CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME XX-PART VI-NO.2

HIMACHAL PRADESH

A Village Survey of SHAKRORI ( Seoni Sub-Tehsil, Mahasu District)

Field Investigation and Draft by JAG MOHAN

Editor

RAM CHANDRA PAL SINGH of the Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Operations Himachal Prades/; , \ Contents

FOREWORD III

PREFACE VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VIII

1. THE VILLAGE 1 Legend-Sections-Drinking Water Sources and Kulzl-Com­ munications-Flora and Fauna-Residential Pattern-Inter Vil­ lage relationship-Adjoining Villages and places of interest.

2. THE PEOPLE 11 Popu[afion-,]ntercaste relationshi'P,--Fomis of 'Greetings­ Languages - Houses -- Construction - Furniture - Dress­ Ornaments-Utensils-Food Habits.

3. BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH CUSTOMS 27 Birth-Chhatto-Mundan and Karan Vedh-Yagyopavit­ Marriage-Death-Sharadhs.

4. SOCIAL & CULTURAL LIFE 37 Village Temples-Fairs and Festivals-Satya Narayan ki katha-Navratras-Beliefs in spirits and unseen powers­ Social Taboos-Superstitions.

5. KARIALA AND FOLK SONGS 42

6. EDUCATION 47 Primary' School Shakrori-Government Higher Secondary School Seoni.

7. MEDICAL 49 Prevalent diseases-Medical care-Vaid's prescription­ Indigenous treatment of RhCllmatism-Civil Hospit~' Seon;·-..., Birth and Q(!(lt/! rq't!, n CONTENTS

8. ECONOMY 53 Income and Expenditure-Indebtedness-Inheritance of pro­ perty-Shopkeeping-Workers and Non-workers-Weights & Measures -Water Mills-Manufacture of Kattha. 9. AGRICULTURE 59 Crops and Calendar-Major Operations of Principal· Crops­ Weeds-Horticulture-Pests & Crop Diseases-Agricultural Implements-Marketing of produce-Animal Hllsbandry­ Veterinary Hospital-Poultry.

10. VILLAGE CRAFTS (j7 Spinning - Weaving - Basketry - Tailoring - Carpentry­ Shoe-making - Blacksmithy. 11. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PANCHAYATS 70 Community Development-People's attitude. Panchayats-Elections-Fllnctiolls-Case Studies.

APPENDICES ApPENDIX I-The Shali "Window" by W.D. West, Geologist, 75 Survey of India. o ApPENDIX II-Glossary of local words 92 ApPENDIX III-Ex/racts from Settlement Report oj Bhajji State 93 1923 ApPENDIX IV-Hindu months in Vikrami Calendar 94: ApPENDIX V-Conversion table 94: ApPENDIX VI~Questionnaire used by Investigator 107 *

ART-WORK, SKETCHES AND MAPS PHOTOGRAPHS Ram Chandra Pal Singh O. C. Handa. Bal Krishan "Times of India" COVER PAGE Prof. Bump Jag Mohan 'SpJendeur clay toy Peacock is from SeonL Painted by O. C. Handa'. O. C. Handa

1963 PRINTED IN INDIA BY THE MANAGER GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS SIMLA FOR THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS CIVIL LINES DELHI Foreword

A PAR T from laying the foundations of demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced elaborate and scholar­ ly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no statistics attackea, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to their conclusions. In a country, largely illiterate, where sta­ tistical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, an understanding of the social structure was essen­ tial. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was hap­ pening around oneself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipulation'. This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many by paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthropology and sociology to geography and religion'. In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village statistics. This suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand and decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation of the Census tradi­ tion to try t6 invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh-and-blood ac­ counts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every State for special study, where personal observa­ tion would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of change were blowing and from where. Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no inten­ tion to build up a picture for the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selected statistically at random. The selection was avowed­ ly purposive: the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more 'normal' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type studies which, by Virtue of their number and distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going OIl and some kind of a map of the country. A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A minimum ()f thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great ca~e to represent adequate­ ly geopraghicaJ, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum ()f thirty-five, the distribution was to be as follows:

(a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would <:ontain one dominant community with one predominating occupation, e.g., fishermen, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers etc. A village should have a minimum popUlation of 400, the ()ptimum being between 500 and 700. IV FOREWORD

(b) At least seven villages were to be mon means of transport of goods and pas­ of numerically prominent Scheduled Tribes sengers; domestication of animals and birds; of the State. Each village could represent a markets attended; worship of deities; festivals particular tribe. The minimum population and fairs. There were to be recordings of should be 400 the optimum being between course, of cultural and social traits and oc-

500 and 700. o cupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one (c) The third group of villages should for each household, the other for the village each be of fair size, of an old and settled as a whole, which, apart from spelling out character and contain variegated occupations the mode of inquiry suggested in the Sep­ and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in composi­ tember 1959 conference, introduced groups tion. By fair size was meant a population of of questions aimed at sensing changes in at­ 500-700 persons or more. The village should titude and behaviour in such fields as mar­ mainly depend on agriculture and be suffi­ riage, inheritance, moveable and immoveable ciently away from the major sources of property, industry, indebtedness, education, modern communication such as the district community life and collective activity, social administrative headquarters and business o disabilities, forums of appeal over disputes, centres. It should be roughly a day's journey· village leadership and organisation of cultural from the above places. The villages were to life. It was now plainly the intention to pro­ be selected with an eye to variation in terms vide adequate statistical support to empirical of size, proximity to city and other means of 'feel', to approach qualitative change through modern communication, nearness to hills, statistical quantities. It had been difficult to jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to give thought to the importance of 'just enough be a regional distribution throughout the statistics to give empirical underpinning to State of this category of villages. If, how­ conclusions', at a time when my colleagues

ever, a particular district contained significant were straining themselves to the utmost for the 0 ecological variations within its area, more success of the main Census operations, but than one village in the district might be select­ once the census count itself was left behind in ed to study the special adjustments to March 1961, a series of three regional semi­ _them. nars in Trivandrum (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) restored their atten­ It is a unique feature of these village surveys tion to this field and the importance of tracing that they rapidly outgrew their original terms social change through a number of well-devis­ of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to ed statistical tables was once again recognised. their work. This proved for them an absorb­ This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villa­ ing voyage of discovery and their infectio_us ges already done; but it was worth the trouble enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the m­ in view of the possibilities that a close analy­ quiry's scope again and again. It was just as sis of statistics and also because the 'consan­ well cautiously to feel one's way about at first guinity' schedule remained to be convassed. and then venture further a field, and although By November 1961, however, more was ex­ it accounts to some extent for a certain un­ pected of these surveys than ever before. evenness in the quality and coverage of the There was dissatisfaction on the one hand monographs, it served to compensate the pure­ with too many general statements and a grow­ ly honorary and extra-mural rigours of the ing desire on the other to draw conclusions task. For, the Survey, along with its many an­ from statistics, to regard social and economic cillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, data as interrelated processes, and finally to of small and rural industry and others, was an examine the social and economic processes 'extra', over and above the crushing load of set in motion through land reforms and other the 1961 Census. laws, legislative and administrative measures, It might be of interest to recount brie~y technological and cultural change. In the lat­ the stages by which the Survey enlarged Its ter half of 1961 again was organised within scope. At the first Census Conference in Sep­ the Census Commission a section on Social tember 1959, the Survey set itself the task of Studies which assumed the task of giving what might be called a record in situ of mat~­ shape to the general frame of st~dy and pro­ rial traits, like settlement patterns of the vIl­ viding technical help to Supermtendents of lage; house types; diet; dress, ornaments and Census Operations in the matter of cond~ct­ footweari furnitur~ a,nd storin~ vessels; ~orq- in~ surveys, their analysis and presentatIon. t,'oRtwORJ) v

This section headed by Dr. B. K. Roy Bur­ for in quality. This is, perhaps, for the first man has been responsible for going through time that such a Survey has been conducted in each monograph and offering usdul sugges­ any country, and that purely as a labour of tions which were much welcomed by my col· love. It .has succeeded in attaining what it set leagues. Finally, a study camp was organised out to achieve; to' construct a map of village in the last week of December 1961, when India's social structure. One hopes that the the whole field was carefully gone through volumes of this Survey will help to retain for over again and a programme worked out the Indian Census its title to 'the most fruitful closely knitting the various aims of the Survey single source of information about the coun· together. try'. Apart from other features, it will per­ This gradual unfolding of the aims of the haps be cenceded that the Survey has set up Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting a new Census standard in pic.torial and gra­ as many villages as they had originally intend­ phic documentation. The schedules finally ed to. But I believe that what may have been adopted for this monograph have been printed lost in quantity has been more than made up in an appendix.

NEW DELHI A. MITRA May, 24, 1963 Registrar General, India Prefac~eI

[N 'Simla Present and Past' there is a reference about the route to Seoui "the route lies along Mashobra, Naldehra and Basantpur on a uood road which runs at times through "thick forest with lovely scenery." ::0

I have seldom seen about 35 miles of such lovely scenery about the variety of colour in Spring right up to Seoni and Tatapani. The route about which Sir Edward mentioned was the road surveyed by Col. Phillimore. It was a beautiful zig zag road to Shakrori which went. up to Seoni and Tata­ parli from 7,000 to 1,500 feet. We also pass Naldehra that fascinating green which had captivated Lord Curzon so much that he named one of his daughters Alexandra Naldehra Curzon (Lady Alexandra Metcalfe).

Going down to Shakrori, Seoni or Tatapani in Spring is enchanting. Near Simla it starts with the apple blossoms, apricot blossoms, peach blos­ soms, near blossoms, coral flower and ends with kachnar and anarkali. 'The seft red of pomegranate blossoms'. Taking a decade and more, a change worth mentioning is the ad­ dition of a wonderful new road from Naldehra to Tatapani now passes near Shakrori. This is one of the major roads in Himachal Pradesh after 1946. There has been a steady decline in the death rate. Chances of new born living a full span of life have considerably increased. The major deve­ lopment of a new road has brought to their lives a slight change in fashion and culture. Elders used to look at Chaba there were few electric bulbs and had never hoped that they would ever see their homes electrified during their life time. This has now become a reality. Lying on the banks of the Sutlej, Shakrori has always been a prosperous village. In the past children were a little shy of the school~ patients shy of the doctor and the people were used to working less on the roads or ,,,orking outside their homes. Now more children go to the schools, even girls go to schools, whenever there is illness, they seek the aid of the doctor. There is a steady decline in death rate and the expectancy of life has in­ creased. Villagers are slightly less dogmatic about their attitude towards Harijans. Activities of the Community Development and Panchayat have started creeping into their lives. The bethu system has been abolished. The vilfagers are fairly well informed about offices located in Seoni and in Simla or about what to get from where because Seoni has always been a place of importance in their lives. They are still shy of taking to horticulture. A number of old houses have been replaced by new ones and many altered sub&tantially, though a number of owners are still using grass-roofs. This is not so much because they cannot afford C.G.I. sheets but because C.G.I. sheets are not available. Timber seems to be one of their problems. PREFACE VII

The expenses on marriages and death rites Because this toy had come from so near are becoming lesser. Ours is brief socio­ to Shakrori and because it had so completely economic survey and we give a peep into the fascinated these young friends and elder lives of the people and the village. The survey friends also. Shri B. C. Gue, head of the Arts commenced sometime in 1960, but the Investi­ Section, Mayo College (Ajmer), S. R. Sethi, gator who was carrying out this survey left Handa and I have given it a place of pride in in between and the major portion of the work our cover page. had to be redone and it took ·~couple of years for Jag Mohan to finalise tms. His labours For a work like this, many have helped have now borne fruit. He had to visit the vil­ and it is only complete because there is so much of their kindness. We saw new homes, lage a number of times. Besides this, he. had moved around their fields, heard their lllusic, to visit other villages as well. It takes consIder­ able time even for an Administrator to get in­ song, laughter and saw the children in gay formation. There is a slIght suspicion, a slight moods romping about ~lso fairly curious shyness and a rough curiosity about why about what we are doing there. This brief all this information is being collected and why monograph answers the curiosity. The 'P_")s. tionnaire has been so patiently end so devot­ of all places, in Shakrori. When penetrating edly prepared by Durga Singh, our Office questions on culture and folklore a:e aske~, there is a whisper that probably a falry tale IS Superintendent, when the study started in an being written. There are other departmental embryo. Rikhi Ram, our Assistant Census officials also asking different questions and I Superintendent had gone through the chap­ am sure it is tiring to answer so many ques­ ters very carefully more than once. Their keenness was absorbing. I would like to lay tions year after year. here my sense of gratitude, and I am ever so Last year Durga and Geetika honoured me much indebted to them. . by visiting my office ~m~, aftern.oon. After Dr. B.K. Roy Burman took the trouble of scanning my room to bIts Anythmg more we going down to Shakrori, met the people and could see". caught a glimpse of what we were doing. He "A little pea-cock". was kind in going through our earlier draft. "Where is it?" O.C. Handa has put in some very attractive "Not far away". drawings, sketches and photographs. They "How long have you had it?" add so much more charm to this. "A couple of years". This is our second village survey mono­ "Has he been here all along?" graph and S. R. Sethi, Manager, Government "Yes, except once or twice: J take him of India Press, has again shown us the good­ to Summer Hill". ness of assisting in every way to make this "O! let's see". more attractive. We have received consider­ able patience from him and his colleagues. Finally in all humble' splendour, my pea­ cock arrived in some one's palm. Lastly, I may be allowed to end this with a personal note. It has given me great joy "I wish some one could have given it to guide and supervise this project and what­ life". ever editing shortcomings are mine.

BOSWELL SIMLA RAM CHANDRA PAl:, SINGH May 30, 1963 Acknowledgements

D URI N G this assignment we have visited Chaba, Basantpur, Seam, Tatapani, Taror, ShaH, Madhod and carry some rich memories for .all these villages. We shall always be so grateful as villagers showed us very great kindnesses. During our short visits Munshi Gushaun Ram of Seoni accompanied us to most of these places inspite of his old age. With his ready sense of wit and humour, these days passed off happily. The village Lambardar Kundan Lal, Naib Sarpanch Ram La!, Parma Nand, Loomcha, Behari and Sarpanch of Shakra, all gave us much of little bits of information which helped us to study rural sociology much better and also performance ·of kariala in Shakrori. This is one lot of gratitudes.

Another lot lowe to Jharna and Partap Chakravarti and to their parents Shri and Shrimati P. K. Chakravarti for the abundance of knowledge in geology and in flora and fauna of areas between Simla and Tatapani. They knew so much in geology about this area that it was the 'first time I heard of the ShaH Window from them and thanks to B. C. Roy, Director General, Geology, who very kindly sent me one of his valuable books and permitted me to print this write up by that eminent geologist-Dr. West. T waG able to meet Dr. West, in Simla the other day luckily enough and he talked about the days when coolies were paid 50 n.P. for carrying loads from one place to the other-say even twelve miles away.

It was gracious of Prof. Bump of the American Embassy who has sent me some Photographs. I have printed two of them here. Then Bal Krishan that well known photographer of the "Times of India" has sent me many of his attractive photographs on Himachal. I have printed one here and I hope to print the rest in my remaining reports-they add lustre to our Publication.

Dhian Singh, Sub·Editor of Gazetteer Unit has prepared for me the write up on the Rheumatic treatment. Suharu Ram, my peon W3.S also always full of little bits of information on agriculture, animal husbandry, village crafts and jewellery about which we sometimes had been having very lingering questions. He has always helped us during our tours with his unassuming and humble ways in these three and a half years that he has b~en h~re, 1 The Village

Ace 0 R DIN G to the village misal hakiyat, Shakrori a village in Seoni Sub· Tehsil of Mahasu District derives its name from Shakri (small stones or pebbles). At one time the village remained a bed of the river Sutler, before it changed its course. As a result, the land now forming Shakrori was covered all over with pebbles which are in abundance there even today. This pretty village situated on the banks of the Sutlej is sprawled by neat little houses. A portion of Seoni sub-tehsil is hilly but if we were to take the villages in the lower valley of the tehsil, they are almost plain. The village is situated at a height of 1,700 ft. above sea level and lies near Seoni on the Simla-Seoni­ Tatapani road. The average monthly rainfall and the mean monthly tetppera­ ture recorded at Chaba Electric Power House during the last 10 years, is given in table I. Tn winter there may seldom be a snowfall though it gets pretty cold with mercury going down to 41°P. Spring and autumn are very pleasant but summer months are hot and the temperature goes up to more than 101°F. Most of the year the village remains green and the fields have a bountiful of crops. Shakrori was selected for our survey because it was one of those medium sized villages with a population of about 342, having an agricultural bias. One third of the area is irrigated by a kuhl. During the last 15 years the changes that have occurred here are in the form of the merger of the State to form a part of Himachal Pradesh; a well-settled motor-road; ele~tricity; marketing facilities being near Simla; opportunities to work on the road or to take up jobs in Simla. The village has changed in some ways but has remained static in others. An attempt is made here to study these aspects of social and economic life of the villagers. Legend about the Village Elders have narrated that once there lived an old man about two furlongs away from Shakrori, close to the Sutlej. Tn due course the old man's son married a beautiful girl. After a few months the lady fell ill. She recovered after a long treatment and one evening when she came out to wash her 'thalu (bronze plate) after serving the meals to her father-in-law. she heard a voice coming from the facing dhank (cliff) calling parhu, parhu, parhu ('am falling). This phenomenon continued for over six months. Since only the daughter-in­ law heard this, she was awed by the mysterious call and her health started waning. The old man showed signs of anxiety and finally the whole pheno­ menon was narrated to him. Next evening the old man accompanied his daughter-in-law when she went out to wash the utensils. He suggested to her that the next evening she might ask the voice to f~ll if it so wislwd, 2 THE VILLAGE

She acted accordingly and suddenly the The households are divided iin five cate­ hillock rolled forward and swallowed the en­ gories according to their settlement history. tire village including her house. Sounds of 1. More than five 11 Rajput families, musical instruments like dhol and nagara con­ 11 Brahman and 6 tinued to be heard from the debris for about Lahar families. a week. 2. Between 4 and 5 The hill slide blocked the flow of Sutlej as generation 4 Rajput and 1 a result of which a reservoir was formed en­ Lohar. gulfing Shakrori and the neighbouring villages. 3. Between 2 and 4 In due course when the river forced its way generations. 11 Rajput and 1 through the obstruction, the ceded land was Lohar. left covered with pebbles or shakri, which are 4t One generation. 3 Rajput, I Chamar found in and around Shakrori even today. and 3 Brahman families. TABLE I 5. Present generation ... 1 Brahman, 1 Raj­ Rainfall Temperature put, 2 Lahar and 1 ,------A------. Sood. Months No. of Rainfall Mean Mean rainy in Maxi- Mini days inches mum mum Drinking Water Sources and Kuhl Drinking water is fetched from springs in January 7 3'56 66·59 41·49 !he village. The first spring, one comes across, February 3 1·70 71·86 46·97 IS ~ay 5 2·09 82·19 54·72 on to the main abadi near the motor March. road, from where the village path hegins. This April 3 0'91 84·06 64·37 May 4 1·41 99·56 73·48 spring Panhetu-ka-pani serves the drinking June 7 3-43 101·62 75·68 water needs of three or four households who July 18 13·34 92-98 78-52 have recently constructed their' farm-cum­ August 15 8·17 92·86 78·79 dwellings in the nautor land. The water is September. 8 4·19 91·14 73·43 hard. October 4 2·22 84'92 60·40 November 1 0·34 75'41 47·55 Bain-ke-pas-ka-pani is just a few feet below December 3 1·11 66·14 41·96 the Primary School building near an old baoli or bain which has now dried up. This Annual Rainfall 78 42·47 spring has, a cemented raised platform with a small out-let pipe. The drinking water sources Sections of the Village are open to all without any restrictions of The central area of the village, where the caste or creed; generally people living on the main population now resides, is said to be 200 west of the Shivalaya get water from here while years old. In the beginning the Brahmans those living in Parli Ber and on the eastern used to live in Rajhera and Rajputs resided side of the Shiva temple get their water from in ParH Ber sections of Shakrori. Nearly 4 J akhar-ka-pani. generations ago the Brahmans started build­ RajJ:zere-ka-pani is considered to be the ing their houses in the heart of. the vil1ag~, sweete'st and coldest but it is so far away from /since the residential accommodatIOn of Raj- hera was not sufficient for their requirements and also because their families became larger and wanted more space to spread out. A few years later, Rajputs also started shifting from Parli Ber ~o~ s~ilar reaso~s. The Lahar families are resIdmg 111 three dIfferent sections viz., 3 households in Parli Ber, 6 in Gaullu (one of the settlements on the north) and the remaining 3 in the main abadi. There are only 2 Chamar households. One of them resides in the main abadi and the At the spring other in Gaullu. THE VILLAGE 3 the main abadi and other sections that few households get water from here. The three springs in Gaullu known as Gaullu-ka-pani serve the Lohars and a Chamar who live close by. There is also a kuhl in the village which is primarily used to irrigate the paddy fields. But some households who find it difficult to fetch water from the springs generally meet their drinking water needs from the kuhl. The springs generally derive their names either from the place where they are situated or from some important landmark nearby. For example, Rajhere-ka-pani is so known because it is located in Rajhera and Bain-ke-pas-ka­ pani derives its name from the dried up bain (baoli) near which it is located. ' Communications Roads-There is a well settled motor road that links Simla with Seoni, Tatapani, Karsog and goes on to Mandi. This is one of the major developments after 1948, but it is after 1958 that the road has settled down so well. Buses, trucks and jeeps ply throughout the day. A road to Luri also passes through this village. Then the village paths and pakdandis con­ nect Shakro'ri with Matyogri, Bagain, Chaba and Devi Dhar-the neighbouring villages. Kachnar lhoola-There is a jhoola over the river Sut­ for Shakrori on his way from and to Seoni. lej very near to Chaba and the villagers use it Very often the children, take post cards and to go across the river to Shakra and other vil­ letters with them to the post office at Seoni, lages. It was built sometime in 1953. Some­ while on their way to the Higher Secondary times they ferry across on an inflated buffalo School. They also collect the dak for their parents from the Sub-Postmaster.

Flora There are quite a few trees in the village which provide timber. The varieties of simbal, tun, shisham, kharak and khair are found in and around Shakrori. Last year, the villagers sold a large number of khair trees to the kattha makers and hence only a few of them are now left growing here. The buel trees are Masl1ak also available in the village. Their green leaves skin either from .chaba or from just below serve as fodder while their branches supply the village. T arus generally charge two annas raw material for the ropes besides firewood. per head for ferrying across. Some villagers Bamboos available near springs in the village may pay even Re. 1 to Rs. 2 for going down arc owned by eight households. Kachnar and the river to Tatapani. In case there is only coral are also found which look pretty when one mashak then a passenger lies across the in blossom. Forest Department have their nur­ taru's back. If there are two mashaks then a sery at Mohra Nal. between Shakrori and charpoy is tied across and two tarus paddle Basantpur. , with their legs and use oars. Besides, some fruit trees like mango, pome­ Post Office-The nearest post office is locat­ granates (wild), bananas, lemons, galgal, juju­ ed at Chaba. The dak runner delivers the dak fus and figs are also found in and around the 4 THE VILLAGE fruit is eaten by the villauers. The wood is reddish-brown, t~ugh and hard ..It is worth cultivating along road-SIdes, and once established it needs little attention. Kagji Jamri (Citrus medica, var limo­ num)-A small citrus tree which thrives well in the area, and is used for pickles and for flavouring food. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)-This well­ known fruit tree thrives in and around the area. It may be found in Seoni, Chaba and nearabout Shak­ rori. Santra (Cirus aurantium)-There are some orange trees but they have not succeeded in attracting the villagers. The fruits are small and sour. Amrood (Psidium guava)--This is a fruit which ripens in winter. There are a few trees in the village. Pap ita (Carica papaya)-A small, soft and short-lived tree. The fruit is sweet and pleasant. the unripe fruit is eaten, cooked as a vegetable and is excellent. The trees are easily Coral flowe,.. grown but during frost there are yillage. Flora found along Simla-Tatapani road heavy damages. IS:- T oat (~orus alba}-A middle sized tree. Am or Amb (Mingifera Indica)-'-An FruIts edible and timber is used for evergreen tree. The wood is some­ manufacturing of sports requisites. times used for house building. and Wild fig (Ficus Palmata)-A small tree. leaves are used at marriage cere­ Leaves variable. dark grey and monies. Most of the mango trees met smooth and fruit edible. Wood used with are of the ungrafted common as fuel. type. The mangoes are generally Kikar (Acacia arabica}-A moderate size stringy. From Seoni are obtained the evergreen tree. Bark dark brown or best mangoes we have ever seen blackish. Flo'WJers yellow. Wood growing in the area. Green mangoes tough and used in the construction of are cut up and dried by the villagers agricultural implements and tent for flavouring or they are pickled in pegs. Bark used for tanning and dye­ salt. ing. Roots used in the preparation of Aru (Prunus persica)-The tree can grow alcohols. well in the sub-tehsil. Good fruit has Talzli (Dalbergia sissoo)-A decidous tree. been obtained from these. Bark rough. A valuable timber trce Daru (Punica granatum)-A small tree used for furniture, wheels. boats. which has been growing wild in the carts and other purposes. forests, but it is being cultivated by Van (Salvadara Oleoides)-A large shrub few villagers. or small tree. Bark grey slightly Jamri (Citrus medica, var acida)-.-Com­ rough. It is used little for timber mon in the village, used for making and is a bad fuel. Can be used for pickles. brick burning if mixed with other Kela (Musa sapientum)-The local type of wood. Fruit edible. bananas are seedy. pulpy and large. Beri (Sizyphus j~juba)-A medium sized Jaman (Eugenia Iambolana}--An ever­ tree or large shrub. Almost ever­ green tree. which grows well. The green. Spines in pairs. Gives a hard THE VILLAGE 5

light reddish timber used for agricul­ too tame ta believe. They stay away in the tural implements. Leaves used as forests for months to return with the brood. fodder after being thrashed out. Then there are chakor, titter, bater, pjgeons. Nim (Azadirachta lndica}-A large ever­ hariales and doves. There are also a number of green tree. Leaves are used far plac­ parakeets. dronge. Himalayan crows, vultures. ing baxes ta keep 'Off insects. It has golden oriole, bulbul, finches pheasants and medicinal values also . wild fowls. Amongst ducks you have those . Pipal (Ficus religiasa)-A large glabraus which are indigenaus or migratory which may shady tree. Leafless far a short time be seen along the river during winter. There during hot weather. Bark grey, may be a mallard, the red-headed p'Otcher, Sacred to Hindus and hence not cut. whistling teel, brown headed teel and rare­ Kachnar (Bauhinia Varievata)--A sighted bagla, crane or a saras down the river. medium-sized tree. Leaves used as About the peacock, and the golden oriole Rt. fodder and flowers for making pick­ Honourable Malcolm Macdonald has given les. Wood is durable but little used. the following superb description:- Bark used for local tanning and dye­ PEAFOWL-No mor~ gorgeous creature ing. exists 'On Earth than a Peacock ... It Other trees noticed 'On the higher altitudes is common to see a cock dancing its in the sub-tehsil are Deodar (Cedrus Deodare), magnificent pas seul in a field before Kail (Pinus Wallecheana). an audience of admiring hens, or a ChiI' (Pinus roxburghil), Bleaga (Sapium male bird as splendidly clad as a insigna), Ban (Quercus incanal), Siris (Albiz­ maharajah strutting along a road zia Ibbek), Kakar (Pistacia integerrima), Ailna­ wi th a harem of its own particular thus (Ailanthus cxcellassa) and Pagora (Ficua brand of wives, ...... · .. . religiosa). GOLDEN ORIOLE-A male bird: 'No Fauna Emperor was ever more regally Pipal, Coral tree, pomegranate, manga and fobed'. bel' are all a heaven for wild birds in spring PARADISE FLYCATCHER-A male and summer. Many birds are faund between bird. 'One of the most fabulously gra­ Basantpur, Shakrori-Chaba-Suni and Tatapani cious of winged creatures'. which one could patiently meet in Delhi. We mention a few birds which we have seen. The HOUSE SPARROW-'Bringing en'Ough most macrnificent of all of course is the pea­ building material to make a minia· cock. Th~re are a few pet peacocks at Suni, ture haystack'.

Bats 6 THE VILLAGE

Then male paradise flycatcher is ever so Residential Pattern charming and goes about fearlessly almost as Grown of a cluster of dwellings, the houses jf tamed. Invariably this gentlenwll hovers have come up in no regular way. There are around from tree to tree and stays on indefi­ no proper lanes and these cluster of houses nitely without being disturbed by a man's are linked with each other through rough and gaze. We arc no ornithologists but we see ill marked passages and very often one has eagles, fakons, baz, or shikra and any num­ to cross some fields water channels to get ber of sparrow battles. AU these birds in the ?'r area made our tour so captivating. We can from one housE' to the other. Previously Raj­ claim friendship with the koeis and crows, hera and Berh on the eastern part of the vil­ pheasants and the seven ststers. lage were a residential area. Rajputs and Brah­ mans lived in Rajhera and Berh respectively. Animals-During September.October after­ noons or evenings, one can hear the barking Hearsay goes that Brahmans came to Raj­ deer going down from Basantp,ur or between hera fr~m Rajooi and other villages in the Shakrori and Seoni. We have also seen leo­ sub-tehsil. Before that the story goes tha.t two pards. We have been told of Raa!s, porcupine, Brahman-brothers had come from Sirmur and wild rabbit, and even ghurals whIch are found settled in Rajooi. They quarrelled with each at slightly higher elevations. With these ani­ other and one of them moved to Rajhera seve­ mals most of the villagers are very familiar. ral generations ago. At present it is the 5th Besides the cornman goh or Manito! reptile or 6th generation of the Brahman families there are chameleon and a number of lizards. which are ~til1 residing in this village. Be­ Then there are a variety of frogs. wakes an~ cause of their distant relationship and kin, the mongoose. Among the fish in the Sutle] ship tlle Brahmans do not inter-marry in the there is the Mahseer, Himalayan Barbel, and village. As the family started growing, they gfd. shifted to the dogris or farm houses which The fauna found near Shakrori is given in had been built up earlier. These dogris were later repaired and by making some additions table II. and alterations in many of them, they were TABLE IT converted into permanent residences. Name Zoologk>a Nam" Rajputs also give the same reason for their Birds shifting from Berh to' Shakrori. Some of them The Gray Qusil Coturnix Communi, came here, more tban 3 generations ago, from The Quail Turn;'" the adjoining villages. The oommml wild Goose Anser Cinorons The PintW Duck Dafila scuta. Lohars of GauIlu came from Karsog tehsil Tho Rock :Pigeon Carpopb.aga. Sylvl1tic Vatica a few generations ago. Some nautor lands .have The Green Pigeon Crocopus PhoonioopteruB been given since 1948 and many of them are .Mammal« broadly tucked upon the river beds. It is Ma.caoos dwsus Th«>M«>nkoy gathered that at one time the land at Gau11u The Himalayan Longoor 'Ih& LooPMG. Felis pa.rdU5 was left unattended Ul the name of the devta. The Jungle Cat Felis Chans Only three generations ago, it was given to a 'Ib.EI Civet Cat l'Ilivorra Zibetha Lohar from Suket as a gift, because he had The Jaclrol Cauw Aurelia won favour of the ruler. Another version of Tho Goral this is quite plausible. A Harijan was brought The PorcupinE> Rystrix leu{):m~ from Suket to serve as a menial because the Tb.e Eispid haro Lepus hispiduB Rusa. ariatotclis local Harijans could not cope witi] the work. Tho Sambhar The Lahar family of Gaullu was the richest The barking deor CervuluB auroUB at one time. There ruay be a number of Pe~t8 The Rat reasons for this. The family may be well ac­ The common Mouse complished~ there may be tremendous demand The Bat of their labour; the expenses of the family Reptiles may be to the bare minimulU and lastly, it Shankchur Naja T:ripudians C(}bra may be because of economic farming. Be­ Dhaomiu Pit'Uas lllUCQB\lS Water-make • Dinnu Hydro phis Gras­ sides the Lohars, a Chamar f~mi1y also lives sicoIlis in Gaullu. THE VILLAGE 7 8 THE VILLAGE

Inter Village Relationship visit. the head works at Chaba which The village has social and econo_mic rela­ lie near the Sutiej about twenty miles tionships with all the near about vIllages. It from Simla. The road thereto is by no has been dependent on Zedwin (2 miles) across means uninteresting as it leads in the the river in Karsoe tehsil-for weaving; Kan­ first place to Mashobra, thence to Nalderq., the site of the golf Jinks, and !Iri (2 miies)-for p~ottery; Basantpur (3t miles) ind Seoni (2!- miles)-for trade and market- then descends about ten miles .down a 'picturesque slope which is quite ing. . well wooded with the ordi.nary Hima­ Socially, the villagers hav~ ~atrimon~al al­ layan scrub and brushwood. The liances in all the villages wlthm a radms of Nauti river has been trained for two 5 miles. Purohits from Shakra and Madhor and a half miles in a concrete flume generally come here for perfo~ming religious along the open hill side. through rites. Thus purohit-jajman relations have been tunnels, one of which is 400 yards established with these villages. in length, and at one point across a Adjoining Villages and Places of Interest nallah, until it finally runs into a large reservoir about 450 feet long The most interesting place nearby is Cha~a by 120 feet wide and 12 feet in because' it has one of the oldest Hydro-electnc depth. Power Houses in India. This was opened in the year 1913. An extract from 'Simla Past This reservoir which cost a lakh and a half to construct holds nearly seven and Present' (page 116) by Sir Edward Buck million gallons of water and is situat­ is reproduced here:- ed on the top of a spur over looking Scarcely any visitor of Simla has an idea both the Nauti khudQund the Sutlej as to how the station procures her river, and viewed froUl the opposite electric light, so a few words on the side of the river looks a very remark­ Hydro-Electric Scheme will not be able lake indeed. When the water out of place. About fifteen years ago is not required it escapes down the Captain, now Colonel B. C. Batlye, side of a rock and flows into the R.E .• who will always be remember­ Sutlej below forming a beautiful ed as one of Simla's greatest bene­ waterfall. The wate·r for the purpm.e factors, was placed on special. duty of driving the turbines is carried in to work out the technical detaIls of a vertical fall in five great iron pipes a scheme proposed by Major General 540 feet down the mountain side to Beresfrord Lovett, R.E. The neces­ the power house, where can be seen sary power was eventu.ally found by the wonderful electrical plant which damming up the NauU khud. s~ream was all imported from England, tra~s­ beyond Mashobra, and prov!dmg a ported from Simla over the mountam heavy fall near the Sutlcj river. The road, and erected in this far away cost of scheme was approximately valley. The power house is most pic­ thirteen lakhs-'of rupees, At one time turesquely situated, only a few feet about 2,000 men were engaged on above the Sutlej, and .t~e eJ?-ginee~s the works, the labour being mainly incharge are most obhgmg 1ll thelf supplied by gangs of Pathans from efforts to explain generators, voltage, the frontier, men from Busha?r transformers kilowatts and other State, and Baltis from the lake dIS­ mysteries to the intelligent visitors: trict. The ordinary hillman of the Whatever may be said of the cost of Simla district was toO busy with his the scheme: the engineering feat fields to work in anything but a fit­ which has been accomplished is a ful manner. Coal strikes and booms very remarkable on~, fLohri-a seasonal festival, held on the Ist of bourhood hardly a mile away. God Mahadev Magh every year. who is the god of Shakrori also belongs' to the people of Makarchha and is broug~t here and Table III contains a list of institutions and kept in the temJ?le of Pa~as .Ram)1 . .~fakol a temples located in Shakro~i and other adj?in. lucal white washmg matenal IS found 111 abun~ ing villages as also the vanous crafts practised dance here and the villagers from Shakron there. 10 TIm VILLAGE

