DOCSLIB.ORG

Applicability of State-Of-The-Art Voice Bandwidth Compression

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Applicability of State-Of-The-Art Voice Bandwidth Compression USBM Contract No. H0346045 TECHNICAL SERVICES FOR MINE COMMlTNI CATIONS RESEARCH APPLICABILITY OF STATE-OF-THE-ARli7 VOICE BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS MINE COMMUNICATION Richard He Spencer -- Task Leader Warren G. Bender ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 C-77229 The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or recommendations of the Interior ~epartment's Bureau of Mines or of the U.S. Government. USBM CONTRACT REPORT -- TASK A (Contract No. H0346045) TASK ORDER NO. 1 July 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMliSNT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Arthur D Little, fnc. This report was prepared by Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massa- chusetts under USBM Contract No. H0346045. The contract was initiated under the Coal Mine Health and Safety Program, It was administered under the technical direction of the Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center with Mr. Howard E. Parkinson acting as the technical project officer. Mr. Michael W. College was the contract administrator for the Bureau of Mines. This report is a summary of the work recently completed as part of this contract during the period May 1974 to July 1975. This report was sub- mitted by the authors in July 1975. No inventions or patents were developed and no applications for inven- tions or patents are pending. Arthur D Little, lnc TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGUWS vii I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. INTRODUCTION B. FINDINGS 1. Real-Time Techniques 2. Non-Real-Time Techniques C. CONCLUSIONS D. RECOMMENDATIONS 11. THE NATURE OF VOICE SIGNALS 111. METHODS OF VOICE BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION A. MODIFICATION OF SPEECH SIGNALS 1. Band Limiting 2. Time Assignment Speech Interpolation 3. Temporally Interrupted Speech 4. Clipping 5. Frequency Division (Stretched-out Voice) B. ANALYSIS-SNYTHESIS TECHNIQUES - VOCODERS 1. Spectrum Channel Vocoder 2. Voice-Excited Vocoders 3. Cepstrum Vocoder 4. Harmonic Compression 5. Autocorrelation Vocoder 6. Phoneme Vocoder 7. Adaptive predictive Coding 8. Pattern Matching Vocoder 9. Formant Vocoder iii Arthur D Little, Inc TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page IV. FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS TO BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION V. DISCUSSION OF BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES A, ADAPTIVE PREDICTIVE: CODING B0 SPECTRUM CHANNEL VOCODER C, FORMANT VOCODERS D, BASEBAND VOICE E.,. BAND LIMITING Fo TWORALLY INTERRUPTED SPEECH Go FREQUENCY DIVISION (STRETCHED-OUT VOICE) Ho HARMONIC COMPRESSION I. CLIPPING J. PHONW CODER K. PATTERN CODING Lo COMPANDING VI. COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS A. METHODS OF COMPARISON B. DISCUSSION OF COMPARISON PLOT VII. TIME-DELAYED SPEECH VIII. REFERENCES APPENDIX I NARROW BAND VOICE USING FREQUENCY SLICING APPENDIX 11 ALTERNATIVES TO VOICE BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION SYSTEMS A. LIMITED SYMBOL NARROW-BAND CODE SYSTEM B. MORSE CODE-TYPE SYSTEMS iv Arthur D Little, lnc. LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page 1 Comparison Matrix 30 1-1 Twenty Frequency Bands of Equal Contribution to 52 Speech Intelligibility Arthur D Little, lnc TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) C. AN ALPWIBET SYSTEM WITH KEYBOARD D. FLAG SIGNAL SYSTEMS E. PANTOGRAPH SYSTEM F. THE ELECTRONIC PAD APPENDIX 111 WHISPERED SPEECH APPENDIX IV THE NATURE OF TRANSMISSION CKANMELS 63 A. TRANSMISSION OF ANALOG SIGNALS ON DIGITAL, 63 CHANNELS - PCM Bo TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL SIGNALS ON ANALOG 67 C-LS - MODEMS C. BPS PER HERTZ IN DIGITAL TRANSNISSION ON 68 AN ANALOG C D. HERTZ PER BPS IN ANALOG TRANSMISSION ON 69 DIGITAL CHANNELS Eo CHANNEL CAPACITY RELATIONSHIPS 73 APPENDIX V LINCOMPEX 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 81 Arthur D Little. Inc LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure No. Page IV-6 channel' Capacity As Function of Bandwidth for 76 Fixed Signal Power in Presence of Flat Noise V-1 Simplified Block Diagram of Lincompex System 78 Arthur D Little, Inc LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page