PUNJAB COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN 88 Shadman II,

+92 042-99268000-4 pcsw.punjab.gov.pk facebook.com/pcswpb twitter.com/pcswpb GenderPUNJAB PARITY REPORT 2016

Punjab Commission on the Status of Women GenderPUNJAB PARITY REPORT 2016

Punjab Commission on the Status of Women DISCLAIMER

The Punjab Gender Parity Report 2016 has been prepared to encourage research to generate information, analysis and studies as well as to maintain a database relating to women and gender issues. The report is produced with official data provided by Government Departments/Government organizations. While the Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) has checked the data provided to the fullest possible extent, the responsibility of the accuracy of information provided lies with original providers of data.

Printed in Pakistan Copyright© Punjab Commission on the Status of Women ISBN: 978-969-9508-31-8 Table of Contents

Executive Summary i 04

Health 36 01 4.1 Introduction 37 Introduction 01 4.2 Litrature Review 37 1. 1 Methodology 02 4.3 Women Health Profile at National Level 39 1. 2 Challenges in Data Collection 05 4. 4 Women Health Profile at Provincial Level (Punjab) 39 02 4.5. Health Financing 41 Thematic Areas and Analysis 07 4.6 District-wise Health Services, Resources and Facilities 43 4.6.1 Reproductive Health: Family Planning 43 03 4.6.2 Availability of Health Facilities and Services 44 Demographic Trends and Governance 09 4.6.3 Awarness amongst Women about 3.1 Literature Review 09 Health Care Facilities 47 3.2 Organisation of Analysis 10 4.7 Key Findings 48 3.3 Population Profile of Punjab 11 4.8 Conclusion 45 3.4 Birth Registration 13 3.5 Female Representation in Governance 15 3.5.1 Female Participation in Electoral Process 15 05 3.5.2 Female Candidature 15 Education 50 3.5.3 Polling Stations and Booths 19 5.1 Introduction 51 3.5.4 Polling Staff 19 5.2 Literature Review and Selection of Indicators 51 3.5.5 Voter Registration and Turnout 23 5.3 Education Profile 52 3.5.6 Members of National Assembly 5.3.1 Women – Siuation and Provincial Assembly of Punjab 26 Analysis 52 3.5.7 Female Political Participation in Local 5.3.2 Women Education in Punjab 53 Councils Elections 2015 30 5.4 District Wise Analysis of Education in Punjab 54 3.6 Governance - Women in Decision-making 30 5.4.1 Enrollment Statistics 56 3.6.1 Judiciary 30 5.4.2 Facilities in Formal Education 71 3.6.2 Executive Positions in Public Service 31 5.4.3 Human Resource 72 3.6.3 Decision Makers from Grades 18 to 22 32 5.4.4 Financing 73 3.6.4 Women Representation in Civil 5.5 Key Findings 75 Society Organisation 32 5.6 Conclusion 75 3.6.5 Press Clubs 33 3.7 Key Findings 34 3.8 Conclusion 35 CONTENTS 06 7.6 Key Findings 126 7.7 Conclusion 127 Economic Participation and Opportunities 76 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Literature Review 77 08 6.3 Organization of Analysis 78 Violence Against Women 128 6.4 Women Economic Participation and 8.1 Introduction 129 Opportunities at National Level 79 8.2 Literature Review 129 6.4.1 Employment 79 8.3 Organisation of Analysis 131 6.4.2 Agriculture and access To Land 79 8.4 Violence Against Women in Pakistan 131 6.4.3 Entrepreneurship 80 8.5 Violence Against Women in Punjab 132 6.4.4 Access to Finance 80 8.5.1 Reported Cases 132 6.5 Employment and Remuneration 82 8.6 District Level Analysis of Violence against 6.5.1 Public Sector Employment 86 Women 135 6.6 Agriculture and Land 87 8.6.1 Types of Crimes 137 6.6.1 Livestock and Dairy Farming Activities 87 8.7 Government Initiatives and Social Service 6.6.2 Ownership of Agricultural Land 88 Institutions 140 6.6.3 Extension Services 90 8.8 Key Findings 142 6.7 Entrepreneurship 91 8.9 Conclusion 142 6.7.1 Cottage Industry 91 6.7.2 Small Scale Industries 96 09 6.8 Access to Financial Services 99 Special Initiatives 144 6.8.2 Microfinance 102 9.1 Women’s Rights 145 6.9 Social Security And Safety Nets 103 9.1.1 Legislation 145 6.9.1 Zakat and Ushr Department 103 9.2 Protection 149 6.9.2 Benazir Income Support Programme 104 9.2.1 Women Crisis Centers 149 6.9.3 Employees Old Age Benefit Institutions 105 9.2.2 Government’s Toll Free Helpline 149 6.9.4 Punjab Workers Welfare Board 106 9.2.3 Female Help Desks at Police Stations 150 6.10 Transport and Mobility 107 9.3 Women’s Empowerment/Economic 6.11 Sports 110 Empowerment 151 6.12 Key Findings 113 9.3.1 Public Sector Employment and 6.13 Conclusion 113 Economic Empowerment 151 9.4 Women Entrepreneurship 154 07 9.4.1 Punjab Rozgar Scheme 154 Legal and Judicial Protection 114 9.4.2 Interest Free Loans for Women 154 7.1 Introduction 115 9.5 Skills Development 155 7.2 Literature Review 115 9.5.1 Punjab Skills Development Fund 155 7.3 Organisation of Analysis 116 9.5.2 Technical Training of Workers’ Wives 155 7.4 Legal Rights and the Justice System 9.5.3 Training of Domestic Workers 155 in Pakistan 116 9.5.4 Veterinary Training of Women in Livestock 7.5 Legal Rights and the Justice System and Poultry 156 in Punjab 117 9.5.5 Vocational Trainings for Women in Minority 7.5.1 Access to Justice 117 Communities 156 7.5.2 Punjab Prisons 123 9.6 Poverty Reduction 156 10.2.1 Fair Representation Women Act 2015 167 9.6.1 Exclusive Space in Existing Sunday 10.2.2 The National Commission on and Ramadan Bazars 156 The Status of Women Act 2012 167 9.6.2 Establishment of Cottage Villages 157 10.2.3 The Election Laws (Amendment) 9.6.3 Distribution of Poultry and Cattle 157 Act 2011 168 9.7 Business Development 158 10.2.4 Women in Distress and Detention 9.7.1 Canteens in Female Educational and Fund 1996 168 Training Institutions 158 10.2.5 The Family Court (Amendment) Act 2015 168 9.8 Employment 158 10.2.6 Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) 9.8.1 Delegation of Powers 158 Bill 2014 169 9.8.2 Affordable Residential Facilities 10.2.7 Protection of Women Voucher Scheme 158 (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act 2006 169 9.9 Decision Making 158 10.2.8 The Protection against Harassment 9.9.1 Inclusion of Women in Executive of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010 169 Bodies and as Office Bearers in Trade Unions 158 10.2.9 The Acid Control and Acid Crime 9.10 Education 159 Prevention Act 2011 169 9.10.1 Higher Education 159 10.2.10 Prevention of Anti-women Practices 9.10.2 School Education 160 Act 2011 170 9.10.3 Punjab Educational Endowment Fund 160 10.3 Provincial Laws 170 9.11 Health 161 10.3.1 The Punjab Fair Representation of 9.11.1 Chief Minister’s Charm Program and Women Act 2014 170 the Government’s Nutrition Package 161 10.3.2 The Punjab Commission on Status of 9.11.2 Health Insurance Policy 162 Women 2014 170 9.11.3 Antenatal Clinic Services 162 10.3.3 Punjab Land Revenue (Amendment) 9.11.4 Ambulances 162 Act 2015 170 9.11.5 Waiting Rooms 162 10.3.4 The Punjab Partition of Immovable 9.12 Political Participation 162 Property Act 2013 170 9.12.1 Mainstreaming Gender Perspective in 10.3.5 Punjab Reproductive, Maternal, Policies and Programs 162 Neo-natal and Child Health Authority 9.13 Social Empowerment 163 Act 2014 171 9.13.1 Mind Set Change 163 10.3.6 The Punjab Maternity Benefits 9.14 Women and Family 163 (Amendment) Bill 2015 171 9.14.1 Waiving of Birth Registration Fee 163 10.3.7 The Punjab Free and Compulsory 9.14.2 Family Court Complexes 164 Education Act 2014 171 9.14.3 Family Law Reforms 164 10.3.8 The Punjab Industrial Relations 9.14.4 Provision of Scooties for Act 2010 172 Working Women 164 10.3.9 The Punjab Muslim Family Laws 9.15 Conclusion 164 (Amendment) Act 2015 172 10.3.10 The Punjab Family Courts at 2015 172 10 10.3.11 The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Bill 2015 172 Legislation and Women 167 10.4 Recommendations 173 10.1 Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 167 10.2 National Laws 167 11 Recommendations 176

