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Home , April 1950, Congress of Europe, February 1948, February 1949, May 1949, October 1950

Full Table of Contents: List of Documents

General Introduction (WILFRIED LOTH)

Part One Douments of Transnational Pro-European Pressure Groups

I. The of Federalists (EUF) (ALAN HICK) 8 Introduction 8 1. The Hertenstein Programme: European Union (22 ) 13 2. The Luxemburg Programme: World Federal Government (16 ) 14 3. Hendrik Brugmans: 'On the European Scale' (25 ) 15 4. Hendrik Brugmans, Alexandre Marc, and Hans R. Nord: To Members of the United Committee (3 ) 16 5. Hendrik Brugmans: The European Area () 17 6. EUF Enlarged Central Committee at : Aims of the European Union of Federalists (11-16 April 1947) 18 7. EUF Secretariat-General: 'Building Europe' () 20 8. EUF Secretariat-General: 'Federating the Federalists' (May 1947) 22 9. Denis de Rougemont: 'The Federalist Attitude' (26 ) 23 10. Hendrik Brugmans: Fundamentals of European Federalism (27 August 1947) 28 11. EUF First Annual Congress: General Policy Resolution (30 August 1947) 34 12. EUF First Annual Congress: Economic Policy Resolution (30 August 1947) 39 13. Hendrik Brugmans: Estates-General (24 ) 41 14. Alexandre Marc: 'The Estates-General of The Hague' () 42 15. EUF Executive Bureau: Report on General Policy (6 ) 44 16. Alexandre Marc: From Unionism to Federalism () .... 47 X Contents

17. Hendrik Brugmans: 'The Preliminary Question' (7 May 1948) 51 18. EUF: Failure of the Congress of Europe (10May 1948) 56 19. Hendrik Brugmans: Opening Speech at the Second Annual EUF Congress (7 ) 57 20. Piero Calamandrei: 'The Convocation of the European Constituent Assembly' (7-11 November 1948) 59 21. EUF Second Annual Congress: Resolutions (7-11 November 1948) 73 22. EUF Central Committee: The European Consultative Assembly (13 ) 78 23. Henri Frenay: 'We, the European Federalists' (25 February 1949) 79 24. EUF Central Committee: Motion on the Consultative Assembly (5 ) 80 25. EUF Executive Committee: Public Declaration Regarding the European Assembly (17June 1949) 81 26. EUF Central Committee: From the Strasburg Assembly to the European Federal Pact (25 ) 82 27. EUF Extraordinary General Assembly: Draft of a Federal Pact (29-31 ) 84 28. EUF Executive Bureau: The Federalists and the Schuman Plan (3 June 1950) 91 29. Altiero Spinelli: Report on the Proposal for a European Assembly to draft a Pact of Federal Union (17-19 ) 94 30. EUF Third Annual Congress: Motion Concerning a European Federal Constituent Assembly (19 November 1950) 98 31. Appendices: Lists of Members and Statute 99 Bibliography to Chapter I 109

II. The European Parliamentary Union (EPU) (HERIBERT GISCH) 112 Introduction 112 32. Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi: Memorandum on the Organization of a European Parliament (27January 1947) 122 33. Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi: Appeal to all Europeans (28 April 1947) 123 34. Ronald W.G. Mackay: Thoughts on the Gstaad Conference (27 August 1947) 124 35. European Parliamentary Union: Founding Congress at Gstaad (8-10 September 1947) 126 36. Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi: Memorandum, 'How the E.R.P. [European Recovery Programme] can Unite Europe' (15 January 1948) 129 37. National EPU Groups: Parliamentary Initiatives (18-19 March 1948) 131 Contents XI

38. Ronald W.G. Mackay: Draft Memorandum on a European Assembly (Summer 1948) 132 39. European Parliamentary Union: Second Congress at Interlaken (1-5 ) 135 40. Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, Ronald W.G. Mackay, Duncan Sandys and Georges Bohy: Correspondence, and Failure of Attempts to Unite the European Movement and the EPU (January-February 1949) 149 41. Ronald W.G. Mackay: Ideas and Plans Concerning the (-) 153 42. European Parliamentary Union: Attitude to the Council of Europe (2 July 1949) 157 43. European Parliamentary Union: Third Congress in Venice (19-22 September 1949) 160 44. European Parliamentary Union: 'The Structure of Europe' (17 October 1949) 167 45. European Parliamentary Union: Conference of German and French Parliamentarians (19-20 June 1950) . . . 169 46. European Parliamentary Union: Fourth Congress at Constance (18-20 ) 176 Bibliography to Chapter II 184

III. The European League for Economic Co-operation (ELEC) (HERIBERT GISCH) 186 Introduction 186 47. Paul van Zeeland: 'An Economic Aproach' (15 ) 193 48. Independent League of European Co-operation: Basic Resolution and Programme (7March 1947) 194 49. Lord Beveridge (?): 'The German Problem' (April-) 197 50. Paul van Zeeland: 'Economic Rapprochement' (8 May 1947) 198 51. Independent League of European Co-operation: 'On Marshall's Offer' (30June 1947) 202 52. Economic Sub-committee of the Liaison Committee: 'Economic Aspects of European Unity' (March 1948) 204 53. The Hague Congress: Economic and Social Committee. Economic and Social Report (A); Speeches by Layton (B) and Serruys (C) (8 May 1948) 208 54. European League for Economic Co-operation: Statutes (20 November 1948) 216 55. European Economic Conference of Westminster, Preparations: (A) British Report, (B) French ditto, (C) Belgian ditto; (D) Draft Resolutions (March-) 221 XII Contents