TABLE III

Institutions Temples Builuings Crafts

1. Shakrori (The village under Survey) 1. Government Primary School (Opened 1. Shiva Temple. . Primary School Building 1. Carpentry, l\Iaking of ban in 1961). 2. Mahadev's Temple • from Jfunj gI'aSS, Mats from palm leaves etc. 2. Tailoring centre 2. Shoe making. 3. Blaoksmithy. 2. Seeni 1. Post Office 1. Kali Temple 1. Gramsewak hut 1. Tailoring. 2. Telegraph Office 2. Narain Temple • 2. Patwarkha1l8 2. Carpentry. 3. Higher Secondary School 3. Dano Dev Temple 3. Rest Houso . . 3. Shoe making. 4. Tailoring Centre 4. Blacksmithy. 5. Carpentry Centre 5. Goldsmithy. 6. Mid.wifery Training Centre 7. Government Library 8. Civil Hospital 9. Health Centre 10. Veterinary Hospital 11. Key Village Centre 12. Bull Breeding Centre 13. Seed Multiplication Farm 14. Progeny Orchard 15. Bhakra Project Institution 3. Basan/pur 1. Post Office 1. Bhagwati Temple • 1. Patwarkhanna 1. 'Vcaving. 2. Primary School 2. Rest House 2. Carpentry. 3. Health Centre 3. Pottery. 4. Bhakra Project Centre 4. Makarchlla Nil 1. Devi Temple Nil 5. Chuba 1. Post Office • Nil 1. Rest House (M.C. 1, Carpentry 2. Telephone Office Simla) 3. Primary School (M. C. Simla) 4. Civil Dispensary (M. C. Simla) (Villages across thc river) 1. Jeora Tatapani 1. Post Office 1. Lami Temple • 1. Rest House 1. Tailoring 2. Middle School 2. Thakurdwara . 2. Dharamshala .' 2. Carpentry 3. Library 3. Tatapani (Place of 3. Gramsewak hut tourist interest) 4. Tatapani M/P Co.op., Society 4. Patwarkhana 5. Panchayat Office 2. Bhakra 1. Primary School Ni~ Nil 1. Tailoring 2. Carpentry 3. Goldsmithy 4. Weaving of woollen cloth in h;tndloom. 2 The'People THE main communities are Brahmans, Rajputs and Lohars. The original settlers are said to be the Brahmans. Rajputs came next. They brought some persons belonging to Scheduled Castes from outside, for menial services with them. The castewise village composition is given in table V. The Sood family belonging to the Va ish caste is non-agriculturist and runs a shop here. Every household possesses land which they cultivate. The Scheduled Caste families have small holdings. Inspite of the difference in social status people belonging to different castes live in harmony. although SCheduled Castes do still observe some of the inhibitions imposed upon them since times gone by. Old customs die hard. PopUlation The village population comprises of 342 persons 73 percent of which are below 34 years of age-(58 boys and 81 girls in the age group of 0-14, and 54 each in 15-34). In the age group of 35-59 there are 42 men and 34 women which form 21 per cent of the total popUlation. There are only 9 men and 8 women above sixty, constituting 6 per cent of the village popu­ lation, besides two elderly women who could not state their age. The per­ centages of the popUlation when compared with those in the District and the Pradesh reveal that the percentage of children in the age group of 0-14 in the village is the largest and that of the aged people is tne lowest, as com­ pared with the District and Pradesh figures. The percentage popUlation in the age group of 15-34 and 35-59 in the village almost conforms to the District and Pradesh averages. I

~ Larger number of children in the age group of 0-14 gives an indica­ tion towards more than average increase in the village. But there is another factor for the increase of population, that is, there should be more of males than the females so that they bring more women in the village than what they marry away since marriages are generally held outside the vil­ lage. There are more girls than the boys in this age group. Information col­ lected snows that for every 58 girls married away only 42 would be brought to Shakrori by marriage. As compared to this the District and the Pradesh have more boys than girls. Inter Caste Relationship Rajputs, Brahmans, Kumliars and Soods mix freely and inter-dine witli each other. There was a stage when the Brahmans used to observe chauka strfctly by changing their clothes and sitting for a meal in the kitchen and would only eat particular type of meal, whenever, they were asked out. This practice is not strictly followed now. They, however, do not at all inter­ marry and the frame of the caste system is observed. *Sir Danziel Ibbetson has classified the Cultivating Class of Rajputs, in the Punjab Hill States as Kanets. 12 THE PEOPLE

The Scheduled Castes are also invited by ments like nagara, dholak or shahnai are also these swarns on occasions of marriages and seldom used. A Lohar widow, however, posses­ other festivals or rejoicings but they are served ses several items of furniture which even the meals separately and invariably last of all. swarns do not possess and recently when her Due to caste taboos which are prevalent in the daughter was married. she was sent off in a village from olden times all the Scheduled palanquin and the nagara, local shahnai and Castes will have odd simple single storeyed other local musical instruments formed the houses. They generally do not use a palki orchestra. Nobody in the village seemed to (palanquin) for marriages. Musical instru- mind.

TABLE IV

No. of Population Caste/Community households r- ., Remarks P lVI F

Brahman 15 99 47 /)2 Rajput 27 163 78 85 Sood 1 7 4 3 Chamar 2 9 5 4 Scheduled Caste Lohar 12 55 24 31 Scheduled Caste Kumhar 3 9 5 4

TABLE V

Type of household No. of Persons Males Females households

Single member (very small) 5 5 4 2-3 members (small) 11 30 17 13 4--6 members (medium) 23 118 59 59 7-9 members (large) 16 130 55 75 10 members and above (very large) . 5 59 31 28

Total 60 342 163 179

TNBLE VI

No. of households Type of family r- Brahman Rajput Lohar Kumhar Sood Chamar Total

Simple (consisting of married couple and un· married children) 6 9 0 1 2 2:' Intermediate (consisting of married couple and unmarried brothers or sisters; or one of the parents) 1 4 4 1 10 Joint (married couple living with married children or married brothers) 7 6 14 Others (single members or unmap:ied brothers and sisters; or one parent living with unmarried sons or daughters) 8 2 2 13

Total 15 27 12 3 1 2 09 THE PEOPLE 13

Table V indicates that 65 per cent of the besides Keonthal State, from where this langu­ households have four to six members and less age .get~ its nam.e, it is ~lso spoken in Theog, and that every fourth household in the village KotI, SImla, Pahala, (Snnagar Thana), Dhami consists of a family of three or less. This is and Bhajji States. As many as 12,167 per­ a pointer to the fact that there is a tendency sons spoke keonthali in Bhajji. towards the splitting up of the complex house­ holds into simple ones. This is, because when Although the language of Bhajji has been younger members grow up they start earning, dec1ar~d by Grierson as keonthali yet it has from n<;m-agricultural sources like service in bee.n I~ftuenced by the suketi language, Government or private offices or as labourers whIch IS spoken across the river Sutlej and on the road. They develop a sort of indivi­ also by the languages spoken in adjoining duality and thus wanes the authority of the States. head of the household who was at one time, The villagers of Shakrori also speak this all in aU, as -he was the proprietor of the language. We have given some folk songs household land-the only source of income to which give an idea of the words and phrases the family. Table VI also reveals the same used by the villagers_ Apart from keonthali fact that the families in the village are split­ ~ome punjabi phrases are also used and slan~ ting up. There are only 14 out of 60 house­ IS common. holds in the village which have joint families. as against 36 households having simple and . A f~w passages from Ramayan (their trans­ single member families. ltteratIOn and translation) will serve as speci­ men. Forms of Greetings Sita ra Chharna Different forms of greetings in vogue in Sita's Divorce Shakrori are- J ai Deva M aharaj-When greeting a Rama re raja banane re kuchh dinan bad ruler or some other important per­ Rama's king becoming some days after son. eki dinan Rame apne aur Sita re bareda Ram Ram-When greeting a purohit. one day ~ama himself and Sita about Ashirvad-Purohit's reply to Ram Ram. k~chh galan shuni. Ishi gallin koi Sada Suhagan-Elders bless their marri- some rum our heard. Such rumour some ed daughters and daughter-in-law when the latter bow and touch their dhobi Jane lagi re the Rime eki feet with their dupattas. washerman spreading were. Rama one Namaskar-When a Brahman greets a Brahman. dinan besh-badli-ro ghumne lage re the day incognito roaming about was Pairi paunna-When a Harijan greets a swarn. The swarns in reply say Tiniye apnf jwansa re bare da kasi k~i era Raji Reha. " he his wife about someone this Bandgi, Jai Hind, Jai Ram-ji-ki--When greeting a babu (a literate person bolde shuna. "Badmash, nikal ja etba, wearing good clothes). saying heard, "Rascal, get out from here, N amastay-When greeting an equal. Han Rama sahi nahin so .iuniye apni jwansa I Rama like not am who his wife Languages paraye gharan rakhi-ro tain apne ghare According to Grierson. keonthali is a principal dialect of Simla Hill States, and other's house kept even-then his house . 14 THE PEOPLE nikhi lai. Rama ini galan shuni- ra maye-Mva praja aur gharale brought. Rama this conversation to hear parents subjects and members of the family Shinvar hoi-goye. Tine aisa galan pande sabhf-ke bani-dukh-hona. Tau tu stunned was. He this matter all will be very sad. Therefore you bara socha bchara aur ipne sabhi bhai ethi-ro aur sabhi-re-dhiraj-denda-ro. gave much thought and his all brothers remain here and solace every body. kale-da shade aur bolda-Iaga, "Han Je-era-na-ho tau bani-pap-hoi-jana in-privacy called and said, "I If it is not so then big sin will result

jenu-je Sfta bilkul nirdosh so." jasre nija da praja dukhi-o se know-that Sita quite innocent is." Whose (raja's) people are-not happy that -, Lachhmami-ke Rama-rf shiksha nija jarur-hi narke-jao. Aini-shani-ro To Lakshman Rama's advice ruler sure goes to hell. Hearing, this J au Bhagwan Ram wanwasa-ke bana de When Lord Ram on exile to forests went Lachhmami ke bara-dukh-hoa Bhagwan Lakshman was much pained Lord tau Lachhamami-ke bolde-lage, "Bhai, tu then to-Lakshman said. "Brother, you Ramari eri-galan shuni-ro aire~hoye jere Rama's this advice hearing such became as maMn-sathi na-a kuye-je jine with me don't come because those pale parne ka kaunl shuko because of frost lotus becomes (fades) manuven apne maye-bciva aur guru ra persons their mother father and greceptor's Houses Generally the houses are kacha, having an bolna mana tine hi jamne-ra phal attractive mud plaster and built on a rectangu­ ordus obeyed only those of birth fwit lar plan using mud and stone. More than half of the houses are two storeyed, and the paya. Tau tu bhi bh:ii men! shuni-lo rest are single storeyed. There are 12 houses got. Then you also please listen to me of the Scheduled Castes, most of which have grass 'roofs. The houses of the swarns have aur maye-Mva-karya-kar. roofs of slates, iron sheets, bamboos and and parents serve. kacha stones. These houses have started having glass windows and ventilators. The Bharat aur Shatrughana ghare nahin uso obras or the cattle sheds have straw roofs. Bharat and Shatrughana at home not are During the last decade slates and iron sheets have come up for more use. There is dearth MaMraj jf siyane-hoi-goye aur timin of timber in the village. The timber and sla­ Maharaj has grown old. and to him tes have to be brought from far off places at market rates when one has to build a good mera bani dukh-so. Ais-bakhte je house. Timber is brought from Badmahan (10 about me is much grief. At this time if miles) and slates from Kufri (20 miles) where there are slate quarries or from Pangna an tain apf-Sathi lai-jau tau Ayodhya in Karsog Tehsil (22 miles). The farmers pre­ I you with me take then Ayodhya pare windows and doors mostly from tuni and kikar trees growing' in their own lands. The sabhi-tarpM-ka shuni oi-jani Guru rafters for the roofs sometimes have to be of from all sides will be deserted. Preceptor bamboos. ..c '"<> ~ ~ ,;-= .. £ .. w =i i ~ .

'-u :.- " j; " : 0 ,0

I t ______...... ______1 ______~ ... ______..1

-t~------~------t+'" il -l-- ~ --+ ~ ~---~ ----+ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 + ~ - =':__

z ~ COl ;: Z .. «II ~ ~ ~D ... ::r N ... .,~ '" a gl QI • ... ._-_._._" Q z Q Q i.~I- -- ('4-' ... •", ..QI Nell £ t--·~ .. --- Q Z ~ . <;I ill Q 0 g 0 ~ ~ 0 ; 0 li to 0

THE PEOPLE 17 Table VII classifies the households by num­ ber of rooms and by number of persons occu­ pying them. ~'\ (1;/IYJ TABLE VU

Households with one Households with Households with ~~-%1 ~~~1" room two rooms three rooms ,---'------, r----"------, No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of housc· persons houso- persons house- persons holds holds holds

J 11 10 37 10 51

A typical house

IIouseholUs with four Households with Households wit h rooms five rooms more than 5 Ola-Portion of wall above the plinth. rooms Dwar-Door. ,-----"----, No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Bee or Akhli-Veranduh, in the lower house· persons house- persons huuse· persolls holrls holds holus storey. In this the staircase is locat­ ed. It also provides entrance to the 12 6J '2 13 23 166 rooms in the lower storey. Biyoon-Rooms in the lower storey. Pauri-Staircase made of stone. This shows that the villagers have ample ac­ Paura-Verandah above the Bee or commodation. The mud plaster is generally Akhli. bileous yellow, or light-brown, the colour of Dwari-Window. the local matti. Kothri-Rooms in the upper storey. The ground floor portion of the house can MerlI-Floor. be divided into two parts, viz., biyoon and akhal. Chhallall (Attic)-Spare room between roof and ceiling. Biyooll~These are the rooms on the back Chhaper-Roof. and are used for sleeping during hot summer months; or for use by the women during their Sharota-A wooden log with notches cut unclean days; or else, for keeping foodgrains in it providing steps, used as a lad and other things. In some houses, one of the der. rooms in the biyooll is also used as an obra and in this cattle are kept. Child I)irth also Before, constructing a house the owner con­ takes place in biyoon. sults a priest about the site and the auspicious day when the construction is to be started. A khal-This is a big room at the entrance and is used by women for stitching, se~ing Havan is performed in the beginning and and spinning purposes. then foundations are dug to a depth of 3 to 4 fect. These are filled -with rubbles and stones Paura and kothris .... arc the rooms above but no mortar is used. The plinth is raised aHal and biyoon. While one of the kothris is about two feet above the ground. used as a rasoi or kitchen, rest are used as bed rooms. Entrance to the upper storey is Then the process for erecting walls is taken through aklzal where a pauri (staircase) con­ in hand. The wall in the local dialect is called nects it to the paura. bhit or matkanda. The villagers have local names for different Construction parts of the house- No big stones or bricks are used while erec­ Thani (Courtyard)-Portion of land fac­ ting the walls. A wooden frame 1t ft. wide ing the front of the house. is prepared and laid on the spot where the wall 18 THE PEOPLE is to be erected. A mixture of moist sand, they have now been converted into' regular small stones and clay is poured into the frame dwelling houses. This was necessitated be­ to the top level. The filling is beaten W.: .. ll cause of the increase in size of some families wooden beaters by the members of the family Who found it difficult to live in their old house and relatives till it becomes hard and com­ together. They have their meals from the com­ pressed. This is left to dry for a day or so mon produce of crops though their kitchens and in the meantime the other portion is pre­ in the dogris. where they now live regularly, pared. The wooden frame is again fixed on are split up. the dry portion of the wall and filled with the mixture referred to above and beaten with the Khatr Katthia House-Recently a Lahar wooden beaters. The walls of the house or has constructed a house of bamboo strips and the rooms are raised to the roof level. Doors, date palm leaves. It has a thatched roof that windows and ventilators are marked, as the cost the Lahar only his labour. He managed to construction progresses, and a portion of the get the material free. This type of house is bhit is scouped out after the filling is beaten generally used by kattha con~actors and the and levelled. Sometimes, bamboo sticks, Lohar picked up the construction technique split horizontally, are also inserted and these from them. serve against possible burglaries. Thus the construction of the bhit is akin to the construction of the concrete wall, where the latter is poured in the frame, with the only difference, that the concrete is allowed to set by itself while the moist mixture of sand, peb­ bles and clay here is made to set by manual labour. The rafters are laid lengthwise and tin, slate or thatched roofs in two to four slopes are constructed. In case a second storey is required flat wooden planks are used which serve as the floor of the second storey. No pucca cemented roofs are laid. Just about 2 to 3 feet below the roof a sort of ceil­ ing locally called chhanan is constructed. This provides ample space for storing household A Thatched hOllse things. The house is plastered with a mixture of clay and cow-dung from inside and outside Obra-It is a cattle shed built on a rect­ and in some cases mud wash or whitewash angular plan. The entrance to' the obra is is done by local mitti known as makol. The through a small door in the front. No other carpenters and masons are paid daily wages ventilator is provided to this structure except of Rs. 2 to 3 plus meals and tea. that some air passes in from the small open­ An auspicious day is fixed fat griha-pra­ ings near the thatched roofing. The roofs are vesh, when lzavan is performed and navgrehas thatched with grass brought from Moongna (Nine Planets are worshipped. This cere­ (neighbouring village-5 miles). Sometimes mony is known as grehasni and a feast is given these are also thatched with wheat straw. The to friends and relatives. It is after grehasni roofing is generally replaced every 3rd or 4th that the family moves into the new house. year. The wall construction process 'of the obra is the same as used for regular dwelling Dogris-Some villagers, whose lands are far houses. Khunte are dug on the floor for tying off from main abadi. have built farm houses cattle. or dogris near their fields. They live there during the working season as they find it con­ Furniture venient to work more and also keep a watch­ The homes of the villagers are simply fur­ ful eye on their growing crops. Dogris are nished and they possess small items of furni­ alike in structure, to the dwelling houses in ture. Mostly hinnas and manjris of parai the main abadi. except that the accommoda­ (rice straw) are spread over as mats. Some tion in the former is rather small. In 3 or 4 possess klwrchas made of goat hair. Well-to­ cases, the purpose behind constructing the do zamindars possess one to two charpoys, dogris was the same as mentioned above, but one to two tables and some chairs for guests. THE PEOPLE 19

TABLE VIII

Oasto Charpoys Chairs ::I.'ables Mirrors Stools Wall Shelf Alntirah

Brahman 14 11 2 I) I) 6 Rajput 16 8 4 8 8 10 Lohar 1 2 2 1 1 Chamar Sood 1 1 1 KUlllhar 2 1 1 2 1 3

Total 34 22 7 18 15 21

Table Vin shows that most of the swarn silver buttons instead of the ordinary households possess articles of furniture like ones with it. The shirts are stitched charpoys and chairs. -mirrors and stools while by a local tailor and the cloth may only one household of Lahars possesses a char­ be hand woven or coarse mill made poy. almirah and a stool and two of them one. possess chairs and mirrors. Chamars possess Sadri-It is a waist coat and may be of only binnas and manjris. cotton or woollen cloth depending on the season. It is still very com­ Dress mon with the older people though The male dress consists of- some young mel~ also wear it during the winter months. UPPER GARMENTS Band gale ka Coat and ChllOta Coat­ Ambll Topi--Made of cotton cloth it These coats are either close necked covers only the top portion of the or the open necked type with 3 but­ head. It may be called a skull cap. tons. Generally they are made of Kishti Topi-May be woollen or cotton. patti or some rough tweeds. Some­ times. the villagers also purchase Bushahri Topi-A head dress of Bushahr. ready made coats from the second People purchase it either from hand garments-shop at Simla or at Simla or from Rampur Bushahr. Seoni where a stall is opened during Baaldar T opi-A sort of fur cap and some important fairs like Baisakhi resembles the kishti !opi. or Dussehra. Topa-A woollen ~ap which may be opened to cover the/neck also. in ad­ LOWER GARMENTS dition to the head and ears. Only Pajamas, . Rebdar Pajama, Churidar the face is left uncovered. In Simla Pajama and Khllli mohri-ka-pajama it is known as monkey cap. -The pajamas are made of cotton Saafa-Some older people also wear cloth. In winter some villagers wear pajamas of patti. The woollen paja­ saafa or muslin turbany In State times the wearing of saafa was very -mas are rather baggy upto their common when the villagers had to knees while the lower portion cover­ go to darbar. Now the use of saafa ing the legs is a little narrow. The is disappe,aring fast. Young men do difference between the rebdar paja­ not Pllt on any head dress. ma and the churidar pajama is that the latter is tighter at the legs. Kameej-A shirt with collars and sleeves The cotton pajamas worn may be either with cuffs. There are generally two white or coloured ones. Striped pockets. one in the front and the pajamas are also worn. other on the right side of the waist. Knickers-The school boys sometimes Kur!a-A collar-less and cuff-less shirt wear Khaki knickers (shorts) as a slightly longer than the ordinary Kameej. People sometimes use part of their uniform. 20 THE PEOPLE

Women's dress consists of:- Sal war-It is popular among the young women and school going girls. The UPPER GARMENTS school going girls wear white sal­ Dhatu and Chadtu-It is a sort of a wars. scarf tied to the head. Chadtu is FOOT WEAR bigger in size than a dhatu. They are both tied round the head while Men-Derby Shoe and Full Slipper-­ working in the fields. They are Both are made in the village' by local made of cotton cloth in different artisan and cost from Rs. 6 to 15 de­ shades. Chadtu is 4·r x 3t' piece of pending on the size of the shoe and cloth and is more common a head the material used. dress than dhatu which is restricted Chamba Chappals, Fleets and other to only, some women, especially ready made shoes are also bought those, who have been brought here from shops at Simla and Seoni. by marriages from dhatll wearing Women-Pump Shoe and Do phite ki villages. gurgabi-Both are prepared by the Dupatta-Dupatta is worn by all women village shoe maker. Ladies shoes are during festive occasions when they purch'ased from the shops at Simla go Qut of the village. The school and SeonL girls also wear white dupattas. There is a variety of shoes worn, depending Chaddar-Older women wear chaddar on what is available at "Seoni and Simla and which covers their heads and the the money they want to spend. The women upper part of their bodies. White do not wear shoes while going to the fields or chaddai"s are common. . WoolIen for roaming about in the village. They move chaddars are also used. about bare footed. Shawl and Pattu-SJwwl may be of push­ mina or wool, and may have . bor­ Ornaments ders of black, blue or red colour. Silver ornaments were very common a gene­ Some women wear pauus of ' dark ration ago. The ornaments worn, used to be shades having check designs during heavy. Now leaving aside tilli for nose and the winter more often, during the clwk for head which are used by married evenings at home. women as suhaag ornaments, no other golden Kurta-A shirt with collars and sleeves or silver ornaments are worn. Older women, like men's shirts. It has buttons in however, still adorn themselves with silver on the front and a side pocket. The occasions like marriages. ladies' shirts having big borders of 3" width which may be of the same cloth or of a different cloth-a print. Young women and sch~ol girls ~~ar shirts like those worn 10 the Cltles. These shirts are grayish, brownish. blackish or bluish. Printed material is also used for suits consisting of a shirt and a· salwar or pajama. Sadri-A waist coat. It may be of cotton or woollen material and is worn by some women during the winter.

LOWER GARMENTS Some ornaments Rebdar Pajama and Salwar-Reb!lar The ornaments worn by the village ladies Pajamas are generally blackIsh. on festive occasions are- Sometimes gray, blue and other dark colours are used. They look to be ORNAMENTS FOR THE HEAD something like a loose churidar Chak-A hemispherical hollow ornament pajama. made of silver with designs carved THE PEOPLE 21

all around it. It is worn by all mar­ times older ladies wea; silver collars ried ladies, young or old, at the top also. of the head, and weighs between 80 to 100 grams. ORNAMENTS FOR THE WRISTS Clips-These are either made of silver or K anglloo-A bracelet· of silver weighs gold and are wo.t;n on both sides of about 100 to 110 grams each. the head for keeping the hair in Gajroo-A flexible bracelet made of place. rectangular silver studs linked with each other through pins. ORNAMENTS FOR THE EARS Chhalkangan-A bracelet with pendants Dandis-Made of silver each weighs attached to it, made of silver. it about 5 to 6 grams. Older women weighs about 50 grams. wear them. Four to six dandis are Cizoori-A bracelet of silver, with designs worn on each ear for which separate carved in it. is worn by the bride. holes are pierced already. Bangles-Glass bangles, and sometimes Bragars-A pair weighs about 15 to 20 plastic bangles are also worn by grams, and is fringed with pearls. It ladies. is made of silver and is worn on spe­ cial occasions by old and young ORNAMENTS FOR THE ANKLES ladies alike. Panjeb-A common name for different Kanta-A bell shaped piece, fringed type of ornaments made of silver with metal suspended from the ear, chains tied round the ankles. The by a hook. These are made of gold chains clink together when one and are used by young ladies. walks. Tops-A star shaped jewelled earring Tora-A type of panjeb with a clasp. made of gold or silver. Silver buttons are also used by some men and women for their shirts. ORNAMENTS FQR THE NOSE The ornaments of gold and silver are pre· Laung-A small golden stud set with a pared by a goldsmith of Seoni. Women do pearl or turquoise, weighs about 6 not put on many ornaments. The silver orna­ grams. ments which are rather heavy, used to be put Tilli~Miniature laung weighing 2 grams on by the older ladies. They also do not wear is used by almost aU married ladies them except on some festive occasions like regularly.' marriages. Baltl~A small golden pendant attacheti Unmarried girls only wear bangles while to the nose. worn at the time of mar­ the married women put on only a laung or a riages or while attending fairs and filii in the nose. festivals. Dandi was very common among the older Besar_:_A big pendant of gold or silver generation in the past and they used to wear attached to the nose and supported as many as 4 or 5 dan dis according to the by a chain hooked in thehead. number of holes pierced in the ears. Kanta, Bragar or tops are also worn by them. ORNAMENTS FOR THE NECK Cheap immitation ornaments such as a Haar~A silv!!'r' necklace consisting of Kanthi of brass is very commonly used by the large .... number of chains, weighs women. about 400 grams and old women Utensils wear this. The utensils commonly used for preparing Champa Kali-A necklace bearing pen­ food are made of brass, bronze, aluminium. dants which look like the bands of iron, wood and clay. All the metallic utensils champa flower. Sometimes the pen­ are purchased from outside the village, most­ dants are set with stones. ly from Simla. The earthep utensils are pur­ Kanthi-A brass collar which may be chased from the kumlzar in the neighbouring jewel1ed with brass studs. Some- village and batti (two seers) of food grains is 22 THE PEOPLE

given to him. The utensils commonly used by the villagers are-

Name of Utensil Cost Use Nameof Utensil Cost Use

Re. uP. Rs. nP. Wooden­ Muradabadi Utensils­ Chakla·Belna 2·50 For preparing rolis. Lata 4·00 For serving lvater. Phulmala For blowing the fire. Glass (Tumbler) 1'12 For drinking water, milk and tea. Earthen- KauJi (Cup) O· 37 For serving vegetables to and pulses. Ghara l' 00 For preserving aCM,r and 0·50 churning milk for producing butter. Iron UtensilB­ Ghee is also st.orcd in them. Karahi (Pan) I) . 00 For frying purposes, Manghi O· 50 For keeping gltee, also for cooking sag, milk, achar, lassi and kheer and jhol etc., and jhol. for keeping sour dishe&. Manghu . 0·12 It is a miniature manghi Karahu l' 25 A small karahi. and is usod for ghee, Tawil. 2·00 For baking chapaties. milk and butter. Chimto • 0·37 For holding burning coal. Brass Utensils­ Tenth O· 37 For baking and ohanging Tolmu or Baltohu 22·00 For keeping water and si,lcs of loaves on a for cooking rice. taWa. Tokni 45·00 In marriages and 9thor Phuknala O· 50 For blowing into the occasiolls used for fire. cooking rice, pulses and Jharna 1· 00 For frying vegetables vegetables on a like ghandiali ann large scale. potatoes. Karchhi , 2·00 For serving meals. Lohdan 1· 50 For scrving the pur· Karchha 6·00 Generally used on pose of a hearth on occasions of feasts, for occasions of feasts etc. serving pulses and 0·50 For cutting vegetables. vegetables. Paryati Kadukash 1· 50 For gratiug pumpkins, Kungretha !J·OO ]'or stirring while to coooanuts etc. cooking rice. 2·00 5·00 For serving pulses and Bllati Praat 4·00 For kneading flour. vegetables, on occa· sions of feasts. Also Sansi 2·00 For grasping, tokn1l used for washing feet and bhadu while on with hot water. Cattle fire hearth. are also given dala to 3·75 For oarrying w",ter eat in it. . Baiti (Buoket) and for bathing pur· Dabru 6· 00 For serving all sorts poses etc. of preparations except Tokru 1· 25 For serving rice on ooca· rice on the occasions sions of feasts. of big feasts, on mar­ riages and at deaths. Dabra 18·00 For washing rice before 1I.1uminium UtensilB­ being cooked and kneading flour etc., Patila 5·00 1 Housewives keep sepa· on occasions of feasts. rate patila, thalu and I glass for taking meal, Prat 12·00 For kneading flour. ThaIn 1·25 1 when they are obaerv· Patila 12·00 For cooking rice, pulses, >- ing the unclean vegetables and meat. 1 (menstruation) period. Glass 0·37 Also used for 11 serving meals to Sche· Bronze Utensils- J duled Castes. Thalu 6·00 For serving meals. to Oopper Utellsils­ 8·00 Tambia 17·00 For heating water Bhadu 32·00 For cooking meat and for bathing and pulses. washing. TIlE PEOPLB 23

Utensils Besides these utensils some families also they might get eggs as well. The Harijans sel­ have tea sets. dom eat meat but they have chhachh daily. Practically every home has a cow, a bullock, Food Habits a sheep or a goat. For food consumption we may categorise The staple food grains grown here are the villagers firstly as land-owners. tenants and maize in the winter and wheat in summer. other castes who do the hard manual labour~ Paddy is also grown around and there are and secondly as non-agriculturists. Most of number of homes who prefer to have one prin­ the land-owners. field labourers and tenants cipal rice meal in the afternoon and _ their are vegetarians. Occasionally they eat meat favourite rice is basmati or begam. The meals if it is available and if they have poultry birds, and the items of food served are-

Breakfast (Nohari) 'Mid-Ilay (Gheli) Afternoon (Dopahri) Supper (Biali)

SUMrI'IER I. Loft-overs of roti of (wheat 1. Bhaturu with aalor khairll 1. Tea and left-overs of cheli 1. Bllaturu and rlal (urad, flour and vegetables, pulses or some vegetable grown ~8ar, (peas),grarn,?noonu of the night with tea. by the household. and leol) 2. BhatUT-U with phegru (figs) or -2. Satll, of maize taken with 2. Blwturu and chutney of 2. Bhaturu and vegetable anardana (groumled) or salt la8si. mango or anardana. potato leaves of garlic alone. and vegetable grown by the household or 3. Rice and pulsos (occasion· ally) meat goat, or fowl is also sometimes taken by tho non· vegetarian. /' WINTER I. Tea and left-oversofroti (maize 1. Makki-ki-roti with khairu. Tea and left-overs of eheU • 1. M akki-ki-roti and vegetables flour) and vegetallles of t.he (prepared with whey Ilnd of the seasons (methi, previous night. '" garhyali). dhania soya and sarson potatoes, and onion). 2. Makki-ki-roti with salt or 2. Rieo and pulses (urad,masar. 2. M akki-ki-roti with pulses. anardana (grounded) matar, "chane, moon!] or kol) 3. JJlakki-ki-roti and tea 3. Bl/atuTu of wheat flour 3. Ohutney is also relished. A and r seera-halwa prepared few households also some­ wi tl nasltashta (starch) fro rn times use pickI_es of wheat grain, ahee and sugar. mango, aalaal and lemon. (This is taken very Occa­ sionally.)-

l\IEAL TIMINGS Summer 5 to 6 A.M. 10 A.~r. 3 P.M. 8 P.lII. Winter 6 to 7 A.~r. IOto 11 A.M. 4 P.M. 7 P.lII. 24 THE PEOPLE

Case Studies Brahman Household

l\Ialc Female Total

Total No. of members 2 2 4 AboVll 50 years Between 30-50 years 1 2 Between 10-30 ye9-ril I I 2 Between 3-10 years Below 3 years

Relation to A Sex Age' M/S/W No. of Size & appro- Weight of Quantity Quantity Any other substance chapaties ximato weight of rice if of dal of milk consumed consumed each chapati consumed consumed consumed

Self :!If 40 1\1 4 2 chh. or 6· S" S chh. I ~ chIlo It seer Vegetables occa- in diameter sionally, meat, 1 egg daily.