12 Annexure I 183 List of all Provincial and District Government Departments/ Attached Departments and Autonomous Bodies SURVEYED/Contacted to Collect the Required Data for PGRP

Annexure II 188 List of Major Indicators against which Data was not Received or Proved to be Challenging

Annexure III 191

Annexure Iv 192 Statutory Entities Surveyed for Review of Female Representation in Governing Bodies

Annexure V 197 Categories of Crimes as Defined by the Office of the Inspector General Police, Punjab

Annexure VI 199 Government Departments, Attached Departments and Autonomous Bodies that Responded for Primary Data Collection

Annexure VI 202 Labour Colonies Established in Punjab (2015)

13 Bibliography 203 FOREWORD

Discrimination against women is a major obstacle in the way of Pakistan’s quest for prosperity and the well-being of its citizens. Women’s importance is often undermined and their role in the development process is often not acknowledged.

A truly empowered female population of Pakistan is the key to both economic prosperity and the development of the country as a progressive, modern state. Notwithstanding constitutional provisions and international commitments to gender equality, indicators showing status of women generally portray dismal picture in Pakistan. Concrete steps are needed to change this situation which necessitates regular collection of data and its analysis. Women’s Rights Activist & Former Chairperson National The Punjab Gender Parity Report (PGPR), the first of its kind, is a step in Commission for the Status the right direction. It is a document that will serve as a comprehensive of Women analytical aid for women rights in Punjab. The Gender Management Information System will serve as a repository of the data, a comprehensive web-based databank that will complement the report. The aim of the PGPR is to highlight major areas of concern with regard to women’s rights. Recommendations have also been given at the end of each chapter with an aim to improve the situation in areas where significant disparity is noted. Data collection will be a continuous process and information will be collected in the Gender MIS throughout the year. With a regular data collection system in place, subsequent PGPRs will have an even better comparative foundation and will be more comprehensive every year.

Punjab Commission on the Status of Women, the Urban Unit and the team that developed the Gender MIS deserve compliments for their efforts. This is a big step towards moving from rhetoric to reality. I welcome the PCSW’s plans to institutionalize this initiative and publish the PGPR on an annual basis on 8th of March, the International Women’s Day.

FOREWORD PREFACE Punjab Gender Parity Report 2016 provides a comprehensive analytical study of the status of women in the Punjab for the first time. It illustrates the socio-economic well-being of women in Punjab, through an examination of about 300 indicators spanning all the significant areas of a ’s life. The main thematic areas covered in the report include demographics and governance, health, education, economic opportunities, legal rights and violence against women.

There are significant development gains to be made in ensuring women’s equitable access to and control over resources critical for good Fauzia Viqar governance. This includes resources needed to manage economic growth, poverty eradication and the wellbeing of families and Chairperson communities. Whereas inequality in access to resources represents a Punjab Commission on challenge that has implications at the individual, family, community and the Status of Women (PCSW) national level.

Recent reporting on Pakistan’s international conventions and instruments has demonstrated the governments’ seriousness about commitment to human rights and women’s empowerment. Punjab Commission on the Status of Women, established in 2014, is reflective of this commitment of the government to promote empowerment of women. Punjab Gender Parity Report 2016 facilitates tracking of the status of international commitments and implementation of legislation. It reviews the status of implementation of the Punjab Women Empowerment Package 2012 and subsequent Punjab Women Empowerment Initiatives 2014 in a systematic manner. Analysis and recommendations arising from the report will be taken forward by the Commission to concerned institutions, for devising appropriate gender-sensitive policies and programs that will assist in achieving the government of Punjab vision of removing discrimination and promoting full participation of women in public and private spheres.

It is my hope that the Punjab Gender Parity Report will contribute to an educated understanding of implications of gender inequality in areas vital to the progress of Punjab in particular and Pakistan as a whole. A vibrant, empowered female population truly holds the key to prosperity. Punjab Commission on the Status of Women is firmly committed to women’s rights and our ultimate goal is to end disparity between genders across all walks of life. This report is a significant step towards achieving that goal.

PREFACE CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Punjab Commission on the Status of Women Amna Husain for “Legislation and Women” (PCSW) would like to extend its sincere gratitude to Rizwana Anjum and Faisal Fareed for “Introduction everyone who assisted in development of the first and Recommendations” Punjab Gender Parity Report.

