Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of asiatica: A Review

REVIEW ARTICLE

Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review

Zuneera Akram1,*, Rehana Perveen1, Aisha Noreen2, Maryam Inayat3, Muzammil Hussain1, Sadaf Ibrahim3, Mariam Razzak1, Kiran Qadeer2 1 Department of Pharmacology, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 3 Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan 4 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Authors’ Contributions Pakistan has various variety of medicinally essential which have been 1 Conception & Study Design, Data Collection, guaranteed with useful therapeutic effects and better bearableness for side Drafting, Critical Review. 2,6 Data Collection, Critical Review. effects. One of the is Grewia asiatica (G. asiatica) commonly called 3,5,8 Data Collection, Drafting. Phalsa , of Tiliaceae family, is grown in warmer season for edibility and 4 Conception & Study Design, Data Collection. 7 Data Collection. medicinal uses. In traditional folk medicine, Phalsa was used for its astringent, digestive and cooling properties whereas the unripened fruit has been used Article info. as an inflammatory reliever, antipyretic, and as an aid in blood and cardiac Received: January 29, 2019 Accepted: May 7, 2019 disorders. It’s are applied on skin rashes while root and bark are Funding Source: Nil prescribed in rheumatic disorders and infusion owes demulsifying properties. Conflict of Interest: Nil Different parts of its specie display distinctive medicinal significance but still Cite this article: Akram Z, Perveen R, Noreen A, Inayat M, Hussain M, Ibrahim S, Razzak M, needs to be researched phytochemically. This review article is dependent on Qadeer K. Morphological, Phytochemical, and information of conventional uses, phytochemistry, and organic impacts of Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review. RADS J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2019; various parts of G. asiatica rich in supplements, for example, nutrients, 7(1): 53-62. minerals, amino acids-proteins and contain different bioactive mixes, as

*Address of Correspondence Author: anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and phenolic substances. The [email protected] extract preparation of different parts of the species showed different natural impacts, such as antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant effects. Keywords: G. asiatica, pharmacological properties, nutrition, phytochemistry.

INTRODUCTION pharmacological medicines particularly in field of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders and in The most established archeological records of treating various cancer forms. demonstrate its use for therapeutics for several Plant of Grewia genus comprises of bushes and thousand years, mostly used in health care system and significantly disseminated in warmer regions [2]. around the world common to all societies and Species found in Pakistan chiefly are G. asiatica L., cultures. Herbal prescriptions prospered through G. sapida Roxb., G. helicterifolia Wall., G. glabra hundreds of years and about 70% of all medicines Blume, G. tenax (Forssk.) Fiori., G. microcos L. and were herbal [1], yet now the pharmaceutical business few others. These species are of trading importance, has become active and synthetic medicines have medicinally as well as aromatically, and are source of started to assume control herbal medicine. As a income, in particular for poor families. G. asiatica of theme of data, investigation of conventional remedies Tilicaceae is the only significant edible fruit [3] and of has prompted the development of numerous

