Big Farms Make Big Flu

www.ebook3000.com BIG FARMS MAKE BIG FLU www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank www.ebook3000.com BIG FARMS MAKE BIG FLU Dispatches on Infectious Disease, Agribusiness, and the Nature of Science by ROB WALLACE MONTHLY REVIEW PRESS New York www.ebook3000.com Copyright © 2016 by Rob Wallace All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Names: Wallace, Robert G., author. Title: Big farms make big flu : dispatches on infectious disease, agribusiness, and the nature of science / by Rob Wallace. Description: New York : Monthly Review Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016022329| ISBN 9781583675892 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781583675908 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Influenza—Epidemiology. | Epidemics. | Agricultural industries—Health aspects. Classification: LCC RA644.I6 W35 2016 | DDC 614.5/18—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022329 Typeset in Minion Pro MONTHLY REVIEW PRESS, NEW YORK monthlyreview.org 5 4 3 2 1 www.ebook3000.com Contents Introduction | 9 PART ONE The Great Bird Flu Blame Game | 16 The NAFTA Flu | 32 The Hog Industry Strikes Back | 37 The Political Virology of Offshore Farming | 50 Do Pathogens Time Travel? | 85 PART T WO We Can Think Ourselves into a Plague | 90 Influenza’s Historical Present | 95 Does Influenza Evolve in Multiple Tenses? | 108 Virus Dumping | 112 That’s the Thicke | 118 PART THREE Alien vs. Predator | 126 The Scientific American | 131 The Axis of Viral | 140 Are Our Microbiomes Racial? | 145 The X-Men | 156 PART FOUR Two Gentlemen of Verona | 160 Food and Pharm WikiLeaks | 167 Synchronize Your Barns | 181 The Dirty Dozen | 192 The Red Swan | 202 Social Meadicine | 220 www.ebook3000.com PART FIVE Pale Mushy Wing | 222 Whose Food Footprint? | 224 A Probiotic Ecology | 250 Strange Cotton | 257 Cave/Man | 277 PART SIX The Virus and the Virus | 280 Coffee Filter | 287 Homeland | 295 Disease’s Circuits of Capital | 297 Flu the Farmer | 316 Protecting H3N2v’s Privacy | 319 Distress of Columbia | 322 PART SEVEN Did Neoliberalizing West African Forests Produce a New Niche for Ebola? | 324 Collateralized Farmers | 336 Mickey the Measles | 341 Made in Minnesota | 347 Missed Anthropy | 359 Notes | 361 Index | 444 www.ebook3000.com to Violet www.ebook3000.com When we had no means, we said the end justifies the means. Now that we have no ends, we say the means justify the end. Neither is immoral. What is entirely immoral is that there is no longer any contra- diction between the two: ends and means have become indifferent to one another. They are quite simply no longer of the same order. Everything works wonderfully, expanded like polystyrene, driven by the generic flows of the generators: the metastatics of Good. Everything goes badly, all the circuits diverge, driven by anxiety and driven to anxiety: the erratics of Evil. —Jean Baudrillard (1995) “Eventually? Is that all? Eventually?” Hoock Seng scowls at him. “I don’t care about ‘eventually.’ I care about this month. If this factory fails to produce, we won’t have a chance to worry about this ‘eventually’ you speak of. You’ll be back in Thonburi, picking through chicken guts and hoping you aren’t hit with flu, and I’ll be back in a yellow card tower. Don’t worry about tomorrow. Worry about whether Mr. Lake throws us all out on the street today. Use your imagination. Find a way to make this gaiside algae breed.” —Paolo Bacigalupi (2009) www.ebook3000.com Introduction I AM TO GIVE A TALK ON EBOLA at Harvard tomorrow. But as I am unemployed and in Boston on my own dime, I find myself at the Milner Hotel. It happens to be where Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Fayez Banihammad, and Mohand al-Sheri stayed before hijacking American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 on September 11.1 The hotel is serviceable enough, its reputation now more at the mercy of online reviews than of a terrorist plot fifteen years ago. I can’t help, however, but feel an undertow of recognition. I have no affinity for Al Qaeda and its descendents whatsoever, or, for that matter, for our Saudi allies who funded the attack.2 I was in New York City that day and when in town still studiously avoid Ground Zero as much as for the painful memories as for its gift shop of overpriced cheese boards and plush rescue dogs commemorating a mass murder. 