Firstly, we are thankful to Development Alternatives SUPPORT TEAM Statistics, Maps & Graphs: Farrukh Iqbal Incorporated (DAI) and its ‘Enhanced Democratic Accountability and Civic Engagement (EDACE)’ IT Assistance: Asif Ghouri & Umar Jamshaid program for the financial support and guidance Administrative Assistance: Khalid Hameed, Saba provided during project implementation. Sarfraz, Haider Ali, Tehmina Kiran, Ammara Shahid, Amber Aleem, Sahar Arif, Muhammad Usman & We would like to express our appreciation towards Kashif Afzaal The Urban Unit who hired a team to work exclusively on this project and provided full time support to Training Workshops: Tauseef Khatana and accomplish the development of this report. Rizwana Anjum

Financial Advisor: Salman Javed We are also grateful to members of the Technical Working Group for the provision of expertise and analytical support in the finalization of the Indicators Framework and the report. CONTRIBUTION IN DATA COLLECTION & SURVEY Finally, we would like to thank all Federal and Aqueela Ashraf, Farhan Iqbal, Waqas Afzal, Amir Provincial Government Departments who facilitated Mushtaq, Zia ul Haq, Rizwan Raza, Muhammad data collection process. In particular, we would like to Rizwan, Muhammad Ali, Rizwan Faazil, Abdul Basit, express our gratitude towards the District Offices of Muhammad Asif, Reehan Khalid & Khurrum Shahzad all 36 districts of the Punjab who provided unconditional access to the information at their FINANCIAL SUPPORT disposal. Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI) and its ‘Enhanced Democratic Accountability and Civic CORE TEAM Engagement (EDACE)’ Program, led by Mahar Nazeer Fauzia Viqar, Dr. Nasir Javed, Abdul Razaq, Rizwana Anjum, Sidra Minhas EDITOR Faisal Fareed ADVISORY & TECHNICAL SUPPORT Prof. Dr. Ali Cheema, Khawar Mumtaz, Yasmin Zaidi COMMUNICATIONS & DESIGN TEAM and Farida Shaheed Memoona Arslan Bhatti Madiha Arslan CONTRIBUTORS Razia Liaqat Sidra Minhas for “Demographics and Governance” Usman Zia Mehreen Siddiqi for “Health”, “Legal Rights” and Muhammad Zubair “Violence against Women”

Ayesha Nawaz for “Education” Sidra Minhas and Ayesha Nawaz for “Economic Participation and Opportunities”

Sidra Minhas, Mehreen Siddiqi and Ayesha Nawaz for “Special Initiatives” Abbreviations and Acronyms LCCI A E Lahore Chamber of Commerce ADC EDO and Industry Additional District Collector Executive District Officer LDD AEPAM ECP Less Developed District Academy of Education Planning Election Commission of Pakistan LG&CD and Management EOBI Local Government and ANC Employees Old-Age Benefits Community Development Antenatal Care Institution LGO ATM ETR Local Government Ordinance Automated Teller Machine Effective Transition Rate LHV Lady Health Visitor LHW B F Lady Health Worker BEIS FWBL LT Basic, Economic, Infrastructure First Women Bank Limited Long Term and Socio-cultural BHU Basic Health Unit G M BNP GDP MDGs Balochistan National Party Gross Domestic Product Millennium Development Goals BOP GE MFI Bank of Punjab General Election Microfinance Institution GIZ MMR Gesellschaft für Internationale Maternal Mortality Rate C Zusammenarbeit - GmbH MNCH CEDAW GMIS Maternal Newborn Child Health Convention on the Elimination of Gender Management Information and Nutrition All Forms of Discrimination System MPDD against Women GPI Management and Professional CM Gender Parity Index Development Department Chief Minister MQM CMSES Muttahida Quami Movement Chief Minister’s Special H Employment Scheme HBW CNIC Home Based Worker N Computerized National Identity HIV NA Card Human Immunodeficiency Virus National Assembly CPD HSSC NADRA Continuous Professional Higher Secondary School National Database and Development Certificate Registration Authority CSO NCSW Civil Society Organization National Commission on the I Status of Women D IMR NEP Rate National Education Policy DCO IRMNCH NGO District Coordination Officer Integrated Reproductive Maternal Non Governmental Organization DD Newborn Child Health & Nutrition Developed District DFID Department for International L Development LBW DSD Low Birth Weight Directorate Staff Development PPP P Pakistan People’s Party T PPPP PA TFR Pakistan People’s Party Provincial Assembly of the Parliamentarians Punjab TMA PTI PBS Tehsil Municipal Authority Pakistan Tehreek i Insaaf Pakistan Bureau of Statistics TMO PSDF PCSW Tehsil Municipal Officer Pakistan Skills Development Fund Punjab Commission on the Status PSLM of Women Pakistan Social and Living PCTB Standards Measurements U Punjab Curriculum and Textbook PSIC Board UC Punjab Small Industries PDHS Union Council Cooperation Pakistan Demographic and UN PWWB Health Survey United Nations Punjab Workers’ Welfare Board PEEF UNESCO PWEI Punjab Educational Endowment United Nations Educational, Punjab Women’s Empowerment Fund Scientific and Cultural Initiative PESSI Organization PWEP Punjab Employees Social Support UNHRC Punjab Women’s Empowerment Institution United Nations Human Rights Package PGPR Council Punjab Gender Parity Report PGS R Punjab Growth Strategy W PML RA Pakistan Muslim League WDD Research Assistant PPP Women’s Development RR Pakistan People’s Party Department Replacement Rate PPPP WEF RHC Pakistan People’s Party World Economic Forum Rural Health Centre Parliamentarians WHO RSP PTI World Health Organization Rural Support Program Pakistan Tehreek i Insaaf WOW RTI PSDF Women on Wheels Right to Information Pakistan Skills Development Fund WWB PSLM Workers Welfare Board Pakistan Social and Living standards Measurements S PSIC Punjab Small Industries SBP Z Cooperation State Bank of Pakistan PWWB ZTBL SDGs Punjab Workers’ Welfare Board Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited Sustainable Development Goals PWEI SME Punjab Women’s Empowerment Small and Medium Enterprise Initiative SMU PWEP Special Monitoring Unit Punjab Women’s Empowerment SWD Package Social Welfare Department PML- N Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz PML-Z Pakistan Muslim League - Zia Glossary

