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How to Choose the Right Cable Category
How to Choose the Right Cable Category Why do I need a different category of cable? Not too long ago, when local area networks were being designed, each work area outlet typically consisted of one Category 3 circuit for voice and one Category 5e circuit for data. Category 3 cables consisted of four loosely twisted pairs of copper conductor under an overall jacket and were tested to 16 megahertz. Category 5e cables, on the other hand, had its four pairs more tightly twisted than the Category 3 and were tested up to 100 megahertz. The design allowed for voice on one circuit and data on the other. As network equipment data rates increased and more network devices were finding their way onto the network, this design quickly became obsolete. Companies wisely began installing all Category 5e circuits with often three or more circuits per work area outlet. Often, all circuits, including voice, were fed off of patch panels. This design allowed information technology managers to use any circuit as either a voice or a data circuit. Overbuilding the system upfront, though it added costs to the original project, ultimately saved money since future cable additions or cable upgrades would cost significantly more after construction than during the original construction phase. By installing all Category 5e cables, they knew their infrastructure would accommodate all their network needs for a number of years and that they would be ready for the next generation of network technology coming down the road. Though a Category 5e cable infrastructure will safely accommodate the widely used 10 and 100 megabit-per-second (Mbits/sec) Ethernet protocols, 10Base-T and 100Base-T respectively, it may not satisfy the needs of the higher performing Ethernet protocol, gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbits/sec), also referred to as 1000Base-T. -
Evolution of Access Network Sharing and Its Role in 5G Networks
applied sciences Review Evolution of Access Network Sharing and Its Role in 5G Networks Nima Afraz * , Frank Slyne , Harleen Gill and Marco Ruffini * CONNECT Centre, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, 2 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (H.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.A.); marco.ruffi[email protected] (M.R.) Received: 3 October 2019; Accepted: 18 October 2019; Published: 28 October 2019 Abstract: This paper details the evolution of access network sharing models from legacy DSL to the most recent fibre-based technology and the main challenges faced from technical and business perspectives. We first give an overview of existing access sharing models, that span physical local loop unbundling and virtual unbundled local access. We then describe different types of optical access technologies and highlight how they support network sharing. Next, we examine how the concept of SDN and network virtualization has been pivotal in enabling the idea of “true multi-tenancy”, through the use of programmability, flexible architecture and resource isolation. We give examples of recent developments of cloud central office and OLT virtualization. Finally, we provide an insight into the role that novel business models, such as blockchain and smart contract technology, could play in 5G networks. We discuss how these might evolve, to provide flexibility and dynamic operations that are needed in the data and control planes. Keywords: access networks; network sharing; 5G networks; multi tenancy; optical access; sharing economics 1. Introduction By its nature, a telecommunications network is a shared resource that interconnects multiple nodes. Network sharing is part of a fundamental principle of statistical multiplexing of link capacity. -
TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN PROJECT MEETING Information Gathering
STATE CENTER COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN PROJECT MEETING Information Gathering Initial Background Information Data Dump – Current technology standards – Existing cable infrastructure CAD drawings and construction documents – Logical network design & as-built documentation Discovery – Electronic Questionnaires – Site Visits – Focus Group Discussion 5/14/2018 2 Information Gathering (cont…) Steering / Policy Committee (Provide oversight, leadership and direction on business objectives and priorities) • Departmental leadership • Project oversight • Departmental coordination • Budget & policy guidance • Final review / comment on standards and construction documents Technology Working Groups (Provide direction, technical and financial details, and other operational input) • SCCCD & tk1sc subject matter experts (SME’s) • Discuss technology baselines • Discuss technology issues, gaps, and priorities • Review / comment on working drafts of standards and construction documents 5/14/2018 3 Analysis & Prioritization Current State Where Are We Now? Desired State Where Do We Want To Go? What are the SCCCD priorities? What Do We Need To Do Get There? 5/14/2018 4 Recommendations & Consensus Working Group Outputs Recommendations for standards and technology updates Summarize findings into priority (High, Medium, Low) with respect to district goals and objectives Department / Location: District Wide Gap Analysis: Existing fiber backbone does not support 100gb networking and on demand provisioning. Recommendations: Upgrade to single -
Learning Guide –13
INSTALLATION CONSTRUCTION WORKS Level - I Learning Guide –13 Unit of Competence Perform Roughing-In Activities for Communication and Distribution Systems Module Title Performing Roughing-In Activities for Communication and Distribution Systems LG Code: CON ICW1 M13 LO1-LG-13 TTLM Code: CON ICW1 TTLM 05 19v1 LO No 1:- Install electrical metallic conduit Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #- This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics – Interpreting electrical drawings .Determining correct quantities of metallic conduit and accessories Selecting tools and equipment Inserting and tightening conduit Bending conduit Installing conduit couplings and elbows Conduit threading cutting required conduit length Following Safety procedures This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to – o Interpret electrical drawings o .Determine correct quantities of metallic conduit and accessories o Select tools and equipment o Insert and tightening conduit o Bend conduit o Install conduit couplings and elbows o Thread conduit o Cut required conduit length o Follow Safety procedures Learning Instructions: 1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide. 2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 20. 3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being discussed. Ask your teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them. 4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page -. 5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to correct your work. -