Energy Density Spectrum for Male Speech 8 Energy and Articulation for Speech Signals with 10 Low-Pass Filter Energy and Articulation for Speech Signals with 11 High-Pass Filter Band Limiting Speech Signal 14 Spectrum Channel Vocoder Voice-Excited Vocoder Harmonic Compressor 21 Autocorrelation Vocoder Formant Vocoder Articulation Index as a Function of Signal to 39 Noise Ratio Comparison of Compression Techniques 41 Formats for Reconstruction of Stretched-Out Messages at 6 to 1 Stretch-Out Ratio Relation Between A1 and Various Measures of 53 Speech Intelligibility Articulation Index for Various Frequency Sliced 55 Systems as Function of Signal Power Handheld Keyboard and Display 58 PCM Quantizing Noise 66 ~its/~econd/HertzVs Signall~oise 70 Differential Quantizing at 56kbps. l6kbps DCDM Performance Relative Power Required as Function of Bandwidth 75 for Fixed Channel Capacity in Presence of Flat Noise vii Arthur D Little, Inc I, EXECUTIVE STJMMARY A. INTRODUCTION Since the passage of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, the Bureau of Mines has made many advances in mine communications. These efforts have resulted in the following developments and demonstrations: Surface-to-surface electromagnetic transmission of baseband voice signals through overburdens as deep as 600 feet. This transmission was achieved with equipment from the Interim Mine Rescue and Survival System Program, and demonstrated that baseband voice communications could be obtained through these overburdens in the absence of mine-generated noise; that is, when the mine power system was shut off, However, during mine operational conditions, the mine-generated noise proved to be so large that effective baseband voice communi- cations to the desired depths could not be effected. r The development of beacon transmitters for locating trapped miners. This work was again the outgrowth of the Interim Mine Rescue and Survival System. Extensions of this work have led to reliable detection and location of trapped miners to depths of 1000 feet. The system, which makes use of a loop antenna deployed where the trapped miner is lo- cated, uses low-duty-cycle, tone-burst transmission. Por- table tuned receivers and loop antennas are used on the sur- face to determine the location of the trapped miner, An extension of .this work has led to a call-alert paging . system concept, wherein a transmitter, similar to that used in the trapped miner system, is used to audibly and/or visually alert key mine personnel carrying pocket receivers that they are wanted at the nearest mine telephone. In addition, a roof-bolt paging system has been developed, wherein commercial paging and mine carrier phone equipment are used in conjunction with a long-wire "roof bolt" antenna to page individuals and relay to them short voice messages. 1 Arthur D Little, Inc Despite these advances in communication capabilities within mines, some major unmet needs which require further research and development still remain. One of these msjor needs is wtreless electromagnetic through-the-earth voice communication channels capable of being operated in the presence of both surface and subsurface noise environments. Cal- culations have been made by both Arthur Do Little, Inc. and Collins Radio C~mpany'~)relating to the power requirements for such a voice communication system, In both instances the power requirements under operational conditions for depths of 600 to 1000 feet have been quite substantial, in fact, prohibitive, for uplinks and downlinks between the surface and the subsurface. The power requirements range from a few kilowatts up to the 100-kilowatt range. Similar levels were also pre- dicted for side-link communication paths within the mine. These paths may run from a central fixed transmitter to roving miners carrying por- table units, or between two portable units. Here the problem is not so much reaching the roving miners from the fixed transmitter location, but the reverse talk-back problem of the roving miner to the central loca- tion, or from roving miner to roving miner where transmitter power is se- verely limited. The Collins Radio Company's calculations .for power re- quirements for the roving miner to roving miner indicate that portable battery-operated equipment appears barely adequate to meet a 600-foot range requirement imposed on such side-link communication systems.