ACADEMIC DEGREE ASSESSMENT CODE OF CONDUCT Any of a wide range of status levels The process of documenting, A set of rules outlining the conferred by institutions of higher usually in measurable terms, responsibilities of or proper education, such as universities knowledge, skills, attitudes and practices for an individual or normally as the result of beliefs organization. In the electoral successfully completing a program context, these are applicable to of study AYAS candidates, political parties and Basic workers from within other stakeholders ACADEMIC INSTITUTION communities who are available An educational institution locally and on short notice for COHORT dedicated to higher education and emergency assistance to doctors A particular group of people with research which grants academic something in common degrees BEIS TYPOLOGY A classification system for CONDEMNED PRISONER ACCESS TO JUSTICE government functions that is used A prisoner who has been sentenced The ability of people to seek and to categorize senior ministers, to death by a court of law obtain a remedy through formal or junior ministers and ministries and informal institutions of justice for their staff in different fields of CONTRACEPTIVE grievances in compliance with action. It consists of four different PREVALENCE RATE human rights standards categories: (i) Basic functions The proportion of women of (foreign and internal affairs, childbearing age (15–49 years) ACCUSED defense, justice ) (ii) Economy using some form of modern A person charged with a crime (finance, trade, industry, contraception methods agriculture) (iii) Infrastructure ACID BURNING (transport, communication, CONVICTED/CONVICTION Whoever with the intention or environment) (iv) Socio-cultural The formal decision of a criminal knowingly causes or attempts to functions (social affairs, labour, trial which finds the accused guilty cause hurt by means of a corrosive health, children, family, youth, substance which is deleterious to elderly, older, people, education, CURRICULUM human body when it is swallowed, science, culture) The set of courses and their inhaled, comes into contact or contents offered by an institution received into human body or otherwise shall be said to cause BENCHMARK such as school or university hurt by corrosive substance A standard for judging performance DAIS ACQUITTED/ACQUITTAL BILL Skilled birth attendants who assist A decision by a judge that a person A proposal for a new law, for the WMOs and LHVs during delivery accused of a crime is not guilty amendment or repeal of an existing law, or for appropriation of public DEMOGRAPHIC ADULT RATE money A characteristic used to classify The proportion of the adult people for statistical purposes, population aged fftteen years and CAESAREAN SECTION such as age, race, or gender over that is literate A surgical operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall of DEMOGRAPHY AGRICULTURE EXTENSION the mother's abdomen The study of the size, territorial SERVICE distribution, and composition of Service or system which assists CIVIL SOCIETY population, changes therein, and farm people, through educational The wide range of citizens’ the components of such changes procedures, in improving farming associations that exist in virtually methods and techniques, all countries to provide benefits, DROPOUTS increasing production efficiency services or political influence to Students who leave without and income, bettering their levels specific groups within society. Civil completing matriculation of living and lifting the social and Society Organizations include educational standards of rural life business forums, faith-based EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT associations, labour unions, local Highest level of schooling that a AMENDMENT community groups, person has reached A proposed change in pending non-governmental organizations, legislation by adding, deleting or philanthropic foundations and modifying material think tanks FOREWORD

EFFECTIVE TRANSITION RATE the given state of education (For blood relative usually including a FROM PRIMARY TO SECONDARY the purposes of this report, GPI has parent, child, sibling, grandparent EDUCATION been calculated as the female to or grandchild Probability that a pupil in the last male ratio where applicable) grade of primary education makes INFANT MORTALITY RATE the transition to secondary general GOVERNANCE Number of newly born deaths as a education The exercise of economic, political, rate per 1000 live births and administrative authority to EMPLOYEES manage a country’s affairs at all JUDICIARY All those workers who hold ‘paid levels. It comprises mechanisms, The part of a country’s government employment jobs’. These are jobs processes and institutions through that is responsible for its legal where the incumbents hold explicit which citizens and groups system, including all the judges in (written or oral) or implicit articulate their interests, exercise the country’s courts employment contracts which give their legal rights, meet their them a basic remuneration that is obligations and mediate their LABOUR FORCE not directly dependent upon the differences The sum of persons in employment revenue of the unit for which they and unemployed persons seeking work (this unit can be a corporation, GRADUATE employment a non-profit institution, a A student who has earned an HEC government unit or a household) recognized diploma/degree LEGAL AID Free or inexpensive advice, ENROLLMENT HARASSMENT AT THE assistance or representation The act of complying with state and WORKPLACE concerning the law given to those local requirements of registration Any unwelcome sexual advance, cannot afford it, based on or admission of a child for request for sexual favors or other jurisdictional criteria attendance in a school verbal or written communication or physical conduct of a sexual nature LEGAL RIGHTS FEMALE POLICE STATIONS or sexually demeaning attitudes, Rights which exist under the rules Police stations staffed with female causing interference with work of legal systems or by virtue of police officers performance or creating an decisions of suitably authoritative intimidating, hostile or offensive bodies within them FINAL ELECTORAL ROLLS work environment, or the attempt A list containing names of all those, to punish the complainant for LEGISLATURE who are registered as voters under refusal to comply to such a request An assembly that deliberates and the Electoral Rolls Act, 1974 as or is made a condition for adopts laws and has the power to eligible voters (18 years and above employment raise taxes, adopt the budget, and in age) and hold a Computerized other money bills, and of which National Identity Card issued by HEALTH consent is required in order to the National Database and A state of complete physical, ratify treaties and declare war. The Registration Authority in a mental and social well-being and legislature is known as both particular area not merely the absence of disease congress and parliament in nations or infirmity around the world. In the FIRST INFORMATION REPORT parliamentary system, the An account of a cognizable (i.e. over HIGHER SECONDARY legislature appoints the executive which police has jurisdiction) EDUCATION while in presidential or offence that is entered in a Consists of Faculty of Arts (FA), congressional systems the particular format in a register at the Faculty of Sciences (FSC), and legislature is a power that is police station I.Com considered equal to and independent from the executive GAZETTED HIGHER EDUCATION Gazetted officers in Pakistan are Consists of graduate and masters LIFE EXPECTANCY those who are appointed at Grade level The number of years a newborn 16 and above in the Government infant would live if prevailing Service and are recruited through patterns of age-specific mortality the Public Service Commission Offence committed in the name or rates at the time of birth were to on the pretext of honor means an stay the same throughout the GENDER PARITY INDEX offence committed in the name or child's life. Life expectancy at birth A socio economic index usually on the pretext of karo kari, siyah reflects the overall mortality level designed to measure the relative kari or similar other customs or of a population access to education of males and practices females. It is calculated as the LITERACY quotient of the number of females INCEST The ability to read and write by the number of males enrolled in The crime of sexual contact with a PREFACE

