ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY
Series Editors: G. Borner,¨ Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands A. Coustenis, Meudon, France M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland P. Schneider, Bonn, Germany V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/848 • Pierre Lena´ Daniel Rouan Franc¸ois Lebrun Franc¸ois Mignard Didier Pelat
In collaboration with Laurent Mugnier
Observational Astrophysics
Translated by S. Lyle
Third Edition
123 Pierre Lena´ Franc¸ois Lebrun UniversiteParisDiderot&´ Laboratoire Astroparticules et Cosmologie Observatoire de Paris (LESIA) Universite´ Paris Diderot & Commissariat a` 92195 Meudon l’energie´ atomique et aux energies´ France alternatives [email protected] 10 rue A. Domon & L. Duquet, 75205 Paris Cx13 Daniel Rouan France Didier Pelat [email protected] Observatoire de Paris (LESIA) 92195 Meudon Franc¸ois Mignard France Observatoire de la Coteˆ d’Azur [email protected] Laboratoire Cassiopee´ [email protected] Bd de l’Observatoire 06304 Nice Cedex 4 France [email protected]
Translation from the French language edition of L’observation en astrophysique. c 2008 EDP Sciences, CNRS Edition, France
ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 978-3-642-21814-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-21815-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21815-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942601