maintenance. Through centuries, food has been recognized as important for human beings in health and diseases. More recently a great deal of interest has been focused on the role of dietary factors in the pathogenesis of non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart diseases, diabetes and cancer (Park, 2011). Many compounds have been isolated from plant foods, mainly fruits, green leaves and vegetables, which have been identified to play a protective role in the human system (Dorothy et al., 2013). Natural phenolic phytochemicals in plants have been receiving increased interest from consumers and researchers for their antioxidant activity (Nataraj et al., 2013). 1.1 Antioxidants And Their Benefits Antioxidants are substances that may protect cells from free radical (Shereen, 2014). Antioxidants are molecules which can safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged. Although there are several enzyme systems within the body that disarm free radicals, the principal antioxidants are vitamin E, beta- carotene, vitamin C , and selenium.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List Lists of Species Check List 11(4): 1718, 22 August 2015 Doi: ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors
    11 4 1718 the journal of biodiversity data 22 August 2015 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 11(4): 1718, 22 August 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1718 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Tree species of the Himalayan Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, India: a checklist Omesh Bajpai1, 2, Anoop Kumar1, Awadhesh Kumar Srivastava1, Arun Kumar Kushwaha1, Jitendra Pandey2 and Lal Babu Chaudhary1* 1 Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, 226 001, Lucknow, India 2 Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, 221 005, Varanasi, India * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The study catalogues a sum of 278 tree species and management, the proper assessment of the diversity belonging to 185 genera and 57 families from the Terai of tree species are highly needed (Chaudhary et al. 2014). region of Uttar Pradesh. The family Fabaceae has been The information on phenology, uses, native origin, and found to exhibit the highest generic and species diversity vegetation type of the tree species provide more scope of with 23 genera and 44 species. The genus Ficus of Mora- such type of assessment study in the field of sustainable ceae has been observed the largest with 15 species. About management, conservation strategies and climate change 50% species exhibit deciduous nature in the forest. Out etc. In the present study, the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh of total species occurring in the region, about 63% are has been selected for the assessment of tree species as it native to India.
    [Show full text]
  • A Census of the Tree Species in The
    IndianJ.Sci.Res.7(1):67-75,2016 ISSN:0976-2876(Print) ISSN:2250-0138(Online) A CENSUSOF THE TREESPECIESIN THEGOLAPBAGCAMPUSOF BURDWAN UNIVERSITY, WEST BENGAL (INDIA) WITH THEIRIUCNREDLIST STATUS AND CARBONSEQUESTRATIONPOTENTIAL OF SOMESELECTEDSPECIES SHARMISTHA GANGULYa1 AND AMBARISHMUKHERJEEb aUGCCASDepartmentofBotany,UniversityofBurdwan,Burdwan, WestBengal,India ABSTRACT The present census brings out an inventory of tree species in the Golapbag campus of The University of Burdwan, Burdwan in the West Bengal State of India.As many as 91 species belonging to 82 genera of 39 families, of which of which 85 species of 76 genera representing 38 families are dicotyledonous and 6 species of one family( Arecaceae) are monocotyledonous, could be included in the checklist thus prepared. Many of these species are botanically interesting, attractive and potentially sources of various phytoresources and aesthetic pleasure. The IUCN Red List status of each of these species was determined. Six of the dominating species were worked to reveal their carbon sequestration potential with an objective to find their utilitarian value in landscape designing for aesthetic rejuvenation and environmental optimization. It was found that Ficus benghalensis is the best of the lot in Carbon sequestration being successively followed byMimusops elengi , Roystonia regia , Senna siamea , Dalbergia lanceolariaand Cassia fistula . Thus, it can be concluded that the trees composing the campus flora needs to be protected and some of them can well be chosen for further evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional and Medicinal Potential of Grewia Subinaequalis DC. (Syn. G
    Vol. 9(19), pp. 594-612, 17 May, 2015 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2015.5724 Article Number: 4EF6DB253485 ISSN 1996-0875 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Full Length Research Paper Nutritional and medicinal potential of Grewia subinaequalis DC. (syn. G. asiatica.) (Phalsa) Jyoti Sinha*, Shalini Purwar, Satya Kumar Chuhan and Gyanendra Rai Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad, India. Received 2 January, 2015; Accepted 5 May, 2015 Grewia subinaequalis DC. (syn. G. asiatica) (Phalsa) is a food plant and can also be used as an herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In traditional folklore medicine, the fruit has been used as astringent, stomachic and cooling agent. When unripe, it has been reported to alleviate inflammation and was administered in respiratory, cardiac and blood disorders, as well as in fever. Root and bark has been prescribed for rheumatism and its infusion used as a demulcent. The leaves were applied on skin eruptions. A number of therapeutic research was carried out on different part of this plant like fruits, leaves, stem etc. The plant possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperglycaemic, radioprotective, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antifertility, antifungal, analgesic, antipyeretic and antiviral activities. This review focuses on the botanical description, phytochemistry, nutritional studies and pharmacological properties of this plant. Key words: Grewia subinaequalis, Grewia asiatica, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties. INTRODUCTION Fruits are regarded as a valuable food commodity with Borowska, 2008). Recent research has indicated that the potential health benefits, being a rich source of people who eat higher amounts of fruits and vegetables carbohydrates, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals which have about one half the risk of cancer and less mortality are essential for an active and healthy life.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Edwin Paull - Professor and Researcher Books 1