* * Recent in-mine EIM propagation measurements made by Collins do show an unexpected propagation enhancement for frequencies near 500 kilohertz. It is not known how consistent this enhancement will be over a range of coal mine environments, but should it be found to be consistent, then the problem of achieving adequate side-link communication range will be considerably alleviated. However, it appears that the mech- anism that provides this enhancement of side-link propagation will serve to make vertical propagation more difficult and thus the prob- lem of subsurface to surface communication may become worse under such conditions. Arthur D Little, lnc One of the means proposed for aiding in overcoming these severe power and range limitations has been the application of voice bandwidth compression techniques. We anticipated that such techniques would per- mit greater range with the same transmitter power or the same range with less transmitter power. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of state-of-the-art voice bandwidth compression techniques for mine wire- less voice communication systems as one means of reducing the power requirements of portable units. One reason why voice bandwidth compres- sion appeared attractive is that at VLF to MF frequencies the noise received by a portable receiver in a mine is largely dominated by exter- nal mine-generated noise and not by receiver-generated noise. Therefore, if the received noise power could be lessened by reducing the bandwidth required for the voice signal, without paying a corresponding penalty in processing power and/or required signal-to-noise ratio, the desired range could be either extended with the same transmitter power or obtained with less power. Hence, a 10:l reduction in receiver-bandwidth could be expected to yield a 10:l reduction in received noise and hence a 10:l improvement in signal-to-noise ratio for the same amount of transmitter power.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How to Choose the Right Cable Category
    How to Choose the Right Cable Category Why do I need a different category of cable? Not too long ago, when local area networks were being designed, each work area outlet typically consisted of one Category 3 circuit for voice and one Category 5e circuit for data. Category 3 cables consisted of four loosely twisted pairs of copper conductor under an overall jacket and were tested to 16 megahertz. Category 5e cables, on the other hand, had its four pairs more tightly twisted than the Category 3 and were tested up to 100 megahertz. The design allowed for voice on one circuit and data on the other. As network equipment data rates increased and more network devices were finding their way onto the network, this design quickly became obsolete. Companies wisely began installing all Category 5e circuits with often three or more circuits per work area outlet. Often, all circuits, including voice, were fed off of patch panels. This design allowed information technology managers to use any circuit as either a voice or a data circuit. Overbuilding the system upfront, though it added costs to the original project, ultimately saved money since future cable additions or cable upgrades would cost significantly more after construction than during the original construction phase. By installing all Category 5e cables, they knew their infrastructure would accommodate all their network needs for a number of years and that they would be ready for the next generation of network technology coming down the road. Though a Category 5e cable infrastructure will safely accommodate the widely used 10 and 100 megabit-per-second (Mbits/sec) Ethernet protocols, 10Base-T and 100Base-T respectively, it may not satisfy the needs of the higher performing Ethernet protocol, gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbits/sec), also referred to as 1000Base-T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phase Vocoder: a Tutorial Author(S): Mark Dolson Source: Computer Music Journal, Vol
    The Phase Vocoder: A Tutorial Author(s): Mark Dolson Source: Computer Music Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Winter, 1986), pp. 14-27 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3680093 Accessed: 19/11/2008 14:26 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Computer Music Journal. http://www.jstor.org MarkDolson The Phase Vocoder: Computer Audio Research Laboratory Center for Music Experiment, Q-037 A Tutorial University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 USA Introduction technique has become popular and well understood.