Modeling and Estimation of Crosstalk Across a Channel with Multiple, Non-Parallel Coupling and Crossings of Multiple Aggressors in Practical PCBS
Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2014 Modeling and estimation of crosstalk across a channel with multiple, non-parallel coupling and crossings of multiple aggressors in practical PCBS Arun Reddy Chada Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Department: Electrical and Computer Engineering Recommended Citation Chada, Arun Reddy, "Modeling and estimation of crosstalk across a channel with multiple, non-parallel coupling and crossings of multiple aggressors in practical PCBS" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 2338. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2338 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODELING AND ESTIMATION OF CROSSTALK ACROSS A CHANNEL WITH MULTIPLE, NON-PARALLEL COUPLING AND CROSSINGS OF MULTIPLE AGGRESSORS IN PRACTICAL PCBS by ARUN REDDY CHADA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2014 Approved Jun Fan, Advisor James L. Drewniak Daryl Beetner Richard E. Dubroff Bhyrav Mutnury 2014 ARUN REDDY CHADA All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT In Section 1, the focus is on alleviating the modeling challenges by breaking the overall geometry into small, unique sections and using either a Full-Wave or fast equivalent per-unit-length (Eq. PUL) resistance, inductance, conductance, capacitance (RLGC) method or a partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) for the broadside coupled traces that cross at an angle. -
Telecom Basics
Basic Concepts of Telecommunication [Part 1] Prepared By : Tilak De Silva - Expert Assisted By : Chandima Ranasinghe 25.11.2005 Telecom Basics 1. What is a telephone Access Network? The network used to connect the telephone-to-telephone exchange. 2. What is Wired and Wireless? The connection between telephone and exchange can be two copper wires or radio wave. If copper wires are used it is called wired connection. It is required two wires to connect the telephone and exchange. It is called a local loop. This connection also can be provided by a radio wave. It is called a Wireless Local Loop (WLL). 3. What is a fixed telephone? If the telephone is not moved from its position it is called a fixed telephone. 4. Who are the fixed line operators in Sri Lanka? Sri Lanka Telecom Suntel Bell - 1 - SLT provides both wired and wireless local loops. Suntel and Bell provides wireless local loops only, therefore they are called WLL operators. 5. Show the path of wired connection 6. What are the devices/Stages involved to a wired connection? Telephone exchange MDF Cabinet DP Telephone 7. What is the function of telephone exchange? When a telephone dials a number it is received by the telephone exchange and analyses the number and connect to the relevant telephone via the remote exchange. For the calls received from the remote exchange the originated telephone exchange checks whether the relevant telephone is free or busy. If the telephone is busy the busy tone is sent to the other exchange. If the telephone is not busy the ring back tone is sent to the other exchange. -
Federal Communications Commission FCC 98-221 Federal
Federal Communications Commission FCC 98-221 Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review -- ) Modifications to Signal Power ) Limitations Contained in Part 68 ) CC Docket No. 98-163 of the Commission's Rules ) ) ) ) ) NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING Adopted: September 8, 1998 Released: September 16, 1998 Comment Date: 30 days from date of publication in the Federal Register Reply Comment Date: 45 days from date of publication in the Federal Register By the Commission: Commissioner Furchtgott-Roth issuing a separate statement. I. INTRODUCTION 1. In this proceeding, we seek to make it possible for customers to download data from the Internet more quickly. Our proposal, if adopted, could somewhat improve the transmission rates experienced by persons using high speed digital information products, such as 56 kilobits per second (kbps) modems, to download data from the Internet. Currently, our rules limiting the amount of signal power that can be transmitted over telephone lines prohibit such products from operating at their full potential. We believe these signal power limitations can be relaxed without causing interference or other technical problems. Therefore, we propose to relax the signal power limitations contained in Part 68 of our rules and explore the benefits and harms, if any, that may result from this change. This change would allow Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) modems, which are used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and other online information service providers to transmit data to consumers, to operate at higher signal powers. This modification will allow ISPs and other online information service providers to transmit data at moderately higher speeds to end-users. -
Structured Cabling
The SIMPLIFIED Guide to STRUCTURED CABLING - Terms - Uses - Categories - Set Up How much do you know about structural cabling? Alien Crosstalk is… A) When extraterrestrials have a casual conversation while crossing the road B) Confusing political rhetoric about immigrants C) Interference caused by one of the twisted pairs of wires in a cable affecting another pair of wires in an adjacent cable. Propagation Delay A) Waiting to start a family until you're 40 B) When your small airplane won't start C) The time it takes for a signal to move down a cable. Don’t worry if you had no idea what those terms meant. Only a few people do, and you probably want them working on your communication infrastructure! Like most technical work, there are quite a few jargon words and phrases that make sense to us, but sound like gibberish to most people. What follows is a nuts and bolts review that will familiarize you with the process of structural cabling so you can actually understand the technician who is working on your project. Let’s start with an easy one: What is "cabling?" There's a lot of name-calling when you talk to electricians and cable installers. No, not that kind… we're talking about a lot of different names for the same kinds of things, like these: VDV: Means "Voice, Data, Video" Backbones: The inter- and intra-building cable connections between entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets Premises Cabling: Any application that introduces wiring for its LAN (Local Area Network) computers, phones, fire alarms, audio or video into a building or campus as opposed to cabling for a municipality or geographically distant centers. -
Zerox Algorithms with Free Crosstalk in Optical Multistage Interconnection Network