A's wife F 42 1\1 2 Do. 4 chh. lchh. seer Vegetables occa- * sionally. A's daughter in-law F II) J\I 3 Do. 6chh. 1 chh. Vegetables occa· sionally.

A's Bon l\[ 23 S 4 Do. S chh. l~ chh. It seer Vegetables and meat occasionally.

Chamar Household

Male Femal9s Total

Total No. of members 4 3 7 Above 50 years Between 30-50 years 1 1 2 Between 10-30 years 1 2 Between 3-10 years 2 3 Below 3 years

Relation to 13 Sex Age l\I/S/W No. of Size & appro- Weight of Quantity Quantity Any other substance chapaties ximate weight of rice if of dal of milk consumed consumed each chapati consumed consumfid consumed

Self l\I 43 l\I 2 2 chh. 4 ehh. I ehh. i seer Vegeta.ble and meat occasionally.

U'R wife F 38 M 3 2 chh. r. chh. 1 chh. l seer Do. B's son 1\1 l,t S 3 2 chh. o chh. I chh. i seer Do. B's daughter F 11 S 2 2 chh. 4 chh. I chll. i seer Do. l\[ n'~ 81111 7 S 2 2 chh. 4 chh. chh. i seer Do. B'" son 1\1 5 S 2 2 chh. 4- chh. chh. i seer Do. 13's daughter F 3 S l!o 2 chh. I ~ chll. I chh. i scer Do.

Kheru, ta.ken &9 8~i>atitute of !lal, THE PEOPLE 25

Rajput HQUSe}lOld

Male Females Total

Total No. of members 3 6 9 Above 50 years Between 30-50 years, 2 3 Between 10-30 years 2 2 4 Between 3-10 years 2 2 I Below 3 years "_'

Relation to U Sox Age M/S/W No. of Size & approxi- Weight Quantity Quantity Any other substance ehapaties mate weight of rice if of dal of milk consumed consumed of each chapati consumed consumed consumed

Self 1\1 42 M 3 2 chh. or 6"-8" 6 ehh. I~ ehh. ! seer Vegetables occn- in diameter sionally

C's wife F 38 l\'[ 2i Do. 5 ehh. Ii ehh. 1 chh. Do.

C's wife F 38 l\'[ 2i Do •. 5 ehh. Ii ehh. 1 ehh. Do.

C's son M 16 S 2 Do. 6~ehh. Ii- chh. ! seer Do.

C's son l\{ 12 S Ii Do. 3 ehh. 1 ehh. Do. Do.

C's daugMer F 12 S Ii Do. 3 ehh. 1 chh. Do. Do. C's daughter . F 10 S li- Do. 3 chh. 1 ehh. Do. Do. C's daughter F 6 S Ii Do. 3 ehh. 1 chh. Do. Do. C's daughter F 6 S 1+ Do. 3 ehh. 1 ehh. Do. Do.

NOTE-M stands for males and F stands for females in Col. 2. M stands for married, S for separate amI W for widow in Col. 4. Special dish of kheru:is prepared as a substitute of dal, Tassi, turmeric, ahee and salt heated together whioh make kheru.

Festive Occasions-On ~ festive occasions The flour used is either of wheat -or food generally includes the use of ghee and of batlzu. shakkar. The following dishes and items of food are also prepared- A.~'kaloo-These are prepared of wheat flour and are baked in a form (a Rotku-Fried sweetened chapa ties of stone piece having small holes). wheat flour. /' Bhalla-Prepared of pithi (minced urad). Sanse-Prepared ' on a leaf of barh

Patunda-Prepared with wheat flour thin­ Khatta Shikar-Meat prepared by ad­ ned with water. It is then baked on ding a lot of anardana from wild a tawa into thin chapaties; taken with pomegranate. ghee shakkar. The people well off and infants. all take Sour Pulses-(Khatti daD and sweet pul­ milk while others take it in the form of lassi ses (mithi daD prepared by adding or khairu. Butter and ghee are also common anardana and shakkar respectively in domestic use. Gur is consumed more in instead of salt. winter. Villagers like to make anardana out Berhi Roft-Berhi roti prepared of kolira of dam (wild pomegranates) and also make flour with a filling of kachalu is eaten some pickles of mango. lemon and galgal. during the manuring season called Use of chillies is also very common-chillies gabrain (December-January). of this area are very famous all over Himachal. Now they arc also getting used to vegetables Barhi-Prepared by grating thor (cac­ and grow lady-finger, tomatoes, bitter gourd. tus) locally called sarua which is brinjal, carrot, radish. turnip. onion, garlic and mixed with pithi (minced urad). into linda. Chapaties of maize flour are greatly a dough of thick consistency. Small relished with sag of mustard leaves and lassi. balls prepared from this dough are People also collect a lot of mangoes, jujufus dried in the sun. and ga/gal from wherever, they can lay their Sigra-Wheat flour is turned into dough hands on. Mangoes are found in abundance and is filled with till (Sesamum). Its in and around Shakrori and during the season, cakes are then steam cooked in a people generally take chapaties with raw tambia and eaten with ghee shak­ mangoes or else, they use them to sour prepa­ kar. rations which are very much relished.

.

-:'\ !"I'

I I I .i I

l._ 3 Birth, Marriage and Death Customs Birth N 0 prenatal ceremony seems to be performed and the expectant mother leads. a n~rmal life except that she does not exert herself much and is not permItted to carry loads. T~is. is a precaution against miscarriage or abortion and not because of any rehgIous or customary belief. The birth of a male child, is heralded with great joy accompanied by many religious ceremonies depending upon the social and economic status of the parents of the new born. The customary belitfs and practices observ­ ed in the village on this occasion are given in the following lines: The delivery takes place in biyooll-a room in the ground floor and is helped by mother-in-law assisted by some other elderly woman in the neigh­ bourhood. At the birth of a male child the materna] uncle presents a silver d/'ubba while others give bouquets of turf to the parents. This is considered equivalent to conveying congratulation. Time of birth is noted for prepar­ ing kundli (horoscope) of the child later. SUlak (unclean period) is observed for ten days in the family where birth takes place and during this period ladies daily sing behai in praise of the goddess of birth. On the 11th day shuddhi (purification) ceremony is performed with havan and puja. On this day, the house is cleaned and plastered. The mother is given a bath and gangaja/ and pancll-gavya are sprinkled to purify her and then she puts on new c1othes. The child's nam karan sanskar is also performed and all the nine planets (grehas) are worshipped, in which the purohit chants Vedic hymns. Offerings of foodgrains known as navgreh grant!zis are also made for the quietude of the grehas. Out of these, three granthis offered to Shani, Rahu and Ketu are given to a panda and the rest go to the purohit who performs the ceremony. Paddy, wheat, a few naya paisa and patundas offered to bellai (also known as Bhatiarka Devi) are given to the dai. She also gets· a suit of clothes, some foodgrains, ghee and sugar as a gift- for services rendered. Some people also perform Sat Narain's Katlla on this day. Gantriala is also celebrated and a feast is given to the relatives and bradri. On this occasion the maternal uncle and other near re­ latives of the child bring Kangnus (bracelets) of silver for the child and Clothes for the mother.. The maternal uncle also presents one seer of gJzee, some sugar or shakkar and about 4 seers of rice to the pafents. In the case of a baby girl these ceremonies are not observed on such an elaborate scale! as in the case of a boy. Purification ceremony of sprinkling of panchgavya, havan and quietude offerings to the navgrehas are, however, performed in case of a girl also. Information about her birth is given to the maternal unc1e only and no feast is given to the bradr; (kins folk). Maternal uncle of the child usually presents gifts of ghee, rice, sugar or shakkar to the parents of the child even in the case of a girl. 28 BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH CUSTOMS

Chhatto Chhatto ceremony is performed in case of both boys and girls when they are six months old. The purohit chants Vedic hymns, dan­ punya is performed and the child is given kheer. This cerel!1ony is also known as ann prashan, tasting of food by the child for the first time. In some cases when gantriala cere­ !TIony (a feast given to' friends and relatives on the 11th day of tl}.e birth of a male child) could not be performed earlier because of un­ favourable grehas, it is then performed at the time of chhatto ceremony and a feast is given Doli to the bradri and relatives. The maternal uncle ter this the ears of the boy are pierced with a gives rice and pulses (about one maund), ghee golden needle. This ceremony is called karan and spices on this occasion. He also presents vedh. It is believed that karan vedh immunises a suit of clothes to the mother. and silver against many diseases. kangnu to the child. During these ceremonies the ladies sing Mnndan and Karan Vedh mangal (auspicious) songs. A grand feast When a boy attains an age of 3, 5, 7 or 9 (dham) is given to the entire village and years his mundan and Karan vedh sanskars relatives. In case of the girls, the ceremony is are performed. Generally the ceremony is per­ restricted to piercing of the ears. No other formed in the temple of their goddess Bhawani. functions are performed nor is any feast given. The pandits find the auspicious moments for karan vedh after consulting the jantri and also Yagyo Pavit the child's kundli. Yagyo pavi! ceremony is contIlled to 15 First of all, oil is poured on the head of" the families of Brahmans. On this occasion toran boy after which it is shaved. leaving some hair mandua is fixed. Mustard oil and batna con­ on the top. The hair left are called shikha or sisting of nihani, wheat flour, turmet:ic and choti. Choti is a sign of purity and is believed chamukri is applied to the boy two or three to remin!i the boy of his duties towards his re­ times. Purohit then asks the boy to beg from ligion. This ceremony is called mundan. In his relatives and whatever he gets in alms, he case a child dies before his ceremony it is im­ gives it to the purohit in lieu of which the mersed in the river. It can be cremated only latter gives guru mantra and re1igious in­ after the mundan ceremony is performed. Af- structions alongwith a yagyo pavit (sacred thread) to wear. A dham is also given to friends and relatives. This ceremony is per­ formed in case of male children only and bet­ ween the age of 13 to 17 years. The Rajputs perform it at the time of their marriage. Marriage Table IX shows that there are 155 married persons (72 men and 83 women) in the village and that 11 men have more than one wife. Another fact revealed by this table is that marriage in the village is universal. All the women who are more than 25 are married and in the age-group of 15-24 there are 0!11y three unmarried girls. There are onl~ 5 men above 24 who are yet to marry. There is no widow or widower o~ young age, because widow marriage is prevalent here. Middle aged persons and those with children, how­ ever, do not get remarried after the death of their partners. There are no broken homes ex- BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH CUSTOMS

TA~LE IX

Divorced or Total Population Never :Married Ma,rl'icd Widowed Separated Age gronp ,-~ r---"----.. p M J!' P l\f J!' P 1\1 F P M F P M F

All ages. 34:! 163 170 171 88 1)3 155 7:2 83 15 3 12 0-14 13U 58 81 138 58 80 1 1 15-24 66 31 32 28 25 3 38 29 9 25-50 118 6;) 56 I) 5 104 56 48 8 1 7 1 ,1 60 fu u 10 12 7 5 6 2 4

l'=Persons . l\I=~Io.le F=Female cept one where husband and wife live apart twenty two. (At the time of survey one woman because of differences. below fourteen and twelve between the ages of 15-19 were found married). Marriage Customs-The different ways of entering matrimony are marriage by negotia­ Marriages in the village like marriages ac­ tion, marriage by reet and gharjawai. But the cording to Hindu rites are associated with marriage by negotiations between the parents many customs and ceremonies. First of all of the prospective bride and groom is most purohits of both parties go to the jeotshi (astro­ common in the village. The latter are not loger) who prepares lagan patrika, after going consulted in such matters. The negotiations through the kundli of both the boy and the are carried out by an elder or a purohit who girl. This patrika is prepared at least 15 days settles all the marriage ter,ms. Generally mar­ before the marriage date is fixed. All' the ce­ riages do not take place in the same gotra ex­ remonies connected with the marriages are cepting in stray cases. The main criterion in performed on the dates mentioned ,in the lagan selecting a match for the son or daughter is patrika. This also gives the details and timings that there should be no near or distant known when activities such as preparing of clothes, blood relationship between the couple. pounding of pulses and rice and plastering of Previously there used to be early marriages the house are to be performed. ' when the girl would be married before she ~

TABLE X

Castewise age at marriage .A. 10-13 14-20 21-25 More than 25 Age not years stated ,--"--, ,.-----"---., ~ ~ r---.A.--, Caslcs :M l!' 111 l!' 1\1 F M l!' 1\1 F

Brahmans 5 !J 23 8 3 1 Raj puts 11 18 25 13 3 4 Kumhar 1 2 1 i 1 Soud 1 1 1 Lahar 4 G 0 2 i 1 1 Chamar 2 1 1

Total 21 34 62 25 10 7

Telalapan-At an auspicious moment mem­ van is also performed and dan is given ac­ bers of the family, relatives and villagers come cording to the financial capacity of the family up one by one and sprinkle oil with drub on after which the varyatra begins. The bride­ the head of the bride or bridegroom. Batna, groom carries a sword and a cocoanut with a paste prepared of barley flour flavoured with him and is accompanied by an escort called orange rinds and powdered turmeric is also ladsi. He goes in a palki (Palanquin) in case applied to soften their skin. The oil is he belongs to a swaran caste. Harijans either massaged for 5, 7 or 9 times according' to ride a horse or go on foot. what is written in the lagan patrika. These ceremonies take place in the bride's house When the bridegroom leaves for the bride's and the bride-groom's house separately an_d house a thali (bronze plate) of ghee and a cow the timings may also be different. or some ready cash representing its value are given in alms. The bridegroom's party con­ Kangnoo Bandhna-A mauli is tied round sists of bajantries (instrument players) who the wrists of both the boy and the girl and play on shehnai, karnals; narsinghas, dhol and many knots are given to it by relatives and naRaras and an attendant who carries suhag friends. A small iron ring, some grains of palairi on his back. The suhag palairi is a mustard seed, betel nut (supari) and a· cowrie round box containing clothes, ornaments. or two are tied to this kangnoo. This cere­ suhag pura, comb, mirror, dry fruits alld bindi mony also takes place separately in the homes for the bride. Whoever carries these articles of the bride and the groom. also takes with him till-tallai (a pot containing A Rajput bridegroom is given sacred thread left over ubtan and oil with pice and a ring (Yagyopavit) at this time. Brahmans acquire dipped in it). After suhag patairi next in the the right to wear this thread at an earlier age. procession is the most important person the After bath the bridegroom w!!ars-the yagyopa­ bridegroom accompanied by a ladsi. Both of viI and performs puja of all nakshatras, them are carried in a palanquin. Last of all naugrehas, Ganesh, Kshetrapal, Dwarpal, In­ are the relatives and friends of the bride­ dra, Brahma and Durga. He puts on clothes groom. given to him by his maternal uncle. These. During the survey a Rajput girl was married consist of a shirt, pyjamas or dhoti, sweater and the details here are based on the observa­ or a waist coat, choga (a long coat), turban tions made on the spot by the investigator. (red coloured) murkalis (ornament for the ears), and a sehra of tilIa which is. the most Toran-At bride's place toran (welcome important item of dress of the bndegroom. arches of bamboo sticks and decorated with The sehra resembles the crown or mukat colours) are erected one near the vedi and the which is the head dress of Lord Krishna. Ra- other at the entrance to the house. BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEAtH cUsToMs 31 Three or four days before the reception of Krishna and Naurang. The description of the the bara!, the ladies gathered at the girl's house path on which he comes is similar to the sing and dance giddhas. In these dances men paths which gods tread. do not disturb them when they are having a bit of fun and frolic. ~ ilfT:q-) am '-ft ~

Bridegroom's falher has green turf and bride's father haS" kungoo From where did you get turf and from where the hungoo Green turf was brought from the fields Kungoo was purchased from the shop.

~~ ~ ~~ ~ :;;ffii' ~IT"Q; I

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5. In the case of villagers the pyre is kept iii. Dan of four cows and one bull. lit for a part of the day only; the 4. On, I kadashi-Puja is performed for , pyres of the important persons or purification of the deceased's soul rulers are sometimes kept burning and in this a dan is given to vedwas for 3, 5 or even seven days. in the shape of expenses for the 6. The bones are then collected and sprin­ whole year; dan of a bed, utensils kled with the Holy water and Panch and a cow are also given. Gavya. This rite is called Asthi San­ S. Shodashi-It is also called 16 sharadha jay Sharadh. and in this are given the dan of 16 7. The remains are brought home. For plates (Thai us) 16 Iotas and daksh- ten days a pind dan is offered daily na. and earthen lamp is kept burning in 6. Spindi-In this, pinds of rice are pre­ the house. The sons shave their heads pared in the names of three genera­ and observe a strictness about food tion of the deceased and are given and lie 011 the floor and do not 5have in dan. for some days. Every month on the date of death the Brah­ In the meanwhile the ashes are taken to mans are given food grains for eleven months Hardwar for immersion in the Ganges. and at the end of the year barkhi ceremony is performed in which clothes bedding, orna­ 1. Kirya-The kirya rites by different ments, utensils and a cow or cash representing castes are observed on different dates, its value are given in alms to the Brahmans. the details of the rites are generally Chaubarkhi is performed after four years of common amongst the different the death and in this also charities of clothes castes. and utensils are given. After this the sharadh Brahmans-After eleven days. of the deceased is performed every year in Asauj in which the friends and relatives are Kshatriyas-After thirteen days. fed. Vaisyas-After fifteen days. Sharadhs Sudras-After fifteen days. In the month of Asauj every year the vil­ The following rites are performed during lagers perform sharadhs of all their ancestors kirya in case the death occurs on an inauspi­ during the fortnight of krishan paksh. The cious day. sam vat year is divided into lunar months of 28 days and then the lunar month is sub­ i. Propitiation of the 10 Nakshatras divided into two pakshas, the krishan paksh, Grehas-Planets) , and the shukla paksh. Each of the 14 days ii. A complete bedding with cot is of krishan and Shukla paksh are called 'tithis'. given in alms, shayya dan. The sharadh of the ancestor is performed on iii. Puja of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva the tithi coinciding with one on which the death took place. On this day the household iv. Havan. requests the services of a purohit ''''ho per­ forms puja and makes pinds which they offer 2. Narayal) Bali: In this the pardon is to their ancestors. The household invites all sought for, the villagers and relatives for a sharadh i. Puja of Br.ahma. Vishnu, Shiva and (meal) consisting of rice. 100ili dal, mithi dal. Ganpati. khati dal and tumbra-ki:,'iQbzi. All the persons ii. Havan. if they are Brahmans who come to have their meals, are given dakshana in the shape of one iii. Dan of bed, shayya dan. pice each. The meals are prepared on a large 3. Brishoot Sarag: For peace to the de­ scale. The person who cooks. is called' Boti'. parted soul. The expenses incurred by the household on sueh an occasion are rather large coming to i. Puja of Brahma, Vishnu. Sbiva. about Rs. 100 (most of which is in the shape ii. Havan. of rice and pulses grown' by the household), 36 BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH CUSTOMS

Because of this heavy expenditure on sharadh become prefs (evil spirits) and haunt the hous­ the villagers perform one sharadh of a near es where they lived prior to their death. elder on a large scale and the rest of the sha­ radhs are performed on a small scale in which People also serve meals to purohit,. and only 2 or 3 purohits are invited for the ml"al. relatives after one year of the death in their household and this is called barkhi. A dan The villagers believe that if they do not re­ of bed, clothes and utensils is given to the gularly perform sharadhs of their elders, they purohits. 4 Social & Cultural Life THE villagers believe that their lives are governed by the dictates of various gods. They are fatalists in real sense. The different gods and goddesses worshipped in the village are Mahadev, Shiva, Kali Maata, Hanuman, Ram Chandra, Vishnu, Bhagwati, Krishan, Narsingh, Lakshmi, Parvati and Durga. They also worship pipal tree and lesser gods like Bir and Dano. Shiva is worshipped by all but few go to the temple for prayers. Women are not allowed to enter Shiva and Mahadev temples as it is believed Shiva in his later life developed aversion to women. There is a taboo for ladies to sit on a chair or to sleep on the cots.

Village Te_mpJes A small pucca temple of Shiva facing west and built by Rana Ran Bahadur Singh is located near the Pipal tree. Built on a circular plan it has \:wo darner with a saffron flag flying and flower buds of satvarga and a baoli outside it. There is Shivling in the temple; image of Ganesh is also phiced in it. Worship in this temple is performed occasionally durinng festivals or marriages. Small offerings go To the pujari but bigger ones are credited to the village heads who use it by rendering help to the needy persons at marriages or deaths. It is gathered that last year some villagers found a small image of Shiva and his Nandi bull and a bell, while working on the Seoni-Luri road. All these have been_lloused in the Shiva temple for the time being, pending a gecision as to where these new findings are to be housed. Another temple built on a rectangular plan in the outskirts of the village, is of Mahadev. There, are seven metallic murtis of different sizes, believed to be of Shivji's Avtar, enshrined in it. Mahadev is the deity of four villages, (Shakrori, Nadukhar, Taror and Makarchha) and in every village, it has its stay for two years. The deity is moved only during the nights and as ladies are deprived of its darshans the departure and arrival of Mahadev is announced beforehand and all the ladies keep away. Dhol and nagara are played when puja of the devta is performed on every sankrant. Dana Worship-At many places in and around Shakrori there arc sthans of Dano or Sahasr Bahu where people offer rotis or atta-(flour) to the devta on every t.sankrant. The original residence of the devta is at Seoni where kharaon are offered. It is said that once Jamdagani Rishi invited Dano for a yaina and borrow ed kamdhenu cow from swargi (heaven) to entertain his guests. The cow used to prepare all tasty dishes in no time. When the Dana saw this, he asked the Rishi to give it to him. This was refused and as a result warfare started between them in which the Dano was killed. People of Seoni sub-tehsil have SOCIAL AND CUL'rURAL LIFE

great faith in the Dano. He owns land near also celebrate this day for vyas puja or guru all temples. On the night of the sankrants, puja and change their sacred thread (yagyo oracles play at the stlwn while villagers ap­ pavit). They also write Ram Ram il! small .proach him for some remedy to their griefs rectangular spaces near the door posts and or sufferings. decorate it with a mauli. Fairs and Festivals Digaili-It is believed by the villagers, that in the month of Bhadon the devtas leave their The fairs and festivals celebrated are either usual sthans and assemble at a common ren­ associated with religion or are seasonal. The dezvous. which gives art opportunity to the religious festivals are Shivratri, Holi, Laul-ka­ evil spirits to occupy the places left by the Mela, Nirrijala-Ikadeshi, Mandhol-ka-Mela, Rakhri, Digaili, lanam-Ashtmi, Dussehra and devtas. The villagers daily burn incense at the Diwali. deothans and in the evening the drummers beat on their instruments to scare av'/ay the Shivratri (Maha Shiv Ratri)-This is cele­ evil spirits. The villagers further believe that brated in Phalgun (February-March). Before there are two days in Bhadon when the evil the great night, the villagers prepare rotlms spirits are more powerful than usual and, and also make garlands known as Gosain of therefore, they take further precautionary Camb, narcisus leaves and barley which they measures against them. On these days (work­ hang outside their houses. Every household ed out by the pandit) people prepare dhindare makes an offering of one or two rotkus at the (Pataur) by frying rolled leaves of garhyaU temple in the evening. The daughters marri­ (arum colocasia) after dipping them in gram ed outside are invited to join the celebration flour. They cut a dhindara into four pieces and are served with rotkus. and throw them away from all the four cor-. Holi-This is a gay festival of fun and co­ ners of their houses. They also place the lours celebrated in Phalgun (February-March). dratis (sickles) in the obra to save their cattle On this day Prahlad was saved from the clut­ wealth from the evil effect of the spirits. ches of his aunt Holika who wanted to burn lanam Ashtmi-Birth of Lord Krishna is him to death in order to please her brother celebrated on this day and a fast is observed. Hiranakashyap. People gather in the morning In the evening the people sing bhajans in Lord and start the day by throwing coloured water Shiva's temple and after that they take food and gulal on each other singing, dancing and prepared with ogla cholai alongwith milk and beating the drums. Everyone makes merry fruit. This food is called phulwar (phalahat). while some drink. This continues till noon Some men remain awake whole of the night when they take their baths and change. The singing bhajans in praise of Shri Krishna and villagers prepare rot kus and take them with at mid-night a hymn or prayer is held. pulses and ghee shakkar. In the evening the Haritalika-In Seoni and nearby villages villagers assemble near the Shiva temple and Haritalika or Chirian Teeyan ka tcoliar, main­ have a bonfire symbolic of the cremation of ly a festival of girls and women belonging to Holika. the Vaish community, is celebrated on the Laul-ka-Mela-This fair is celebrated at third day after the Amavas of Bhadon every Seoni proper where the devta from Mandhol year. It is a popular belief that unmarried is brought. Shops and stalls are set up near girls who worship Shiva on this day will get the ground where the dev/a dances. Merry­ good husbands while the married women will go-rounds are also set up. People from Shakrori lead long and prosperous lives and will never generally reach Seoni in the afternoon, wear­ be separated from their husbands. They wake ing colourful dresses. On their way back they up early in the morning before the day dawns take glass bangles. sweets. cloth and odds and and after bathing themselves they take s,-"cets, ends for children. bananas and milk. The whole of the day_ Rakhri (Rakhl)-Rakhri is celebrated in they would ~en observe fast and would eat Sawan when sisters tie rakhi round the wrists only on the morning of the next day after of their brothers. Purohits also tie this round offering water to Lord Shiva. the wrists of their jajmans. ,People take rich The whole of it is a gay festiva:I and the meals consisting of ghee and shakkar, and women attired in colourful dresses gather to­ dress up well. Brothers visit their sisters' gether near the baC?lis, where they. make clay houses and offer them presents. Brahmans images of Lord Shlva and ParvatI and also SOCIAL AND CULrtJRAL LIFiJ

some toys. (The toy peacock on the cover of Like other festivats of shakrori which are this monograph is also reproduced from one celebrated at Seoni. the people gather there of the toys made on this occasion). Making in the afterno~m and watch the oracles getting of these toys is very simple and requ.ires no into a trance (hingarna) while four persons tools nor any great skill. Briefly, the clay carrying the devtas' palanquin dance in slow which is available nearby, is first kneaded into steps. People offer money to the devtas and a thick dough, by mixing water in it. This make queries about their pains and worries dough forms the main material of the toys. from the grehtas (oracles). As usual, the men The dough is cut into small pieces of which and women are present in colourful dresses different shapes representing parts of the body and spend on sundries like bangles, toys, im­ are made. These .parts are then joined to­ mitation ornaments and sweets. Wine lovers gether with the help of match sticks. When find it an opportune time to quench their the toys are half dried under the sun, they are thirst, and sometimes local quarrels between given a priming coat of peech (water in which drunkards also take place. In the evening a rice has been boiled), and this serves as a base kariala or a drama may be staged at Seoni and for applying colours to the toys. many persons remain awake throughout the In the evening they perform puja of Lord night watching this. Till recently, the rulers Shiva after which the married women give of Bhajji also visited the festival ground. baya-five or seve,n sweetened and fried loaves (mathis)-to their husbands, who give SEASONAL FESTIVALS them some money or presents according to The seasonal festivals celebrated in the their financial capacity. The toys are then village are Lohri, Baisakhi, Nai-Roti-ka-Teo­ given to the children for playing. har, Booti-ka-Teohar and Maal. Except Loll­ Dussehra-Dussehra in Bhajji has always ri which is celebrated in a big way at Tatta­ been celebrated with a difference. Unlike the pani, all the other fairs and festivals are held conventional functions connected with it all i.n the village. over India no effigies of Rawan or Kumbhka­ ran are burnt here. Instead the villagers go to Lohri-Lohri is celebrated on the first of Sedni where the devtas are brought from the Magh every year when the winter is at its villages of MandhoI and Chhotabal, and spend peak. Early in the morning the people take a day of gaiety. their baths and give alms of rice, pulses and salt. After this they go to Tattapani where about 4,000 persons gather to celebrate the fair. Shops and stalls are also opened where sundries and sweets are sold. As usual the wine lovers drink at Seoni and stagger back home in the evening. Baisakhi-Baisaklii i3 celebrated on the 1st of Baisakh every year and represents the har­ vesting of rabi crop. People take their bath in the morning and give alms of chUru (sweetened thin leaves of wheat flour) aI)d some money by putting them on pitcher local­ ly called mangtoo. Their meals ~onsist of rice, pulses, ghee shakkar and Ch.ll!u, after which they go to Seoni where deltles, and villagers from many places spend a gay even­ ing together. In the past the rulers also used to attend. Nai-Roti.ka-Teolzar-After the wheat crop is harvested in the month of Baisakh and be­ fore the flour from the new crop is used a small ceremony known as kanya pujan is ~er­ formed in which a meal is served to unmarned girls and two rotis are given to a cow .. 46 SOCiAL AND CULTURAL LiFE Booti-ka-Teohar-In Asarh (June-July), when the transplantation work of the paddy is finished, it is customary among the villagers to bring home a few of the seedlings to affix to their door posts. The persons from other households who helped in the transplantation work are served with meals consisting of rice and mithi dal. Maal-This is celebrated a few days after Dussehra. On this day flower garlands are put round the necks of the cows and colours ap­ plied on their bodies. Oil is massaged on their horns and then puja is performed. After this the cows are sent to the jungle for grazing. In the evening they are served with dala con­ sisting of barley, rice and maize. No plough­ Entrance to the Shall Temple ing is done on this day. Navratras Navratras come twice every year-once in Satya Narain-ki-katha Chaitra and again before Dussehra. In Seom The villagers, especially the swarns also Sub-Tehsil, the navratras of Shalli are very perform kathas in their houses, by calling a famous and villagers from Shakrori and ad­ purohit from Shakra or Madhor. Arrallge­ joining villages go there during these days. ments for katha are made in byoon-a room There is also very old and famous temple of in the ground floor, which .is cleaned and Durga Bhagwati there. Many suffering villa­ plastered with cowdung for the occasion. gers stay in the temple for all the nine days of navratras and arrange chandi path in praise The purohit places the images of Ganesh, of Shakti Durga. On the ninth day havlln is Laxmi, Durga and other gods (if available performed and goats are sacrificed and offered with the household) in one corner of the room to Durga Bhagwati. Villagers believe that and dec_orates the place with banana leaves. during these days Durga manifests herself He also prepares shant representing navgrehas in nine forms. Arrangements for the stay and with wheat flour. In a bronze plate (thali) meals of pilgrims near the temple of Shalli rice, betel nut, flowers and mauIi are also are made by local people. In the past there placed. The person who arranges the katha used to be a large gathering but for the last keeps fast. 6-7 years, the number of pilgrims has been waning gradually. The pandit then recites katba in a sing song manner, by chanting the Sanskrit shalokas Beliefs in Spirits and Unseen Powers from a text. The katha is told in five parts, There is a common belief in the existence of each part consisting of a short story showing spirits and imaginary powers. There are diffe­ the importance of the katha. These stories also rent sthans where spirits of Dano, Hanuman, tell about the punishments inflicted· on those Sir and Bhagwati reside. The villagers, believe who fail to fulfill their vows or else who re­ that in • Bhadon (August-September) the fused to receive the nived (prashad) of the benign spirits leave their sthans to meet at a katha. After each part, the purohit rings the common place for holding discussions for the bell and the person who arranges the katha, . well-being of their people. The evil spirits try blows conch shells. In the end arti is perform­ to bCcupy the sthans· temporarily left by them. ed which is followed by circulating of a thalu Therefore, the villagers burn incense in these among the devotees who drop a coin or two sthans as a precaution to keep away. the evil in it. All this money plus the dakashana given spirits. They also believe that the evil spirits by the household go to the purohit. Thereafter exercise power from evening to the midnight the prashad (nived) is distributed among and after that the benign spirits drive them them. The purohit also applies lilak to the away. One generally avoids going to lonely members of the family for' whom he recited places mostly those which are believed to be the katha. haunted during the night. SOCIAL AND CUL ruRAL liFE 41

Social Taboos on it in the name of devta which is known as During menstruation period, the women are binnana. not allowed to enter the kitchen or cook food, If jackals howl in the day or a crow cries and keep aloof during the period in one of the at night, people become suspicious and fear corners of lower storey. No one touches them that some mishap might occur. It is also con­ and if any person does it by mistake he has sidered unfavourable to find iron on the way. to take a bath to purify himself.. Women The falling of a tree is also considered unpro­ are considered to be unclean for six days, after pitious. People are suspicious of removing a which they take a bath and wash all the dead snake through the door and instead they clothes worn during the period. take it out through chhappar (roof). The down Superstitions of a crow is also considered inauspicious. The superstitions control the social struc~ There is a deep belief in the evil eye. The ture to a great extent. For agricultural people are cognizant that certain persons are operations an auspicious moment is selected ~vil-eved and whenever they happen to stare by the purohit and accordingly sowing and at their cattle. they dry up and do not yield ploughing are started. Villagers consider it milk. A bull with eve mud is also avoided. inauspicious to do any work during Bhadon A dry tree before a house is not at all a good (August-September). It is considered good to omen since it is a sign of barrenness. sow on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays and to reap the harvest on Sundays, The first child born in Kartik is considered Mondays and Thursdays. In case there are - unlucky and parents perform a shanti pujan. two sittas (cobs) together on maize stalk or They consider it good to get their hair cut wheat stalk it is considered inauspicious and either on Monday or on Wednesday. and un­ puja is performed while the surrounding crop dertake journeys either on Sunday or on is given to the poor in charity. If any snake or Thursday depending upon the direction in rat is killed while ploughing the land it is con­ which they are to go. Many households hang sidered inauspicious. Havan is performed at earthen pots full of water on one of the tree that place and a goat is sacrificed. While branches near their houses during summer for sheering a sheep or a goat, water is sprinkled thirsty birds. 5 Kariala and Folk Songs