    [Show full text]
  • TAL-Vocoder-II
    TAL-Vocoder-II http://kunz.corrupt.ch/ TAL - Togu Audio Line © 2011, Patrick Kunz Tutorial Version 0.0.1 Cubase and VST are trademarks of Steinberg Soft- und Hardware GmbH TAL - Togu Audio Line – 2008 1/9 TAL-Vocoder-II ........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 Installation .................................................................................................................. 4 Windows .............................................................................................................. 4 OS X .................................................................................................................... 4 Interface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Examples .................................................................................................................... 6 Credits ........................................................................................................................ 9 TAL - Togu Audio Line – 2008 2/9 Introduction TAL-Vocoder is a vintage vocoder emulation with 11 bands that emulates the sound of vocoders from the early 80’s. It includes analog modeled components in combination with digital algorithms such as the SFFT (Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform). This vocoder does not make a direct convolution
    [Show full text]
  • The Futurism of Hip Hop: Space, Electro and Science Fiction in Rap
    Open Cultural Studies 2018; 2: 122–135 Research Article Adam de Paor-Evans* The Futurism of Hip Hop: Space, Electro and Science Fiction in Rap https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0012 Received January 27, 2018; accepted June 2, 2018 Abstract: In the early 1980s, an important facet of hip hop culture developed a style of music known as electro-rap, much of which carries narratives linked to science fiction, fantasy and references to arcade games and comic books. The aim of this article is to build a critical inquiry into the cultural and socio- political presence of these ideas as drivers for the productions of electro-rap, and subsequently through artists from Newcleus to Strange U seeks to interrogate the value of science fiction from the 1980s to the 2000s, evaluating the validity of science fiction’s place in the future of hip hop. Theoretically underpinned by the emerging theories associated with Afrofuturism and Paul Virilio’s dromosphere and picnolepsy concepts, the article reconsiders time and spatial context as a palimpsest whereby the saturation of digitalisation becomes both accelerator and obstacle and proposes a thirdspace-dromology. In conclusion, the article repositions contemporary hip hop and unearths the realities of science fiction and closes by offering specific directions for both the future within and the future of hip hop culture and its potential impact on future society. Keywords: dromosphere, dromology, Afrofuturism, electro-rap, thirdspace, fantasy, Newcleus, Strange U Introduction During the mid-1970s, the language of New York City’s pioneering hip hop practitioners brought them fame amongst their peers, yet the methods of its musical production brought heavy criticism from established musicians.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Voice Over IP
    Overview of Voice over IP February 2001 – University of Pennsylvania Technical Report MS-CIS-01-31* Princy C. Mehta Professor Sanjay Udani [email protected] [email protected] * This paper was written for an Independent Study course. Princy Mehta Overview of Voice over IP Professor Udani Table of Contents ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................5 IMPLEMENTATION OF VOICE OVER IP...............................................................................................6 OVERVIEW OF TCP/IP ...................................................................................................................................6 PACKETIZATION.............................................................................................................................................7 COMPONENTS OF VOIP..................................................................................................................................8 SIGNALING ....................................................................................................................................................8 H.323 .............................................................................................................................................................8 Logical Entities..........................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Software Sequencers and Cyborg Singers
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Software Sequencers and Cyborg Singers Citation for published version: Prior, N 2009, 'Software Sequencers and Cyborg Singers: Popular Music in the Digital Hypermodern', New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory, Politics, vol. 66, no. Spring, pp. 81-99. https://doi.org/10.3898/newf.66.06.2009 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3898/newf.66.06.2009 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory, Politics Publisher Rights Statement: © Prior, N. (2009). Software Sequencers and Cyborg Singers: Popular Music in the Digital Hypermodern. New Formations, 66(Spring), 81-99 doi: 10.3898/newf.66.06.2009. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 SOFTWARE SEQUENCERS AND CYBORG SINGERS: POPULAR MUSIC IN THE DIGITAL HYPERMODERN Nick Prior It has been almost twenty years since Andrew Goodwin’s classic essay, ‘Sample and Hold’, claimed that pop music had entered a new phase of digital reproduction.1 If the digital sampler was postmodernism’s musical engine, then hip hop was its recombinant form, and the erosion of divisions between original and copy the celebrated consequence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Vocoder (Short for Voice Encoder) Is a Synthesis System, Which Was