ISSN (Print): 2521-8514 ISSN (Online): 2521-8484 RADS J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 53 Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review other plants of this family are economically useful and bark is utilized for treating stiffness, fruit as astringent are a natural source of fiber. and stomachic and when unripe they lighten irritation G. asiatica (Phalsa) is a fascinating grown as a and is utilized in respiratory, cardiovascular and blood small fruit crop and a traditional medicine. Regardless diseases, and in fever [3]. Bark infusion is given as of its differing use, it has endured acknowledgement demulcent, febrifuge, and for bowels looseness. The and literature refusal. We have examined the plant leaves on skin ejections are connective and have characteristics, pharmacological and phytochemical anti-toxic activity. properties for acknowledgeable purpose. This article will fill in as a valuable snippet of data for further Economical Utilities evaluation of the plant. G. asiatica have tremendous utilizations for financially segments. Ripe phalsa fruit is eaten and made into Morphological Description soft drinks and squash in India during summer, leaves G. asiatica bush is 4-5 m extended, leaves are 5-18 utilized as animal food, bark as substitute cleanser in cm in length. The blooms are orchestrated in cymes, Burma and adhesive concentrate of bark is utilized in single blossom is yellowish in shading with 5 (12 mm) sugar. Fiber acquired from the bark is utilized to make prolonged sepals and 5(4-5 mm) shorter petals with 2 twines [12]. Wood can be used for making bows, cm in diameter [4]. The fruit is fleshy and fibrous shingles and shafts for conveying shoulders load [13]. drupe, grayish violet at development, with spherical depressed blackish spots with trichomes covered by Types of G. asiatica vast stellate. Seeds, are 1-2 in count, pointed toward In India, two different types are developed that differ a side with notched surface and hard coating, 1-2 regarding chemical and physical characteristics i.e., chambered with slick endosperm. , short and tall and short one (Table 1, Figure 1). The yield of peculiar, is heartily shaped, with 5-7 nerves, principle juice is marginally increased in the tall ones as nerves associated by venations that are parallel, edge identification with edibility while sugars have been serrate, stellately pubescent from upper side, and noticed in the dwarf ones. The tall type had extra tomentose [5]. Bark, grayish verdant outside and sugars, more protein and titrable acidity than the vermillion brown inside, or creamish in shade, with shorter ones [5]. thick, sinewy, intense and rough. G. asiatica is a self- pollinated reap. [6]. In January-February blossoms Table 1. Attributes of tall and dwarf Grewia show up and organic products develop during May asiatica types. and June. Skin of the fruit is light green over million Content (%) Tall Type Dwarf Type becomes purple or completely black when ripen completely. The ripen product is fragile, delicate and Edibility 91 91 secured by a thin white blush [7-9]. The natural product resembles berries with a sweet and sharp Kernel content 9 9 acidulous taste [10]. Juice content 68 66

Microscopic Characters Mash content 33 34 G. asiatica indicates nearness of Rosette and Moisture content 77 75 Prismatic crystals, Parenchymal cells, Crystal fibers, Spiral cells, Starch grains, Aleurone grains, Stellate Total sugar content 6 8 hairs, which are important microscopic diagnostic Reducible sugars 1 1 features [11]. Non-reducible sugars 4 7 Conventional Uses Titrable content 1 1 Use and development of phalsa natural product has been referenced in the old Indian writing and it has Mash protein 3 2 been utilized for different afflictions in Indian Kernel protein 9 7 medicinal system. The unripe organic products are said to evacuate vata, kapha and biliousness. Root Pulp protein 1 7

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Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review

Table 2. G. asiatica ash values. 100 90 Ash Types Value % 80 Tall Total ash 3.0 70 60 Dwarf Acid insoluble ash 1.4 % 50 40 Water-soluble ash 1.1 30 20 G. asiatica Extractive Values Content Content 10 0 The ethanol soluble values are found to be 45.4%, methanol soluble 46.2%, petroleum ether soluble 0.8%, chloroform soluble 1.6%, benzene soluble 14.0% and ethyl acetate soluble extractives 3.4% (Table 3) [8].

Figure 1. Camparison between the content % of tall Table 3. G. asiatica extraction values. and dwarf types of G. asiatica. Extract Value %

Ethanol soluble 45.4 Harvesting and Production Methanol soluble 46.2 Summer is the natural product bearing season for Petroleum ether soluble 0.8 phalsa. perish in brief time thus should be Chloroform soluble 1.6 utilized for selling in 24 hours. Normal yield per plant Benzene soluble 14.0 of phalsa is 9-11 kg in one season [3]. Ethyl acetate soluble 3.40

G. asiatica Ash Content Nutritional Composition Total ash content yielded is 3.0%, where acid Calories and fat are low in G. asiatica (Phalsa) but it insoluble is 1.4% and water-soluble is 1.1% (Table 2) is high in vitamins, minerals and fiber [13]. Six basic [8]. micronutrients as discussed in Table 5 were additionally distinguished in dry weight (DW) and fresh weight (FW) in G. asiatica [14]. The detailed nutritional profile of the fruits is shown in Tables 4 and

5.