K A R I A L A is a local word ascribed to a folk drama which originated in some of former princely states of Himachal Pradesh. Here some seven or eight men irrespective of their caste and age dress up as girls and put on feminine robes. We have not seen any women taking part. It is ail assortment of variety shows and has been popular among the masses from olden times. The main cause of its popularity is that in the rural areas of Himachal Pradesh there is no facility of modern entertainment. There is no set dialect in which the kariala is performed, but it is worded in such a way as to make the audience cheery. The greater part of the show is worded in a local dialect and to make it more attractive and joyful by some sort of an assorted mixture of HindI, Urdu, Punjabi or Pahari. Karialchis-The persons who take part in this performance form a special group who are professional in this trade and are commonly known as karialchis. The karialchis o[ Shakrori or Dhami are known for their per­ formance. They go to Rampur, Theog, Solon and Kasumpti tehsils and some­ times they may collect as much as two hundred rupees in a single night ex­ cluding the food which is given free by the villagers. As a better part of dia­ logue, the karialchis have a tendency to speak in verse and this primitive form of drama and dance is full of very witty puns which excite huge guffaws of laughter. A good many of them are, however, indecent. The more naughty they are, the greater is the applause among the audience who clap humorously away and pass remarks among themselves. Very often kariala is performed nearabout Diwali when the harvest is complete and when there are a few holidays. These make it a most welcome feature. Sometimes it comes as a manauti. They may have a very crudely built up akhara with four banana plants dug in the corners and pipal leaves, marigold flowers and mamw leaves hanging like buntings, or some other contrivance for a stage. The near­ est house bocomes the green room. Musical instruments-There are a few fixed musical instruments which are used and the taals are also set ones. Generally dhol, harmonium, kamal, nagara and slzahnai form the orchestra. The taals are jung, kaihrva and dadra. The karialchis do not deviate from this system of performance. The approxi­ mate cost of the musical instruments is about Rs. 200 to 300'. Kariala of 1947 and now-Recalling the kariala, seen at Seoni'many years ago of which some of us have vivid recollections and after seeing this show at Shakrori we feel that this kind of a folk drama has hardly undergone any change. Near the central place adjoining the temJ?I~, childr~n's park and the big pipal tree, we heard one of the local mUSICIanS playmg a popular though slightly old film song on the harmonium-Dil lutne wale. A_s soon as we settled down, the musicians took their places and soon the VIllagers collected. KAR1ALA AND FOLK SONGS 43 Chandrawali-Everything must start with The story goes that the two nalfs meet for the praise of Almighty. Therefore. before the the first time and a nattan is with them. After commencement of the scenes, one of the their introduction one of the nafts introduces karialchis dresses up like Lakshmi (Chandra· the nattan as his wife while the other con­ wam and goes around the akhara with some tradicts and claims her to be his own. There burning incense in her hands while the mUSI­ is a lot of quarrel between them over the cians play the jung taal on harmonium. shah­ naJtan. In the end they leave it to the nattan nai, dllol, nagara and karnal. This goes on to accept one of them. She says that she be· for about 10 minutes and ends with an art; of longs to one who gives the best recitation. jai jagdish hare. After this the cast comprising Both of the natts then start reciting lines of of Krishna and two or three sakhis dressed songs: ' up with mukuts and wigs come up. One who Hondiyan na bande diyan asan kadi accompanies the Chandrawali is known as puriyan, kalpada hi raihnda bauta, Kahn. Each of the sakhis sings some sort of phir bhi raihndiyan adhuriyan. bhajjan from the book (Brahmanand) in praise of Lord Krishna. E des hai vir jawanon ka, albelon ka mastanon ka Is desh da yaro kya 1st Act: Sadhu Swang-The kariala gene· kahana. rally consists of three or four 'acts and starts with the swan!~ of sadhus. Three sadhlls enter These songs do not prove up to the mark the akhara or stage in bhagwa (saffron colour} and the nattan leaves them while they are clothes. While two sadhlls act as wise men the quarrelling between themselves. third one plays as a jester. He would always 3rd Act: A girl who elopes-The third act do or say just the opposite of what is depicts the story of a modern girl who ignores told to him by the wise men. Thus he be­ the wishes of her parents and elopes with her comes an object of laughter amongst the audi­ lover. Meena is a daugliter of a muns;f (magis­ ence who pass . witty remarks at each other trate) the word commonly used is a judge. One and about the karialchis. day when she is returning from her school ac­ companied by her sakhi (fdend) Prem Lata 2nd Act: Nat! and Nattan-It comprises of she meets Nurmohammad a muslim boy who some feats by two natls and a nattafl. Two teases her. Meena does not like his behaviour karialchis dress up in long shirts and striped and rebukes him. pajamas and the third one puts on women's attire. First of all they talk in verse but soon Nurmohammad-Aji sharafat se puchhna they change to prose and start speaking in bhi koi gunah hai? Panjabi. Some lines of their dialogue are: Meena-Achha ap jaie, apna rasta naple. Masura di dal tela ra turka At the next crossing they part and Nurmo­ Tuta da dena tambaku pine burka. hammad waves at her to which she also res­ ponds. Mecna's sakhi docs not like her action Ora boli tunshatu pora boli sharoga and chides her. Meena, however, explains that Tutera jera ola pishark da oga. she was whisking away a mosquito which sat Wale ditti Chhawal ki pyale thameya on her face. . Banue ditti jub, je 8aura jameya. In the next scene, the mltflsif and his deewall Q. Tusin kera des te ae, kera tuhada are waiting for Meena who is late from zila? school. A. ....,shada zila Pepsu. Munsif-Dcewan sahib, Meena abhi tuk Q. Tuhade jat ki haigi? sakul se nahin ai. A. Natt. Deewan-Maharaj, aa hi gae honge. Q. Tusin musalman honde jat de'! As soon as Mecna reaches home her father A. Nahin, nahin bharawa, asin musalman asks her why she was so late. Instead of telling nahin honde. asin hindu han. about Nurmohammad she tells a lie and states Q. Tuhadi poshin musalmana di hai? that there was a drama in the school which A. E nash ani marshale di hai, as in lldon held her up. saman luteya. Udan asin hindu honde In the interlude, the mUllSif is in his court han. when Shyam Lata. a pahari girl approaches 44 kARIALA ANI) 'FOLK SONGS him with a request to allow her a divorce come . of age when she has a right to marry from her husband. She states that her llus­ accordmg to her own choice, she be permitted band has married another woman and is a~ay to do so. The mUllsif has to decide the case from her for the last two years. She complains in her favour against his own wishes as a that her husband does not provide her even father, because the law is quite clear in this food and clothing and that her clothes are matter. He. however. asks her never to &how worn ·out. The munsif summons the husband him her face again. and after hearing their case he decides in favour of Shyam Lata. • Both of them leave the place and after re­ maining away at another city, Nurmohammad Meena asks her father's permission to go takes her to Allahabad where he belongs to. out for a short walk where some road construc­ There Meena learns that her husband is nn tion work is going on. The munsif does not u~terly poo~ man who has already another like the girls of respectable. families to roam WIfe and. chIldren. She gets very disappointed about alone but then permits her to go with and findmg no other alternative, commits sui­ her saheli. He asks Prem Lata to chaperone cide. This skit has been prepared by the karial­ her. chis to show that modern way of livincr and Instead of going to the construction war k ignoring the .advice and wishes of p~rents she moves towards where she met N urmo­ bring ruin to reckless adventurers. . hammad in the morning. Her saheli does not like this but on persist,ent requests by Meena Rohlu Swang-One of the skits that was she yields and they both go towards the cros­ very popular sometime back but has become sing where Nurmohammad is waiting for them. obsolete now is the swang of Rohlu. In this Meena starts joking and the little chit chat act four persons took part. One would become despite her sahe/i's warning and threat of tel­ a sah (moneylender) and the others would ling everything to the munsif. Nurmohammad playas a munim, Rohlu (a servant) and sahni tries to bribe her by paying some money which (moneylender's wife). Rohlu acts like a clown. she·refuses saying that the offer is not tempt­ The story of the Rohlu swang is that of a boy ing. After much haggling he promises to pay name

Sahni-Hae mera sah mari gaya. ~ ~r it ~r it~r qioufT it, Rohlu-Na na tu phikar na kari mere ~oTxrT

JHURI I. It was predestined that we are born in Bhejji which is like a plain or in vast Suket, otherwIse what had we to do here? 11Tm <{rm-lfffif~

TAB L E XI reveals that there are 27 persons 05 men and 12 women) in the village who are just literate; they can read and write a simple letter. ,53 persons (45 men and 8 women) have completed primary school education. 9 men and 3 women are matriculates. One man is an intermediate while 3 tea­ chers posted outside. are matriculates and trained teachers. This brings the total number of literate persons in the village to 96 (73 males and 23 females) i.e. 27 per cent of the popUlation in the village is literate. This percentage literacy is very satisfactory as compared with the 19 per cent literacy of the whole of Mahasu District. The literacy is expected to increase in com­ ing years as almost all children of school going age attend the school with some exceptions which are common everywhere.

Primary School Shakrori There is a Primary School in the village started in 1961. where boys and girls are taught together. The students on roll, at the time of investiga­ tion were sixty-six-thirteen boys and eight girls in the 1st class; twelve boys and eighteen girls in the 2nd class; three each in the 3rd. two each in the 4th and three boys and two girls in the 5th class. Till the summer vacation of 1962 there was only one teacher attached to the school. Now. however. one more trained teacher has joined. Admi­ nistratively and also for primary examination the school falls under the jurisdiction of Centre School Basantpur. The annual examinations of lower classes are conducted in the school by a teacher authorised by the District Inspector of Schools. School Building-The children often have open air classes under shady trees during summer and in the sun in winter. The villagers have now con­ structed a school building with a subsidy of Rs. 1,600 obtained frof!l the Government and a similar amount by way of oontributions (cash and I or kind or labour). The school building consists of a big room about IS' xIS' and· a verandah. The furniture is in the shape of some chairs. a table and a blackboard. The boys and girls sit on the ground. either in the children park constructed by the Community Development Block. Kasumpti or in the open fields.

Government Higher Secondary School, Seoni The Government 'Higher Secondary School at Seoni started as a Primary School in 1913, was raised to Middle Standard in 1929. It was again raised to high Standard in 1947 and to Higher Secondary Standard in 1961. The school has about 500 students and a staff of 17 teachers, There are about 20 students from Shakrori who rome daily. Boarding facilities are provided 48 EDUCATION

for about 80 students or so. The school has h barnes played in the school are Foot Ball, junior division of the N.C.C.. one troop of Hockey, Volley Ball, Badminton and Basket A.C.C. and another troop of 16 scouts. Train­ ing is imparted in the first aid and home nurs­ Ball. The academic results have been. on the ing. There is a fairly big play-ground. The whole. satisfactory.

TABLE XI

Total Population Illiterate Literate without cduca- Primary or Basi.., tional level Age Group -' r----..)..__._--.. --, --"- P 1\1 F P M F P M F P l\I F

All ages 342 163 179 247 90 157 27 15 12 53 45 8

0--14 139 58 81 103 36 67 25 13 12 II 9 2 15-24 66 34 32 34 10 24 22 16 6

25-59. US 62 56 95 39 56 I 1 17 17

60 & Above 19 9 IO 15 5 10 1 .. 3 3

TABLE XI-contd.

l\1atric ,Inter Diploma holders Gra

All ages 11 9 2 1 1 3 3 0-14

15-24 8 6 2 1 1 1 25-59 3 3 2 2 60 and Above 7 Medical

S H A K R 0 R I is fairly clean in winter, but is inclined to get dirty during the monsoons. There are no drains. Narrow ill-paved village lanes, plenty of flies and insects are found. Houses are swept daily although the dirt is thrown in the adjoining fields. Houses are becoming cleaner and tidier. Vil­ lagers have a tendency to keep small windows, chimneys in the kitchens. cleaner kitchens 'and slightly bigger cowsheds are seen in the newer ,built houses. Once or twice a year~ the houses are washed by using local mitti or makol which gives a very attractive colour. They prefer to use mitti be­ cause this. is available locally. Moreover they do not have to put in an effort for golu or some other form of white-washing. The village has been covered by the National Malaria Eradication Programme and had encourag­ ing results. The staff regularly visits village during monsoons and in summer and spray DDT in the houses. Prevalent Diseases Cold, cough. dysentery. diarrhoea and pneumonia are the diseases one hears of in the area. Malaria was once prevalent in the village but not now. because of the National Eradication of the Malaria Campaign in the Pradesh, this- has, to a very great extent, vanished. Now the Malaria section of the Medical Department of Himachal Pradesh has started malaria survei1lance programme in the village, according to which they test the blood of eve!y sick person to see if it contains any malarial germs. In case any malanal germs are found, he is treated immediately. Medical Care In 1961-62 fourteen maternity cases were recorded and all of them were confined at home, without the assistance of a dai. For simpler ailments the villagers have developed faith in allopathy and 54 persons were treated with allopathic medicines. They also believe in the ayurvedic treatment at least for sil1}ple troubles but in complicated cases they prefer to have an allopathic treatment. Besides, they have some indigenous treatments for troubles like rheumatism. There is a dispensary at Chaba and also an indoor Govt. hos­ pital at Seoni, where minor operations are carried out. There is also a Mobile Unit. All this is of great help. Vaid's Prescription An old Vaid practises at Shakrori. Some of the medicines prescribed by the 70 years old Vaid are given at the end of the chapter.

Indigenous Treatment of Rheumatism One out of .the multitude of tra~1itional treatments bordering each craft, much prevalent III many parts, espeCIally the remoter localities, is the extrac- MEDICAL

Having treatment tion of blood through sucking by means of a end which is the thinnest portion has been horn. This is considered efficacious in cases of smoothly removed so as to allow the air to rheumatism or prolonged inflammation. run. through it. On this small hole is placed Roughly speaking the treatment takes the fol­ a pIece of transparent clothlike material (Cob lowing course:- web or coopra grass) in order to prevent the When a patient of rheumatism or inflam­ blood to pass into the mouth of the sucker. mation, either of his own accord or due to Thus prepared, the horn is fixed on the speci­ recommendations of his well-wishers, especially fic ailing part, pressed in a little, the expert, those who have experience, decides to get relief by means of his mouth, draws out air in the from the ailment by extracting of blood, he hor,n, with considerable force. This process, either calls to his house the person who is after the small quantity of air in the horn has expert in the treatment of blood sucking or been drawn out, causes the part of the body himself repairs to the house of such a person. to distend into a ball. The expert then removes He shows the ailing part of his body to the the horn and with the help of a blade or razor expert. After feeling the area of complaint by or any other sharp instrument makes a few pressure of fingers the expert tries to locate small cuts on the distended ball of the body. the point which is aching most. A massage He then again applies the horn and sucks with oil or any other greasy substance is then heavily thus bringing blood out of the cuts. applied to the ailing part. The process, if fails to produce the desired The expert is already equipped with a few results, is again gone through. The treatment horns, hollowed as they are. The upper-most is knowll as 'Singi Lagana' or 'Maila Kadna', MJ:!DJCAL 51

Civil Hm:pital Seoni Birth and Death Rate 1t was started in 1928 and since 1959 it has During the period from 1954 to 1961 year­ been converted by the Himachal Pradesh wise births and deaths in Shakrori are: Administration into Primary Health Centre under the aid of UNTCEF. Officially the hos­ (Recorded from Panchayat Office, Basantpur): pital is 8 bedde~ but generally 14 indoor pati­ ents are admitted. Apart from the incidence Year Births Deat,hs of diarrhU!a. dysentery and V.D. ~now under con tro]) , reports have been received that T.B. 19M ]3 is on the increase. From 2 to 3 per cent of lOiJii 10 4 the totul number of patients ·come from Shak­ 1D::;6 11 5 rori and adjoining areas. The patients come Hli;7 1} 3 from Chak: Ba1, Bara Bal, Seraj and the adjoin­ 191)8 9 4 ing areas of Karsog. A jeep is provided to 1950 3 1 attend the patients in the interior. The hospital 111(10 2 has 3 sub-centres in Basantpur, Mandhorghat lOGl and Reog. These provide Maternity and Child Welfare service and the mid-wife incharge It is dear that the birth rate in the village is treats some minor ailments also. much higher than the death rate.

Vaid's Prescri plion

Namll of disaase Prtlsori I,lion Uso

3

1. ./war 1. Kll9haey (Qllath) Quath whien is mixture ofherb3 is hoiled in water.lI[a:timuln dow of hoiled mbi:ture for children-l tol" to lJ to]" •• It is generally given for adult, twice a day for 2,13 days_

2. Co l1rl!.n Su(lar.~IrM, G

-3. Rus Rus is given ~ithcr with honey, lomon or lmuouka dakh (Raiain) Swa.ss KutJr.ar twice lJ, d~y. Maximum dose {or Dhildreu -lr~ raW; for adults-2 :lIRha.jurjl,'1kll~h ra,t·tis. 'f'llsllt.a.k RI!S

4. Bnt.ilm.PiIls . Tbeso pills are given with hot water, tlllsi leaves or ginger tWice II ,Twar lIfatangkes day. MalClmum dose for children-l ratti; for IIdulta-2 rattis. Anand Dhcnvi Jawartl.ri S'3.Tvgawar Har Bati

2. Shool 1. Churan. CI,gran is given wit.h hot water. lIL:I.l::;'num d{)se for cl.ildr~n-l Avanva·adi mosba; fOI ... dult8-3 U111.shas twice a day. Pat.bY"'·adi Ajmod·ndl Sllmucira·fI,rli

2. :R.n, RIIS is given witb milk, b.ot wat",~ <>r tea. JIIhlrin'um .Iose {OT children Sho,,! DlI.wlirlll -2 rnttis; adults-l mashil. twice a day. Shovl I)"jl.cari Kala. Pachan

3. 13atika.·l'ills Pills nre given with hot ,vater, milk ortea twice a duy. :lIaximum d08(l RUflLh·ad.i for children-2 rattis; for adults--4 rattis. KankaYfLll llRt,j MEDICAt

Vaid's Prescription-contd.

Name of disease Prescription Use

1 2 3

3. Pechas 1. Kashev-Quath Quath is boiled in water and then given to the patient. Maximum dose Panch Bhader for children-l tala, for adults-5 tolas. Kutjastuse Dhaneya Panchase Rhee·her-adi

2_ Churan Ohura» is given with hot water. Maximum dose for children- Satpushp-adi 1 masha; for adults-3 mashas. Jati phaladi Kutjadi Lodhra-adi

3. Rus Rus is given with [assi (curd) cold water, butter and honey. Maxi­ Gangerdhar mum d080 for children-l ratti, for adults-2 rattis twice a day. Nripti uallqabh

4. Batika-Pills • Pills are given with cold water, syrup, sonllt banaksha, twico ,lati-Phaladi bati a. day. :'.faximum dose for children-l ratti, for adults---2 rattis. Karpur-adi bati Chitarka-adi bati

4. Sann or Tridoshi 1. Kashey-Qunth • Maximum dose for children-2 tolas, for adults-4j5 toltlos twice Dusmlo-adi a day. Abhaya-adi Gruchya-adi

2. Rus RUB is given with honey or ginger, tulsi bhahri juice or milk. Maxi­ :Mrit Sanjuni mum dose for children-l raai, for IIdults-2 rattis twice a day. Shri mritsanjilVani Abhyanarsingh

3. Batika-PiUs Pills are given with ginger, Ililsi juice. Maximum dose for children-l Anand Bherwi ratti, for adults-2 rattis twice .. day, Saubhagya-bati o. Pinm€l; 1. Kashaev-Quath Maximnm dose aR st.ated in jwnr.

2. Churan Glturau is given with cold water, butter, honey and lassi, Maximum Reh.ber-adi dose for children-2 mashns; for adults-4 mashas twice a day. Kutja-adi Ayer-ndi

3. Rus • RUB is given with milk, butter and honey. Maximum dose for child­ Amriteshwar Rus ren-2 rattis, for adults-4 rattis twice a day. RUllgeshwar Rus Rus sandhur

4_ Batika-Pills . Pills are given with milk, cold water. Maximum dose for children Chander Prabha -2 rattis, for adults-4 mttis twice a day. Shill), gatwa-adi Gokushul-adi-bati 8 Eeono.my

THE main rural economy here whirls around agriculture. 95 per cent of the families own land and cultivate it. The only families who do not possess land in Shakrori are a Sood and three Lohars. The people do not believe in leasing lands to others. and except in some stray cases. the owners till it themselves. Besides agriculture. shoe making, black-smithy. carpentry, basketry and shop keeping are also practised by some of the households as their major occupation. There are four Brahmins and five Rajputs who are in service either at Chaba Power Station or else in the Himachal Pradesh Administration. and whatever land they possess in the village they plough it themselves by taking leave from their office or by hiring labourers on daily wages for the purpose. Their women folks then do the rest of the work of looking after weeding and harvesting the crops. The subsidiary occupation is""':labour on road construction work or in kattha extraction. The male adults are engaged as labourers when they are free from their agricultural operations. Running of water mills like glzarats and paddy husking mill provide yet another occupation to some. The ladies are often seen passing leisure time in spinning and making manjris (mat). Black­ smiths, carpenters. basket makers and shoe makers belong to scheduled castes only. Income and Expenditure .Income-Table XII shows that about 50 per cent of the households come under the income group of more than hundred rupees per month. -Three persons in the income group of less than twenty-five rupees are, in fact, widows living separately as single member households. Their holdings are small and are cultivated for them by some of their relatives. These ladies subsist entirely on the produce of their land and have no other source of income. Food grains produced are mostly consumed at house while only a small portion is exchanged for other necessaries like spices. salt.· tobacco and clothes. Out of the fifty-two families inves6gated, forty-two depended mainly upon agriculture though, during off seasons the men folks would work as labourers on road construction work or with kattha dealers. No harijan has a monthly income of more than a hundred rupees. Out of the ten Lohars contacted only four could find place in the income group of Rs. 76-100 and that too very recently as a result of road constr;tction work near the village. Till recently, the harijans were mostly servmg as menials. and had little or no land of their own. Even. now when they have been allotted nautor lands on payment of a nominal price. or :zazrana. to the Government, their holdings are very small and also of an mf~nor quahty, which results in low yield. They have to depend more on workmg on roads than on their fields. 54 ECONOMY

TABLE XII Castewise clm,sification of households by source and occupation

Occupation of household Household in the incolUc group of r------A------~ ~ Main Subsidiary Source of income Below Rs. 26--50 Its. 51--75 Us.76--100 Rs.101 Hs.25 and above Brahmin Agriculture Agriculture. . . 1 3 Agricul ture Labour Agriculture and Labour • 1 Agriculture Service . Agriculture and Service. . 3 Agriculture Service and Labour Agriculture, Service and Labour 1 Service Ag)'iculture Service and Agriculture 4 Lohar Agriculture Agriculture . 2 Agriculture Labour Agriculture and Labour . 2 4 Agriculture Kilta-making Agriculture and Kilta-making . Ohamar Shoe-making Agriculture Shoe-making and Agriculture. 1 Agriculture Shoe-making Agriculture and Shoe-making Sf)od Shopkeeping Shopkceping

Agriculture Agriculture . 1 Agriculture Labour Agriculturc and Labour 1 Agriculture Service Agric_ulture and Service . 1 RojpUiS Agrioulture Agriculture .. 1 1 Agriculture Labour Agriculture and Labour . 2 4 3 Agriculture Service Agriculturc and Hcrvice • '" 4 Service Agriculture • Servi(·c und Agriculture 5 Agriculture Labour and Service Agriculture, Labour and Service 1 Agriculture Tailoring Agriculture and Tailoring 1 While collecting informa.tion on income a.nd expenditure from the heads offa.milies it was observed that they ha.d a general tendency to under-estimate their income a.nd over-ra.te their expenditure. These figures may therefore be taken to give ouly a generalidea • One Lahar also works as a barber and in . Expenditure-The amounts spent by the lieu of his services he gets foodgrains from VIllagers on food, clothing, education Rnd other clients. A few households, however, depend items in their respective income groups may on him for their shave or haircut. A barb.:r • now be discussed. Other items include ex­ from Seoni also visits them at regular inter­ penditure on travelling, recreation, fuel and vals. lighting and religious ceremonies.

Table XUI reveals that except the house­ holds in the income group of over Rs. 101 and more the percentage expenditure on food gets less and less as income increases. The household in the income group of Rs. 25 and below spent 77.39 per cent of its total expendi­ ture on food as against the expenditure of 63.84 per cent, 50.35 per cent and 47.03 per cent by the households in the income !:,'TOUp of Rs. 26-50, 51-75 and 76--100. The expenditure on food by the household having an income of more than 100 rupees is 55.55 per cent which is not in line with the general trend indicated by the other income groups. The reason for this deviation is, that all these households in the income group of Rs. 101 and above are joint families having a large number of members in each of them .. ECONOMY 55

TABLE XIII Households wtih Monthly Income and their Break-up of Expenditure.

INCOME ,- helow 25 26-50 51-75_.._ 76-100 101 and more Item of expen­ ,-----'''---'1 ,----A--, ditnre Average Percent. Average Percent. Average Percent· Average Percent. Average Percent. expo age of expo age of exp_ age of expo age of exp_ age of total total total total total average average average average average expo expo expo expo exp_

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I) 10 11

No_ of households_ three Four Ifive Eleven Nineteen Food 13-42 77'39 29-45 63-84 63-17 50-35 40'53 47-03 90-80 55-55 Clothing 1'67 9-63 3-50 7-5\.) 5'00 6-96 9-88 11-46 15-28 9-34 Education 2-27 2-63 1)'12 5'58 Other items 2-25 12-98 13-18 28-57 30-67 42-69 33-50 38-88 48-27 29-53

The families in the income group of Rs_ 76- case the deceased had no sons, the property 100 are relatively more well-to-do than those was inherited by the brothers. His wife had ha ving higher income since. besides their only life interest while the unmarried daugh­ having comparatively smaller number of memo ters were to be maintained by the beneficiary bers, their percentage expenditure on clothing till they were married. Now there have been and other miscellaneous items is much changes in the inheritance law and according­ more. ly the property is divided in a manner in which one part of it is inherited by widow Indebtedness or the widows jointly and the rest goes to J1is The villagers claim that formerly when sons and daughtcrs equally. A man who had there was no motor road and when the people 2 wives at the time of his death, 3 sons and were entirely dependent on agriculture, they one daughtcr by one wife and 2 sons by the were under the debts of nearby village shop­ other and had 42 bighas of land. the property keepers. I t is only after the merger of the would be divided into 7 parts (one for two States and the emergence of Himachal Pra­ wives, and one each for every son and daugh­ desh that some of the persons were able to ter). This means the widows. jointly would get jobs in Simla and nearabout and repaid have 6 bighas 3 bighas each Nhile every son their debts_ They still get loans from sources and every daughter will have equal shares of like local villagers and shopkeep.:!rs_ But they 6 bighas. The entries are made in the revenue repay this debt in convenient instalments after records even though with their shaking eco­ every harvest or on getting financial help from nomy in view or for any other reason the a member of their family working at Simla. brothers and, sisters and their mothers plough At the time of investigation in 1961 the total the land jointly and live together as one house· amount of debt outs.tanding with the villagers hold_ worked out to about two thousand rupees. Generally, the daughters do not ask for Table XIV shows that 167 persons or 50 their shares from their parental property and :per cent population of the village comprises say so while filling in an affidavit in the court.

Workers and Nonworkers TABLE XIV

Total population \Vorkers Non-workers Age Group -, r- -, P JI,l l!' P 1\1 1<' P !II F

All ages 342 163 179 175 93 -82 167 70 97 0-14 139 58 81 7 1 6 132 57 75 15-34 108 54 54 88 45 43 20 9 U 35-59 76 42 34 69 40 29 7 2 fi 60 and above 19 I) 10 11 7 4 8 2 6

TABLE XV

Agriculture Carpentry Shocm.aking Shopkeeping Government service Age Group ,.----" "------, r------"----. r-----A.....__-, P l\I F P M F P M F P ]I,{ F P 11 I,'

All ages 148 66 82 1 1 1 1 2 2 23 23 0-14 7 1 6 15-34- 71 28 43 17 17 35-59 61 32 29 1 1 1 1 6 6 60 & ahove 9 5 4 2 2

TABLE XVI

Dependent, infants and children not attending Total non-workers Students Persons engaged in school and persons per- household duties manentIy diRahled Age Group -. -, P 1\1 F P M ~ P M F p M F

All ages 167 70 97 46 30 Hi 10 10 III 40 7I 0-14 132 57 75 35 21 14 97 36 61 15-a.! 20 9 11 11 9 2 9 9 35-59 7 2 5 1 1 6 2 4 60 and above 8 2 6 8 2 6

The commodities stored by the shopkeepers number of school going children. The quan­ are those required by the villagers for their tity of all these stored things is limited by the daily use. They store tea, sugar, dalda and average requirement of the villagers. The other vanaspati ghee, soap cakes (both for difference in price of all these commodities washing and toilet), salt, milk powder, sweets, as compared to Seoni is distinct. The price of oil (both mustard and kerosene), combs. mir­ sugar alone may illustrate this. At Seoni, if rors and nail polish. Items of stationery like the price of sugar is Rs. 1.19 nP., at Shakrori. note-books, pen-holders, nibs and inkpots are it will be sold at Rs. 1.31 nP. per seer. The al1io now dealt with by them fQr the growing; people purchase from the local shopkee]?er& ECONOMY 57

TABLE XVII Comparison of Census figures 1951-1961

Agriculture Classed Occupied ,------A------. houses Total No. of T,iterates Cultivators of land, Production oLher Non·agriculture Year No. of persons wholly or mainly than cultivation Classes households enumerated owned and their Commerce dependents r--~ .---A--_. r----" I I,----1\.--, !vi F M F I'll F l\I F 1\1 F

202 ~ 1951 56/56 141 151 44 7 141 151 346 ~ 1061 62/66 154 192 56 17 154 Hl2 3*

Source: District Census Hand.book l\Iahasu 1951. * 2 Blacksmiths and one Chamar are mainly engaged in production of agricultural implements and shoos respectively. t Mainly engaged in business and they fun shops in the village. instead of having these things from Seoni, Weights and Measures where their children go daily to attend the The weights and measures used by the vil­ school. This is because they can have a sort lagers are different from the metric ones. The of a barter with the local shopkeeper. This weights are always measured in kacha seers. way the shopkeeper gains two folds. firstly by battis, dharis and maunds. charging higher prices for the goods and secondly by paying local price for the food­ LINEAR grains Which he purchases. The shopkeepers i in. equal 1 ungal. charge more because they have to cater to 3 ungal equal 1 girah. limited people and have to get many consum­ 3t girah equal I balisht. (approx) able goods on permit from Simla or from 2! balisht or 1 hath. Seoni and they sell them next to the house. 8 girah Thus it is seen that the foodgrains are gene­ equal rally collected by the shopkeepers locally 2 hath equal I yard. while. the other commodities they generally bring from Simla. WEIGHTS 1/ 16 of a pacca equal chhatak. The method of transaction is mostly barter seer but money also 'changes~ hands. Since the shopkeepers deal in variety of substances they Ii chhataks equal I kacha palya. run the business throughout the year and 4 paiye or 7 ehh. equal 1 kacha seer. there is no specific time or reason connected S kacha seer or equal 1 kachi batti with their commerce. 34 chhataks or panserI. 2 kachi panseris equal I kachi dharI. Commodities sold by the Shopkeepers 4 dharI or 8 equal 1 kacha maund. .(Cost per mauud) battIs ,- Year Year Year Year MEASURES l!'oodgraius HJ50 1060 1961 1062 seer flour equal 1 thakri (for flour only). Its. Rs. RB. Rs. 5 kacha seers equal I patha. Wheat 20 18 16 15 of grains 12 10 lI!aize 15 1~ 8 pathas equal kacha Mash 22 22- 25 40 maund. 30 21 Rice 30 28 2 maunds equal 1 jiin. Barley :~ 8 9 8 9 8 jiin equal 1 khar. 58 ECONOMY

Water Mills pounded. This year he intends to put on some Gharats-The water mills (Gharats) arc accessories to this mill so that the mill may owned by 3 households and run by the flow be ~ade to do cotton ginning and allied jobs of water from the nallah. They are there for dUrIng the off season. The villagers can now the last 20 years or more. A wooden channel save some time by taking their produce to the leads the gushing water into the base of the mill instead of pounding them at home with gharat where the wooden charkar.ies are fixed the conventional ookhli and 11100/a. into an iron socket. These rotate by the force Manufacture of Kattha of the flowing water and the grinding stone also rotates. Wheat grains are poured from Kattha, used in betels, is extracted from the top into a hopper. For everyone maund khairwood which is chisseled into small pieces of grains ground into aUa 2 seers of flour is and put in the "andies containing water. These charged and deducted from the out turn. In hafldies are then placed on the hearth in a the past these gharats remained open but now row. The wooden pieces get dissolved in water they are locked. so that no pilfering takes and form a paste which dries up when cooled. place .• Many villagers are employed by the contrac­ tors in the working season, from December to Paddy Husking Mill-This mill has been March. and this influences their economy to started only recently by a villager from Nal­ a great extent. In 1962, the hearths were set yanj (12 miles). During the paddy season it up at Dattyar about four furlongs away and starts w'orking while during the ·off season. ten persons from Shakrori were employed as the machine is removed. The owner charges labourers who got wages at two rupees per 2 seers of dhan for everyone maund of dhan day. 9 Agriculture

A G R I ~ U L T U R E of the olden times still continues to be the mainstay of Shakrori and about 95 per cent of the families are engaged in this profession. Table XVIII abstracted from the land utilisation statement from the village note book, classifies the soils of the village from 1951-1960. The cultivated area during all these years has remained static nor has there been any increase in the area under irrigation. There is no land under forests. The soil is sandy loam in texture,' abounds in pebbles and is not very deep. For finding out the avail abIes of nitrogen phosphorus, potash and pH in the different types of soils in Shakrori, the Soil Testing Department, Hima­ chal Pradesh took their surface samples, and the results are given in Table XIX for comparison, which shows that except .for potash which is low in irri­ gated and nautor lands, rest of the availables are normal in all the types of soil in the village. pH (potential Hydro-ioJ;ls) is neither acidic nor alkaline. The villagers make up the deficiency of potash by rotation of crops in the irrigated fields while only one crop is reaped froquhe nautor land. Crops and Calendar The crops grown in the village and their calendar showing crop seasons, duration of crops and agricultural operations are given in Tables XX to XXII.