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2013 ZeroX Algorithms with Free crosstalk in Optical Multistage Interconnection Network M.A.Al-Shabi Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, KSA. Abstract— Multistage interconnection networks (MINs) have is on the time dilation approach to solve the optical crosstalk been proposed as interconnecting structures in various types of problem in the omega networks, a class of self-routable communication applications ranging from parallel systems, networks, which is topologically equivalent to the baseline, switching architectures, to multicore systems and advances. butterfly, cube networks et[10]. The time dilation approach Optical technologies have drawn the interest for optical solves the crosstalk problem by ensuring that only one signal is implementation in MINs to achieve high bandwidth capacity at allowed to pass through each switching element at a given time the rate of terabits per second. Crosstalk is the major problem in the network [11][12]. Typical MINs consist of N inputs, N with optical interconnections; it not only degrades the outputs and n stages with n=log N. Each stage is numbered performance of network but also disturbs the path of from 0 to (n-1), from left to right and has N/2 Switching communication signals. To avoid crosstalk in Optical MINs many Elements (SE). Each SE has two inputs and two outputs algorithms have been proposed by many researchers and some of the researchers suppose some solution to improve Zero connected in a certain pattern. Algorithm. This paper will be illustrated that is no any crosstalk The critical challenges with optical multistage appears in Zero based algorithms (ZeroX, ZeroY and ZeroXY) in interconnections are optical loss, path dependent loss and using refine and unique case functions. -
Telecommunications Design Standards
Telecommunications Design Standards Revision 21.5 – October 4, 2017 Colorado State University 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 3 1. Departments Involved in Design Process ........................................................... 3 2. Applicable Standards ......................................................................................... 3 3. General Guidelines ............................................................................................. 4 4. Equipment and Materials Specifications ............................................................. 4 Chapter 2: Horizontal Infrastructure ........................................................................... 6 Chapter 3: Communications Rooms .......................................................................... 9 1. Main Distribution Room – MDF ..................................................................... 9 2. Intermediate Distribution Room (IDF) ......................................................... 11 3. Campus Room Types ................................................................................. 13 4. Grounding and Bonding .............................................................................. 14 Chapter 4: Riser/Building Backbone Infrastructure .................................................. 17 Chapter 5: Building Entrance Infrastructure ............................................................. 19 1. General ...................................................................................................... -
Glossary of Terms in Relation to the BEREC Draft Common Positions On
BoR (12) 129 BEREC Draft Common Positions on WLA, WBA and WLL Glossary of Terms 1/13 BoR (12) 129 Access .................................................................................................................................. 3 Access point ......................................................................................................................... 3 Access/Interconnection level ................................................................................................. 3 Backhaul (network) ............................................................................................................... 3 Bitstream Access .................................................................................................................. 3 Civil engineering infrastructure .............................................................................................. 4 CO Central Office .................................................................................................................. 4 Colocation ............................................................................................................................. 4 Contention ratio ..................................................................................................................... 4 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) .................................................................................. 5 Dark Fibre ............................................................................................................................ -
WP Demystifyingcble B 5/19/11 9:49 AM Page 2
WP_DeMystifyingCble_F (US)_WP_DeMystifyingCble_B 5/19/11 9:49 AM Page 2 FROM 5e TO 7A De-Mystifying Cabling Specifications – From 5e to 7A tructured cabling standards specify generic installation and design topologies that are characterized by a S“category” or “class” of transmission performance. These cabling standards are subsequently referenced in applications standards, developed by committees such as IEEE and ATM, as a minimum level of performance necessary to ensure application operation. There are many advantages to be realized by specifying standards-compliant structured cabling. These include the assurance of applications operation, the flexibility of cable and connectivity choices that are backward compatible and interoperable, and a structured cabling design and topology that is universally recognized by cabling professionals responsible for managing cabling additions, upgrades, and changes. CONNECTING THE WORLD TO A HIGHER STANDARD WWW. SIEMON. COM WP_DeMystifyingCble_F (US)_WP_DeMystifyingCble_B 5/19/11 9:49 AM Page 3 FROM 5e TO 7A The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and International Standard for Organization (ISO) commit- tees are the leaders in the development of structured cabling standards. Committee members work hand-in-hand with applications development committees to ensure that new grades of cabling will support the latest innovations in signal transmission technology. TIA Standards are often specified by North American end-users, while ISO Standards are more commonly referred to in the global marketplace. In addition to TIA and ISO, there are often regional cabling standards groups such as JSA/JSI (Japanese Standards Association), CSA (Canadian Standards Association), and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) developing local specifications. These regional cabling standards groups contribute actively to their country’s ISO technical advisory committees and the contents of their Standards are usually very much in harmony with TIA and ISO requirements.