Table 4. Nutritional composition of phalsa fruits. Nutrient Content Nutrient in 100 g Fruit Nutrient Content Nutrient in 100 g Fruit Calories (Kcal) 90.5 Phosphorus (mg) 24.2 Fat (Kcal) 0.0 Potassium (mg) 372 Moisture content 76.3 Sodium (mg) 17.3 Fat (g) < 0.1 Iron (mg) 1.08 Protein (g) 1.57 Vitamin B2 (mg) 0.264 Carbohydrates (g) 21.1 Vitamin, B3, Niacin (mg) 0.825 Dietary fiber (g) 5.53 Vitamin C, Ascorbic Acid (g) 4.385 Ash (g) 1.1 Vitamin A, Retinol (µg) 16.11 Calcium (mg) 136 Vitamin B1, Thiamine (mg) 0.02

Table 5. Mineral contents of G. asiatica fruit (Khan et al. [14]). Minerals Dry Weight (DW) per 100 g Fresh Weight (FW) per 100 g Cobalt, Co 33 µg 0.99 mg Chromium, Cr 36 µg 1.08 mg Copper, Cu 16 µg 0.48 mg Nickel, Ni 87 µg 2.61 mg Zinc, Zn 48 µg 144 mg Iron, Fe 1695 µg 140.8 mg

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Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review

Phytochemical Activity in radiation which damages several rodent organs. In an examination pretreatment with G. asiatica organic Fruits: product mash extricate in Swiss albino mice protects Primer phytochemical assay of ripen fruit the hematopoietic system from harm caused by demonstrated carbohydrates and sugars, phenols, radiation. Radiation actuated shortage in various flavonoids, tannins, ascorbic acid in methanolic blood components like glutathione antioxidant, sugars distillate; flavonoids, settled oil into a light extract of while serum protein level is fundamentally expanded, petroleum; steroids in benzole extricate; starch, though increment in dimension of lipid peroxidation flavonoids, phenols, tannins, in ethyl acetic acid; and and levels of cholesterol because of radiated rays sugar, phenols, tannins, proteins in water [8]. Amino was particularly diminished in preliminary treated acids, for example, proline, glutaric acid, lysine, mice contrasted with controls [22]. phenyl alanine while carbohydrates, such as glucose, Fruit mash extract monitored for a period of fifteen aldopentose, were distinguished by paper days at a dose 700 mg/kg indicates radioprotective chromatography in ethanol concentrate of natural action in Swiss albino strain of mice subjected to product [15]. gamma rays through diminishing improved lipid Phytochemical evaluation of the leaves uncovered oxidative degeneration and by observing cerebrum that they are both water-acid soluble, because of extent of protein and glutathione antioxidant [23]. individual dissolvable metabolites [11]. Petroleum Impact of G. asiatica extricate is examined in testis as ether concentrate includes diterpenes, acetal radioprotective substance. Histological and derivatives, fats; chloroform extricate contains Pathological studies that count of spermatocytes, glycosides, and ethanolic extract contains spermatogonia A and spermatogonia B, and triterpenoids, sterols, polyphenols, aglycones, tannins spermatid decreases as compared to controlled mice. [16]. Pharmacognostic leaf assessment reported (5%) These levels were increased in G. asiatica preliminary ash content of which water soluble is (2.5%) and and post treatment irradiated group compared to (2.1%) is acid-soluble [17]. Phytochemical action of radiated group. There is prominent decline testis roots and cork are not yet discovered. weight after irradiation, while pre/post treated group showed marked increases in values [24]. Secondary Metabolites and Other Compounds G. asiatica demonstrates hepatoprotective impact Found in Different Parts of G. asiatica (Phalsa) against oxidative pressure instigated with gamma radiation leading to increased DNA and RNA in Liver Fruits: Some essential components like naringenin-7- in contrast to irradiated group and increment in O-β-D-glucoside, 3,5-diglucoside, 3-O-β-D-glucoside, various hepatocytes counts to protect from effects of quercetin, catechins, tannins and cyanidin-3- radiation [25]. glucoside are found in fruits [18]. Oral dose of 700 mg of G. asiatica per kg for 15 days anticipating 10 Gy radiation was found to protect : had prevalence of quercetin 3-O-β- experimental group mice from radiation and displayed D-glucoside, quercetin, β-sitosterol, naringenin 7-O-β- indicative variation of radioactively reduced D-glucoside, naringenin, and lactone 3,21,24- glutathione levels and radioactively increased lipid trimethyl-5,7-dihydroxy hentriacontanoic acid [19]. oxidative degeneration in brain and liver for one day Leaves: Leaf extract had kaempferol, quercetin, and after radiation [26]. their glycosides mixture [20]. Implementation of G. asiatica at 700 mg/kg for 15 days preceding and post 5 Gy entire body radiation in Stem and Bark: Lupeol, betulin, friedelin, and mice enhanced alteration in cerebellar lipid oxidative lupenone are found in the bark and stem. Heartwood degeneration, glutathione levels, amino acids, nucleic of Phalsa contained β-amyrin and β-sitosterol [21]. acids and biopsic variation essentially (p < 0.001) appearing radioprotective and in addition Pharmacological Activities neuroprotective properties of concentrate against radiation [27]. Radioprotective Effect: Various examinations have Asiatic fruit extract treatment in mice at pre/post been done to indicate defensive impact of G. asiatica irradiation caused decline in thiobarbituric acid