Major Operations of Principal Crops

PADDY The different varieties of rice grown here are Ratwa. Rorha and Begum which are being produced from the olden times. Dehra Dun Basmati is also very popular but because of great labour involved in its cultivation, the vil­ lagers sow it in small quantities. Rec~ntly an improved variety of rice '(.21 has also been introduced and it is believed to have given very satisfactory results. More and more people are now changing over to the improved variety. Preparation of soil--The work connected with paddy cultivation starts in Jeth (April-May) when the cultivators repair terraces and water the fields demarcated for growing seedlings. The fields are puddled and given four ploughing before they are considered fit for the sowing. After every plough­ ing the puddled fields are levelled with the help of phalli (an agri~ultural implement which is just like suhaga but has a sharp' edged plank mstead) until it turns into a thick paste, in which the workers 'sink up to their knees. The manure is spread on the fields after they are given a third ploughing ...... -:::...... a.;::;;..c::;;;;--- The leaves of bainshti also serve as' a good manure and are liberally used. 60 AGRICULTURE

TABLE XVIII (Figures in acres)

Uncultivated Cultivated --, -"------, Jamabandi Village Pasturo Ghair Unculti- Cultivable 13anjar Total Irrigatcd Un.irrigated Total year area. mumkin vable wasto wasto jadid (acres)

1951 209 40 7 5 89 136 1952 208 40 5 6 6 265 85 132 1953 208 40 5 6 2 261 89 136 1954 208 40 5 6 4 'O'f263 87 134 1955 397 208 40 5 6 1 260 47 90 137 1956 208 40 5 6 2 261 89 136 1957 205 44 4 (} :l 261 89 136 1958 205 44 4 () 1 26U IJO 137 1959 205 .44 4 (} 2 261 J 8[1 136 1960 205 44 4 () 3 262 88 135

After the bainshti leaves spread on the fields TABLE XX are decomposed, the last ploughing and level­ ling is done. Serial English Local Botanical Name No. Name Namo TABLE XIX List of avail abIes per acre. Rabi 1 Wheat Kanak Triticum Sativulll or Type of land Nitrogen Phos- Potash pH Triticum valgare •. phorus 2 Tobacco Tambacu Nieoriana rustica or Nicotiona tobacum. Irrigated 364 36·8 70 7'4 3' Mustard Sheron Brassiea Juncea. Ullirrigated 264·4 26·4 120 7·9 4 Barley Jaull Hordeum hexastich­ Nautor (Unirrigated) 392 20·8 30 u·8 urn or Hordoum Vol­ gage. Sowing and transplantation-Before sow­ 5 Deugal Gram Chana Cicor arictinum. ing, the seed is first soaked in a pitcher for 6 Lentil Masur Lens Esculante. three days after which it is drained and put 7 Linseed Alsi Linum Usitatissimum. in a tokni for another few days. This germi­ nated dhan is then sown by broadcast. It Kl!arif takes one month for the seedling to be trans­ Maize Kukri Zeit ma.ys. planted. The transplantation work is done in 2 l~ico Chawal Oryza Sativa. a team and many households combine to sow 3 Kauni Kauni Paniculll Italieulll. seedlings~singing away in the pouring rains. 4 Checna Chccna Panicum lIliliaceull1. The crop does not require much looking 5 Cotton Kapah Grossypiulll horba.- after once it is transplanted, except that the eeum. fields are watered every tenth day regularly 6 Black Gram Mash (l\fah) Phaseolus radiatus. and weeding is also done thoroughly- 7 Green Gram ~ioongi Phaseolus radiatus. Harvesting-Paddy harvest begins in Octo­ 8 Horso Gram KuIth Phaseolus ~fun. ber, when the crop is cut with the sickles and 9 Sesamum Til Sesamulll indiculll. their small bundles or muthris are arranged Vegetables in the fields for drying. This is known as 1 Potatoes Alu Solanum tuberosum. Sathri lagana. The muthris dry after 3 ot 4 days, then they are brought near the khalyan 2 Poas Matar (threshing floor) where they are heaped into 3 Onion Piaz Allium Cepa. big racks or kunnus, and covered with straw 4 Garlic Lahsan Allium Satiyum. as a precaution against any rains. After all 5 Tomato Tomatar Lyco persiculll. the paddy has been collected in kunnus it is 6 Carrot Gaajar DanceOB Garota. then spread in the khalyan for separating t~e 7 Chillies PipJi Capsicum annUUll1. dhan from the straw or paral. The khalyan IS AGRiciJLTIJRE 61

invariably cleaned and plastered with clay and TABLE XXI cowdung at every harvest. The threshing is done either by bullocks who tread on the (a) Crop Seasons muthris in the khalyan or else the muthris are beaten with large bue! sticks. The Block has Period Sowing Harvesting Crops grow'n provided a paddy thresher for demonstration period period and some five or six families use this machine Kharif Jeth-Asarh Asauj- lHaize, Paddy, regularly. The dhan is then collected separa­ (l\fay-June Kartik Moong, Cotton, tely. Winnowing is done by throwing il on a to Sept.·Out.) Urd, Kohl, clean place from wicker baskets when 'wind is Kangni, Kodra, Bathu, Klllth, blowing. For paddy husking. the age old Sesamum and method in the village is the use of ookhli moot vegeta bles­ French beans, and the people still use if for smaller quanti­ Bhindi. ties which are consumed in the house. Recent­ Rabi (Asauj­ Asarh· Chet- Wheat, Barley, ly a villager from Nalyani has also installed Baisakh) l\[augsir. Baisakh Peas, M:ethi, a husking mill run by water and he charges Soha, gadish, twb dhan Sarson and seers of per maund. Tarameera. MAIZE Magh-Jeth Magh-Chet Jeth Potatoes, Toba­ (comes nnder ceo, Cadis, Next to paddy in the kharif season is maize, rabi m'ops) Onions and which is planted in the barani fields as also in Grams. the nautor land in the last week of May (or the beginning of June), after a few showers. The (b) Duration of principal Crops baran; land laid out in neat little plots--a few feet squares and separated by paths, does not require much preparation for the crop. except Name of Crop Season Duration that the terraces are repaired and the fields are llice- cleared of stones and chyool (thorns). The Ratwa Kharif 3 months (Jeth to Sawan) varieties of maize sown are sathru, which 1 month for paniri (Jeth matures in sath or sixty days and sambhar. to Asarh) 3 months fur- Ganga 103 an improved variety has also been ther (Asarh-Asauj). grown by one household and the results are Begmi Kharif Do. satisfactory. Basmati Kharii' 1 month for panm (Jeth-Asarh), about 3* Sowi_ng-The maize is also sown by broad­ months further (Asarh- cast and' for fair distribution of the seed the Kartik). villagers divide a plot into four. six or eight T-21 Rharif Do. sections or hal/ais according to the size of the ftIaize- field and scatter the seed in aU of them. The Sathru !Charif 2 months (Jeth-Sawan) first ploughing and levelling is done onl.y aft~r Sambhar Kharif 2! months (Jeth-Sawl1n) the seed has been broadcast. ManUrIng IS Ganga 101 Kharif 3 months (Jeth-Bhadon) done only in case there is a surplus frpm the paddy fields. Wheat--- Ridley N. P. 770 , R.uhi 5 to 5k months (Maghar £0 When the crop is about si-> inches above BrLisakh). the ground, weeding is done with the help of Other Orops- gaan (a wooden implement having some five Barley Rabi 4t to 5 months (l\Iaghf\f or seven teeth and"" run by bullocks). Hoeing to Baisakh). is also done with a khilni. Second ploughing is Peas Rabi 4 months (Maghl1r to Chet) then done"very carefully keeping in view that Potatoe R.hi 3 months (l\

Period Preparation of the Boil Sowing and Transplanting Growing and Maturing Harvesting and Threshmg

January Preparation and manuring Sqwing of tobacco Watering of wheat and Completion of harvesting of lands for potatoes and barley in kuhli land, and threshing of rice, tobacco. manuring of wheat fields, harvesting of chillies ends. Watering of fields of garlic. February • Preparatory tilling for cot- Sowing of tobacco and pa­ Harvesting of peas and ton, potatoes and to bacco_ tatoes and chillies. selling at Simla. March • Sowing of tobacco, potatoes Grain formation of wheat Harvesting of barley and and onions ends. begins. Watering of grams begins, llarvesting wheat in kuhli land_ of peas and selling in Simla market. April Transplantation of tobacco Tobacco, onion and chilo Harvesting and threshing of and onion. lies are growing. wheat, grams, sesamum, barley and pulses. Har­ vesting of peas ends. May • Preparatory tilling for pad- Sowing of Ratwa variety of Watering of paddy fields Threshing of wheat and • dy. paddy begins . barley ends. Digging 0 f potatoes. June Land ploughed and watered Sowing of Begmi and Bas­ ·Winnowing of wheat eom. for paddy. Ploughing of mati varieties for preparing pleted. Harvesting of to­ fields after wheat harvest­ Paneeri (for transplanta­ bacco. ed. tion) sowing of maize be­ gins. July Ploughing for M:aize Transplantation of rice Watering of paddy fields (Begmiand Basmati) and once" every tenth day. chillies. Sowing of Maize, running of gaan of Maize Kulth, Kolll1ash completed. fields. August Hoeing of Mash. Kulth and Watering of paddy, hoe­ Harvesting of Sathru va' Kauni. ing of maize and weeding riety of Maize, Kauni. of rice. Bathu. Koda. Mash, Ratwa, Chillies (Green). September Preparatory tillage for rabi Sowing of gram and oil Grain formation of Maize Harvesting of Maize ends. crops. seeds. crops (Sall1bhar and Harvesting of paddy be­ Ganga 103) gins. October Tillage ofrahi crops Sowing of wheat and other Barley, Paddy begall1i Harvesting of Begami Rice rabi crops. has fully grown. Basmati and 1,hreshing of maize is also ahout ready. and rice. November Ploughing ofland after har­ Sowing of rahi crops com­ Threshing of paddy and vest of paddy. pleted. barvesting of Basmati cnds. December Manuring of wheat, fields Threshing of paddy.

The kuhli and barani soils require different The crops grow up about six to nine inches treatment before the wheat is sown. The by December-January when the fields are kuhli fields are puddled with water after the manured,. The manuring or gabrain is done first ploughing so as to melt all the clods in it in a team in which one person from every while the latter is simply ploughed and level­ household joins hands with others and manure led. The second ploughing in the barani' land a particular lot of fields in turns. This is is done within a fortnight after its first plough­ reciprocal. The crop requires quite a lot of ing but in the kuhli fields it is done sometime weeding and this is done by the women regu­ in October-November. larly. Sowing-The seed. as is the practice with In case there are insufficient winter rains. the sowing of all other crops. is scattered by the villagers irrigate their kuhli land under the broadcast and then the fields are ploughed crop in February. and levelled. It requires about 8 path as or 16 Harvesting-The reaping is mostly done seers of seed to sow one bigha of land. by the ladies and in Baisakh when the grains AGRICULTURE 63 are fully grown and matured the trop sheaves are spread in line in the fields (Painti Lagami). While the men carry the muthris or bundles near the khalyan for threshing and win­ nowing. All the muthris collected here are kept in heaps or kunris before they are ar­ ranged in the khalyan in such a manner as­ to keep all the ears directly facing in the sun. This process of arranging the khalyan laona. The threshing is done with the help of bul­ locks who are made to tread on the stalks, after which the grain is separated from the straw by winnowing with a wicker basket. This is known as punana. The grains are stored in perus or wicker casks kept in one of the cor­ ners of the living room. The straw is slored separately for consumption by the cattle.

PEAS Ploughing the fields Peas is a cash crop which does not require much labour and yet yields an average income weeds and grass found at Shakrori in Septem­ of about two hundred rupees in a season. It ber-October are given here. takes four months-Maghar to Chet for the peas to ripen. Chiyooli Used as sag (vegetable). The fields do not require any preparatory Shaph Used as both sag and fod- tillage or treatment befora the seed is sown. der. After the seed is scattered by broadcast Muji method. first ploughing and levelling is done Shalgai Used as fodder for the and the fields are also manured. The plants Malori Cattle. do not require any care after sowing except Khanva that they are provided supports to keep them Kamrori 1 Used both for fodder and ttailing on the fields. Dha1)grayo.fh the roofing Aft~r the peas are grown, the villagers re­ C~hamb f sheds. move the pods and sell them as green peas at Chhamror Simla, and whatever quantity is left unsold is Ravainon l used as seeds or else consumed at home,· JhinjarOll f Roofing material.

~ GROUNDNUT Pith papra l Chitta' f Herbs The gtoundnut is mixed with the maize and sown by broadcast. There is no extra labour Drub (flirt) 1. Grass used in performing over and above what is done for the maize. Kusha j religious functions. Thus the ground nuts cost the villagers nothing except the price of the seed . ./ The crop is ripe Horticulture after a month of reaping maize when the nuts There is a Government progeny orchard at are dug out. ,- Seoni with an area of 108 bighas, which was The harvesting is done by the .school child­ started by the Agriculture Department in ren who-daily bring home small quantities of 1957. It has grown many varieties of lemon. the ground nut after digging them out from guava, loqllat, pomegranates, mango, lichi, their fields. Whatever quantity is produced, grape-fruit. malta and oranges. The mallas is consumed in the house. and oranges have been. however, a failure in a~ much as the fruit is very small and sour, Weeds and this has discouraged the villagers from growing these fruits. Besides the crops, the fields also provide fodder for the cattle and also roofing material The villagers have not very much changed for the thatched roofs of the obras. The over to horticulture and have grown only some 64 AGRICVL TURE fruit trees. Persimmon, pomergranates. jujufus, TABLE XXIII lime, guava, plum, grape-fruit oranges, loquat, jaman, lichi and bananas are grown in the Cost Implement Use Duration adjoining villages of Chaba, Matiogri, Begain Rs. nP. and Basantpur. Some of the villagers, who rjos­ sess nautor land above the Simla-Tatapani Plough (Hal) Ploughing 4·00 One to two years. motor road have now started growing some of Halash 10·00 5 years Arhi 0'50 5 years these fruits. Villagers feel mango trees are Blade (phale) 4·00 3 to 4 years difficult to grow and that it takes years before Yoko (Jungla) 8·00 5 ;years any results are achieved; papita is short lived Plain (moi) . 12·00 8 years while guava requires a lot of looking after PJialii (Plain used 12·00 8 years against parrots during the days and against in paddy culti· flying bats during the night. These bats are vation) Gaan Weeding maize 5·00 15 years a perpetual chirping and infuriating little fields birds who have lived in the neighbourhood Khilni Weeding 2·00 2 years across the river-on shisham and old mango Kudaluro Khilnu Digging 3·00 2 yeara trees-and who are a great nuisance since Kudali 4·00 4 years decades. Kudal 5·00 10 years Drati (Sickle) Harvesting 1'50 2 years Pests and crop diseases Drat Cutting bran· 3'()0 3 years There are many diseases from which tne ches for fire· crops of the villagers suffer. The major dis­ wood eases diagnosed and cured by the farmers repair the implements of his clients who make are:- customary payments of anaj to him at every Malahi-A sort of insect which cuts the harvest. The blacksmith charges at the fol­ roots of the wheat crop. At the time of first lowing rates for making implements:- plough the farmers collect the insect from the field and throw it away in Sutlej. There is no Plough 1. Hal 2 pathas (4 seers) of the other effective control for this insect. grains of the season. 2. Halash 2 pathas of the grains of Mankharu-Small insect which cuts the top the season. leaves of paddy plants. They know 110 local cure. Jungla 2 path as of the gmins of the season. 1 hdla-A sort of disease to maize and mash Gaan 5 to 9 seers depending on crop which results in drying up the leaves of the number of teeth. maize plant, which however, remains green. As a result of this disease 1-th of the crop Marketing of Produce fails. . Table XXIV gives a rough idea of the sur­ Kungi-This disease is confined to wheat plus produce which is left with the village. as crop. Wheat plants tum red and yield com­ a whole, for sale, after it has been consumed paratively 25 per cent less wheat than the at home. This information is for the year usual yield. The disease is due to cloudy sea­ 1961-62. son. The villagers sell their surplus foodgrains to There is another disease affecting chillies the shopkeepers at Shakrori and at Seoni. But and paddy, as a result of which chilli~s' and they sell peas in the vegetable market at paddy plants dry up and yield no fruit. No Simla. The prices at which the villagers sold name is given to this disease .. their produce in 1961-62 were roughly- Agricultural implements 1. Rice' Rs. 18 to Rs. 25 per md. A list of agricultural implements with their 2. Wheat Rs. 15 per md. costs and life are given in table XXIII. All 3. Maize Rs. 10 per md. these implements are made by the local black­ 4. Barley Rs. 11 per md. smith. The villagers supply the material and 5. Green peas Rs. 18 per md. also help the blacksmith in lighting the furnace 6. Peas seed Rs. 30 per md. while the blacksmith makes the implements. He is paid for his services by . way of anaj 7. Onion Rs. 10 per md. (foodgrains). Besides, he also undertakes to 8. Potatoes Rs. 10 per md. AGRICULTURE 65

TABLE XXIV are pahari Nilli-buffaloes. The cows are slightly bigger than what we have seen them' Quantity Quantity Quantity in other villages, but their milk yield is poor. Product produced consumed available for sale Livestock with the villagers in Shakrori is given in table XXV. Mds. Mds. Mds. BufJaloes-There are only 2 desi buffaloes 1. Paddy 346 281 65 (Gujaroo) as against 59 pahari. Villagers 2. Wheat 937 762 175 generally purchase them from nearabout vil­ 3. Maize 933 749 184 lages in Suket, Arki, Nalagarh and Bilaspur. 25 25 Desi or Gujaroo buffaloes have also been 4. Pulses bought from near Simla, where they had come 5. Barley . 95 92 3 from the plains. The buffaloes generally start 6. Peas 107 15 92 yielding milk at the age of 3-!-4 years 7.0ilseeds 10 10 and continue for about 8 to 9 years. Daily milk 8. Onions 8 7 yield per buffaloe being about 8 to 9 seers (Desi) 9. Chillies 1 1 and 3 to 4 seers (Pahari). A desi buffaloe 10. Kulth 2 2 costs from 500 to' 700 rupees while pahari 11. Potatoes 23 15 8 buffaloe costs from 200 to 300 rupees. The cattle are given huel leaves, grass, and oil­ There is a distinct"change over what used to cakes and even chokar, but the villagers do be the marketing arrangements in the past. not form the systematic schedule about their Formerly the peasant was obliged to sell his diet. They are also sometimes given salt. At produce to his mahajan-a shopkeeper at least one member from every household daily Seoni. The shopkeeper would always keep wakes early in the morning and goes to Moon­ his debtors in a position where they could be gna (5 miles) to fetch grass for the cattle. exploited to the best advantage. Now, with Goats-While going around some of these better yields and a better market, they sell homes, we came across a number of goats and their produce like peas and rice, maize and sheep. many of which have been bought from vegetables direct at Simla. While in certain the Kinnauras that go by, for ten to twelve cases, some wandering shopkeepers from rupees. They are bought as kids and lambs Simla or other places go to Shakrori and pur­ and are sometimes sold at a price between chase the produce at local rates which are no Rs. 50 and Rs. 80 when grown up. These Kin­ doubt less than the market rates, yet better nauras come from Asrang. Raurang, Kilba. than the rat!!s, the peasants would get from Duna, Pangi, Spillo and Sorang. The goats the shopkeepers, at Seoni. The agents from supply wool for kharchas (goat hair mats) and Simla generally purchase the foodgrains at besides meat, they also provide· a good man­ Rs. 3 to Rs. 5 per mauqd less than th(~ price ure. Their rearing is cheaper than other live­ at Simla. This is because the peasants, are stock and there are ghasnis and scrub forests sometimes pessimistic and think it better to which provide ample food for them. Even sell at their homes even for a lower price than landless labourers may also possess a few to go to Simla, taking all their produce there. goats. The goats and sheep sold by the Kin­ They say it would be uneconomic for them to nauras are however, not of improved variety. go and spend for their boarding and lodging at Simla and then they might not get a fair Kidding is about twice in fourteen months, price for their goods after all. and high fertility always brings about an in­ come to the owner. The bigger goats and Animal Husbandry sheep are sold here, by the villagers, and not Live Stock,-We gather that villagers some­ the kids. It is likely that more people may times buy their buffaloes and cows from tra­ take to keeping goats and sheep though they ders of Bilaspur and from fairs at Rupar. have a habit of nibbling the leaves of forests These traders may bring calves and sell them and all varieties of plants, and are considered to the villagers whenever they come across a pest at times. We cannot eliminate goats them. A pair ,of good desi bullocks may cost from rural economy. (The hair of Himalayan them from Rs. 300 to Rs. 500 or Rs. 700 to goats find theiI: way with the Kinnauras). Rs. 800. A buffalo may cost them from Thousands and thousands have been trecking Rs. 300 to Rs. 500. We have not come across along and passing these villages since by-gone any very good pair of desi buffaloes, but they ages. 66 AGRICULTUR.E

TABLE XXV

Bulls Buffaloes Cows Caste .~\ .----'---. .-----'---. Calves Shoop Goat. Hens Cooks Desi Pahari De~i Pahari Desi Pahari

Brahman 9 25 1 18 3 28 26 9 26 I) 5 Rajput 23 35 34 43 50 11 27 13 U Lohar 2 10 4 16 9 1 3 Chamar • 2 2 3 I 1 Sood I I Kumhar 2 6 1 6 4 ." 2

Total 36 78 2 59 5 97 91 23 153 28 17

A Kinnaura family has been coming to A veterinary Assistant Surgeon is incharge of Shakrori and Seoni for the last 24 years. They the hospital. The hospital attends to about 15 have their tremendous good-will in the village cattle daily. Most common cases detected by and for those, in whose dhogris they stay, and the hospital are simple wounds, lousiness, in whose fields they lodge for winter, they in­ fever, bronchitis, indigestion, dyspepsia, diar­ variably bring shawls, chuli, chilgoza and, we rhoea and broken horns. From 1957 to 1962 are not so sure, even anguri. The soft warm there have been only 7 out-breaks of foot fibre wool is not the best as one would expect. and mouth disease but they were rapidly It is slightly rough, but the villagers seem to checked from spreading. be satisfied with the goat, the sheep, the wool and the finished products. It is quite common For improving the breed of the cattle, the to see young boys, young men, or old hospital keeps one cow bull of jersey-sindhi women or young women beating all their cat­ type and one murrah bufIaloe bull. tle back from the spring or from around in the The poultry unit attached to the hospital grazing fields and in the scrub forests. They keeps improved white leg horn. Besides are few with some families and, therefore, giving demonstration to the villagers, the unit they do not have a gaddi dog to look after also supplies eggs for hatching and for eat­ them. The goats are fed on leaves of kika" ing. ber, bushes of karonda, basuti and pipai leaves. Poultry There is no cattle-pound. So the fuming cul­ The villagers possess about 40 to 50 birds. tiyators settle around calmly when any of these It was only 3 or 4 years back that they started cattle stray across. Either the cattle are taking some interest in poultry. Only two thrashed or the shepherd. Goat's milk is sel­ households possess improved birds. A Drah­ dom sold. (The goat manure is more useful man from the neighbouring village of Matio­ than the cow manure, but it is mixed with gri has, however. started a poultry farm on a other manure and finally cast into the fields). larger scale. He has some two hundred birds. all of improved variety. People do not gene­ Veterinary Hospital rally sen the birds for eating. but eggs are sold by all who have them spare. The eggs at The Veterinary Hospital of Seoni, started Matiogri are sold at the rate of 3 annas per in May, 1957, covers the whole of Seoni Sub­ egg, and good chicken costs about Rs. 6 to Tehsil and one Patwar circle of Karsog TehsiL Rs. 10 a bird. 10 Village Crafts

TIlE seasonal and "organic" character of agricultural production calls for other occupations and pursuits to: fill the resulting periods of partial or total inactivity. The most natural of these supplementary occupations were origi­ nally and, to a large extent, sill remain the transformation and finishing of agricultural raw materials by the agriculturist himself. All the basic human wants are provided in the household economy. Not only food, but principal clothing and housing material are also prepared. We take to some of the vil­ lagers who do this.

Spinning The few sheep owned by some households provide wool. This may also be purchased from Kinnauras. After it has been teased with fingers and par­ ticles of twigs and leaves or any dirt, are removed, the wool is pulled out from a matted state and kept iIi neat little baskets or chhikkus. The spinning is done with taklu or spindle, which consists of a thin round piece of hardwood, about ten inches long and a whirl or chhatr also made of hardwood, attached to it some two inches from the bottom. For spinning the wool is twisted to the desired thickness with the right hand fingers and is tied round the dandi (shaft) of the taklu. Having drawn out about two feet of wool and holding it with right fingers and thumb the taklu is given a sharp twist. When the wool is well twisted, the taklu is stopped and the spun yarn is wound on its shaft. The process is repeated till the taklu is all full of the spun yarn.

Weaving Villagers have to depend mostly upon a centinarian in the neighbour­ ing village of Zedwin for weaving. The weaving is done on the pitlooms which the weaver has made. The shuttle or nalu, containing thread for the weft, in this type of Mom, is thrown across the warp by hand. Tlie loom is installed/in a separate shed, which houses one more loom and is twelve feet square. The main material used for weaving is spun wool and is provided by the customers. The dyed marino yarn for the designs is generally provided by the weaver himself who purchases them from Kinnallras or from Seoni or Simla. The designs on the pattus and cotton chaddars if at all there are any, are geometrical. The most common are the checks for which the weaver does not use any graph papers; he prepares the warp by counting the threads and inserting dyed marino at regular intervals and for the weft he uses a small match stick as a scale for using coloured yarn at appropriate places Articles produced- Patfu (a sort of blanket}-9 hmhs long and 3 haths wi~e, 68 YILLAGE CRAFTS

of which there is a ·cluster in the village. This Harijan gets two to four battis (batti= 2 seers) of grains from the zamindar for making a kUta or basket. There is a big bas­ ket peru used for storing grains. This is barrel shaped and made of bamboos cut into pieces and is plastered on both inner and outer sides by cow-dung. Most of the villagers know how to prepare manjris (Chatai) out of the date palm leaves and banana fibre. Tailoring There are two tailors in the village. They do this as a part time work when they are off from their fields. They both have sewing Centinarian lharku on his loom machines and their annual income is about Rs. 300 each. One of the tailors also works Patti (woollen cloth for coats and as labourer on road when he has spare time. pajamas-I! haths wide, length depends_ on He also works in the Tailoring Centre. now the requirement of the customers. started in the village by the C.D. block. Chaddar (shawD-6 haths long'and 2 haths There are about 10 trainees. wide. Note--Two haths equal one yard. The weaver gene ally charges the cost of his labour in preparing the articles and his wages for the different article are:- Pattu Rs. 12.00 Patti (coat piece) Rs. 8.00 Chaddar Rs. 20.00 to 25.00 accord­ At the Tailoring Centre ing as the shawl is plain or em­ Carpentry broidered. One household is engaged in carpentry. The carpenter belonging to Lohar family Basketry generally remains out in Suket. where he There-is one Harijan who makes use of his works as a builder. He makes rough door spare time in making kiltas and baskets. frames and lays the roofing materiaJ. Some­ Kilta is a large conical hasket used for times he also makes wooden parts of the ag­ transporting articles and produce. It is made ricultural implements like ploughs and jung­ by the twining technique of basketry in ra for which he gets foodgrains at the rate of which the weft is twined over each and every one patha-2 seers. For house construction warp. The kUta is made out of the bamboo work the carpenter is engaged on daily wages of Rs. 3 per day plus meals for the whole day. He earns about seventy rupees per month. Shoe Making There are two Chamars in the village and both of them are engaged in shoe making and agriculture. only one subsists mainly on shoe-making. Mania Chamar has built his house-cum-workshop in the main abadi and he makes some better shoes. These are the pomp. full sleepers, derby and do phite ki gurgabi. Mania has named these shoes from old pat­ IJqmboo ~ Leaf Umbr~lla qnd q K.iltq tern book he possesses. Besides, he also repairs VILLAGE CRAFTS 69 and resoles the shoes of his clients. He charges ments as are required by the villagers. Some­ Rs. 2.50 per pair for resoling but other ordinary times Nandia would make new implements but repairs are done free. The Chamar performs mostly he is called upon to repair the older two distinct services for his clients. Firstly, he ones. He is given 16 seers of anaj at every mends their shoes and secondly he undertakes harvest by all his clients per pair of bullocks to remove their dead cattle. In lieu of this, Ma­ they possess, in lieu of which Nandia repairs nia gets from his clients at every harvest: their implements and also sharpens their sick­ 3 pathas or 6 seers of foodgrains per les. In case, however, new implements are to adult client who wears shoes. be made, Nandia charges extra foodgrains, ac­ cording to the labour involved in making them. 1 binda or 4 seers of dhan or 1 muthri There is a distinct division of labour and when of wheat at harvest. Nandia is working on an implement, his client Two maize chapaties and pulses on is supposed to sit by his side blowing the fur­ every fair or festival celebrated in nace or hammering the red hot iron for anneal­ the village. ing. The client also supplies wood and iron for Blacksmithy the implement and coal for the furnace while Nandia the blacksmith is always seen work­ the blacksmith would take out his tools and ing on a plough or a yoke or such other imple- starts making the implements. 11 Community Development andPanchayats Community Development THE N.B.S. block was started on 2nd October 1953 and converted into C.D. Block with an allocation of12 lakhs on 1st April 1956. The period of C.D. block stage for 3 years was extended by a year for the Kasumpti-Seoni Block since it was not able to utilize its total allocation during the pres­ cribed period. On 1st April 1960 the Block was converted into stage Il with an allocation of Rs. 5 lakhs. The period of stage II will end on 31st March 1965 when the block will enter post-intensive stage.

People's Attitude The villagers are appreciative of what the Government has been doing for them but in certain matters they are critical. _Rightly or wrongly. they are of the opinion that much could be done if only the block officials were more experienced; visited them oftener and patiently listened to their grie­ vances. . The children's park, just near the Shivalaya, is in a bad condition since the villagers did not want the park. The responsibility for maintaining it was also vested with the people through their Panchayat. They have had advantages of a kuhl for many years before even the Kasumpti-Seoni block was farmed. Now the kuhl has been made pucca. It has been extended further at a cost of about Rs. 21,000. The water available at the source Mohra Nal, was not sufficient to irrigate the whole of the village. When, however, the villagers learnt that with the kuhl made pucca they may also be levied some tax, they lost patience and started criticising this new construction work. The portion of the kuhl, newly constructed, is all lying unused and in a dilapidated condition. The villagers are sore about this infructuous job. Some villagers are allergic to the posting of raw hands who according to them do not know about the conditions in the villages and thus do not prove of any help to them. There is a general feeling that the block staff seldom visit their village. If they do they are always in a hurry to leave. The Gram Sewak for this village and the Gram Sewak of Sainj has been holding dual charge. Some are critical of the Agriculture Inspector because they were asked to leave some plots vacant for demonstrations and none were given. A few families say that the agricultural demonstrations have been given by the block staff. .