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE government of the day), the applies to wages, salaries and The death of a woman as a result of legislature (parliament) and the self-employed workers, including pregnancy or childbirth, during judiciary (judges of various courts) contributing family workers pregnancy or within 42 days after delivery RAPE (INCLUDES SECONDARY EDUCATION AND CUSTODIAL RAPE) Consists of Grades 9 and 10 MIDDLE EDUCATION A man is said to commit rape who Middle Education is taken to has sexual intercourse with a consist of Grade 6 to 8 woman under circumstances falling SOCIO-ECONOMIC under any of the five following The social and economic structures MURDER descriptions: (a) against her will (b) and factors that are prevalent in a Causing the death of a person without her consent (c) with her certain society/region consent, when the consent has NATIONAL ASSEMBLY been obtained by putting her in SPECIAL EDUCATION An assembly composed of the fear of death or of hurt (d) with her A service especially designed that representatives of a nation and consent, when the man knows that adapts curriculum, material or usually constituting a legislative he is not married to her and that instruction for students identified body or a constituent assembly the consent is given because she as having educational or physical believes that the man is another disabilities NON-GAZETTED OFFICERS person to whom she is or believes Non-Gazetted Officers in Pakistan herself to be married; or (e) With or STANDING COMMITTEE are those who are employed without her consent when she is A Committee comprised of between Grades 5 to 14 in under sixteen years of age members appointed by the speaker Government Service of Pakistan and the president at the beginning REGISTERED VOTER of the legislature which has POLICE STATION A person whose name for the time continuing responsibility in a Any post or place declared being appears on the Electoral general field of legislative activity, generally or specially, by the Rolls prepared or adapted for the such as finance Provincial Government to be a purposes for an election police station and includes any TOTAL FERTILITY RATE local area specified by the REPORTED CASES The number of births that a woman Provincial Government in this Cases (crimes) reported with the can expect to have during her behalf police childbearing years (15–49 years), given current age-specific fertility PRIMARY EDUCATION RULE OF LAW rates in her population or country Consists of Grades 1 to 5 A system in which the following four universal principles are /WANI PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY upheld: (a) The government and its A traditional practice wherein a An assembly composed of officials and agents as well as young is forcibly married as representatives elected by the individuals and private entities are part of punishment for a crime voters of an electoral district to the accountable under the law (b) The committed by her male relatives legislature or legislative assembly laws are clear, publicized, stable, of a sub national jurisdiction and just; are applied evenly; and VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (Province) protect fundamental rights, Any act of gender-based violence including the security of persons that results in, or is likely to result PUBLIC PROSECUTOR and property (c) The process by in, physical, sexual, or Any person appointed under which the laws are enacted, psychological harm or suffering to section 492 of the Code of Criminal administered, and enforced is women, including threats of such Procedure 1898 and includes any accessible, fair, and efficient (d) acts, coercion or arbitrary person acting under the directions Justice is delivered timely by deprivation of liberty, whether of a Public Prosecutor and any competent, ethical, and occurring in public or private life person conducting a prosecution independent representatives and on behalf of the State in any High neutrals who are of sufficient VOCATIONAL Court in the exercise of its original number, have adequate resources, A school or center organized for a criminal jurisdiction and reflect the makeup of the program that offers courses related communities they serve to preparation of individuals for PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS paid or unpaid employment in Public Sector Institutions refers RURAL EMPLOYMENT current or emerging occupations broadly to the entities that exist Covers any activity, occupation, and people employed for public work, business or service VOTER TURNOUT purpose. The public sector performed in rural areas for The ratio of votes casted in relation supports all three arms of remuneration, profit, social or to number of registered voters in a government - the executive (the family gain, in cash or in kind. It particular election Message from the Chief Minister, Punjab Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif

The Government of the Punjab is committed to provide equal opportunities to men and women alike in all spheres of life. We believe that no society can realize its full economic potential or meet the challenges of the21st century without the complete and equal participation of all sections of society especially the women who make almost half of the total population of the province.

We have already taken numerous steps to further the agenda of women emancipation that has produced required dividends but still a lot need to be done by the government, the people and the society as a whole. The first Punjab Gender Parity Report is another important milestone in this direction.

It would provide the government, the policy makers, the researchers, students and other key stakeholders with a baseline data viz a viz status of women in the province and pave the way for various policy and programme interventions. It would also excite and guide the researchers to generate further streams of knowledge and wisdom – a cornerstone of an enlightened society.

On behalf of the Government, I would like to congratulate, the Punjab Commission on the Status of Women, the Urban Unit, Development Alternative Incorporation and all other organizations and experts who contributed to the development of this report. I trust that the report will guide the government and generate a broader debate on the challenges of gender equality. It will contribute towards ensuring parity between men and women in different fields of life. Hameeda Wahiduddin Minister for Women Development, Punjab

Punjab Gender Parity Report highlights the gaps regarding equal access to opportunities for women across a variety of thematic areas. The data, available in the report, will facilitate analysis of policies, programs and other statutory measures taken by the Government and encourage Captain (R.) Zahid Saeed gender equality in the society. Jamshed Kazi Chief Secretary, Punjab Similarly, the Gender Management Country Representative, Information System and the UN Women, Pakistan Report would also provide the The first Punjab Gender Parity Government with much needed I would like to congratulate the Report is an important step in information on existing situation of Government of Punjab on the achieving the government women and take remedial completion of the first Punjab objectives of social and economic measures accordingly. Gender Parity Report. It is a development of the Province as significant milestone in generation enunciated in the Punjab Growth and compilation of sex and gender Strategy 2018. It gives a disaggregated data on the status of comprehensive record of gender women that will support provincial gaps and disparities at all levels of efforts on gender responsive the government including the policy advocacy. We hope that the district level, facilitating the field current discourse on localization of formations in their planning and Sustainable Development Goals execution activities. The report and data generation will be aided will help the Government monitor by the rich analysis presented in implementation of national and the report and that this will also international commitments on guide other provinces to solidify women’s empowerment including their efforts on women’s the Convention on Elimination of empowerment and gender equality all Forms of Discrimination against in light of provincial commitments Women (CEDAW) and Sustainable and 2030 agenda. Development Goals (SDGs).

MESSAGES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Information helps in decision making and policy formulation. The availability of sex disaggregated data and gender statistics is, therefore, important to weigh the economic, political and social dimensions of gender differences and integrate them into a common value as public policy option. The first Punjab Gender Parity Report (PGPR), 2016 provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of women in Punjab, reflected through systematic analysis of the data, collected against gender sensitive indicators. Disaggregated information from multiple sources including but not limited to government departments and district offices, banks, courts, and hospitals, was collected, compiled, analysed and recorded with the technical guidance of a team of ii renowned gender specialists. Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity The data is presented in the form of figures, graphs and charts giving comparisons of key indicators. Additionally, data is represented spatially which will help identify regional disparities and standing in term of gender gaps. This report will not just enable the Government of Punjab to appreciate the status of women province-wide and to formulate policies accordingly, but will also provide a baseline to take immediate affirmative actions.