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Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review content pursued through increase in glutathione, compound responsible for anti-hyperlipidemic effects protein and amino acid concentration in intestine has not been determined [21]. along with preservation of RNA, DNA and nucleic content in testis as compared in irradiated group. Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity: The pain- Concentrate additionally demonstrated solid radical relieving action of fruit fluid was assessed with acetic displacement action in DPPH and O(2)(-) tests, acid through hot-plate technique or writhing method. furthermore appeared at in vitro protection from Albino mice, treated at different dosages of the radiation in carbonyl test appearing radio defensive concentrate (100-300 mg/kg), where portions from movement [28]. 100 mg to 250 mg, displayed critical inhibition of pain, In a comparative examination of fruit mash while at portion of 300 mg demonstrated a decent concentrate dosing of G. asiatica to 5 Gy gamma inhibition, like ibuprofen. In hot plate technique, radiation in mice causes essential improvement of organic product concentrate demonstrated expanded lipid peroxidation and averted remarkable inhibitory impact at portion of 100 mg, fundamentally radiation prompted consumption in the more prominent inhibitory impacts were seen at 300 dimension of glutathione and protein in mice mg portion, and intense inhibitory impacts were noted cerebrum [29, 30]. at portion of 400 mg [25]. Antipyretic action of natural product extract seen in Antimalarial and Antiemetic Activity: Crude Swiss albino rodents when fever actuated alcoholic concentrate of G. asiatica have antiemetic intraperitonially using lipopolysaccharide removed impact in dogs at a portion of 120 mg/kg and control from E. coli at 0.01 mg/ml and rectal temperature was emesis incited by apomorphine at a portion of 0.44 measured at intervals of 30 min until 90 min. Fruit mg/kg. Impact is noteworthy in contrast with standard aqueous concentrate at 300-500 mg/kg showed medication metocloroamide and largactilor noticeable antipyretic activity then headache drug chlorpromazine [31]. In one more analysis of (100 mg/kg) in 30 min after administration [35]. antimalarial and antiemetic activity in leaves methanolic concentrate was evaluated and it showed Effect on Glycemic Index: The Mesaik and antimalarial effect, (69% restraint), In male chicks the associates in an ongoing study researched the nausative action was 39.14% when given at 50.00 impacts on glycemic index (GI) and endoreticular mg/kg dose and 59.69% for 100 mg/kg portions [32]. system in non-diabetics. Outcomes demonstrated low GI incentive with modest decreased blood sugar Antiplatelet Activity: Zia-Ul-Haq and colleagues effect. Aqueous, methyl alcohol and butane alcohol worked on platelet action of a methanol concentrate concentrates delivered a stimulation of ROS of Phalsa plant leaves. Methanolic extract showed an production; while haloform, hexane and ethanol- inhibition of platelet aggregation at a dose of 1 mg/mL acetic acid extract applied huge inhibitory impacts. – 10 mg/mL in a dose-dependent manner proposing Thus fruit of Grewia asiatica had beneficial results on the use of concentrate for aversion of cardiovascular metabolism of blood glucose and low GI and Reactive diseases or inflammatory diseases [33]. oxygen species production [36].

Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Ripen fruit methanol Antiviral Activity: In 2009, Kumari along with her concentrate was assayed for possible anti- coworkers detailed antiviral action of a concentrate of inflammatory action on edema resulted from Grewia asiatica foliage against ULCV. Plants for the carrageenan initiation in rodents paw when research were recently splashed with 500-2,000 administered orally at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 μg/mL doses of G. asiatica with every 500 μg/mL mg/kg [34]. dose and 34-58% of infection contamination was recorded, individually, in correlation with 90% disease Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity: Leaves when control. The greatest antiviral action was at 1,000 analyzed in actuated hyperlipidemic rats, μg/mL and genuine action at concentrations of 1,500 recommended strong anti-hyperlipidemic impacts. 50 μg/mL and 2,000 μg/mL [37]. constituents were recognized, where only 6triterpenes, 4 greasy alcohol, 2 sterols, Antifungal Activity: In an examination by Kumari et 1diterpenewere separated. However, the main al., it was found from MIC investigations of methanolic

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Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review leave extract of G. asiatica that decrease the of the crude concentrates and bioactives due to sensitivity pattern of the organism: Candida albicans explicated structure of their cells. then Aspergillus thiogenitalis then Penicillium notatum, Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus niger. Antioxidant Activity: Therapeutic plants ordinarily Therefore, G. asiatica was active as much as possible contain blends of various synthetic exacerbates that against Candida albicans. Aspergillus niger, however, may demonstrate exclusively or synergistically to was completely resistant to extract [37]. improvise the health of individuals. Most of the cancer prevention agent action is expected to flavonoids, Antimicrobial Action: The plant foliage have lignans, isocatechins and other phytochemicals antimicrobial efficacy and are accordingly used in skin present in G. asiatica. Antioxidant based medication eruptions treatment as well as in psoriasis treatment plans are utilized for the aversion and treatment [38]. The plant foliage ethanolic concentrate indicated Alzheimer's, atherosclerosis, malignant growth, capability against malaria, nausea, diabetics, bacterial diabetes, stroke and so on that may emerge because and fungal activity. The concentrate demonstrated of oxidation of free radicals [43]. Different authors intense outcomes against eight bacterial strains with have studied antioxidant activity of G. asiatica. In an similar actions of Escherichia coli and Bacillus investigation by Siddiqi et al., polyphenolics of G. subtilis. The concentrate demonstrated moderate asiatica is broken down for aggregate substance of activity against nine contagious strains with specificity phenols, flavonoids and for cancer prevention by β- like Candida albicans, and Trichophyton rubrum [39]. carotene-linoleics, DPPH and total reduction assays. Crude methanol concentrates of G. asiatica confined