There is a general feeling among the villagers that experienced and sympathetic officers; fully acquainted with their local hill conditions should COMMUNITy DEVELOPMENT AND PANCHAYATS 'n have been posted in the block so that they served seats for women and Harijan candi­ could have mature advice from them. Their dates. main grievance seems to be about block offi­ For the Nyaya Panchayat elections, the cials and lack of co-ordination of the different Gram Sabha area was divided into 12 consti­ activities carried out in the area. tuencies with Basantpur, Nadukhar and Some villagers complain that they have not Shakrori as double mem6er constituencies. been paid for the distribution of improved Elections to both the Panchayats were con­ seed of wheat, that they gave to their neigh­ ducted by show of hands and the members bours for sowing. According to them. they attended their meetings in May and Septem­ feel. that they were entitled to a sum of one ber, last year. rupee per maund. With regard to veterinary service they were Functions fairly satisfied because of facilities available The villagers know that Gram Panchayat at Seoni. They are also contented with Medi­ can:- cal and Educational facilities. Their occasion­ Bring about recpncili'ation between dis­ al criticism is about the personnel managing putant parties; these, who with more tact and courtesy could Arrange to maintain village paths, re­ do so much more to win good will and confi­ commena nautor land for grant, re­ dence of the people. gister births and deaths; Panchayats Recommend the grant of trees for con­ struction of a house; The Gram Panchayat came into existence in 1954, and the Nyaya Panchayat started The Gram Panchayat also participates in functioning in 1957-58 after the Panchayat development works. Raj Act was passed in 1952-53. Both the Pan­ Nyaya Panchayat administers justice on all chayats for the villages are located at Basant­ civil and criminal cases under their jurisdic­ pur. tion and powers as laid down in section 67 Shakrori is represented by Vice-President, a (civil cases) and Section 57 read with Sche­ Harijan member (reserved seat) and one swam dule I (Criminal cases). member in the Gram Panchayat, and by a The Pradhan or in his absence, the U p-Pra­ Naib-Sarpanch and a member in the Nyaya dhan appoints "Samjhota Samiti" consisting of Panchayat. There are in all 15 members in five members for bringing about a compro­ each of these Panchayats and villages under mise between disputant parties. The Samitis th~ir jurisdiction are:- do their best to settle the disputes by reconci­ 1. Shakrori II. Ambri liation, within a period of 3 months of receipt 2. Makarchha 12. Nadukhar of an application. If the reconciliation is not yffected within that period, the case is trans­ 3. Chaba 13. Basantpur ferred to the Nyaya Panchayat who try it in 4. Panehra 14. Kelvi one of their three benches consisting of a Sar­ 5. Taror 15. Jander panch or Up-Sarpanch and four other mem­ 6. Datyar 16. Mandyalu bers. 7. Bagain 17. Mamrod Case Studies 8. Matiogri 18. Kadog A few of the civil -and. criminal cases dealt 9. Ulli 19. Kajelu by the Gram and Nyaya Panchayats are:- 10. Kamli!.- Dugri 20. lalatu Cases dealt with by the Gram Panchayat Elections Case No. I-K.R. son of H, village Kelvi Last elections to Nyaya Panchayat and Vs. F.S. son of H.S., village 13asant­ Gram Panchayat were held in March and pur. August, 1962. (Case filed in the Gram Panchayat under For Gram Panchayat elections, the Gram sections 323/504 IPC). Sabha area was divided into eight constituen­ Summary of the Complaint-"I went to cies for unreserved seats, while the entire area Basantpur on the 27th October, 1962 at about was considered as one constituency for the 4.30 p.m. to make purchases for Dewali. F.S. election of a President, a Vice-President, re- son of H.S. met me on the way, caught hold 72 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PANcHA YATS

of my neck, and started beating me. As a re­ The members of the Panchayat then asked sult, blood started oozing out from my neck M.R. to confirm the statement of P. Chamar and legs. F.S. then hit me on one of my fin­ but the former denied it categorically gers which also started bleeding." saying that he always paid the Chamar The applicant attached medical report from promptly for all the services rendered. the Medical Officer Seoni and also a report P. Chamar then agreed to pay the money from Police Station substantiating his wounds to M.R. with the condition that M.R. say on as a result of beating. oath that he was taking what was due to him Both KR. and F.S. were summoned by the from P. Chamar. M.R. refused to accept the Samjhota Samiti on the 6th November, 1962 money on this plea of ·P.R. for reconciliation. Since the parties did not want to compromise, the case was postponed The members advise the parties to compro­ till 6th December 1962 and was further post­ mise and pay the entire sum to the National poned to 6th January 1963 since the defen­ Defence Fund. M.R. did not agree to this pro­ posal either. The case was then postponed till dant F.S. did not turn up on 6th December 6th February 1963. 1962. On 6th January 1963 both parties were Cases dealt with by the Nyaya Panchayat present and agreed to a compromise. The de­ Case No. l-Shri K son' of A. Rajput fendant agreed to pay five rupees to KR. as village Rejag Vs. Shri J. son of N. medical charges and promised that he would village Shakrori. not do any harm to KR. again. The case was Summary of the Case-K filed a civil then filed. suit against one J of village Shakrori stating Case No. 2-M. R. son of J. Rajput that the latter owed him Rs. 67.25 nP. which village Shakrori V s. P. Son of R. he had not paid till the filing of the suit. The Chamar, village Shakrori. case was first dealt with by the Samjhota Summary of the Complaint-"In Jeth 2018 Samitis for a period of 3 months but they (April-May, 1961) P. Chamar p~rcJ:ased a could not bring about any compromise bet­ pair of shoes from me and promIsed to pay ween the two parties. Hence the plaintiff re­ six rupees. He has not paid this amount so quested for transfer of the case to the Nyaya Panchayat. far. It is requested that the sum due may be recovered from P. and paid to me." The case was received in the Nyaya Pan­ chayat on the 20th December, 1960 and the The parties were summoned to be present before the Samjhota Samiti on the 6th Jan­ Sarpanch marked it to the Bench No.2 of the uary, 1963. P. Chamar was asked by the mem­ 3 benches. The Bench summoned both the bers to state under oath as to whether he owed parties to appear on the 20th January 1961. the money to M.R or not. P. Chamar replied KR. after taking oath, stated that J owed in affirmative but then immediately qualified him Rs. 67.25 with interest. KR. did not pay his statement by adding that P.R. also owed that money to J in cash. Albeit he gave 3 mds. him money on account of services rendered of wheat @ Rs. 22 per md. After that J was as below:- constantly reminded for repayment of debt, Asarh 2018: Resoling of two but all in vain. Hence he (K.R.) had to file a civil suit against him. pair of Shoes .. , Rs. 4.50 nP. J. however, in his reply admitted that he Resoling of a pair of owed the sum of Rs. 67.25 to the plaintiff, but Shoes . . . Rs. 2.00 nP. that he would not pay back the money till he Bhadon 2018: A book (J) did not get the sum of three hundred rupees "Shrawan Kumar" cost­ due from K.R. and others, which they owed ing Rs. 1.50 was also him against services rendered in the construc­ taken by the complain­ tion of a school bUilding. "As soon as these ant promising to pay it persons pay me my money I shall re-pay the for the same .. , Rs. 1.50 nP. sum of Rs. 67.25 to K R" Total ... Rs. 8.00 nP. On questioning. he replied that three per­ sons KR, J.D. and H.R owed him that sum COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PANCHAYATS 73 of Rs. 300 and that he could not file a suit November 1960 and was passed on to Bench against them since he was a poor person. No. 2 of the Nyaya Panchayat. J.R further stated that he was able to get On 20th January 1961 both \ parties were only sixty rupees against the construction of present and K.R stated that "RD. borrowed school building and that too from the two per­ a sum of rupees one hundred on interest. sons. other than the plaintiff. The contract for While he returned the principal, he promised the construction of school building was drawn to pay the interest of rupees 13 afterwards. He by K.R. (plaintiff) himself and that J.R only still owes me that sum which has "grown to knew him at that time. Rs. 20.25 nP. with interest. 1 went to the house of RD. several times and reminded him of the The bench decided the case on the same sum due from him. But he has always been day (20th January. 1961) in favour of K. R. putting it off. Hence I have to approach the on the grounds that J. R had admitted that Nyaya Panchayat." he owed a sum of rupees sixty seven and 25 nP. to the plaintiff. A decree for Rs. 67.25 R.D. stated on oath "I had borrowed a sum was ordered in favour of K.R The rate of in­ of rupees hundred from K.R which has been ter(!st till final payment was fixed at 6 %. returned with interest. I do not owe any Case No. 2-K. R son of R Rajp!lt, money now since it was repaid some 7t years village Rayog Vs. RD. son of ago." Chaudhri Brahman village Shakrori. RD. categorically denied that K.R. ever Summary of the Case--K.R. filed a civil suit talked to him about his money in the presence against R D. of Shakrori stating that since of any witness. He said that KR went to his the "Samjhota Samiti" of the G!am Panchayat house several times, but he never talked about could not bring about a SamJhota between money. him and R.D. regarding payment of debt of K.R. then stated that since RD. denied Rs. 20.25 nP. by the latter, the Nyaya Pan­ that he owed him any money. he wanted the chayat might be requested to help. case to be filed. ' The case was admitted in the Nyaya Pan­ chayat on receipt of the court fee on 20th The Case was filed. 74 PROVERBS

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(a) Barking drer

(b) Shiva Tem/Jle where women are not allowed

(c) Hanuman's image carv(,d 011 a temple wall at Seoni

(d) The river Sutlcj [lowillg by Shakrori

(e) The Scolli bridge, built reo cCIIlly. has facilitated am­ Jrlll1licaliol1. The all {'rnal ivc means are through ihoola and inflated bufJa /0 skins.

(b) (c)

(d) (e) (It)

(b)

(a) '" (h) Tools and products of a shoe-lIlaker

(c) Tlte bamboo baskl'ls, l!Cnt (for storing grains), killa alld will/lowillg fall alld riralll, drallil anci hllilna tJrepareci by local ariisuns.

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(li) Simua[ (a) (c) Sadhll Swallg-a scene from Karia/a

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ti Ii !) ) ~ .I j .. III l "I 1 i iy APPENDTCES 75 APPENDIX I As a consequence. of Hayden's discovery, Records of the Geological Survey of India in the summer of 1920 R. W. Palmer the late Capt. R. W. Part I. 1939 March Palmer was deputed to survey the area in detail, and spent about six Tbe Structure of Shali 'Window' near Simla. weeks on either side of the Nauti khad. He By W.D. West, M.A. (Can tab), F.N.I. Geo. subseque~tly submitted a short Progress Re­ logist, Geological Survey of India. ' port, whIch was accompanied by a map of part of the area on the scale of two inches 1. INTRODUCTION to one mile. On this map Palmer showed a The foundations of our knowledge of the number of small outcrops of Subathu beds geology of this area and he subdi~ided the rocks into variou~ H. B. l'tledlicott were laid by HB. groups: -Shah limestone. ShaH quartzite (a Medlicott in his stage that he subsequently a bandoped), Mad­ memoir "On the Geological structure and re­ han slates, Subathu b~s, and the curiously lations of the Southern portions of the Hima­ n.amed Mule Track senes (subsequently iden­ layan range between the rivers Ganges and tdi~ br Pilgrim and West as their Chail Ravee". published in 1864. In that work the s~nes). In order of superposition upwards. In ShaH area provided him with a problem of hlS report be discusses the age of the Mule peculiar difficulty, in that less metamorphosed Tra~~ series, and their apparently anomalous rocks appeared to dip in aU directions be­ pOSItion above less metamorphosed beds. and neath more metamorphosed rocks. Although concludes that they ar~ either Tertiary in age Medlicott was unable to solve the problem or th~t they owe theIr present position to himself. his observations on the geology were thrustrng. In the summary of his work in the so acute, and his recognition of the difficul­ General Report for the year 1920 there oc­ ties to be solved so clear, that it was possible. curs the following statement:- after reading his description, and with a know­ "The relationship between the Madhan ledge of the neighbouring area, to see the pro­ slates and the overlying limestone bable solution in advance. a solution that has and s.late series has not yet been since been confirmed. e~tabhshed. The latter, from its posi­ Medlicott covered the amazing area of 7.000 tion, looks as if it must coincide with square miles in two seasons. striding like a Mr. R. D. Oldham's 'Infra-Blaini giant through the land. Had he been able to beds or Simla slates'. The passage examine -the geology in greater detail. it i_s from the Madhan slates into these possible that he would final1y have come to overlying beds showed no physical a satisfactory understanding of the structure, discordance. but conformability bet­ though the theory of nappes, and the horizon­ ween the two would necessitate a tal movement of large rock masses that they revolution in our ideas of Simla imply, had not then been elaborated. As it geology, making the rock around was, he was compelled to leave the problem Simla itself Tertiary in age. The al­ unsolved. ternative view is that ·the boundary between the two series is a discor­ Subsequent to Medlicott's work, no geolo­ dant one-a thrust fault in fact of gist seems to have considerable magnitude, warped per­ H. H. Hayden visited the area until haps by subsequent movement". the late Sir Henry Hayden came to. Simla as Director. On at least In 1927. Dr. G. E. Pilgrim. in the cour~e three occasions during this period he spent of a ioint survey in as- seven or eight days in camp on the southern G. E. Pilgrim sociation with the pre- slopes of Nag Tikar. a peak north-east of sent writer. spent a ShaH. The ebicf interest of these visits lay in few days in this area. Pilgrim identified Pal­ his discovery of Nummulitic beds on the mer's Mule Track series as being Lower southern slopes of the ShaH mnge, a posi­ Chails (Purana), and concluded therefore that tion unexpectedly far into the Himalaya for the base of this series was a thrust in order beds of this age. This discovery was reported to account for the superposition of Purana in tbe General Report for the years 1918 and rocks on Sub'athu (Tertiary) beds. Pilgrim also 1919. found further outcrops. of Subathu beds to 7G APPENDICES the west of those discovered by Hayden and feet high. To the north of it, at a distance of Palmer, on the south-west slopes of the Shali only five miles, the Sutlej river flows at 2,300 ridge. His modification and extension of Pal­ feet, while to the south of it is the Nauti khad mer's map was included in the map published at about 4,400 feet. with our joint memoir. Based as it was on a The Shali peak forms a prominent feature visit of a few days only, it could only be re­ in the middle distance in the view north-east ,larded as of a reconnaissance nature, though from Simla. To anyone familiar only with this his experience of other parts of the Simla hills view of the mountain, a bare dip-slope of enabled him to understand certain problems massive limestone, it would probabJy come as which Palmer had, perforce, to leave unsolved. a surprise to learn that the northern slopes are Neither Pilgrim nor Palmer, however, reaUy thickly covered with a dense forest of deodar, appreciated the full complexity .of the str~IC­ oak and pine. This, however, is a common ture of this area, an understandllig of whIch fea.ture of Himalayan ridges aligned in an has only been obtained by detailed mapping E.-W. direction, due to the northern slopes on the scale of two inches to one mile. retaining the snow and moisture for a longer The dominant features of the topography period than the southern slopes, and thus of this area are: (1) the affording the vegetati(Jn more favourable con­ Topography ShaH ridge, a branch spur ditions for growth. Medlicott has described running W.S.W. from the the area. north of the Shali as follows:- main .Narkanda-Fagu ridge (the ~atcrshed between the Sutlej and Ganges dramage sys­ "Massive bands of limestone are tossed tems); and (2) the Sutlej river, flowing rather about in every direction, the crump­ south of west, north of the ShaH ridge. J:.. less led slate rocks have yielded easily to denuding forces; thus producing important but still well marked feat.ur~ IS the Nauti khad, which bounds the Shah ndge on a combination of deep narrow gor­ its south side, and separates it from the .Nar-. ges and of lofty rock cliffs, which are kanda-Fagu ridge, joining the Sutle]. at densely covered with forest on every Chaba. North of the Sutlej the ground ns~s available spot". steadily up through Suket State to the m~m *Of the plates accompanying this paper, granite ridge of Mandi State and KuIu, w?lch Plate 1 shows the whole Shali range viewed is a spur running W.S.W. from the great HIma­ from the south, and is taken from WildflO\yer laya Range, and reaches heights of 11,000 Hall, six miles east of Simla. On the fa~ sl~e feet. of the range comes. the Sut~ej valley, whIle III The main features of the topography are the foreground is the Naull khad. shown in the following sketch map:- The area dealt with in this paper is e~vered The area described in this paper is shown by the one-inch sheets 53 E/3, E/4, Ell and within the dotted lines. E/8 The actual mapping, however, bas been The topography of the Shali area _is. one of don~ on the old two-inch sheets 310 S.W ..and great relief. The summit of the Shalt IS 9,406 S.E., and 311 N.W. and N.E. These two-mch ICUl.U %ASHAHR

MA N DI

F I-The main topographical f.eatures of IG. 24 I the area, scale 1" - ml es. Al'PIINDlCES 77 sheets, though old, are for the most part re­ 3. THE STRUCTURE IN OUTLINE markably accurate and often more accurate The outstanding feature of the structure of and reliable than the much later one-inch this area, and the one sheets. Plate 5 of this paper is a somewhat The Shali Thrust. that gives to it such simplified map of the whole area on the scale of one-inch to two miles. In it the Tertiary absorbing interest. is beds and the Madhan slates have been group­ the ShaH thrust. The trace of this thrust des­ ed together under one colour, while the Upper cribes more than three-quarters of a circle, and Shali limestone and the ShaH quartzite are is conveniently shown by a red line on the also shown under one colour. Plate 6 is a re­ half-inch map fOlfl11ing plate 5 of this paper. production of the most complicated portion of Within the area bounded by the thrust the the two-inch sheet 311 N .E., and covers the general structure is that of a dome, with the area in which the structures beneath the Shali rocks dipping out-wards in all directions, as thrust are best displayed, and in which the s~own in the following sketch-map, which Tertiary beds are most fully developed. The spelling of the- place-names on the two maps gIVes the course of the thrust and the dip of is often different, and where necessary both the rocks beneath it. forms are given in the text. The centre of this dome is not the ShaH 2. THE SUCCESSION peak, but some dis­ It is not proposed in this place to describe tance north of it, in The Dome-like Disposition fact over the Sutle]· the lithology of the various rock groups in of the Strata. any detail. A brief description is, however, valley where the lowest necessary, before describing the structure of beds appear. This the area. divergence of dip is well shown by the Upper Shali limestone The rocks of the area can be subdivided as ~long the Shali ridge. At the ShaH peak the dip follows:- IS due south: further east by Nag Tikar it is 'l'erliary­ almost due east; while to the west, by Chaba, Dagshai beds Purple shales, with interbedded purple and green sandstones. the same rocks -are dipping south-west. The Subathu beds Jointed shalos, with thin beds ofHme· gradual change in dip is shown best of all stone containing nummulites. by th~ overlying Chail series. which through. Madhan slates Rusty brown sandy slates, finely out dIsplay a very regular disposition, as of jointed and slightly micaceous. a gently warped sheet. At Chaba the dip is Shali 8eries- ShaH quartzite Pure white qua.rtzite, sometimes con­ south-west; below Mashobra it is south; by taining chert. Nag Tikar it is east: by Kangar it is north· Upper ShaH lime· Massive, grey, dolomitic limestone east; where it crosses the Sutlej it is north­ stone. full of parallel sheets of chert. north-east; while westwards from here it be­ ShaH slates A variety of slates and -slaty lime· stoJles. comes due north and continue~ thus for a long Lower Shali lime· 1. Massive, grey, dolomitic limestone way. Though I have deSCrIbed the general stone. with only ocoasional chert. ' s!ructure a-s a dome, this is not strictly correct, 2. Pink caloitic limestone with no Slllce the western end remains open. Nor can chert, banded at the base. Khaira quartzites White and purple quartzites. it quite be described as an anticline. pitching Chai! Series Dark silky slates and phyllites, with eastwards. It is really an anticline with the interbedd,ed dark calcitill limestone, eastern end dome-like. frequ~ntly banded. Wi~h the exception of the Subathu beds, Medlicott fully appreciated this steady diver­ which contain nummulites and are of. Laki gence o! dip, and recognised the difficulty of age, none of the above series contains any accountmg for the centre of the dome being fossils".and their age is unknown. It is gene­ occupied by what he judged to be the youngest rally assumed that the Chail series are Purana rocks according to their grade of metamor­ in age, and recent work suggests that they are phism. It is worth while in this connection probably equivalent to the Simla slates, of making two quotations from his memoir. On which they may be a more highly'metamor­ page 49 he writes:- phosed facies. It also seems probable that the "In going from Shali to the south, to the Shali series are homotaxial with the Krol east. or to the north. we find the series, but there is still some doubt in the same rocks haye assumed a steadily matter. diverging dip". 78 APPENDICES

, SIMLA IL_ .. _____... _.".~... -H.-.----.--- ______..J FIG .•2-The dip of the rocks within the 'window'. Scale 1 inch = 18 miles. Further on, on page 51, he writes:- tiary ro<;ks of the. outer Himalaya. Since, how­ "Here we have a three sided divergence ever, thl~ would mvolve a very extensive un­ of dip in what seems to be a band of conformity of the two series, he rejects this special depression ...... How (keep- explanation also, and is forced to leave the ing in mind the magnitude of the problem unsolved. section) these limestones of ShaH be­ The detailed mapping of the past few years came s'o deeply let into this inverted has now supplied an trough of older strata, is more than answer to the problem. Recognition of the ShaH Th 0 k b h I can at prese·nt explain. If the east thrust provides a solution. ere s a ove t e end of this trough were an ordinary Shali thrust· belong to fault, or a rapid cievation and trun­ the Chail series, pre­ cation of the calcareous strata, the sumed to be Purana in case were comparatively simple; but age. Those below the thrust are a mixed as­ it is not so; the abnormal superposi­ semblage consisting of the Shali series, the tion of the older strata is as regular Madhan slates. and Subathu and Dagshai on the east as on the north". beds of Tertiary age. As a result of nearly horizontal movement. the Chail series have For an explanation he is forced to fall back been forced many mBes to the south-west over upon the possibility of strata that are younger in age, so as to over­ its being some kind of lie them as a flat sheet. Subsequent denudation MedJicott unable to solve fan structure. an ex­ the structure. planation which he re- has worn away this covering of older rocks jects; or that it is an in the Shali area, and in the "window" thus example of the deposi­ opened we can see the younger rocks beneath. tion of younger rocks against a steep cliff of Thus. before the denudation of the Sutlej and older rocks, a favourite explanation of his in the Nauti valleys, the Chail series must once the C

FIG. 3-The incolning of the (j pper ShaH lime­ stone. ApPENbicES 81

Continuing our examination of the boun­ Along the boundary of the Chail series the dary. between the Subathus die out near Incoming of tho lIrauhan Pandoa khad. where Majolti. and from t;;httoH. the Upper ShaH lime- Kli ppe of ChaH series uy there to Chaba the stone comes in, and Kathnol. Chail series rest either Nag Tikar, the promi­ upon the Madhan nent peak north-east of the Shali, the most im­ slates or upon the Upper ShaH limestone. portant feature is the appearance of the Mad­ There is one exception to this last statement. han slates between the Upper Shali limestone North-east of Guma, on the north-east slopes and the ChaiI series south-west of Koti. Rusty of th~ Nauti khad around Kathnol, there is a brown slates, so typical of the Madhans, are large outlier, or klippe, of the Chail series. seen just over a furlong S.S.W. of Kateri, This outlier, which is probably quite thin, resting on massive quartzite. The latter are rests partly upon Madhan slates, partly upon rather more prominently developed th.iln is Subathu beds, and partly upon yet one more usual in the Madhans, but they arc of the type new horizon, namely Dagshai beds, the latter, that occurs in that series. These rocks rest at where seen, resting on the Subathus. The dis­ first directly upon the Upper Shali limestone, cordant manner in which the Chail series rests the Shali quartzite being absent. But a short upon these various horizons is well brought dista nee further on, on the south side of the out on the 2-inch map, and is testimony to Pandoa khad (Garach nala) , there is a white the discordant nature of the Chait boundary. quartzite on top of the ShaH limestone. Proceeding further north-west, at and around and this is almost certainly the ShaH quart­ Chaba on the Sutlej zite. the Chail series rest for Continuing o.n towards Nag Tikar, the A lllinor thrust at Chabll. the most part on the Madhan slates are pro­ Upper ShaH limestone. minently developed be­ But by Chaba itself a Incomillg of tho Tertiary thin remnant of Madhan slates is seen in the ·beus. low Dhar, and form the precipitous cliffs banks of the Sutlej. The Madhan slates, the overlooking the khad Shali quartzite and the ShaH limestone are to the west of Mahewag. Further south-west, here repeated by a subsidiary thrust-fault, and however, the Madhans temporarily die out. the slates are seen both immediately west of and the Chail series rest once more upon the the Power House, on both banks of the Sutlej, Shali series. But they reappear on the east and also on the south bank just east of the Power House, where they are underlain by and north-east slopes of Nag Tikar, and we Shali quartzite and ShaH limestone in normal are here introduced for the first time to "(er­ sequence, and overlain by Shali limestone tiary beds. The section here. however, is com­ through thrusting. The Power House itself is plicated by the presence of some ShaH Hme­ situated on the upper bed of quartzite, but this stone. which is out of place, a phenomenon soon dies out to the south-east. The corres­ that is seen to better advantage further south­ ponding section on the north bank is obscured west in the Nauti khad. and it wiII be discus­ by talus, but the mai,n boundary between sed more fully below. the Chail series and the underlying rocks is well displayed where a small cliff formed of South from Nag Tikar the Tertiary beds Chail limestone striking north-east abuts dis­ are well developed on the- dip-slopes of the cordantly against Madhan slates striking Shali range, resting normally upon the Mad­ N.N.W. han slates. They are seen immediately below The reservoir above is situated on the the Chail series for nearly four miles to the Madhan slates, which overlie the main mass south of Nag Tikar, and in many other out­ of Upper Shali limestone, the quartzite hav­ crops on the north-western slopes of the Nauti ing died out. Just above the reservoir on its khad. The geology here is extremely compli­ south side there comes the second band of cated, and can only be properly shown on the Shali limestone, repeated by the minor thrust. 2-inch map (on the t-inch map, the Madhan Its crushed nature can be well seen on the slates and Tertiary beds have had to be group­ roadside leading from the reservoir to the ed together). It is described in greater detail Inspection Bungalow (LB.), which is situ~ted below. on it. 82 APPENDICES

Since Chaba is frequently visited by travel­ this is perhaps not a completely sound argu­ lers. and the structure is too small to be re­ mont as applied to the age of rocks, it does produced on the half-inch map, I have given at least necessitate the introduction of a fault an enlarged map of the area in Fig. 4, on the between the two series. As Medlicott wrote: - scale of 4 inches to' 1 mile. "It is not a case of simple inversion: the contiguity of the extreme types of rock involves faulting, or some equi­ valent supposition; and the direction of the plane of contact necessitates reversion, that is, a slope opposite to that which is considered normal in cases of faulting, with reference to the relative positions of the youn­ ger and older strata". Detailed examination of the types of rocks found in the Chail series and in the rocks Compal'ison of metamor­ below leaves 110 room phic grade above and below the boundary. for doubt that the for­ mer display a higher FIG. 4-Map showing the structure around grade of metamorphism Chaba. Scale 4" =] mile. than the latter. The -Chait series are typi- This is as far as we can trace the Chail cally represented by phyllites and lustrous boundary, for unfortunately the rocks north schistose slates that proclaim their 'epi' grade of the Sutlej, around Sakra, are entirely obs­ of metamorphism. Accompanying these rocks cured by gravels and talus. One third of a there is frequently a great profusion of quartz­ mile north-east of Sakra, the Chails (lime­ veins generally only one inch or less wide and stone and slate, with quartzite) are again a few inches or more long, but sometimes up , found, but the base cannot be seen. More­ to a foot wide and several feet long. In some over, a large fault, seen to better advantage to cases the phyllites are so intimately penetrated the north-west, further complicates the geo­ by vein quartz, that the latter must make up logy. The boundary of the Chail series shown nearly half the rock. This grade of metamor­ on the map at this place is thus mainly con­ phism, although not very high, is in contrast jectural. to that displayed by the underlying rocks. In We have_ now followed the course of the comparing the two sets of rocks it is neces­ Chail 'boundary right round the Shali area. sary to select similar types of rock. Amongst Had not the fault referred to above existed. the rocks below the Chail series, the Shali it is possible that the course of the boundary slates, the Madhan slates and the Subathu would have beeQ, completely closed. beds include pelitic types comparable to the types found in the Chail series. When these Before describing the complicated geology rocks are compared with the rocks of the of the Nauti khad, we ./ Chail series the difference in grade of metamor­ The nature of the Chail may consider the real boundary. phism is at once apparent. For the former nature of the boundary are mostly ordinary clay slates that have forming the base of undergone no metamorphism other than that the Chait series. As due to the mechanical effects of compression has already been stated, Medlicott was unable and folding that these rocks, in cnmmon with to understand how it was that younger rocks all the rest, have undergone. The contrast is of were found in the centre of an anticline or course most marked in the (.;use of the Suba­ dome dipping in all directions beneath older thu and Dagshai beds, which are still in the rocks. Medlicott's reason for supposing the condition of shales, albeit rather jointed shales, ShaJi series to be younger than the surround­ that contain a few perfectly preserved fossils. ing and apparently overlying Chail series If we compare the psammitic types of rocks, seems to have rested upon his. appreciation of we find the same distinction. Those in the Ter­ their different grades of metamorphism. While tiary rocks are sandstones, or rarely quartzites, APPENDICES 83

that have undergone no recrystallisation, (S) There is a marked distinction bet­ whereas rocks of similar composition in the ween the gently dipping, unfolded, Chait series arc true metamorphic quartzites sheet-li"ke form of the Chail rocks, or. where sufficient sericite is present, quartz· and the folded nature of all the schists. underlying rocks. Regarding the presence or absence of the (6) The structures displayed in the rocks vein quartz. the distinction is striking, ('special· immediately beneath the Chail ly whcre the Chail series overlie the ShaH boundary in the Nauti Khad, and slates. therc being an abrupt cessation of vein not seen far from this boundary, are quartz when pass'ing from one to the other. such as to indicate intense move­ Even Medlicott in his rapid survey of the ment along this line. These struc· country remarked on this fact in his descrip. tures are described in the next sec­ tion of the section from Belu to Dhamun Nag tion. on page SO of his Memoir. As regards the (7) There can be little doubt that the origin of the vein quartz, it is possibly to be Chail series are pre-Tertiary in age, attributed to the thick sill of ortho·gneiss in· and yet they rest as a flat sheet upon truded into the higher parts of the Chail series. Subathu and Dagshai beds. In that part of the Chail series that is some Consideration of the facts summarised above distance from the gneiss, e.g., by Theog and forces one to the conclusion that the base of Fagu, the vein quartz is very much less com· the Chail series is a thrust·fault, and more­ mon,. and this is probably significant. over an exceedingly flat one, which has forced One final point concerning the nature of the Chail series many miles southwards so as this boundary has to be considered, and that to lie like a mantle over the rocks of the ShaH is, if the succession is a normal uninverted or series. It is only where this' mantle has been unfaulted one, then the Chail series, and with denuded away sufficiently that the underlying them the Simla slates. must be Tertiary in age, rocks are seen, and the Shali area is thus a in fact post·Dagshai. This is inconceivable,' true 'window' in the Alpine sense. and we are forced to the conclusion that the This thrust, originally referr~d to ns the base of the Chail series is a fault of some Chail thrust, is now termed the ShaH thrust. kind. Although it has brought forward rocks of We may now summarise the facts at our Chail age, it has no connection with the main disposal concerning the nature of. the Chail Chail thrust, which occurs at a higher tecto­ boundary. They are as follows:- nic horizon, and it is therefore necessary to It (I) A marked regional discOlzdance is reo give it a separate name. is the dominant vealed by the mapping. South of the feature in the structure of this area. ShaIi. the Chail series rest on Suba· S. STRUCTURES BENEATH THE SHALl THRUST thu and Dagshai beds. Twelve miles IN THE NAUTI Khad further north. across the Sutlej. they Stated simply', the Nauti khad consists, on rest on the Middle Shali limestone. its north side of a dip-slope of Upper Shali In the interval nearly 4,000 feet of limestone, overlain by ShaH quartzite, Madhan strata have disappeared. slates, and Tertiary beds. This is clear from (2) A marked difference is to be observ· the Photograph given in Plate 1, where the ed in the ~rade of metamorphism Madhan slates and the Tertiary beds form the exhibited by the rocks above and be· more subdued topography of the middle slopes Jow the Chail boundary. The more of the Shali range, while towards the bottom metamorphosed rocks overlie the less of the valley the Shali limestone reappears, metamorphosed. ,forming a steep scarp slope. On the south ('3) The upper rocks are generally charac· side these same beds dip south beneath the . terised by an abmidance of vein Chail series, and this side is mainly a scarp· quartz, never seen in the rQcks below slope of the Chail slates. When studied in the Chail boundary. detail, however, the structure is found to be (4) Signs of crushing are Jrequently se"!1 much more complicated. in the lowest rocks of the Chail For studying the geology of this aren. series, especially where they rest on Dharmpur forms an excellent centre, a good massive rocks. place for camping being just above the main 84 APPENDtCES

road where it crosses the "econd khad west of is given in Plate 3, with the boundaries dr~wn Balheot, about halfway between Balheot and in. . Kandi. It is clear that we actually have here the (1) Recumbent Folding and Thrusting nose of a recumbent fold, and it is evident that this fold is resting on a normal 5cquence The recumbent folds to be described affect of Shali quartzite and Shali limestone, from the Sha11 limestone, ShaH quartzite and Mad­ which it is separated by a thrust. The quart­ han slates. Though not of very great pmpli­ zite envelope, as it turns over becomes highly tude they are very clear, and generally have crushed and eventually dies out, and the Sha11 their middle limbs sheared out and replaced limestone further up the khad is seen resting by a thrust. The clearest example of a fold upon uncrushed quartzite. Likewise the Mad­ amI a thrust is seen just north-west of tht han slates bend over round the nose of the Balheot-Dharmpur road. The east side of the fold and die out against the thrust. khad west of the Balheot provides an excel­ lent section which is worth describing in If the nose of the fold be followed east detail. of the spur towards Dharmpur, it will be found that the limestone dies out at the sur­ The road running from this khad south-east face as the quartzite closes round it, ,vhile to Balheot is situated just west of Dharmpur the overlying Madhan on ShaH quartzite, and slates also bend round and meet the underly­ this rests in proper ing Madhan slates, and the fold thus complete­ .A recumbent folU by Bal- sequence on ShaH lime- ly closes. Further north, however, the nose heat and Dharmpur. stone. In the cliff has again been partly.denuded away, and the alongside the road a limestone is again seen with the quartzite and very clear line is seen. Madhan slates both above and below it. All Above this line there comes a crushed this is clearly shown on the 2 inch map. quartzite, which is overlain abnormally Returning to the s~ction in the khad side by Shali limestone. The Shali limestone north-west of Balheot, we may represent the forms steep cliffs, but is overlain above by structure seen here in the following diagram­ more Shali quartzite, uncrushed, and this by matic section;-

N. s.

FIG. 5-Diagrammatic section along the Bal­ heat spur.

Madhan slates, which cap this part of the The way in which the quartzite envelope spur. Examination of the rather irregular surrounding the limestone becomes crushed to boundary between the limestone and the. a hreccia as it approaches the thrustplane is quartzite shows that the boundary bends right very convincing as to the truth of the above round, the quartzite turning round and un~er interpretation. We clearly have a recumbent the limestone, and at the same time becommg fold with the middle limb replaced by a nearly highly crushed. It is evident that this recum­ horizontal thrust, while the same thrust has bent fold is resting on a thrust-plane. the tr~ce . cut out the lower band of quartzite below of which on the khad side is the sharp lme Balheot village so that Madhan slates rest referred to above. A photograph of this spur directly on ShaH limestone. kPPENDICllS 85 Leaving the further discussion of this area the quartzite and limestone is very clear. with for the moment, let us the overlying limestone brecciated for 10 or go direct to Kandi, 15 ·feet; and (2) in a cave by the roadside along Tho Ka.ndi Spur. about a mile south- the road from Kandi to Bog, just before the west of Balheot, and first tributary shown on the 2 inch map to the examine two very in­ north-west of 66.75, where also the limestone structive sections. Kandi is situated on Madhan is brecciated. In addition to the main outcrop slates. On both sides of the spur these Madhan of Madhan slates by Kandi, there is also a slates rest normally on the ShaH quartzite small outlier of Madhan slates a short distance and the latter on the ShaH limestone, which further up the spur, capping the quartzite; is seen in a fine precipitous section in the deep while, what is of particular interest, further khad to the west of Kandi. Proceeding north­ north-west along the road, just south of west up the spur from Kandi the Madhan .6675, a small out-crop of purple and brown slates, owing to a south-easterly dip, soon give Madhan slate is seen for a few paces between way to the quartzite; but where the spur be­ the quartzite and overlying limestone, thus comes suddenly steep, the quartzite is O\'er­ providing additional evidence for the thrust. lain by a considerable thickness of Shali lime­ The structure on the spur is, in fact, analo­ stone. This boundary between the quartzite gous to that by Balheot, except that the fold and the limestone, whether followed to the is not seen to close. The following diagram­ north-east round the small khad, or to the matic section represents the structure here:--

5.'1'1 1'1.1::.