    The Vocoder Thomas Carney 311107435 Digital Audio Systems, DESC9115, Semester 1 2012 Graduate Program in Audio and Acoustics Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney A vocoder (short for voice encoder) is Dudley's breakthrough device a synthesis system, which was initially analysed wideband speech, developed to reproduce human converted it into slowly varying control speech. Vocoding is the cross signals, sent those over a low-band synthesis of a musical instrument with phone line, and finally transformed voice. It was called the vocoder those signals back into the original because it involved encoding the speech, or at least a close voice (speech analysis) and then approximation of it. The vocoder was reconstructing the voice in also useful in the study of human accordance with a code written to speech, as a laboratory tool. replicate the speech (speech synthesis). A key to this process was the development of a parallel band pass A Brief History filter, which allowed sounds to be The vocoder was initially conceived filtered down to a fairly specific and developed as a communication portion of the audio spectrum by tool in the 1930s as a means of attenuating the sounds that fall above coding speech for delivery over or below a certain band. By telephone wires. Homer Dudley 1 is separating the signal into many recognised as one of the father’s of bands, it could be transmitted easier the vocoder for his work over forty and allowed for a more accurate years for Bell Laboratories’ in speech resynthesis. and telecommunications coding. The vocoder was built in an attempt to It wasn’t until the late 1960s 2 and save early telephone circuit early 1970s that the vocoder was bandwidth.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling and Estimation of Crosstalk Across a Channel with Multiple, Non-Parallel Coupling and Crossings of Multiple Aggressors in Practical PCBS
    Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2014 Modeling and estimation of crosstalk across a channel with multiple, non-parallel coupling and crossings of multiple aggressors in practical PCBS Arun Reddy Chada Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Department: Electrical and Computer Engineering Recommended Citation Chada, Arun Reddy, "Modeling and estimation of crosstalk across a channel with multiple, non-parallel coupling and crossings of multiple aggressors in practical PCBS" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 2338. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2338 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODELING AND ESTIMATION OF CROSSTALK ACROSS A CHANNEL WITH MULTIPLE, NON-PARALLEL COUPLING AND CROSSINGS OF MULTIPLE AGGRESSORS IN PRACTICAL PCBS by ARUN REDDY CHADA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2014 Approved Jun Fan, Advisor James L. Drewniak Daryl Beetner Richard E. Dubroff Bhyrav Mutnury 2014 ARUN REDDY CHADA All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT In Section 1, the focus is on alleviating the modeling challenges by breaking the overall geometry into small, unique sections and using either a Full-Wave or fast equivalent per-unit-length (Eq. PUL) resistance, inductance, conductance, capacitance (RLGC) method or a partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) for the broadside coupled traces that cross at an angle.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediated Music Makers. Constructing Author Images in Popular Music
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Laura Ahonen Mediated music makers Constructing author images in popular music Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XII, on the 10th of November, 2007 at 10 o’clock. Laura Ahonen Mediated music makers Constructing author images in popular music Finnish Society for Ethnomusicology Publ. 16. © Laura Ahonen Layout: Tiina Kaarela, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies ISBN 978-952-99945-0-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-4117-4 (PDF) Finnish Society for Ethnomusicology Publ. 16. ISSN 0785-2746. Contents Acknowledgements. 9 INTRODUCTION – UNRAVELLING MUSICAL AUTHORSHIP. 11 Background – On authorship in popular music. 13 Underlying themes and leading ideas – The author and the work. 15 Theoretical framework – Constructing the image. 17 Specifying the image types – Presented, mediated, compiled. 18 Research material – Media texts and online sources . 22 Methodology – Social constructions and discursive readings. 24 Context and focus – Defining the object of study. 26 Research questions, aims and execution – On the work at hand. 28 I STARRING THE AUTHOR – IN THE SPOTLIGHT AND UNDERGROUND . 31 1. The author effect – Tracking down the source. .32 The author as the point of origin. 32 Authoring identities and celebrity signs. 33 Tracing back the Romantic impact . 35 Leading the way – The case of Björk . 37 Media texts and present-day myths. .39 Pieces of stardom. .40 Single authors with distinct features . 42 Between nature and technology . 45 The taskmaster and her crew.