Most extreme cancer prevention agent action is found polyphenolics through mash and fractionating with in DPPH which is around 62-85% and β-carotene- ethyl acetate. These fractions were then isolated into linoleic assay, observed to be 58-89%. DPPH neutral fraction A, with polyphenols and flavanols, and rummaging of flavanols in G. asiatica was practically neutral fraction B with flavanols, anthocyanin and identical to BHA at similar concentrations [44]. In acidic phenols. The portion was then examined for another examination correlation of quercetin and antimicrobial impacts, demonstrating critical aggregate flavonoid content and antioxidant efficacy antibacterial action, with the exception of of in vitro-in vivo parts is finished because flavonoids anthocyanins. Most vulnerable strain was in the in vivo and in vitro plant parts were observed to Staphylococcus aureus in Gram-positive strains, and be available in the chloroform and aqueous solvents. Salmonella typhi in Gram-negative strains. Most safe Quercetin test levels in leaves was observed to be microbes were Bacillus subtilis and E. coli among twice of callus and cancer prevention capability was Gram positive and Gram negative strains most extreme in fruit among all plant parts. In stem respectively; while Aspergillus strains were extricate it was observed to be higher than leaf and restrained. Division containing flavanols and callus by DPPH test. In this manner appearing of polyphenols when assessed for their antifungal flavonoids was regarded as a tremendous cancer activity showed no development of T. mentagrophytes prevention agent activity of plant [45]. but Trichophyton rubrum (fungus) was identified. The progressive concentrates of G. asiatica displayed Inhibition of Aspergillus strains are successful in antioxidant activity in the DPPH and the nitric oxide avoiding aflatoxin release when chemicals were used radical restraint assay as prove by the low IC50 levels. in fractions. Phenolic acid was additionally tried for The progressive concentrates, for example, antifungal action against six parasitic pathogens, with petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetic acid, fungal activity close to Trichophyton mentagrophytes methanol, water and half crude methanolic extract which repressed all parasitic species [40]. Ethanol displayed IC50 estimations of 249.60 ± 7.37, 16.19 ± concentrate of bark and fruit was also given against 4 2.132, 26.17 ± 1.49, 27.38 ± 1.80, 176.14 ± 5.53 and Gram +ve and 6 Gram -ve strains, which produced 56.40 ± 3.98 μg/mL, separately in DPPH and 22.12 ± dynamic results opposed to P. vulgaris, S. aureus, 02.65, 27.00 ± 01.62, 47.38 ± 05.88, 56.85 ± 06.16, and E. coli [41]. 152.75 ± 5.76 and 72.75 ± 13.76 μg/mL, individually Pomace diverse concentrates were studied in in nitric oxide radical restraint measures. These opposed to 4 Gram +ve and 5 Gram -ve where Gram qualities are more than those gotten for vitamin C and +ve were more vulnerable [42]. Gram-positive quercetin as standards [46]. microbes came out to be normally more touchy to all

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Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review