FIG. 6-Diagrammatic section along the Kandi spur.

north~west al<1ng the road, is clearly seen to Interesting as this section is, an equally in­ be a thrust. For not only ts the quartzite structive section is to be seen on the west overlain in reverse sequence by Shali lime­ side of the khad. An excellent idea of the stone (as well as underlain by it, normally), structure can be obtained from the road on the but the base of the limestone is seen to be east side of the khad, e.g., by the cave men­ highly crushed for a few feet above the bound­ tioned above. The view from this point shown ary. The thrust nature of the junction is best in Plate 4, and an examination of the ground seen (I) on the north-east side of the khad in question shows that the structure is as fol­ north of Kandi, where the junction between lows:-

W.E. S.W

------(;.fly lit:

FIG. 7-Diagrammatic section along the spur half a mile south-west at the Kandi spur. . 8(j ApPENDICES

It is clear that we have here a structure whether it ends abruptly against the lower similar to that seen on the east side of the quartzite. But that the top of the lower quart­ khad, with this difference, that there is no zite is a thrust is clear when it is followed to thrust here. Careful examination of the huge the east on to the Balheot spur, some three limestone lenticle shows that its upper and or four hundred feet below Balheot. Here is lower boundaries with the quartzite are normal a small house, and this is situated on a thin junctions and not thrust junctions. That the bed of Madhans which over-lies the quartzite. quartzite-Madhan slates boundary, shown But a little further up the spur the quartzite by a broken line in the air, is also the correct is overlain by massive ShaH limestone, which interpretation is clear from the geology on the extends nearly up to Balheot. Just north-east far (west) side of the spur, where the quart­ of the little house, the junction of this lime­ zite fold is seen to close. and the Madhan stone with the underlying quartzite is very slates are seen to be continuous around the clear, the top of the quartzite is highly crush­ quartzite. Further confirmation is provided ed, and it is clearly a thrust. This section is by a thin bed of brown earthy limestone very similar to the section on the Kandi spur, which occurs at the junction of the quartzite and a glance at the 2 inch shows in fact that and the Madhan slates. By the old fort it this thrust is the direct continuation of the comes above the quartzite~ but further down thrust that runs from Kandi to Bog, already the spur it comes below the quartzite, while described above. Here, however, an extra fold further down still, south-east of Bagnali, it and thrust have come in above it, and it is comes above the quartzite once more. It is clear that the bend over of this quartzite and indicated in the diagram given above. It is limestone on the west side of the khad shown clear in fact that we have here a recumbent in the figure given above, is the brow of an­ fold of quartzite, with a core of limestone and other small recumbent fold, the lower limb an envelope of Madhan slates. These two of which has been cut out. On the Balheot sections on either side of the khad are thus of spur the brow has been denuded away. much interest, supplementing one another. We have yet finished with this Balheot spur. Returning once more to the khad west of Continuing down the spur from the house, Balheot, it is interesting to follow the lower the limestone is soon underlain by Madhan .quartzite (on whjch road rests) round the khad slates, without the intervention of any quart­ to the west. It follows the road for some dis­ zite. The same relations 'are seen in the main tance, and then rapidly becomes almost verti­ khad to the east. On the west side of the spur, cal and runs down the khad side, almost meet­ however, the quartzite comes in and ~ontinues ing a lower bed of quartzite that is continuous west, with one small break, to join up with with the quartzite by Kandi. The limestone the quartzite by Kandi. Below this quartzite below the quartzite in question also bends there is some more limeston~ and quartzite over and down. The following section is seen but this, for the purpose ·of this descfJption, on the hill side below the road: _, may be neglected, as it is merely an additional

w

FIG. 8-Section seen on the east side of thi! spur south-west of Balheot.

On account of some fields which obscure open fold which closes towards Kandi.. The the geology over a small area, it is not possi­ limestone above the quartzite that we are con­ ble to say whether the upper quartzite actual­ sidering. continues to the east as far as the ly bends round so as to become inverted, or khad on the east side of the Kandi spur, and APPENDICES 87 js seen just above the road. It is evident that bridge. Ascending the opposite side of the this band of limestone is a flat fold that closes khad, one first passes over about 800 feet of just west of the khad N.N.E. of Kandi. But Madhan slates. These are overlain by about there has probably been some thrustina as 50 feet of Subathu beds, which contains a well, since the top of the quartzite belo~ it, few casts of lameIIibranchs. Immedia tely just east of the khad, is very crushed. As al­ above these come the Chail ·series, in \'. hich ready indicated, east of the Balheot spur the the typical finely banded limestone is con­ quartzite is missing, and the Madhan slates spicuous. are seen dipping beneath the limestone, in inverted sequence. A little way east of the Following the Subathu-Chail boundary main khad, just below Daro, the quartzite is northwards, an outcrop of Shali limestone, seen above the limestone, and is overlain by with a little Shali quartzite, is seen on the next Madhan slates. We see here, in fact, the clos­ spur at about E. 15° N. of Kamalti. It is really ing of the third and lowest recumbent fold, a a long lentic1e about five or six feet thick, 'fold that is }munded in part by a thrust at and it comes immediately above the ~ubathu its base, as shown by the disappearance of beds and below the Chail series, in other the quartzite in the main khad, and by the words along the line of the ShaH thrust. brecciation of the quartzite N.N.E. of Kandi. Continuing northwards, the Shali limestone, This third recumbent fold is no doubt of 5mall with a little Shali quartzite, reappears in force amplitude, but its existence is none the less at a little south of east of the more northerly clear. part of Chila village. Here it. is fully' 50-60 We may now give a diagrammatic section feet thick, and forms a small vertical cliff that along the line of the Balheot spur, showing can be recognised as ShaH limestone from a the three recumbent folds with their thrust:- distance. - s. _- .--- I,t-,

FIG. 9-Diagrammatic sectiml aiong the Bal­ heot spur.

That these recumbent folds with their Further north, below the large 'N' on the 2 thrusts owe their origin to the ShaH thrust inch map, the Subathu beds are overlain by a above, having been induced by that thrust as patch of Madhan slates (in addition of course ,it forced the Chail series many miles south­ to being underlain by them), but there is here wards. can hardly be doubted. no Shali limestone. However, immediately north of the next tributary, that runs down , (2) The Structure of Baraihna Hill from Nagad, a prominent bed of ShaJi lime­ Certain structures that occur in association stone is seen by and above the road. At its with the- ShaIi thrust, and provide further evi­ thickest it is about 125 feet thick and is over­ dence for its existence, may now be briefly lain by the Chail series. described. They are best seen in the neighbour­ A similar o14tcrop of Shali limestone is seen hood of Majrahna and Baraihna. between on the south side of Roni, while others occur Dharmpur· and Nag Tikar. much further south by Daro and Shiwa. All Immediately below and north-east of these outcrops are located along the line of Dharmpur the khad is spanned by a small the Shali thrust. 88 APPENDICES

Le~ving the. ~hali .thrust, we may now (3) The Kathnol Klippe examme the hIll ImmedIately above Baraihna. This hill has been referred to by both Palmer The roughly circular outlier of Chail rocks and Pilgrim. but neither. for lack of time, ap­ tha t occurs around preciafed its real structure. In effect we have Kathno!, north-east of The discordance fit tho Guma, has already here a capping of Shali limestone, ShaH quart­ base of the Chail serif'S. zite and Madhan slates resting partly upon been mentioned on Subathu beds and partly upon Madhan slates. page 145. It is impor­ The latter also rest upon Subathu beds. It is tant as providing fur­ clear that we are dealing with a section very ther evidence that the similar to that described above, on the opposite Chail series once ex- side of the khad, except that the Chail series tended right over the ShaH area, having since have been denuded away. A diagrammatic been denuded away. It is also of interest in section through Baraihna hill and across the showing very clearly the marked discordance khad is given below in Fig. 10. that separates the Chail series from the rocks

$.[..

Sk.l.t. ' ~i 11 ....1.". •• :''II.Q.• 51\.,; q~a'l1.it'. IA.S. • w• .lIo.n oj. tu·

FIG. IO-Diagrammatic section through Baraihna Hill.

A l!>omewhat similar section is seen around that occur below. for tht!y are seen resting Majrahna, where a patch of ShaH limestone successively on Madhan slates, Subathu beds rests upon the Tertiary beds. The latter, how­ and Dagshai beds. ever, include here a higher horizon, namely Dagshai beds, consisting of carmine shales Pilgrim, during a traverse across the ShaH with purple and green sandstones. area, had noticed Subathu beds east of Kath­ nolo but had not seen the Dagshai beds. The Considering all the above sections. the con­ two are in places either interfolded or inter­ clusion seems forced upon us that these slices thrust. b.ut owing to their rather structureless of ShaH limestone and other rocks have been character the exact relations are uncertain. torn off the main Shali outcrop to the north­ west and dragged along by the Shali thrust so A matter of some interest is the appearance as to come to lie upon the autochthonous here and there of out- Tertiary rocks. A sirp.ilar explanation must Thrust slices of Shali crops of ShaH lime- also apply to the numerous outcrops of Shali Limestone. stone. which are evi- limestone around Kathnol, already described dently similar in origin and referred to again below. to those described above, by Baraihna hill. Thus. about three­ Such structure. occurring as they do im­ quarters of a mile E. by N. of K~thnol, are mediately beneath the Shali thrust. are strong two out-crops of ShaH limestone resting upon additional evidence as to the reality of the the Dagshai beds. Another outcrop is seen thrust. half a mile south-east of Kathnol. This bed of APPENDICES' 89

limestone come immediately beneath the Chail About half way between Chaba and series and above the Dagshai beds, and is Seoni, 'Yhere the main road. after leaving thus exactly similar in position to the out­ Shakron, approaches close to the river a mass crops south-east of Baraihna hill. Another of Shali limestone is seen both ab~ve and such outcrop is seen about three-quarters of a below the road, the portion below the road mile S. by W. of Kathnol. ~eing capped by ShaH quartzite. By the river Itself, o~ t.he south-east side of the big bend. Less .ea.sy to understand are the outcrops the. Shah 1tm~stone has a gentle northerly dip. of Shah hmestone that are found within the whIle the adjacent Chail slaty limestone has Chail series. Such are seen at Kathnol itself a steep north-easterly dip, suggesting a fault. and at several places north-west of Kathnol. However, closer examination of the outcrop They are evidently similar in origin to the suggests that there is no need to suppose a other outcrops, but have been thrust into or fault, but that the rather incompetent rocks caught up within the Chail series as it moved over the area. A similar, but much larger, ex­ of the Chail series have been moulded around and irregular mass of more resistant Shali lime­ ample, seen between Chaba and Seoni, in the Sutlej valley, is described below. . stone and quartzite. About the road the ShaH limestone is overlain by the Chail series, vlhile One fu~ther point of interest in this area below the road, a little east of milestone 22 must be referred to. it is also underlain by the Chail series. We A Plunging Nappe. For a short Jistance appear,· therefore, to have a mass of ShaH along the north side limestone within the Chail series, quite isolat­ of the Nauti khad, due e~ .from any other Shali outcrop, and thus south of Kathnol, the s~milar to the much smaller outcrops of ShaH Chail series are seen dipping north beneath hmestone referred to above as occurring withM the Shali series. The exact structure here is in the Chail series near Kathnol. It is curious. not easy to make out, owing to lack of good however, that while the ShaH limestone below exposures at critical points. East of Dengal the road is capped by about 20 feet of ShaH the ShaH limestone. with a thin covering of quartzite, above the Toad it is overlain directly Madhan slates, is clearly seen dipping beneath by the Chait series; which suggests that there the Chail series. In the other direction, north­ is a thrust within the ShaH mass, approxi­ west of Badewan, the same is seen, though the mately along the line of the road, repeating Madhan slates are in most places missing. In t~e ShaH limestone but not the Shali quart­ between, for about a mile and a half, the ZIte. Chail series, here dominantly carbonaceous slates, are seen dipping northwards. The only interpretation I can give is that the Chail 6. THE RELATION OF THE SHALl WINDOW series, in moving southwards along the Shali TO THE SIMLA-KROL AREA thrust has, so to speak. overrun itself, or. put in another way, part of the Chait sheet has Having given in the preceding sections a lagged behind and been overrun by the faster short account of the structure of this area, it moving mass behind, and so been forced to will be fitting if I conclude this paper with a buckle down and backwards. short section discussing the relation of this area to the Simla-Krol area further south. The only alternative is that there has been some sharp folding here subsequent to the Westwards from Chaba both sides of the main thrusting. This. however, seems unlikely, since there is no sign of stlch folding through­ Sutlej vaney are occu­ out the rest of this area. If the former sug­ pied by rocks of the Reappearance of the Shllli Chait series. But at gestion is correct, it would represent with the series lit Tatapnni. Alpine geologists term a plunging nappe, and Tataoani. some five this was the view that Dr. Arnold Heim took miles west of Chaba, when I discussed the point with him at Simla. the ShaH series reap­ pears once more. The Before concluding this section, one more section downstream from Tatapani is particu­ outcrop of Shali lime­ larly interesting, as it provides further confir­ stone must be referred ma!ion of the tru!h of the conclusion already ShaJi Limestone within to, as its position is arnved at regardmg the former extension of ~he Chailseries. rather anomalous. the Chail series over the Shali area. 90 APPENDICES The general structure of the Sutlej valley will bring it directly to Kandaghat, and there­ between Chaba and . fore into continuity with the Giri thrust. Tatapani is that of an This conclusion, if correct, is of great inter­ Due to the Development anticlinorium. At Tata- ~t, for it means ofa pitch. pani, however, the an- that one and the same ticline develops a pitch thrust bas brought to the east, and the Toe Shall series probably older rocks to overlJ'e homotaxial with the rocks beneath the Chail Krol series. the Shali series to the series forming the core of the anticline r~re north of Simla, and brought up to the west. We see here, in fact, the Krol series to the the Shali series (Lower Shali limestone) pitch­ south of Simla, which ing up'from beneath the overlying Chail series: is suggestive of these two great limestone series thu.s providing furt_her evi'!_enc:e th';\t the Shah being of the same age. It is true that there is serIes really underhes the Chall senes through­ a gap of about 15 miles between the last ex­ out this area. In the Shali area proper the posure of the Shali limestone west of Arki and same structure is seen at a much higher leveL the Krol limestone of the Krol mountain. But and the Chail covering has been denuded it is unlikely that two such thick series of lime­ away. But at Tatapani the ~hail c~veri!lg !s still present, and the underlymg Shah sen~s IS stone, occurring in the same tectonic posi­ only seen through the influence of the pitch. tion, are different in age, though it must be It is no doubt significant that the line of junc­ admitted that their lithological sequence is not tion between the two series, which is of ~ourse identical. There, however, the problem must the Shali thrust, exactly coincides with the be left for the time being. well-known hot springs after which the place Finally, brief reference may be rnade to a takes its name Tatapani. tentative conclusion which has gradually From Tatapani the line of the Shali thrust emerged as mapping has proceeded, namely on the south side of that the Chail series are the metamorphosed the Sutle.i valley runs equivalent of the Simla slates. The Shall Thrust traced nearly due west for to bey~nd Arki. Pilgrim, after examining the Naldera area about eight miles, and north of Simla, con­ then rapidly swings c1udea that the rocks round through a right angle to run south to­ The Chail series meta. below the Naldera morphosed Simla Slates. limestone were the wards Arki. In the same manner the strike of lowest stage of the the rocks above and below the thrust a1so Chail series, a conclu­ swings round. It is of interest to n_?te that from sion with which the Tatapani westwards a new ~orlZon appears writer is in agreement immediately beneath the Shah thrust, namely except that the Naldera limestone is regarded vesicular greenstones. These are clearly of 'Y0I­ as part of this series. Overlying rocks comes canie origin, and there are r:asons for belIev­ the main outcrop of the Simla slates, extend­ ing them to represent the PanJal trap. They are ing up to Simla. Very careful examination of seen overlying the ShaH lime~tone to as far ~s the zone of rocks that forms the base of the about five miles north of Arkl, whe~e the Chail Simla slates and the top of the Luwer Chails, series overlaps them along the lme of the right across sheet 53-E/4, has failed, however, Shali thrust and comes to rest once more upon to reveal any break in the sequence such as the ShaH limestone. might have been expected had the Simla The ShaIi thrust has thus been followed .to slates been laid down upon a surface of Lower within about a mIle Chails with the Middle and Upper Chails mis­ and a half of Hat Kot. sing. Moreover, these Lower Omits are, it' this Its further course is area, no more metamorphosed than the over­ lying Simla slates. It is only when traced to­ The Shali thrust probably not known for cer­ oontinuous with the tain; but from what is wards the north-east that the Lower Chails Giri thrust. known of the strike of gradually assume. a hi&her grad~ of metamor­ the rocks in this area, phism, a change III whIch the Simla slates are the thrust must run precluded from sharing owing to their main south-south-east and outcrop not extending .far in thaTt directio.n. south-east from Hat Kat, and this direction The lithology of the MIddle and Upper Chails APPENDICES 91

is also very similar to that of the Simla slates, of the latter (Jutogh series) have now been and it is, therefore, tentatively concluded that . found north of the Sutlej valley, while it is the two are one and the same series, tbe Simla likely that in the Shali window we see the slafes at and north of Simla representing the roots of the Krol Nappe, for Mr. J. B. Auden Middle Upper Chails. The difference which has shown that the Krol belt is not autoch­ these two series have hitherto been h'!ld to thonous but a nappe. display is most marked where tbe Chail series The whole problem of the geology of the have been brought by thrusting from the north Simla hills was really succinctly stated by east (where they were more highly metamor­ Medlicott when he wrote Oll page 51 of his phosed) to rest directly upon the Simla slates. memoir:- as in the Chor area. In that area the difference between the two is very marked; and since it "The stratigraphical phenomena which I was there that the two series were first mapped, have attempted to describe in the the difference due to metamorphism obscured last few paragraphs (in the Shali area) the possibility that they might belong to the form a companion puzzle to what we same series. have seen the Chor. There we have a three-sided covergence of dip upon In the section given in Fig. 11, the Simla what seemed to be a point of special 3lates as shown include the Lower Chails of elevation; here we have a three-sided the Naldera area. Where, however, they re­ divergence of dip in what seems to appear on the north side of the Sutlej valley, be a band of special depression." more highly metamorphosed, they are repre­ sented in the section by the !:iamc ...:haracter as The problem thus stated is solved when it the Chails of the Simla area. 1t was thought is unqerstood that we are dcaling with an im­ best to represent the rocks thus. until the iden­ mense thrust that has brought a sheet of older tity of the two series had been established be­ rocks to rest more or less horizontally upon yond doubt. younger rocks, the whole having been subse­ In Fig. 11 an attempt has been Blade to qU'ently gently warped and partly denuded. show the structure of In modern terminology, the former area refer­ Conclusion. the whole Shali-Simla- red to by Medlicott (the Chor-Simla area) is Krol area. The out­ a klippe of older rocks restinl?: upon younger. standing tectonic features are (1) the Shali The latter area (the ShaH area) is a window of window, and (2) the Simla klippe. The roots younger rocks appearing from beneath older.

SIN. s. .... ".u N.'-.

s,*,l(. , ./ , ~"""'''OOl[' ' ll~~ _:_ - - - _ J J.,.. - t J"" ~: ... -:-~~-~~-~,'''''

"- SECTION THROUGH THE SIMLA HIMALAYA.

Vct-t,'C6t ,~~~- o 1,01. 10,"".

FIG. ll-Structure of the whole Shali-Simla-Krol Area. 92 APPENDICES APPENDIX II J jajman client Glossary of local words used in the mono­ jeotshi graph astrologer jhoola rope bridge jungra yoke A abadi inhabited area K akhara stage for drama or kar­ kha'lyan threshing floor yala kharcha goat-hair rug anaj foodgrains kuhl water channel for irriga­ arthi pyre ting fields. kundli horoscope B M bain baoH mandap pavilion bhit wall manjri mat .. seat binnas mauli a red thread at the time brani un-irrigated land of auspicious ceremo­ nies. C munsif magistrate murti image chaddar cloth sheet muthri sheath chadtu dimunitive female head­ gear o chandan Sandalwood ookhli mortar for pounding chhachh Whey paddy.

D p dai mid-wife pakdandi village path danpunya alms palki palanquin dham feast path prayer peru dhan paddy a big bamboo vessel for storing grain. dhank edge of a ddge-c1iff phegru fig dhatu scarf prets evil spirits dogri farm-house pul bridge drubba turf S G safa turban gaan agricultural implement saheli or sakhi girl friend used for hoeing maize shakri pebble fields. sthan shrine-place gabrain manuring of wheat fields in a team by house­ T holds together. tarn a person who crosses the gharat water mill river by swimming by ghasni pastures means of inflated skin grehasni inauguration of a new and takes the passen­ house. Ceremonies gers across the stream. while occupying of tel oil new house for the first thalu bronze plate for serving time. meals. APPENDICES 93

APPENDIX III. Twenty biswas are equal to one bigha. Extracts from settlement Report of Bhajji One bigha equals 900 square yards. State, 1923 One acre equals 5.38 bighas...... The area in the big Kiar which requir­ ** ed eight kacha maunds of wheat for its sow­ Harvesting time-In the Kharif the cutting ing used to' be considered equivalent to one of the crops commences generally from the 1st ·Ieah ...... Asuj and lasts till the 15th Katik, but kachalu, * haldi, chillies and ginger are collected at the One square karam is equal to one biswansi. end of the month of Maghar. Twenty biswansis are equ~l to one biswa. *** Statement of experiment of produce per bigha in Bhajji State

Kharif Harvest Ra bi Harvest Class of land r---"----, Remarks Rice Maize Koda. Kulth Mash Potatoes Wheat Barley

Kiar Awal 115 75 Kiar Doam 65 74 Kulhant Awal 80 55 Kulhant Doam 45 20 Bakhal Awal 160 83 28 320 33 46 Bakhal Doam 35 27 34 112 25 25 Tikar Awal 9 Tikar Doam 4

Statement showing the produce per bigha, in seers, after consulting the respectable zamin­ dars in Bhajji State

Grains which have been estimated Value per Bigha Class of la.nd Remarks Wheat Barley Massar Nakhod Sarsun Onions Garden Poppy Tobacco Fruits Vegetables Other Peas kinds Rs.As. Rs. As. Rs.As. Rs.As. Rs. As. Rs.As. Kiar Awal 70 75 400 3 0 4 0 3 S 3 8 3 0 :! 0 Kiar Doam 60 65 350 Kulhant Awal 65 70 Kulhant Doam . 55 60 Bskhal Awal 50 55 10 20 7 Bakhal Doam 40 45 5 15 5 Tikar Awal 10 12 4 10 4 Tikar Doam 5 I) 3 3

Statement showing the produce of Kharif harvest per bigha after consulting the respect- able Zamindars in Bhajji State . (In Seers) Grains which have been estimated Details r------J~------______-, Rice Maize Koda· Bathu Kangni Kulth Mash Mong Ogal China Shanwank Til Potatoes Kucllalu

Kiar Awal 100 80 50 20 8 400 310 Kiar Doam 90 70 50 35 30 20 8 Kulhant Awal 80 75 45 35 30 20 350 Kulhant Doam 65 65 45 35 30 20 10 :}OO Bakhal Awal 50 60 40 30 35 30 20 6 10 10 25 6 275 300 Bakhal Doam 30 50 30 25 30 20 15 4 8 8 20 5 230 270 Tikar Awal 10 30 5 5 25 15 4 I 5 10 2 90 100 Tikar Doam 15 4 4 15 6 3 5 50 60 94 APPENDICES

Statement showing the produce of Kharif han'est per bigha aftfr consulting the respect­ able Zamindars in Blzajji State-contd.

Value Per Bigha Details Remarks Red Cotton GingE'r Raldi Fruits Vegetables Mis!',"' Chillies

Rs. As. Rs. As. Rs. As. R,s. As. Es. A~. Us. As. Rs. A~. Kiar Awal 2 8 2 0 4 0 4 0 3 8 3 0 2 0 Kiar Doam Kulhnnt Awal Kulhnnt Doam BnkhnI Awnl Bnkhnl Doam Tikar Awnl Til

APPENDIX IV List of Hindu Months in Vikrami calendar

Chait. March-April. Asauj. September-October. Bashakh. April-May. Katak. October-November. Jeth. May-June. Maghar. N ovem ber-December. Harh. June-July. Poh. Decem ber-J anuary. Shawano July-August. Magh. January-February. Bhadon. August-September. Phagan. February-March.

APPENDIX V Conversion Table

1 Tola 12 Grams. 1 Seer 930 Grams. 1 Chhatak 58 Grams. 1 Maund 37.324 Kilograms. 4 Chhataks 233 Grams. 1 Ounce 28.350 Grams. 8 Chhataks = 467 Grams. 1 Pound 0.4536 Kilograms. 12 Chhataks 700 Grams. Cwt. 50.802 Kilograms.

1 Yard 0.9144 Metre. 640 Acres = 1 Square Mile. 1 Metre 1.0936 yards. 1 Kilometre 0.6214 Mile . .1 Square Kilometre 0.386 Sq. mile. Square Mile 2.5899 Sp. Kilometres. ~PPENDICES 95

APPENDIX VI Questionnaire used by Investigator

HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE 1. (a) Name of village (b) Name of Sub-TehsiI/Tehsil(Sub-Division (0) Population 2. (a) Serial No. of the Household (b) Name of Head of the Household (0) Occupation (d) Sex (e) Age (f) Religion (g) Whether belonging to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (It) Informant (i) Relation of the Informant to the Head of the Household (j) Mother tongue

2-A. FAMILY COMPOSITION

Rela· Age in tion com- Economic Serial Name Sex to the pleted lIIarital Age Educa. Physical Status No. (M/F) Head of years Status at tional Occu- defects, Remarks the (last (M/SI marri- Stand- pation if any House. birth- WID) age ard hold day) 2 3 (P 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Earners Dependents living with family Dependents living away from tho family Casual Members .

2-B. FAMILY COMPOSITION

c bO ~~ .." .1l~ ~t!- -c" -"" 0:1 ~.;: ., ",..9 ""~ ;a)j ,bl E-; 5 ..9'" ~a t~"" ... 0:1 .$ ., 2 ./j ~ m "m "'~ Il:.." lQ S '"S ..::: ,.Q S'" ... '" '" S 15 El< CD oj '"oj 0 -+" -~ ::s oj ~;i ~~cS .~ oj ~'fe ~ ~:& 0 ~ 0 ::E 00 Z £ rn ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ea.rner Dependents living with family Dependents living away from the family. Casual memo bers

For casual workers (e) should be written against thc name of the earners and the period of employment during the last onll year should also be given in 'Remarks' column. • 2-A. Column 4:-1II-:Mille, F-Female, Col. 7:-M-Married, S-Separated, W-Wiqowed, D-DNo+ced, 96 APPENDICES

3. MIGRATION (a) Whether permanent settler? (b) If so, for how many generations, counting from Head of the household backwards, has the household been residing in this village? (0) If not, place from where migrated? (d) Whether a displaced household? (e) Occupation before migration? (f) What are the causes of migration? (g) Whether a displaced household after partition? (h) If so, how and why this village was selected? (i) Has the household received any loan or grant for rehabilitation? (j) Any comment (including whether the household considers itself to be adequately rehabilitated)?

4. RELIGION (a) Is there a Deity or Object of Worship or a Sacred Plant in the House? (b) If yes, where is the Deity or Object of Worship located in the house? (c) What is the name of the Deity or Object of Worship or Sacred Plant and what is the form of worship? (d) Do you keep Itny regular fast? (e) If yes, (i) When (give actual days) (ii) Why (a) Due to religious reasons (b) Due to reasons other than religious (f) Do untouchables visit your house? (g) If yes, how frequent and for what purpose? (h) Do you know that untouchaQility, in any form, has been prohibited under Law?

5. INHERITANCE (a) Do you know that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Adoption Act? (b) Do you know that there have been changes in recent years in Hindu Succession Act? (0) Which relatives, including male members and widows and daughters, married, u~married, inherit property on the death of married male person belonging to the same caste as that of your household? (d) What is the share of each member? (e) Are you in. favour of inheritance of property by daughters equally with sons?

6. AGRICULTURE (a) If the household possesses land, give total area in acres? (b) Area comprising household- (i) .owned ...... (ii) Leased in ...... (0) Tot~l·uncultivated fallow (d) Total cultivable land- (e) Total land cultivated, with particulars as under (for the last 10 years)

Owned land cuIti- Leased in land culti- Owned land leased vated vated Total out to others Situated ~----.. ..-----J--.--, No. of Area No. of Area No. of Area No. of Area plots plots plots plots

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Inside the village Outside the villagll (j) (i) in case of owned land, how and when the famiiy came to own iand? (ii) What is the land revenue for the land owned, has there been any recent change? (g) In case the household has leased in land- (i) Who is the landlord ~ (ii) Where does he stay (if outside the village, the distance should be given)? (iii) What is his occupation? (vi) Since when has the land been leased in? (v) On what terms the land has been leased in ? Has there been any recent change? (h) If the land has been leased out- (i) To how many tenants? (ii) Since when? (iii) On what terms? Has there been any recent change? (i) If there is any cultivable land which is lying fallow­ (i) Since when it is lying fallow? (ii) Why is it lying fallow? (j) Is the household cultivating any land by hired labour? If so­ . (i) Quantity of land cultivated through hired labour (ii) Agricultural operations in which hired labourers were engaged (iiii) No of man-days for which hired labourers were engaged (iv) Average wages por day paid to hired labourers (k) If the household has irrigated land- (i) Source of water and nature of irrigation facility (ii) Since when irrigation facility is available (iii) Through what agencies the facility has been provided (iv) Terms on which the facility is obtained (v) Whether there has been any change in extent of cultivation, nature of crop, yield etc., due to irrigation facility. (l) Do you borrow agricultural implements from others at the time of cultivation? t (m) Do_ you take help of neighbours at the time of sowing or harvesting? (n) Do you assist your neighbours and receive help at the time of cultivation in the shape of manual laboud ' (0) How much did your father own at the time of his death­ (i) Land in acres (ii) Houses and other property (p) Have J:'ou got yourse~ recorded as share cropper during the last settlement? (q) (i) Have you been evicted in the wake of land legislation? (ii) If yes, state the quantity of land

7. LIVESTOOK AND POULTRY

1. (a) Do you own any livestock or poultry? (b) If yes, give numbers- (i) Milch Cattle (ii) Draught bullocks (c) How much milk or milk prodllCt do yon sell? (d) What is the cost of livestock? (e) Expenditure on livestock in terms of grass an,d other fodder 98 APPENDICES

8. COTTAGE INDUSTRIES AND OCOUPATION (a) Oottage Industries- (i) What are the cottage industries of thl' village? (ii) 'Which of these is practised by your household~ (iii) How many members join in this work? (1) Male ...... '... (2) Female ...... (3) Children ...... (iv) Have you adopted any Industry during the last five years? (v) If yes, name the industry (vi) What are the raw materials used? (vii) Have you adopted new tools for your industry during the last five years? (viii) What are the products? (ix) Name the Art and Craft in which you or any member of your household has'earned proficiency? (x) From where do you get the raw materials? Distance, ...... Miles (xi) Where do you dispose of the goods manufactured? Distance...... Miles (xii) What is your monthly income from this source? (xiii) What are your difficulties in this regard? (xiv) When and how Cj.id you learn the art or craft, concerned? (xv) Do you consider fprther training necessary? (xvi) If yes, describe the type of training you desire (xvii) (a) If you are engaged in trade or business, mention the commodities dealt int (b) How do you get your finance? (0) What is your approximate profit? '(b) Oooupation- (i) Have you changed your father's occupation? (ii) If yes, Why? Voluntarily/forced by circumstances/other reasons (iii) Have you changed your own earlier occupation? (iv) If yes, state, Voluntarily/forced by circumstances/other reasons (v) Are you contented with the present occupation? (vi) What was your father's occupation? (vii) Which occupation would you prefer for your children?

9. EDUOATION (a) Whether there is a School within the village? (b) If not, what is the distance of the School from your home? (0) If the 8ohool is situated more than five miles from your home, whether free conveyance is available to the children? ' (d) How many of your children are reading at School or College? School-Male...... Female ...... College-Male ...... Female .... , ...... le) What tuition fees do you pay? Name of child Class Fee (Rs.) (j) Whether a play-ground exists in the School? (g) What games are played in the School? (h) Are you satisfied with the education of your children and arrangements at the School? (i) If not, give your reasons and suggestions (j) Do you educate some of your children privately? (k) If so, give details-

Name of Child Class Tutor's qualifications Tuition feo paid (Rs.)

(L) Does any member of the household regularly rearl a newspaper or lil:)tEPn to news broadcasts through the community radio sets1 APPENDtCES M

10. HOUSING (a) (i) Structure of house (Kacha/Pacca/Mixed) (ii) What are the materials used for the construction of the walls? (b) . (i) Structure of the roof (Kacha/Pacca/Mixed) (ii) Whether roof is sloped, if so, how many slopes? (0) No. of rooms in the houlle (d) Area of rooms-

Room No. Length/Breadth Area (Yds.)

(e) Surroundings oft.he house- (i) Whether open places are attached? (ii) Whether flowers are grown around the house1 (iii) Whether paths and vicinity are clean? (1) Whether there is a separate- (i) Kitchen (ii) Bath Room (iii) Latrinc (iv) Cattle Shed (g) Whether the cattle shed is clean? (h) In which direction is the main living room facing? (i) Whether the house is owned /rented (If rent cd give rent per month)? (.i) Give approximate age of the house (k) What materials have been used in construction of the house? (l) Whether such materials are available with facility? (m) If not, what are the difficulties? (n) Whether the village is electrified? (0) If so, whether your house is also electrified? (p) Whether drinking water supply (water taps) is' available in the village? (q) If not, what is the source and its distance from the village- . (i:) Source (ii) Distance (r) If watcr supply is not available, would: you contribute if Government help is received in this regard? (s) Whether 'bowlies' fro·m where village people obtain water are clean and cleaned at regular intervals? (t) Do you spend any amount on- (1) Water Rs...... per month (2) Electricity Rs...... per month

II. UN-EMPLOYMENT (a) Is there any member of household searching for.a joM (b) If so, give the following details-

Nature of Date of Reasons Any subsidiary Serial Name previous cessation for work doing No. employment, of previous 'r.essation at present if any employment

2 3 4 5 6

(0) Do YOll know that Employment Exchanges help in providing jobs? . (d) Whether any member of your household has registered his/her name with any Employment Exchange? 10ri APPENDICES 12. MEDICAL AND FAMILY PLANNING (a) Medical treatment- L Have you or any member of your household suffered from any disease during the last year? 2. If yes, what type of treatment was received and how many patients were treated- (i) Allopathic (ii) Ayurvedic (iii) Homoeopathic (iv) Unani (v) Jantar Mantar (vi) Combination of more than one system (b) Medical consultation- Have you contracted medical consultation during last years­ (i) In public hospitals or dispensaries (ii) In private hospitals or dispensaries (iii) By calling in physicians, allopaths, homoeopaths etc. (c) Maternity Cases- 1. How many maternity cases of your household were hospitalized during last year? 2. How many cases of your household were confined during the last year­ (i) In Hospital (ii) By bringing doctor home (iii) By qualified midwife at home (iv) By unqualified dai at home (v) Without assistance (vi) Birth Statistics-

If a Age Abor- child or 81. Name of the at tion, children No. woman marn- Children born Children alive if any died, at ..A ,-__ .A age "\ """"""I what age, M F T M F T Reasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

(d) (i) How often does the vaccinator visit the village? (ii) Number of members of the household, who have been vaccinated? (e) Family Planning- (i) Are you aW3·re of the Family Planning Centre? (ii) Do you want more children? (iii) Does your wife also want more children?