    [Show full text]
  • Robotic Voice Effects
    Robotic voice effects From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_voice_effects "Robot voices" became a recurring element in popular music starting in the late twentieth century, and several methods of producing variations on this effect have arisen. Though the vocoder is by far the best-known, the following other pieces of music technology are often confused with it: Sonovox This was an early version of the talk box used to create the voice of the piano in the Sparky's Magic Piano series from 1947. It was used as the voice of many musical instruments in Rusty in Orchestraville. It was used as the voice of Casey the Train in Dumbo and The Reluctant Dragon[citation needed]. Radio jingle companies PAMS and JAM Creative Productions also used the sonovox in many stations ID's they produced. Talk box The talk box guitar effect was invented by Doug Forbes and popularized by Peter Frampton. In the talk box effect, amplified sound is actually fed via a tube into the performer's mouth and is then shaped by the performer's lip, tongue, and mouth movements before being picked up by a microphone. In contrast, the vocoder effect is produced entirely electronically. The background riff from "Livin' on a Prayer" by Bon Jovi is a well-known example. "California Love" by 2Pac and Roger Troutman is a more recent recording featuring a talk box fed with a synthesizer instead of guitar. Steven Drozd of the The Flaming Lips used the talk box on parts of the groups eleventh album, At War with the Mystics, to imitate some of Wayne Coyne's repeated lyrics in the "Yeah Yeah Yeah Song".
    [Show full text]
  • Microkorg Owner's Manual
    E 2 ii Precautions Data handling Location THE FCC REGULATION WARNING (for U.S.A.) Unexpected malfunctions can result in the loss of memory Using the unit in the following locations can result in a This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the contents. Please be sure to save important data on an external malfunction. limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the data filer (storage device). Korg cannot accept any responsibility • In direct sunlight FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable for any loss or damage which you may incur as a result of data • Locations of extreme temperature or humidity protection against harmful interference in a residential loss. • Excessively dusty or dirty locations installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate • Locations of excessive vibration radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in • Close to magnetic fields accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no Printing conventions in this manual Power supply guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular Please connect the designated AC adapter to an AC outlet of installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference Knobs and keys printed in BOLD TYPE. the correct voltage. Do not connect it to an AC outlet of to radio or television reception, which can be determined by Knobs and keys on the panel of the microKORG are printed in voltage other than that for which your unit is intended. turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to BOLD TYPE.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission FCC 98-221 Federal
    Federal Communications Commission FCC 98-221 Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review -- ) Modifications to Signal Power ) Limitations Contained in Part 68 ) CC Docket No. 98-163 of the Commission's Rules ) ) ) ) ) NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING Adopted: September 8, 1998 Released: September 16, 1998 Comment Date: 30 days from date of publication in the Federal Register Reply Comment Date: 45 days from date of publication in the Federal Register By the Commission: Commissioner Furchtgott-Roth issuing a separate statement. I. INTRODUCTION 1. In this proceeding, we seek to make it possible for customers to download data from the Internet more quickly. Our proposal, if adopted, could somewhat improve the transmission rates experienced by persons using high speed digital information products, such as 56 kilobits per second (kbps) modems, to download data from the Internet. Currently, our rules limiting the amount of signal power that can be transmitted over telephone lines prohibit such products from operating at their full potential. We believe these signal power limitations can be relaxed without causing interference or other technical problems. Therefore, we propose to relax the signal power limitations contained in Part 68 of our rules and explore the benefits and harms, if any, that may result from this change. This change would allow Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) modems, which are used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and other online information service providers to transmit data to consumers, to operate at higher signal powers. This modification will allow ISPs and other online information service providers to transmit data at moderately higher speeds to end-users.
    [Show full text]