Anticancer Activity: As there are many substances levels. Digital hepato photomicrography demonstrated capable of cancer prevention in G. asiatica like to preliminary as well as post organization of vitamin C, anthocyanins, carotenoids and so on, concentrate was radiation protective. Irradiation against tumor activity has been considered by brought about a critical decrease in the different writers which demonstrates role of plant in deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid level at anticancer action. Marya et al. decided in-vitro interims contemplated during a month in contrast with cytotoxic action of aqueous extract of foods grown control. Mice treatment with fruit extract irradiated and from the ground of G. asiatica by MTT test utilizing caused a huge increase in liver ribonucleic acid, several cell lines. From the outcomes it is presumed deoxyribonucleic acid and other level. that the aqueous concentrates of leaves and organic Photomicrograph of liver histology likewise products indicated activity against breast cancer and demonstrated that before and after administration of liver malignant growth [47]. In another examination in G. asiatica protected the mice from radiation. vitro cytotoxic activity of methanolic concentrate of Likewise tallying various liver cells additionally product of G. asiatica is persistent in NCI-H522 (Cell demonstrated that G. asiatica ensures liver from Lung disease cell line), (Epidermal Kidney harmful effects of radiation [24]. Malignancy cell line), HELA (Cervical Malignant growth cell line), MCF-7 (Breast malignancy cell line) Immunomodulatory Effect: Numerous indigenous and Hep – 2 (Laryngeal Malignancy cell line). Similar restorative plants have been accounted for to have cytotoxicity was found against breast and lung immunomodulatory impact by enhancing resistance of malignancy separately however no activity was found the body otherwise called rasayanas. In an against typical cell line, Larynx cancer cell line and examination Ethanolic concentrate of product of G. Cervical cancer cell line [48]. Methanolic concentrate asiatica at 200 and 400 mg/kg demonstrated of G. asiatica when administered at 250 and 500 noteworthy immunostimulant property. It neutralizes mg/kg ip demonstrated anticancer action against impact of cyclophosphamide-prompted decrease in all Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell lines and WBC, % neutrophil and hemoglobin levels and expanded the life expectancy of EAC ascitic tumor demonstrated increment in the phagocytic list in test bearing mice by 41.22% and 61.06%, individually. of carbon freedom [51]. Concentrate was surveyed for in vitro cytotoxicity movement against four malignant growth cell lines Antifertility Action: Seeds have been utilized as and indicated half cytotoxicity at 53.70, 54.90, 199.5 antifertility agents and have activity against fetal and 177.8 µg/ml, for HL – 60, K-562, MCF-7 and Hela implantation or are considered abortifacient [52]. cells individually [49]. In an investigation crude ethanolic concentrate and fractions of fruits, cork, Nematicidal and Insecticidal Activity: Methanolic stalks and leaves of G. asiatica when exposed to concentrate of leaves had nematicidal and insecticidal cytotoxic assay utilizing saline solution shrimps and property opposed to R. dominica, H. indicus, and T. explored for hemagglutination action. castaneum [53]. Hemagglutination action is utilized to decide impact of medication on blood and decides security edges in Phytotoxic and Enterotoxin Activity: Methanolic concentrate of G. asiatica leaves had phytotoxic the event of blood issue like hemorrhages and clump development. It was reasoned that G. asiatica have impact opposed to L. minor, and enterotoxin impact averse to abrine shrimp Artemia salina [53]. irrelevant salt water shrimp lethality and hemagglutination action was observed to be missing Larvicidal Activity: Methanolic concentrate of G. [50]. asiatica leaves had larvicidal impact against Antihepatotoxic Activity: The preventive impact on Haemonchus contortus [53]. liver damage of fruit concentrate was examined in Other Properties: Water tainting by colors and mice testis where irradiation had a critical decline in metallic ions, because of expanding mechanical RNA, DNA and other nucleic levels in contrast with activities, is turning into a genuine natural concern. controls. Dosing the concentrates when radiated Lead, because of its conceivable harmful impacts and caused a critical increment in ribonucleic acid, harmful ecological effects, is a longstanding water deoxyribonucleic acid and other nucleic hepatic