The report is divided into five sections. Section 1 introduces the PGPR and outlines the methodology used in compiling the report. Section 2 provides an in-depth analysis of all thematic areas relating to women’s rights in the Punjab that include Demographics & Governance; Health; Education; Economic Participation and Opportunities; Legal & Judicial Protection; and Violence against Women. Section 3 discusses the status of specific provisions contained within the Punjab Women Empowerment Package (2012) and the Punjab Women Empowerment Initiative (2014). Section 4 gives a brief overview of pro women laws while Section 5 contains recommendations on the basis of the key findings regarding each thematic area. Demographic Trends and Governance Demographic trends and their relationship with the or the phenomena of “missing women” as provided for environmental, social, economic and political in Sen’s seminal work. transformation cast substantial bearing on overall governance and policy outcomes. Staying up-to-date Ensuring participation in the electoral process has on the latest demographic trends enables been challenging in Pakistan due to cultural and governments to identify existing and emerging traditional barriers. The number of female voters has challenges and take measures accordingly. shown an overall increase in total numbers but not in percentile terms. In 2015, 54 million voters were Women make up almost half of the national registered (44% women and 56% men). Similarly, population. Though there has been significant contesting elections is a difficult proposition for improvement in the overall economic situation and women. Their representation in the assemblies is other related development indicators, in the last few mostly confined to a few from a little privileged section decades, yet, vast disparities still exist in the status of of society who inherited their constituency from men and women in society and are reflected in many family or come on reserved seats. forms such as in the form of lower representation of women at decision-making positions in the There is minimal female representation in decision government and otherwise against their overall making positions in the government. The “glass ceiling” population. persists; women in higher service grades are usually appointed at less influential positions than their male The current population (2015) of the province of counterparts. The Judiciary has 14% female judges as Punjab is projected at 101,391,000; out of which compared to 86% male, with only three women in the about 48% are female and about 52% are male. High Court. Women representation as heads, iii

Approximately 63% of the population is under 24 secretaries and directors in governing bodies is quite Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity years (49% female and 52% male); this youth bulge dismal as shown in Figure i. Representation of women could either be used as dividend or may prove a recipe as government officials from grade 18 to 22 is also low, for destruction. The policy makers need to be with 13.55% in Grade, 18, 5.5 % in Grade 19, 10% in responsive to the requirements of the female section Grade 20, one woman in Grade 21 and no woman in of the society while formulating policies for youth Grade 22. employment. Although there are signs of progress in terms of In the modern world, birth registration is an important women representation in governing institutions and factor in determination of one of the fundamental and bodies, albeit slowly, females are largely sidelined to basic rights of every person i.e. citizenship rights and those sectors which are traditionally associated with axillary benefits. The number of registered female and thought of as being “a woman’s job.” Besides the children is comparatively less than that of male introduction of quotas, the government needs to take children especially in the five Southern Districts of affirmative steps like marshaling grassroots community Punjab which is either reflective of the usual male bias organizations to empower women.

Representation of Men and Women in Governing Bodies in Statutory Entities

100%

80%

60% 4 1 % 40% 2 6 % 2 3 %

20% 1 5 % 1 6 % 1 2 % 1 2 % 8 % 1 0 % 7 % 0% s s s s r s r s r s r s r s r s r s i r s i r s i r s i r s i r s i r s e e e e o a a a a a a e e e e e e r i r i r i r i h h h h h h b b b b b b a a a a c t t t t t C C C C C C m m m m m m

r e r e r e r e c c c c r d r d r d r d r d r d D i r e M e M e M e M e M e M e a a a a a a S e S e S e S e B o B o B o B o B o B o Commission Committee Board Syndicate Council Authority

Female Male Source: Government Departments Figure i: Representation of Men and Women in Governing Bodies in Statutory Entities Health Health outcomes mostly depend at the national level. Life Growth Strategy 2018 has placed upon the “access” factor that is expectancy of women has significant emphasis on rooted in the organizational, improved from 62.4 years in 1990 reproductive health and the need institutional, and cultural settings to 66.5 years in 2015. However, for population control. Since 2010, of a society. There are marked the female life expectancy target there has been an annual increase inequalities on the basis of sex and of the United Nations is 73.5 years of 10-20% in the number of gender based constraints to access highlighting the need for further families availing family planning to healthcare are quite improvement. Similarly, Maternal services in the Punjab. As shown in pronounced with no specialized Mortality Ratio has reduced from Figure ii, an increase in the facilities for reproductive 330 deaths per 100,000 births in Contraceptive Prevalence Rate healthcare in many districts as 2000 to 227 deaths per 100,000 (38.7%) has been projected which there are no tertiary health care births in 2015. The Infant is now 3.7% higher than the facilities in many rural districts. Mortality Rate (IMR) in urban national average. The Total Punjab is 5.8% which is lower than Fertility Rate (TFR) in the Punjab is The Government of the Punjab has the national rate of 6.6%. The IMR 3.5 births per woman while the steadily increased the budgetary in rural Punjab is, however, national TFR is 3.7 births per allocations for the health sector in alarmingly high at 8.4%.The high woman. the past, resulting in better health figure in rural areas is a serious indicators compared to indicators cause for concern. The Punjab iv Percentage Female Population Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity availing Family Planning Visits

3.9 38.7

Figure ii: Total Female Population Availing Family Planning vs. Prevalence Rate (2015)

During 2014, a total of 2,343,280 to 260,958. There is a lack of encountered by men. Although women visited their respective clarity behind the reason for this there are many important aspects Antenatal Care (ANC) service decrease but all signs point but, for this study, maternal health centers. However, only 1,967,311 towards a serious lack of and access to sexual and of these women came back for awareness of the initiative reproductive health has been follow up visits. The numbers fell amongst the rural masses and the analyzed because they are central drastically in 2015 with only lack of Women Medical Officers to the international development 1,527,206 women visiting ANC (137 in Punjab) under the agenda. Over the past few years, service centers and only Integrated Reproductive Maternal significant efforts have been made 1,280,439 revisiting. Of the Newborn Child Health & Nutrition by the federal and provincial women that visited ANC service Program (IRMNCH). government to address these centers in 2014, only 409,910 had issues but progress still lags behind the births of their children Health is one of the most in comparison to international attended by skilled staff whilst in important sectors where women standards. 2015 the number dropped further face risks that are different Education Education is universally considered to be the most years indicates a marked improvement. However, the important factor for sustainable social and economic Transition Rate is slightly lower for female students development. Deprivation in education is one of the (70%) as compared to that of males (72%). main causes of poverty and inequality and vice versa. Educating girls produces many additional There are 146,185 formal primary, 42,147 lower socio-economic gains that benefit entire societies. secondary and 29,874 secondary schools in the These benefits include increased economic Punjab. Of these schools, 75% are public sector productivity, higher family incomes, delayed schools; 10% are private sector schools and the marriages, reduced fertility rates, and improved health remaining 15% are almost equally divided between and survival rates for infants and children. non-formal basic education schools (also referred to as community schools) and ‘Deeni Madrassas' (religious The Literacy Rate in Pakistan has steadily increased schools). from 56.5% in 2007-08 to 60% in 2012-13 as depicted in Figure iii. Currently, about one third of primary In 2013-14, teacher availability decreased for both school age children are out of school and 42% of the male and female schools at primary, middle and high population (age 10+) is illiterate. About two thirds of school levels with the exception of middle schools for women (age 15+) cannot read and write and 35% girls male students. The decrease was most marked middle remain out of school. Punjab fares better in schools for female students and primary schools for comparison to other provinces in terms of educational both male and female students. attainment and gender equality but much still needs to be achieved in terms of increasing enrollment rates and decreasing drop outs of girls. v Literacy Rate (10+ years) Pakistan 75 Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity 71 70 69 69 69 70 65 E T 60 A R