    2018 August 01, Monday Robert Edwin Paull - Professor and Researcher Books 1. Nakasone, H. Y., Paull R. E., 1998. Tropical Fruits. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 445pp. 2. Kays, S. J., Paull, R. E. 2004. Postharvest Biology. Exon Press, Athens, Georgia. 3. Paull, R. E. and Duarte, O. 2011. Tropical Fruit - Volume I. CAB International, Wallingford, England 4. Paull, R. E. and Duarte, O. 2012. Tropical Fruit - Volume II. 384 pp. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 5. Duarte, O and R. E. Paull. 2015. Exotic Fruits and Nuts of the New World. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 342 pp. Edited Volumes 1. Paull, R. E. 1990. Tropical Fruit in International Trade (Editor). International Society for Horticultural Science. 208pp. Acta Horticulturae, Volume 269. 2. Paull, R. E., J. Armstrong, Editors. 1994. Insect Pests and Fresh Horticultural Products: Treatments and Responses. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 3. Bartholomew, D. P., Paull, R. E., Rohrbach, K.G., (Editors) 2003. Pineapple: Botany, Production and Uses. 301pp. CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom. 4. Chan, Y. K., R. E. Paull. 2007. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Papaya. Acta Horticulturae 740. 335pp. 5. Janick, J. and R. E. Paull. Editors. 2008. The Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. 954 pp. 6. Lobo, M. G. and R. E. Paull. 2017. Handbook of Pineapple Technology. Production, postharvest science, processing and nutrition. Wiley Blackwell, West Sussex, United Kingdom. 263 pp. 7. Garth M. Sanewski, Duane P. Bartholomew and Robert E. Paull, 2018, The Pineapple 2nd Edition Botany, Production and Uses. 336 pages, CABI, United Kingdom Chapters in Books 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Download From
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2014 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 7, 2nd edition, as amended by COP9 Resolution IX.1 Annex B). A 3rd edition of the Handbook, incorporating these amendments, is in preparation and will be available in 2006. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. Tran Ngoc Cuong DD MM YY Biodiversity Conservation Agency 1 0 1 2 2 0 3 Vietnam Environment Administration 8 6 3 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Designation date Site Reference Number Address: Room 201, building B, #10 Ton That Thuyet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: +84 4 37956868 ext.
    [Show full text]
  • Qu Est for Na Ture Officers' Club CASFOS Dehradun
    17 August, 2020 Volume 1, Issue 8 PRAKRITI PRAKRITI Quest for nature Quest for Officers' Club CASFOS Dehradun PRAKRITI, 17 AUGUST 2020, VOL. I, ISSUE 8 FLORA OF THE WEEK Grewia asiaticsa (Phalsa) Grewia is a deciduous bush in North India but evergreen in South. It can be trained both as a bush and single stemmed small tree in mixed for- est. The stem is hard and brittle. Leaves are broad rough and light green with hairs on both side. Flowers small, yellow in clusters appear in April and fruit is small berry like drupethat appear in june with one or sometime two hard seeds. Plant can tolerate drought condition, fruiting occur mainly in summer season. Economic importance & Distribution- Cultivation- Ethenobotanical uses: Grewia is an exotic plant and has been mentioned in Grewia asiatica is small fruit and is being cultivated on very small scale in Root- G. asiatica, root bark is used by vedic literature as having many medicinal & eco- each state; however in Panjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh it is cultivated santhal tribes for fever and rheumatism, nomic propertiesas edible fruits, timber, fiber, fuel near cities commercially. root paste is applied on the back before etc. by tribes and nomads. At of the early part of the Generally phalsa is cross pollinated fruit crop and pollination is completed going to bed in case of back pain. 20th century, the fruit was introduced to Indonesia by the insects such as honey bee, wasp, beetle etc. however some flowers and Philippines, where it has since naturalized. Leaf extraction of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Agric.) University of Alexandria, Egypt
    THE YIELD AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GUDEIM (Grewia tenax) JUICE By Abdalla Elsheikh Mohamed Salih Alrikain B.Sc. (Agric.) University of Alexandria, Egypt A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE of M.Sc. (Agric.) Supervisors: Prof. ABDEL MONEIM I. MUSTAFA (Internal Supervisor) FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM and Prof. ELGASIM ALI. ELGASIM (External Supervisor) COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCES KING FAISAL UNIVERSITY, K.S.A Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum August 2004 DEDICATION First I dedicate this piece of work to my village Wad Alrikain, west of Al-Fao city, where I was born, enjoyed my childhood, and learned how to love my family and my nation. Second I would like to express my most gratitude to the souls of my father, and grand fathers, may Allah host their pure souls in perpetual paradise. Third my deep dedication to my wife, my dear sons and my sweet lovely daughters for their encouragement and interminable support without which this thesis would have never been finished. Moreover, I wish to extend my dedication to my mother, sisters and brothers, without their copious prayers, this study would have never been completed At the end, my dedication is to my teachers, colleagues, friends and all those who offered me their valuable knowledge and trust. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I owe sincere gratitude and praise to Allah Al-Mighty who gave me health and durable patience to finish this study. I would like to express my deepest respect and thanks to my supervisor's Prof.
    [Show full text]