13. PANCBAYATS (a) Is there any Panchayat functioning in your village? (b) If yes, since how long the panchayat is in existence? (c) Are you or any other member of your household a member of GramjNayayajTehsil Panchayat.? (d) Is the Panchayat working properly? (e) If not, w~at improvements do you suggest? (f) Give general financial conditions of the PanchayaM (g) What are the main activities of thc Panchayat known to you? (h) What are the difficulties in attending the Panchayat? APPENDICES 101

(i) What are the main parties in your Panchayat and which caste is leadtn.g the Panchayat1 (j) Has any caste or tribe of your village got separate Panchayat? (k) If yes, what are the main functions of this caste or tribal Panchayat ? (l) Since the statutory Panchayats are functioning, why do you think these caste or tribal panchayats should still continue1 (m) Has there been any improvement in your village since the establishment of the Panchayat? (n) If yes, what have been the improvements? (0) Can you cite a decision in which the Panchayat has not acted properly? (p) Have you always reported to the Panchayat of any births or deaths that might have occurred in your household?

14. CO-OPERATION (a) Is there any Co-operative Society in your village? (b) If yes, give the name and type1 (0) Are you or any other member of the household a member of Co-operative Society? (d) If so, what benefits have you derived so far? (e) If not, why are you not a member of Co-operative Society? (j) (i) Have you ever obtained a loan from the society? (ii) If so, state the amount and purpose for which it has been obtained? (g) Give your general comments about the working of Co-operative Society? (h) Name any other agency, which provides loans in the village? (i) Have you ever obtained loan from such agency? (j) If so, give the following details- (i) Amount (ii) Purpose (iii) Rate of interest (k) Have you cleared debts which existed prior to 10 years from the income of the household? (l) If yes, give total amount of debts cleared1

15. TRANSPORT AND MA~KETS (a) Name and distance of the nearest Bus-StandfPlacefMotoraple Road from your village (b) If your village is not connected with motorable road, would you like to contribute for its connection? (0) Do you own Bullock-c.artfHorsefPonyfMule etc.? (d) What is the mode of payment to the shop-keeper i.e. in cash or kind? (e) If there is no shop in your village, what is the distance of the nearest one? (f) Is there any weekly market .held in your village? (g) If not, whether any such weekly market is in the vicinity? Give distance (h) If not, do you think such an arrangement would be usefuH (i) What are the important commodities of the village which can be transacted? (j) What is tho mode of conveyance used in your village?

16. SOCIAL CUSTOMS

A-DRESS AND ORNAMENTS (a) Whether there is a distinction of dress for the major castes or economic classes and 'how1 (b) What are the different types of dresses used? (0) Whether the dress is locally prepared or procured from outside 1 (d) Whether th,ere is any change in the dress at the time of ceremonial occasions and festiva.ls1 102 APPENDICES

(e) If yes, what is the dress on such occasions? (f) What type of footwear is mostly used ? (g) Is it llnanufactured locally? (h) What are the main items of ornaments used by ladies generally at the time ?f marriage? (i) Give local names ,of the ornaments with drawing;;, if possible? (j) Are these prepared with Gold/Silver/Brass or any other metal?

R-DIET (a) How many times a day do the members of the household take their meals? (b) What is the staple food of the village? (c) Is the staple food used after being boiled or cooked with fats? (d) What are other important items of your food? Name of food (i) Foodgrains (ii) Pulses (iii) V egeta bles (iv) Milk and 'Milk Products (v) Oils and Fats (vi) Others (e) Does the household take sugar? (f) Does the household take tea? (g) What type of utensils are commonly used 1 (h) From where are these procured? (i) Types of food tabooed or prohibited? (j) The number of vegetarians in the household- Male ...... • ,Female ...... •••...... •.....•.•

C-FURNITURE (a) What are the main items of furniture used in your house- Names of the items (i) Charpoy (ii) Bed (iii) Chair (iv) Stool (v) Table (vi) Bench (vii) Almirah (viii) Mirror (ix) Hurricane Lantern (x) Torch (xi) Wall shelf (xii) Other items APPENDICES 103

(b) Other important items in the home­ (i) \Vntch (ii) Cycle (iii) Radio (iv) Petromax Lamp (v) Umbrella (vi) Stove (vii) Gramophone (viii) Other items (0) Has any of the items of furniture mentioned at (a) been acquired first time in the last five years. If yes, which are these articles? (d) Does the household use toilet soap/washing soap? (e) Are clotlws given to washerlllan to be cleaned?

D-SAVINGS (a) Has the household acquired any property during the last ten yoars without incurring debt or selling any property? If so, give money value of such property and/or . (b) Made any savings in cash and/or (0) Invested capital in any new undertaking or building.

E-MARRIAGE ETC.

(a) Has any marriage in contravention of caste or tribal law taken place in the household? (b) If such a marriage has taken place give details about the marriage? (0) With what castes or tribes other than the caste or tribe of household is marriage permissible? (d) With which of such castes or tribes would marrriage ue desirable? (e) Whether any dowry is given? (j) If yes, how much? (g) What is the custom of marriage in your family? (h) Do you want any improvements in the marri.age custom? (i) Whether drinking is custoIJ1ary during lIl~rriages1 (j) (i) Do you or your.family members drink? (ii) If yes, give number of those who drink (k) Whether polygamy or polyandry is allowed among you? (l) Have you any objection to. contract marriages for persons of your household with persons of same social and economic status as yours but belonging to other cOlUmunities1 (m) Customs about birth.

F-COMMUNITY (a) :Ooes the head of the household know the names of the Panchayat/Thana or Tehsil/District in which his village is situated? . {b) Does the head of the household know llames of the principal rivers flowing through the district1 (0) (~) Is the househ~ld aware of any legislative or executive measures ill post-indep~ndenee period ef1ect­ mg any change m the land tenure system with particular referenco to the followmg:- (i) Abolition of Zamindari and intermediary rights (ii) Ceiling in ownership of land (iii) Transferring owernship right to the tillers:of the soil (iv) Redistribution of land vested with the Govt. 104 APPENDICES

(v) Consolidation of holding (vi) Resumption of land by owner (vii) Protection against alienation of land (viii) Special protection to the Scheduled Tribes (ix) Revision of rent (x) Sanction against keeping the land fallow (xi) Production of the share of share-croppers (xii) Protection of the interest of the service tenant (xiii) Management of waste land (xiv) Collection of revenue (xv) Others (d) (2) Has the household been effected in any way by any of the measures- (i) Is the household aware of any legislative or executive measures in the post-independence period either extending or restricting the rights of utilization of forest produce1 (ii) If yes, what are the salient features of the same? (iii) How and to what extent has the household been affectcd by the above? (e) (i) Is the household aware of any legislative or executive measures in the post-independence period either extending or restricting fishing rights in any water-logged area, river, stream lake? (ii) If yes, what are the salient features of the same? (iii) How and to what extent has household been affected by the above? (j) (i) Is the household aware of any legislative or executive measures in the post-independence period either extending or restricting grazing rights over any area 1 (ii) If yes, what are the salient features of the same? (iii) How and to what extent has the household been affected by the above? (g) (i) Is the household aware of any legislative or executive mea suers in the post-independence period either extending or restricting rights of shifting cultivation of any people over any area? (ii) If yes, what are the salient features of the sam~? (iii) How and. to what extent has ~he household been affected by the above? (h) (i) (a) Does the head of the household know any person who is working as a forced labour or bended labour? (b) 1£ yes, give the following particulars of the persons concerned-

Since Terms Name and Name Address when of address of Remarks servmg service employer 1 2 3 4 5 6

(ii) (a) Is the household aware of any legislative or executive measures in the post-independence period abo_lishing forced labour and bended labour? (b) If yes, what are the salient features of the same? (0) To what extent has it been effective?

17. PLAN ACTIVITIES .AND GENERAL 1. (a) Is there a N.E.S. Block in your area? (b) Do you know what are the functions of Gram Sewakl (c) If yes, describe his ftmctions 2. (a) Have you benefited from the N.E.S. Blocks1

(b) Ii yesl how have you benefitedl APrBNDICES 105

3. (a) Have you secured the following during the last ten years­ (i) Better irrigation facilities (ii) Better type of cattle (iii) More land for cultivation (iv) Land improvement measures like reclamation, soil conservation; consolidation of holdings (b) What benefits have you or your village derived during the last ten years from National Extension Service or community project 1 (0) Have you participated in activities of work of community· project by contributing land, labour, cash or materiaH 4. Are you or any member of your household taking active part in politics1

18. WAGES What does an adult member of the household get as wage for a day if he is working as­ (a) An agr!culturallabourer (b) An unskilled worker in Industry (c) An unskilled general worker (d) A skilled worker in industry (under this item the type of work also be mentioned).

19. SALE AND PURCHASE OF VALUABLE ASSETS DURING LAST YEAR

A. Sale B. Purchase Typo of Assot r- Time of Buyer's Occupa. Areal Sale Purchase Areal Seller's Seller's Date of Sale residence tion of No. of Price price No. of Occupa. residenco purchase buyer Plots Plots tion 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Land

Livcstock

Machinery, tools, equip­ ment.

Buildings, etc.

Jewellery imd valuables

Investments ------

Other Assets

Total .

20. SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

Borrowing

Personal Govt. and Other Total Sale of Other Total Item saving other assets sources financial institutions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Expenditure on construction and improvement of building and other struoture. Expenditure on land developIIlcnt . Expenditure on new capital goods . Expenditure on purohase of lands and other used assets. 106 APPENDICES

21. MAJOR HEADS OF INC01tIE AND EXPENDITURE DURING LAST YEAR

Gross Incomo Expenditure

Major Head Amount Source (in or lIIajor Head Amount Incurred (in or outside the outside the village) village)

Cultivation Food (Cereal) (Non·cereal)

Livestook and Produots Drinks

Wages Fuel and lighting

Arts and Crafts House rent and repairs

Fishery Clothing

Forestry Travelling

Trade Recreation

Transport Education

Professiulls Other miscellaneous sorvices

Servico Interest

Rent Rent

Investments Remittances

Remittances Hired labour

Interest Purchaso for pruduction, e.g., seed, manures, otc.

Others Others

Total Total

Borrowing Purchase of assets (total of table 20.B).

Principal received back Construotion and improvemont of building and other structures.

Sale of assets (total of ta.ble 20.A) Land development

GnANDToTAL GRAND TOTAL APPENDICES 107

VILLAGli; SCHEDULE AND FOLKLORE Name of the District Name of Village Name of Tehsil Area of Village Number of households What is the religion whicb majority of villagers profess 1

1. NAMES AND PARTICULARS OF 'l'HE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WHERE CHILDREN RESIDING IN THE VILLAGE READ

Where situated Since How many General notes when in students iRcluding his­ Name of the Name of the Distance existence from the tory ofthe Sl. Type institution place from the village are institution, No. village enrolled STI its problem, SC/Others etc. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8

1. Lower Primary 2. Upper Primary 3. Secondary (including Higher Secondary). 4. Col1ege 5. Adult Education Centre 6. Other Educational Institu- tions

2. ORGANISATIONAL AND OPERATIVE DETAILS

Mooting of the Composition of Board of Management Date of General meeting held board of manage- Registra- after registration ment held during Name of the Officials Non· Officials tion last year Remarks Society Others S;T. S.C. Date Number of Date Number of members members attending attending 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

3. IF THERF. ARF. SHOPS IN THE VILLAGE, FURNISH THE FOLLOWING PARTICUI,ARS

Name of the !fhe is an When the Extent of business Nature of Side General Notes on the business Shopkeeper outsider, shbp was transaction business if including profiteorism if any, his home established NameBof Approximate (Cash, any (Money trends of change in the quantity address /' main annual Advances lending, and method of transaotion etc. oommodities transact.ion barter etc.) cont.ract eto.} 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4. FURNISH THE FOLLOWING PARTICULARS REGARDING EMIGRATION FROM THE VlJ,LAGE

No. offamilics Qmigratcd Area to Purposc of General notc inoluding whether Name of r- where migration tho familios concerned aWl have caste Beforo During During During last migrated economic intot:ost in the village 30 years 20·30 years 10·20 years 10 years and whether they occasionally visit the v:iIIage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 108 APPENDtClls

5. FURNISH THE FOLLOWING PARTICULARS ABOUT IMMIGRATION INTO THE VILLAGE

No. of immigrant households Aroafrom Purpose of General note including how Name of where migration many families are only Bojeur caste Before During During During last -- migrated ners in the village and go back 30 years 20·30 years 10·20 years 10 years to their original place from time to time 1 2 3 4 5 (i 7 8

6. VILLAGE LEADERS, MEMBERS OF PANCHAYAT, PRIESTS AND OTHER OFFICE BEARERS

Member

Na.me Ca.ste Occupa· Age Since How Remune. Other tion when gained ration if Offices Name of organisation holding position any held in· Romarks the office side or outside the village 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Statutory Panchayat Caste Panchayat (Name of caste) . Other Leaders Members of Board of Directors of Co· operative Soci~ty.

A-MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEAI,TH 1. Whether there is a hospital/dispensary in your village? 2. If yes, what type of facilities are available, i.e., Indoor/outdoor? 3. If not, what is the distance of the nearest dispensary1 4. What is the number of private practitioners in the viUagel (i) Allopathic (ii) Ayurvedic (iii) Jantar Mantar 5. What are the common diseases in the village-

Names of Diseases Period when these break out 6. Is there any maternity/child welfare centre in the village? 7. If not, how far such facilities are available? 8. Is there any Public Health Centre in the Village ? 9. Whether the village has been sprayed with D.D.T.? 10. If yes, give the date of last spray 11. Whether there are any rural latrines in the village? 12. If yes, give the number 1 3. Is there drainage system in the village ? 14. Comments on gen{lral Cleanliness of the village

B-MARRIAGE 1. Are marriage alliances contracted among only close relatives or even distant relatives or unknown persons of the same caste ? 2. (i) Is the concurrence of the boy and girl taken for the marriage or decided by elders only? (ii) Is there any other method adopted by which the girl chooses the bridegroom? 3. What is the age at which boys and girls are generally married 1 A'PPENDICES 109

4. Are there any inter-caste marriages in the village 1 5. Is there approval of relatives or friends in respect of inter-caste marriages 1 6. If there is no approval how is the marriage performed? Is it under Registration Act or under the holy nre of sacrament. 7. Is widow remarriage permitted in the community 1 .8. (i) Is there divorce/re-marriage 1 (ii) Cite the case of largest number for which a woman has divorced and remarried. 9. Is there any Polygamy or Polyandry existing in the community even now? 10. Is a remarried widow treated as an out-caste for purposes of sacred functions 1 II. Is there any separate place used for Harijan marriage parties to stay 1 12. If the marriage is performed under the Hindu Custom before the holy fire, is Purohit (Pandit) requested to pcrform the marriage, or is it done even without the service of a Purohit ~ 13. How many days are spent on a marriage 1 14. What are the main features of the marriage function 1 15. Is there any practice of receiving gifts from relatives or friends in cash or kind 1 16. Similarly are the relatives and friends given any presents like Dhoties and Saries 1 17. Describe the dress and ornaments prescribed for the bride and bridegroom (Take photographs) 18. (i) Is there any custom of giving dowry to­ Bride Bridegroom (ii) Is it given in cash or kind, and how much ~ 19. (i) Is there any custom of taking the bride and bridegroom round the village in procession 1 (ii) Describe the various modes of processions 20. (i) During the marriage time or during the procession, are musical instruments played upon for enter­ tainment ~ (ii) What are those musical instruments 1 21. Is there any special custom of the bride staying with her husband once for all without coming to her parents at any time later? 22. Describe 'GAUNA' ceremony fully for different castes. 23. Is there any special custom of singing songs some days before the marriage by relatives of- • Bride Bridegroom 24. Give the text of any special songs sung while sending away the bride from her parents' house 25. What is the probable expenditure incurred in a marriage­ (i) For bride (ii) For bridegroom 26. How is money procured­ (i) ByLoan (ii) By sale ofland (iii) Any o~her way 27. Any other details of interest about marriage customs 28. Do you want any improvement in the marriage custom ? 29. Food for the pregnant mother 30. Articles of food prohibited for pregnant mother 110 APPENDICES

31. Where does the birth take place 1 32. Any celebrations customarily held to celebrate the expectant motherhood 1 33. Who helps in the delivery of the cbild ? (i) Mother and other relatives only (ii) Either Mother-in-law and other relatives only (iii) Either (i) and (ii) with the assistance of a "Dai" (iv) A 'Dai' or a male attendant only (v) A Nurse in the Hospital 34. Describe in full (on separate sheet) the various ceremonies and customs connected with "Nam-Sanskar" "Mnndan" and "Yagyo-Pavit" etc.

C-DEATH CUSTOMi 1. How is the corpse disposed of­ (i) "By cremation (ii) By burying (iii) By throwing in the rivers 2. Is the corpse taken in pro~ession for disposal? 3. Are trumpets and drums engaged to lead the procession 1 4-. Is there any practice of constructing 'SAMADHIS'1 5. How many days after death do the obsequies take place? 6. Is it vegetarian or non-vegetarian food that is served at the annual sacrifices made to the spirit of the dead? 7. (i) Are the friends and relatives invited on the dnte ? (ii) How many attend the dinner 1 8. Is thcre any practice of changing the residence, if any member of the ffunily dies on an auspicious day? 9. What is the expenditure on­ (i) Burial/cremation day (ii) Obsequies day 10. \Vhat are the important customs observed when a lady becomes a widow?

.D-ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREAT[ONS 1. (i) How do the villagers spend their leisure time? (ii) What are the leisure months in a year? (iii) What are the leisure hours in a day 1 2. Is there aily Dramatic Club or Bhajan Mandli in your village? 3. "\YIJat types of instruments are played upon? 4. Are cinema shows held in your village 1 5. If so, what is the frequency in a year? 6. Describe social recreation centre if any 7. (i) Do the villagers usefully spend their leisure time ? (ii) If not to what extent do they spend their leisure time on unproductive activitie.3. such as gambling, playing cards etc. 8. (i) Do the villagers go to towns specially to enjoy cinemas? (ii) If yes, what is frequency in a month (for those who do so) APPENbIeE~ 111

E-CRTMES Village bisputes referred to Different Aut7.orittes last year

Leading mombers of eMh Nature of Decision of Nature of Remarks Nature of fldjlldica~ing disputant party dispute the adjn· sanction ('Vhether t.he decision authority ,--.------~ ._---, dication was enforced or whe. Caste Names Cast.o authority ther there is preference Panchayat tribe for adjudication by particular type of case, place of trial etc.) 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 Caste Pancbayat Informal Panchayat Statutory Village Panchayat Court Others (speoify)

F -COMMON HATIITS L At what time do the people generally wake up in the morning 1 2. When do the people generally go to bed ? 3. Do the people sleep in after-noon? 4. Do they have opium habits and to what extent? Give percentage 5. Do they make any beverages in the morning and evening? 6. What is the percentage of people who smoke? 7. What is the extent of 'Pan' chewing habit? 8. Is there any Purdah system among women of any particular caste? Give names. 9. Do the people get themselves tattooed? If ycs­ (i) Whether males or females 01' both tattooeu (ii) At what part of the body (Hi) At what ago 10. Any customs/beliefs connected with tattooing? 11. Whether people of different castes have any restrictions in common use of water/food/smoking? 12. Nature of Social Disabilities mfferred at Different Castes in the Village

Acce~s. to DiS!\hility regarding service Avoi(led by caMe Hinelu in regard to ~ ______A-- ___--, ,----.------~------~ ,------"'------. Shop, Temple Any Remarks Name of caste Hotel, or place other llrah· Barber Wash· Any Touch Serving Serving Restnu· of place of mnll erman other cooked water rant worship public priest villago food resort servant 2 3 4 6 7 8 !J 10 II 12

G-MrSCELJ,ANEOUS 1. What were the inheritance rights of an illegitimate son or daughter recognised in the past? Are these still recognised cllstomarily 1 2. What are the recognised rights of a "CHAUKANDHU"? 3. Is there any trace of prostitution in the history of Tehsil in which the village is located? 4. What are the causes supposed to be responsible for prostitution,. 1 5. What steps havo been/arc being taken to lessen or eradicate this evil ? 112 APPENDICEs 6. Are there any Craftsmen in the Village

Ser ial Name of Trade work craft How many Daily average Sources If such No. Nos. inoome of raw sorvices material are not Remarks available then who does 1 2 8 4 5 6 7

1. Blaoksmiths 2. Gold arid Silver Smith 3. Carpenter 4. Weaver 5. Potter 6. Cane and bamboo worker 7. Cobbler 8. Hair·cutter 9. Chatai·maker 10. Others (Specify)

H-VILLAGE CENSUS AND OCCUPATION Village ...... Date ......

Tehsil/Sub~ Tehsil ...... Investigator ...... •.... District ...... State

Size of the family Occupation Socio. Economic Serial House Head of Caste Family (Other Traditional Contemporary Group of Remarks No. No. household casual Household visitors) Main Subsi· diary 1 2 3 4 5(a) 5(b) 6(a.) 6(b) 6(c) 7 8

J-LAND AND CROPS (Information to be collected from the Patwaris) 1. Land utilization statements for the last 10 years. 2. Jinaswar statements for the last 10 years.

3. Kharif crop statements with class~wis!3 produce of land per Bigha for Kiar I, Kiar II, Bakhal If Bakhal II etc., for the last 10 years. 4. Rabi crop statements with class-wise produce of land per bigha for Kiar I, Kiar II, Bakhal I, Bakhal II, etc., for the Last 10 years. 5. Rotation of Crops. G. List of agricultural implements, their cost and duration of life, local names and where are they generally made. 7. Average Panjsala price of land per Bigha of the village or nearest village (this related to affect the sale and purchase ofland during the last five years). 8. Names of crops, indigenous crops and plant diseases and their cures including indigenous cures. AfPPENDICBS 113

1. FOLKLORE

A-GENERAL 1. What are the beliefs and practices connected with (i) Lohri, (ii) Shivratri, (iii) Holi, (iv) Ram Nawmi, (v) Baisakhi, (vi) Budh Purnima, (vii) Dussehra, (viii) Dewaij, (ix) Sarad Purnima and how these are celebrated ~ 2. Whil(h are other significant days and how these are celebrated? 3. What is the difference between Saaka and Vikrami Calendar and when these begin 1 4. Make a list of all good tl1ingS to eat and drink that are speoially assooiated with partioular days or seasons in the year.

B-AGRICULTURE L What customs are associated with (i) sowing, (ii) ploughing, (iii) reaping, (iv) threshing, (v) hay-making, (1,i) other agricultural operations in your district? Are certain months, or days of the month or days of the week considered specially favourable or even lucky for conducting any of these operations gene­ rally or in regard to some particular crops ? 2. At what time of the year do sheep and cattle change their pasture ground, and what customs are observed at the time of ohange ? 3. Do you know of any beliefs connected with the time of lambing or sheap-sheering ?

C-MARKETS AND FAIRS 1. Draw a rough map showing the market towns within about 30 miles of the village, and mark against each the day of the week in which each market is held. Are any special local products bought and sold in these markets generally or at particular seasons? Or are any particular customs obsen'ed in connection with them ? 2. What annual faits are held in your district, and at what dates? Are any of them connected with particular saints' days or with dates on the Calendar? Are any special products sold at these annual fairs, such as cattle, sheep, geese, etc. ? Are any peouliar customs observed in connection with them? 3. Is· there any partioular time of year at whioh people enter into contracts to engage in work in farms or elsewhere ? 4. Do you know of any peculiar methods of auctioneering products such' as closing the bids in some un­ usual way? 5. Names and particulars of the markets most commonly visited

Commodities exported to the Oommodities imported from the General Market market note on Name of Distance Transport Weekly the the from the halWay market market village Item Approxi. Approxi. Item Approxi. Approxi. including mate mate mate mate its impor. quantity value quantity value tance in the region; Operation of middle men; weights and measures, tools reo creational activity if any

1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 114 ApPENDICES

6. Particulars about the fairs and festivals commonly visited by the villagers

General note including trend of changes in Name of Distance When Main How old Size of Commo- Recrea- Roligious Cultural sizo of the fair held attraction gathering .Utics tional aotivitics & social gathering, transacted activities activitics main attraction, natur~ of commodi- ties lind differont activities

1 2 3 5 (\ 7 8 l() 11

II. AMUSEMENTS

A-DANCE AND DRAMA 1. What dance steps do you (informer) know? Describe therp.. Do you know any freak dances, such as the horn-pipe, the sword dance, or parts of these? Are the tunes played on the fiddle, or the pipe, or the (hum or any other such instrument? 2. What dance games do you know in which the players move (a.) in lines, (b) in a circle, (0) under arched arms, (tl) in a spiral (winding up)? Are any of these accompanied by singing or dialogue? Write down the words, and hum the tunes. Do any of these games act a story, if so, what ~s the story? 3. What other games do you know in which the players act a story and repeat a dialogue? Is the story one in which some wicked porson steals a child, or a fox steals chickens? 4. Karyala 5. Folk Songs 6. Are any Folk-Plays acted in your di"trict? Do people at particular times of year dress up in leaves or masks or in any other way and parade the streets? Describe them.

B-GAMES OF SKILL 1. How many games do you know which are played wi.th (a) marbles, (b) balls without bats, (c) bat and ball or sticks, (d) nuts, (e)buttons, (j) pebbles, (g) pins? 2. What games do you know, played with cards? 3. Draw plans of the games you know which are played in diagrams 4. How many ways do you know of aiming at a mark, such a, throw by hand, shooting with how and -arrow; or airgun, catapult, slings, etc.? Draw some of thcse, naming the parts. 5. Sketch the various kinds of kite Hown in your district, showing thBIT shapes and structures_ Is there any special time of year for kite flying? Is there any form of competition to decide which kite is the best, and which flier. the most skilful?

O-GAMES OF AGILITY 1. What games do you know that involve running, jumping, carrying, hopping, -wrestling, tug-of-war, taking pri.soners or catching anyone. What different ways have they of playing "Hide and Seek" ? 2. What games are played in your district in which animals are imitated or are supposed to take part" ? Make a list of the animals showing the nUIl\ber of games in whicll each is represented. 3. Did the people of your district in olden times use, or ill-use animals for amuscmcnt i.o_, for BulI­ running, Cock-fighting etc. 1 APPENDICES 115

D-WIT CONTESTS 1. What Guessing Games do you know 7 Does one or more of the players have to be blindfolded in any of them? What is the penalty for a failure to guess right or the reward for a· correct guess 1 2. How many riddles do you Know 1 Explain 3. What are your favourite Puzzles? What card tricks do you know? 4. Do you know any word-traps, ie., sentences which are difficult to pronounce rapidly, touch as "She selb sea shells" etc. 1

E-FoRFEITS AND PENALTIES 1. What forfeit games do you know ? 2. How many different kinds of forfeit are in use in your district? Can the forfeit giver choose which one he prefers?

3. Do you know any games in which the pla,yers pret~nd to hurt the losers in torture or to make fools of them?

F-LuCK IN GAMES 1. Do you know of any games of pure chance, such as "Odd or Even" ? 2. Do you know of any words or actions that are believed to make you lucky in a game?

G-SEASONAL GAMES 1. Are any games played at special times of year such as Repllblic Day, Basant Panchami, Baisakhi, Independence Day, Prime Minister's Birthday (Children's day), Gandhi Jayanti etc. ? 2. Are any games played in particular months snch as Marbles, Kit{)-flying ? 3. Are there any games or contests in whieh aIr the people of a street or quartor or village take sidesI? If so, at which season, and how are the games played? If there are no such games, now were there any played in olden ,times ?

III. LOCAL LEGENDS

THE COUNTRYSIDE 1. Are there any tales about the hills and mounds or earth-works in yonr neighbourhood with megalithic mOlluments, with deserted or ruined buildings, with rocks or caves or ruins or underground passages or with moors or swamps or fens? Are any of these supposed to be haunted? . 2. Do you know any local legends regarding the hiding or finding of trcasure or of the working of any curse associated with a family in the district or a tale about any building or bridge and its foundation?

IV. LUCKANDWIT

A-OBJEOT AND ACTS 1. What things are lucky or unlucky to all? What colours, for instance are lucky or unlucky, and on what occasions? What signs or symbols bring good or bad luck? Is there any idea of lUCK associated with the sun, moon, planets, stars; with earth, air, fire at water; with the persons, or tools or' house­ hold utensils or furniture, etc. or trees?

2. What things arc lucky or unlucky to hear ; such as winds or bells Qf noises made by an.imals, Or birds, or the howling of the wind, or creaking of furniture etc. 1 116 APPENDICES

3. Do you know of any objects which are lucky or unlucky in themselves,. gems, for instance, or metals, or bits of clothing? 4. Wllich numbers are considered lucky and which unlucky? 5. What sort of acts are supposed to be lucky or unlucky, such as spilling or breaking things, or falling or tripping; or in eating or drinking, or yawning or sneezing, passing through or under or across any object? 6. Is entry of snake into the upper flat of the house considered to portend evil and is it driven out by pulling down the roof and not through the door 1 Is charity also given to this effect of portend evil 1

B-AMULETS 1. Do people in your part of the world believe in the Evil Eye 1 If so, what sort of people possess the evil eye and how do they exert the evil influence? How do people protect themselves or their possessions from the evil influence ? 2. What do people do to ensure good luck and ward off ill luck ? What sort of mascots are in use, and how are they used? Are any objects worn on the person to bring good luck or prevent illness? Are any words or phrases considered protective ?

C-DIVINATION 1. What sort of dreams are considered lucky and what sort unlucky ? 2. How many ways do you know of by which people tell your fortune; e.g., by cards, dice, palmistry, the stars, hand-writing, by opening a page of a book, or drawing lots, or in any other way? 3. Do you know of any forms of ordeal, by which it is believed you can tell whether a person is brave, or honest, or truthful, and so forth or by which a trial is made between two parties? 4. Black Magic.

D-ANIMALS AND PLANTS ]. What animals are considered lucky or unlucky. Do you know any such beliefs connected with dogs, cats, cattle, goats, mice, bats, or fowls, crows, cuckoos, magpies, peacocks, ravens, robins swallows, or bees, butterflies, gadflies, ladybirds, spiders, frogs, snails, or toads, or any other creature 1 2. What plants are considered lucky or unlucky? Do you know any such beliefs connected with the ash, blackthorn, buttercup, cowslip, daisy, elder, deadnettle, hawthorn, hazel, mare's tail oak, mistle-toe, primrose, rush, yew, or any other tree or herb? 3 What plants or animals are believed to be cures for various aches and pains and illness, and how should they be used?

E-TrMES AND PLACES 1. In what months is it lucky or unlucky to be born or married? If you are born in certain months, must you avoid certain things? 2. What days of the week is it lucky to cut hair or your nails ? 3. Do you know of any days in the Calendar which are considered lucky or unluoky; e.g.; for starting on a journey or undertaking any business 1 . 4:. Is one time of the day or night considered luckier than another 1 Is any idea of luck attached to tWilight, midday, midnight, dawn, etc. ? 5. Do you'know of any places or positions which al'e thought to be lucky or unlucky either generally or for any s:recial purposes 1 A,PPENDICES 117

Village Survey Monographs District Chamba District Mahasu Devi Kothi. Tehsil Chau- 1 Batal, Tehsil Arki. 1 rah. r Shathla. Sub Tehsil Kum- I P . Kupha. Parmas. Malet L . harsain. n reparation. and Karoti (Thamoh). (In PreparatIon. J Delath, Tehsil Rampur. Sub Tehsil Pangi. I Chitrari, Tehsil Chamba. J Dodra and Kwar. Tehsil Investigation yet Rohru. to be started. Maingal. Tehsil Chamba. Investigation yet to be started. Chergaon, Tehsil Rohr,u. } Purag. Sub Tehsil Kot- In Preparation. Lakkar Mandi. Tehsil 1 Bhattiyat. Hn Preparation. khai. Hatti, Tehsil Bhattiyet. J Gijari, Tehsil Theog. In Press Brahmaur. Sub Tehsil Brah- In Press. Chaunri (Junga), TehSil1 maur. Kasumpti. Basal, Tehsil Solon. In Preparation. District Mandi ChaupaI. Tehsil Chau- J pal. Chauntra, Tehsil, J ogin_, darnagar. . District Sirmur Bir. Tehsil Mandi Sa dar Mangarh, Tehsil pach-l Rawalsar. Tehsil Mandi had. Sadar. Rajana, Tehsil Rainka. I P t' Kot, Tehsil Sarkaghat. II? Preparation. n repara IOn. Moginand. Tehsil Nahan. Panjain, T. ehsil Chichot. J Kamrao, Tehsil Paonta. NaIag, Tehsil Sundar- J nagar. Kolar, Tehsil Paonta. In Press Pangna, Tehsil Karsog. . District Kinnaur District Bilaspur Nachar, Sub-Division In Preparation. Nachar. Dari and DabhIa, Tehsill Ghamarwin. Koti (Kothi), Sub-Division Deoli. Tehsil Bilaspur .. In Preparation. Kalpa. Price Rs. 3.55. Sadar. J Kanum, Sub-Division Poo. In Preparation

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