Y 55 C

A 50 R 48 E 45 46 47 T 45 I 44 L 40 35 30 2007-08 2008-09 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Male Female Source: PSLM, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Figure iii: Literacy Rate (10+ years) Pakistan

GPI for school enrollment at the Primary, Middle and In comparison to other provinces, Punjab has the High School level in 2013-2014 is low in majority of lowest expenditure on development i.e. 5%. Through the districts, especially in Southern Punjab, with the Punjab Growth Strategy 2018, the Government of female enrollment significantly less than male. Punjab shows increased commitment towards Disparity increases with an increase in level of improving access to education and reducing gender education i.e. Primary to Middle and High School. The inequality. However, this also requires substantial gap is more pronounced in rural areas as compared to allocation of resources; especially increases in the urban areas of the Punjab. Comparisons of male and development expenditure for education. female Survival Rates up to Grade V show improvements as far as female students are It is evident from the data that gender inequality in the concerned. There are only three districts in Punjab education sector is more pronounced in rural areas as where Survival Rates are less than 50%. In the case of compared to urban settlements. Similarly, majority of male students, Survival Rates are less than 50% in the districts of Southern Punjab lag behind in seven districts. attainment of gender parity at all levels of female education. The gap is too wide to be bridged easily. The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to The government needs to increase the development Secondary education in Punjab over the last three budget for provision of better quality education to all. MESSAGES

Economic Participation and Opportunities Labour markets are one of the key show gender disparity in all formal Gazetted employees in the mechanisms through which economic sectors. The gender Government of Punjab include disadvantageous groups can disparity is more marked in urban officers from Grade 16 to Grade harbor benefits of growth. Access areas as the economy grows more 22. These employees enjoy to Labour Markets and, more formal. In rural areas, females substantial authority due to their specifically, an opportunity to enjoy relatively greater nature of assignments. The decent work are imperative for participation due to their findings highlight significant diminishing the inequalities traditional role in agriculture. disparity in numbers (only 15% between men and women. Gazetted female employees Women’s participation in the The proportion of female overall) as well as work functions labour force not only serves to entrepreneurs in cottage and reflecting existing social augment the household income small-scale industry is very low constructs of masculinity and and welfare but also provides with a GPI of 0.0265 and 0.0439 femininity. The GPI is the lowest in tremendous impetus to enchanced respectively. The total number of Basic Functions, followed by participation in public affairs. As male proprietors of Small Scale Economic Services and reported in the Global Gender Gap Industries is 58,403 (95.8%) Infrastructure. The highest parity Report 2015, the economic whereas only 2569 (4.2%) are is in Socio-Cultural Functions of participation and opportunity women. The highest number of the government. index of Pakistan is amongst the owners among men has been third lowest in the world. Labour reported in Gurjanwala (26.7%) The nature of majority of the work vi Force Participation Rates for followed by Layyah. The majority carried out by women is

Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity Punjab reveal significant gender of employees in Small Scale characterized by its informal, disparity especially in urban areas. Industries are again male. Only seasonal and temporary nature As depicted in Figure iv, there is 17% women are working in small which leaves them as a vulnerable also considerable wage inequality scale industries throughout the segment of society. Women’s between the two sexes in both Punjab. Among male employees, employment is driven by a range of urban and rural areas. The average the highest are in multifaceted factors, including monthly wage of male employees (17.9%) and (7.8%). education, culture, social norms, is about Rs. 17,078, whereas the and the nature of job. Beyond average monthly wage of female The ownership patterns of standard labour force participation employees is about Rs. 3,646. agricultural land reveal significant rates, policymakers should also gender disparity. The GPI for take into consideration whether Labour force participation average value of land ownership in women can access better jobs and statistics for women are is grossly Punjab is 0.3338. Average value of take advantage of new labour understated because of the land ownership for men is 3,738 market opportunities that arise as invisibility of the bulk of women square meters and for women is economy grows and, in so doing, workers who are home based. 1,248 square meters; less than can contribute to the development Labour Force Participation Rates 50% of the male value. process itself. for 2011-2012 and 2013 -2014

Wage Comparison - Urban and Rural Punjab (2014-15)

MALE- RURAL FEMALE - RURAL MALE- URBAN FEMALE - URBAN

RS.15001 & OVER 22.87 7.74 RS.15001 & OVER 34.91 25.40

RS.10001 TO 15000 25.24 15.00 RS.10001 TO 15000 28.08 7.48

RS.5001 TO 10000 42.96 23.65 RS.5001 TO 10000 30.39 26.89

UPTO RS.5000 8.93 53.60 UPTO RS.5000 6.62 40.24

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

Source: Labour Force Survey 2014-15

Figure iv: Wage Comparison Urban Rural Punjab Legal and Judicial Protection Today, women in our society not only face difficulties in access to health care, education, civic participation, and economic justice, but are also victims of harassment, assault, and discrimination, violence and other such criminal acts. Such state of affairs is indicative of a weak legal and judicial system and poor enforcement of laws and rules. The situation is further accentuated by the institutional barriers to access the justice along with other cultural and traditional obstacles.

While accessing justice, police stations are generally the initial point of access for a woman outside of her own family. In the Punjab, there are 709 police stations out of which only 3 police stations (1 each in Lahore, and Faisalabad) are female police stations having female police officers and staff. In the past couple of years, female help desks have been established at almost all police stations and 660 (93%) of the 706 police stations in the Punjab now have help desks for women. The establishment of female police stations and help desks does not automatically guarantee improved access to justice for women. The attitude of female police officers is even objectionable at many occasions due to the innate problems of the policing system.