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Morphological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Studies of Grewia asiatica: A Review contaminant. Because of lead ions capacity to 3. Morton J. Phalsa. In Fruits of Warm Climates. JF respond with phosphate protein particles and thiols, it Morton Publisher. Miami, USA: 1987; 352-8. represses synthesis of heam, influences film 4. Sastri BN. The wealth of India: Raw Materials #4. Grewia Linn. Tiliaceae. In: Council of Scientific and penetrability of hepatocytes, renal cells and neural Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. 1956; 260- cells prompting their breakdown. The congo red color 6. is perceived like a dermal, retinal as well as GI 5. Dhawan K, Malhotra S, Dhawan SS, Singh D, aggravation. On disintegration, it generates cancer- Dhindsa KD. Nutrient composition and causing amino alkanes being unsafe. Because of electrophoretic pattern of protein in two distinct types of phalsa (Grewia subinequalis DC). Plant their potential risky ecological and human impacts, it Food Hum Nutr 1993; 44: 255-60. is necessary to expel lead from wastewater before it 6. Malik SK, Chaudhury Rekha, Dhariwal OP, is released into new water bodies. Bhandari DC. Genetic resources of Tropical underutilized fruits in India. Director. NBPGR. Chemosorption is a powerful waste water treatment Pusa New Delhi. 2010. strategy because of simplicity of activity. Grewia 7. Tripathi S, Chaurey M, Balasubramaniam A, asiatica seeds and foliage displayed magnificent Balakrishnan N. Grewia asiatica Linn. as a potential in cluster shrewd adsorption tests and might phytomedicine. Res J Pharm Tech 2010; 3: 1-3. be utilized as compelling, and green option of 8. Gupta MK, Sharma PK, Ansari SH, Lagarkha R. biosorbent material for lead expulsion from water [54]. Pharmacognostical evaluation of Grewia asiatica fruits. Int J Plant Sci 2006; 1: 249-51. One more relative report of leaves of G. asiatica 9. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants; Lalit showed adsorption potential over Raphanus sativus Mohan Publication: Allahabad, India. 2000. strips for expelling lead from water with its 10. Zia-Ul-Haq M, Stanković MS, Rizwan K, Feo VD. effectiveness of adsorption is tantamount through Grewia asiatica L., a Food Plant with Multiple charcoal [55]. Uses. Molecules 2013; 18: 2663-82. 11. Joshi P, Pandya P, Priya DL. Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Grewia asiatica CONCLUSION Linn (Tiliaceae) Fruit Pulp and Seed. Int J Pharm Biol Arch 2013; 4(2): 333-6. G. asiatica, an adaptable therapeutic plant is a 12. Paul S. Pharmacological actions and potential special wellspring of different kinds of mixes having uses of Grewia asiatica: A review. Int J App Res assorted compound structure. Almost no recognizable 2015; 1(9): 222-8. studies have been done on the organic action and 13. Yadav AK. Phalsa: A Potential New Small Fruit for Georgia Janick (ed). In: J Janick (Ed.). ASHS conceivable therapeutic use of the plants Press, Alexandria, VA. 1999; 348-52. phytochemicals. Therefore, it is extremely valuable 14. Khan AS, Hussain A, Khan F. Nutritional customary plant, where crude concentrate of various importance of micronutrients in some edible wild parts of numerous species have curative uses since and unconventional fruits. J Chem Soc Pak 2006; centuries with the goal that more dynamic 28: 576-82. constituents can be still be evaluated for future 15. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ, Joshi A. Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda; examinations. The worldwide mindset is changing Central. Council for Research in Ayurveda and their trend towards home grown therapeutic plants Siddha. New Delhi, India. 2008; 40-8. again because of very few side effects and 16. Patil P, Patel MM, Bhavsar CJ. Preliminary accentuation given to build up a medication to fix phytochemical and hypoglycemic activity of leaves of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa) L. Res J Pharm Biol numerous intense diseases. In this manner this article Chem Sci 2011; 2: 516-20. will lead to discover new action or new element in 17. Gupta MK, Sharma PK, Ansari SH. charge of different restorative activities. Pharmacognostical evaluation of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa) leaves. Hamdard Med 2008; 51: 145-8. REFERENCES 18. Chattopadhyay S, Pakrashi SC. Indian medicinal plants. XXXIV. Triterpenes from Grewia asiatica (Phalsa). J Ind Chem Sci 1975; 52: 548-53. 1. Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. J Management System 2008; 19. Lakshmi V, Agarwal SK, Chauhan JS. A new δ- 1(11): 347-50. lactone from the flowers of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa). Phytochemistry 1976; 15: 1397-9. 2. Goyal PK. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Grewia: A Review. Int J 20. Ali SI, Khan NA, Husain I. Flavonoid constituents Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(4): 72-8. of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa). J Sci Res 1982; 4: 55- 6.

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