3 There is, though, in my present accommodations, if by their his- tory alone, a sense of shared fate, symmetrically reversed in the dingy room’s mirror. While once I had a promising career as an evolutionary biologist studying influenza, consulting for the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, I now find myself professionally ostracized, indeed on the precipice of earning the moniker of an enemy of the state. It isn’t a matter of the quality of my work—I continue to pub- lish—or even the dubiousness of my loyalties to a neoliberal empire attacked in 2001 for reasons with which I disagree. The blacklisting stems instead from the decisions I have made about the nature of science. www.ebook3000.com 10 Big Farms Make Big Flu In the course of producing a statistical phylogeography of bird flu H5N1, making a map of the virus’s migration using genetic sequences collected across multiple outbreak zones, evolutionary biologist Walter Fitch and I confirmed the strain emerged out of Guangdong, a southeastern province in China across from Hong Kong.4 The fallout of that work sent me off in two directions a more careerist mindset would have avoided, well, like the plague. First, Guangdong officials denounced our paper before it was even published (more of this in the pages within). Although I had already been hardened by a dissertation studying HIV/AIDS in New York City, I was surprised any such work would end up fodder for international intrigue. So I apprenticed myself to learning the dark arts of the political economy of pandemic research. Ostensibly such practice aims at honing self-defense, but taking the initiative on such mat- ters, instead of pinging dumbly from grant to grant like a good little researcher, makes one more the target (more of this too inside). While I pursued additional phylogeography, and have more in the works, in the end I was deflected in a second direction by my curios- ity rather than my self-interest, although one hopes the best of science aligns the two, at least in the direction of the former to the latter. No matter how I looked at them, the genetic sequences I was compiling of influenza couldn’t tell me why H5N1 emerged in Guangdong in the mid-1990s. So I began to look into the area’s economic geography, particularly the ways a shifting agricultural sector changes pathogen trajectories. Many of my evolution colleagues didn’t have the foggiest notion what I was up to and the social scientists who became inter- ested were repulsed by the positivist empiricism to which I continue to hew. I found myself stuck in a gulch between epistemologies, with the professional fortunes to show for it. And Boston so expensive this time of year! There was the additional complication that both paths I struck routinely crossed. I repeatedly discovered that political power shapes both infectious diseases and the sciences that study them. And yet I found myself unprepared for the nature and extent of the depravities attached. In the name of the populace they claim to serve, companies and governments alike are willing and able to risk the very end of Introduction 11 humanity as we know it. Perhaps old news to readers of Herodotus, Montaigne, and Melle Mel, but the manifold forms such an obser- vation takes should always be in at least some corner of ourselves a surprise. Otherwise our cynicism flatters us into inaction. On my beat, evolutionary epidemiology, I came to the realization that Big Food has entered a strategic alliance with influenza, a virus that took a newly dangerous turn in an ongoing and wholly avoidable industrial accident of multinational agribusiness’s own undoing. That is, so as to leave no doubt of my contention, agribusiness, backed by state power home and abroad, is now working as much with influenza as against it. Clearly beyond the realm of respectable discourse. And yet, despite my professional travails, here we are introducing many a report to that effect. The logistics by which I arrived at such a collection are in com- parison straightforward. In 2009, as part of the family business, I co-authored a book with my parents, Rodrick Wallace and Deborah Wallace, on ecological resilience and the evolution of human pathogens.5 As customary these days, I set up a blog to accompany the book’s release.6 Farming Pathogens took on a life of its own. I used the blog as a public notebook in which to review and make new discoveries, new to me anyway, including those that led to the shock of agrifood’s “Viral Vichy,” a regime that collaborates with a virus. This book col- lects some of the better of the commentaries, lightly edited here; a number of longer peer-reviewed articles I wrote for Antipode, Human Geography, Social Science & Medicine, and the International Journal of Health Services; and four new dispatches published nowhere else. Some of the pieces were written with a public audience in mind. Some were mere notes dashed to myself. Two were given as speeches to professional audiences, covering key ideas from which a larger audience would greatly benefit.

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