Within the justice system of the Punjab, a huge disparity is reflected in the number of females employed in the Public Prosecution Department (less than 10% of prosecutors are females) and the Judiciary (less than 6% of judges in the High Court and 15% of judges in District courts) is female.

vii

The total number of advocates registered with the Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity Punjab Bar Council is 70,032 out of which only 8,393 (approximately 12%) are women with a low GPI of 0.1198.1 In addition, of the 8,393 registered female advocates, only 2,082 (24%) are licensed to appear before the High Court.

In view of the large number of Family cases (93,264) and Custody/Guardianship (10,325) cases pending in courts in the Punjab, legal aid provided by the Legal Aid Society of the Punjab Bar Council can be deemed insufficient to meet the needs of women who require free legal representation. In 2014-15, only 49 people applied to the Legal Aid Society for legal aid and only 12 received it, 4 of which were women. Figure v depicts the insufficiency of the Legal Aid Society in providing legal aid to the female population by comparing the number of advocates registered with the Legal Aid Society and the female population of the Punjab. The comparison shows that in the current situation, one advocate is essentially available for thousands (in some cases more than a hundred thousand) of females in each district.

There are 37 prisons in the Punjab and the number of female prisoners is very small compared to men. Though small in numbers, female prisoners, a majority of which is illiterate, are more vulnerable and more at risk of discrimination in comparison to their male counterparts. They are more prone to abuse, severe healthcare issues including mental well-being, as well as the fear of abandonment during imprisonment and after release.

While it is essential to have a legal framework that affirms the equality of gender, this alone is not enough to guarantee women’s rights and access to justice. Adequate participation of women and the existence of women in decision-making positions in the judiciary, the Public Prosecution Department and the Police Department are essential to reduce the barriers to justice faced by women.

1 Data received from the Punjab Bar Council Average Women Population per Advocates registered with the Legal Aid Society of the Punjab Bar Council (2014-15)

viii Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity

Source: Punjab Bar Council Figure v: Average Women Population per Advocates Registered with the Legal Aid Society of the Punjab Bar Council 2014-15 Violence against Women Research indicates that there exists an indirect against women in the districts of Punjab. Data shows relationship between gender equality and violence that the districts having a Literacy Rate of 50% or (both physical and sexual). This means that the greater lower experience higher number of reported cases of the gender equality in a country, the lower the rates of violence against women as compared to districts with violence against women and vice versa. higher Literacy Rates. Similarly, districts like Chakwal, and where the number of reported Violence against women in the Punjab is widespread cases is comparatively less have relatively high and ranges from murder, rape, torture, beatings, acid Literacy Rates. attacks, honor killings and burnings to harassment at the workplace. The high number of incidents of To provide support to female victims of violence, there violence against women (6,505 cases reported in are 196 government-run social service institutions in 2015) is accompanied by an extremely low conviction the Punjab where women can take shelter/refuge. The rate (1% in 2015 with only 81 perpetrators punished). number of institutions varies per district, with Lahore Year wise analysis (2012-15) demonstrates consistent and Rawalpindi having the highest (16) and second and identical patterns of types of violence with rape, highest (12) respectively. Currently, there are over murder, beatings and honor killings having the highest 17,000 women and girls residing in 195 social service numbers respectively. In 2015, the highest incidence is institutions. that of rape, followed by murder and beatings with each having 2702, 666 and 588 reported incidents Significant reduction in the incidence of violence respectively. A large number of honor killings (173) against women in the Punjab may be possible by were also reported in addition to 22 incidents of acid strengthening the criminal justice system so that ix throwing in 2015. Though a large number of people culprits do not escape punishment. Nevertheless, the Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity are accused in such crimes in the Punjab every year, real problem lies in the social and psychological fabric few are punished. In 2015, 1,585 people were of society where women are generally not considered acquitted and only 81 were punished for committing equal to men. Promoting Gender equality is an acts of violence against women. This means that the essential part of preventing violence against women; conviction rate for cases of violence against women in which is the real challenge for the government and the 2015 was only 1% as shown in the Figure vi. society.

In general, there exists a positive relationship between the level of illiteracy and the incidence of violence

Comparison between Reported Cases and Convictions/Acquittals in Punjab (2012-15)

7000 6505 5967 6000 5391 5387 5000 S R

E 4000 B

M 3000 U 2496 N 2098 1956 2000 1585 1000 378 316 211 81 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Reported Cases Accused Acquitted Accused Awarded Punishment

Source: Office of Inspector General Police Punjab Figure vi: Comparison between Reported Cases and Convictions/Acquittals in Punjab (2012-15) Special Initiatives

The Government of Punjab has shown an enormous interest in promoting gender equality by taking remedial measures through appropriate legislation, policy formulation, administrative and economic interventions implemented through the Punjab Women Empowerment Package (PWEP) and Punjab Women Empowerment x

Initiative (PWEI). These initiatives aim to strengthen the social, Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity economic and political position of women in Punjab. The implementation of these initiatives, however, varies with regards to different provisions contained within both packages. One of the major limitations faced by the surveyors was the non-availability of data regarding the implementation status of various initiatives announced by the government under these two programs. Recommendations

During the course of analysis for the PGPR, four broad areas were identified which need immediate attention for reducing gender disparity in Punjab. They are: policy and legislation, capacity building and institutional strengthening, social advocacy and data collection & research. In Section V of the report, these points have been explained in detail. An Introduction to Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW)

The Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) is a statutory, autonomous body established in February 2014 for the promotion of women’s rights. After devolution of women’s development to the provinces under the 18th Amendment to the , PCSW was conceived as an oversight body to ensure that policies and programs of the government promote gender equality in Punjab. Its mandate includes: xi Examining policies and programs taken by the government for gender parity Punjab 2016 Report Gender Parity Reviewing provincial laws affecting the status of women Sponsoring and steering research to generate and maintain databases relating to women and gender issues Contacting and collaborating with development partners including donors and NGOs Facilitating and monitoring implementation of Pakistan’s international commitments regarding women’s rights Sponsoring, steering and encouraging research to generate information, analysis and studies and maintaining a database relating to women and gender issues to provide knowledge and awareness for provincial policy and strategic action for women’s empowerment Monitoring mechanisms and institutional procedures pertaining to violations of women’s rights and individual grievances. This includes jails, sub-jails, Dar-ul-Amaans, Women’s Centers and all other places of custody where women and girls are held

In line with its mandate, PCSW collects data pertaining to women’s rights issues and monitors implementation of women empowerment initiatives by government departments. It also raises awareness about gender discrimination in Punjab and strongly advocates gender parity. Additionally, PCSW runs a Toll Free Helpline, which provides guidance and support to women in distress. The Helpline has a rigorous feedback mechanism that pursues concerns of complainants until the aggrieved party is satisfied.