56. European Economic Conference of Westminster: Speeches by van Zeeland (A) and Serruys (B) (19 April 1949) 251 57. Monetary Sub-Committee of ELEC: Proposals for the Convertibility of European Currencies (26-27 ) 255 58. European League for Economic Co-operation: 'On the Schuman Plan' (10-11 and27July 1950) 268 Bibliography to Chapter III 276

IV. The Mouvement Socialiste pour les États-Units d'Europe (MSEUE) (WILFRIED LOTH) 277 Introduction 277 59. Preliminary Conference in (22-23 February 1947) 282 60. Report of the Provisional Committee (May 1947) 287 61. Inaugural Congress at Montrouge (21-22 June 1947) 291 62. Second Congress at Puteaux (22 ) 296 63. 'Programme for European Socialist Action' (Autumn 1948) .... 298 64. On the Work of the Council of Europe (3 September 1949) 301 65. Third Congress: Launching of the Campaign for a Federal Pact (7 November 1949) 302 66. André Philip; 'Socialism and European Unity' (September 1950) 311 67. Fourth Annual Congress at Strasburg (17-19 November 1950) 314 Bibliography to Chapter IV 317

V. The 'European Movement' (ALAN HICK) 319 Introduction 319 68. ILEC, EUF, EPU, UEM: European Liaison Committee (20 ) 324 69. ILEC, EUF, UEM, CFEU: European Co-ordinating Committee (11 ) 325 70. Duncan Sandys: Organization of the Hague Congress (11 ) 328 71. Duncan Sandys : Suggested Outline of the Political Report for the Hague Congress (21 December 1947) 330 72. Duncan Sandys: Towards a European Pooling of Sovereignty (28 January 1948) 332 73. International Committee: Congress of Europe - Political Report (May 1948) 333 74. International Committee: Congress of Europe - A European Deliberative Assembly (May 1948) 338 75. The Hague Congress: Political Debates (7-9May 1948) 339 76. The Hague Congress: Political Resolution (10May 1948) 345 77. The Hague Congress: Economic and Social Resolution (10 May 1948) 347 Contents XIII

78. The Hague Congress: Message to the Europeans (10 May 1948) 350 79. Duncan Sandys: Results of the Hague Congress: Future Plans (10 May 1948) 351 80. The Hague Congress: Permanent Organization of the Congress (10 May 1948) 352 81. Duncan Sandys: Organization, Objectives and Plans for the European Campaign (May 1948) 353 82. International Executive Committee: European Assembly (18 ) 359 83. International Executive Committee: European Assembly (18 ) 360 84. Duncan Sandys: Assembly for Europe: Initial Commitments (September-) 362 85. Duncan Sandys: European Movement (2.5 October 1948) 366 86. European Movement Executive Committee: European Consultative Assembly and European Council of Ministers (23 November 1948) 368 87. European Movement Delegation: Statement to the Five-Power Committee (9 December 1948) 373 88. European Movement International Council: European Consultative Assembly (28 February 1949) 377 89. Duncan Sandys: Brussels Congress Speech (25 February 1949) 379 90. European Movement International Council: Organization of the European Movement (28 February 1949) 381 91. European Movement International Council: Principles of a European Policy (28 February 1949) 384 92. European Movement International Council: European Court of Human Rights (28 February 1949) 387 93. European Movement: European Economic Union (25 April 1949) 388 94. European Movement Deputation: European Consultative Assembly (6 April 1949) 399 95. European Movement Executive Committee: Observations upon the Statute of the Council of Europe (9May 1949) 403 96. European Movement Parliamentary Section: Council of Europe (19 ) 406 97. European Movement Secretariat: European Movement and the Consultative Assembly (September 1949) 410 98. Duncan Sandys: Creation of a European Supranational Political Authority ( September 1949) 413 99. European Movement Executive Bureau : Observations Concerning the Committee of Ministers (21 November 1949) 418 xrv Contents

100. European Movement Ad Hoc Committee : Creation of a European Political Authority (16 ) 420 101. European Movement Executive Committee: Creation of a European Political Authority and Functional Institutions (21 ) 424 Annex: European Movement, International Council, List of Officers and Members (1949) 425 Bibliography to Chapter V 432

Part Two Documents of Transnational Organizations of Political Parties and Trade Unions

I. The Socialist International (WILFRIED LOTH) 436 Introduction 436 102. Conference of European Socialist Parties, London: Declarations (3-5 ) 442 103. Hans Oprecht: Inaugural Speech at the Zurich Conference (6 June 1947) 450 104. International Conference of Socialist Parties, Antwerp: Declarations (28 November-2 December 1947) 451 105. Comisco Meeting in London: Resolution (20March 1948) 454 106. Socialist Conference on the , Selsdon Park, Surrey: Resolution (22 March 1948) 455 107. Socialist Conference in on European Policy: Resolution (25 ) 458 108. International Socialist Conference in : Resolution on the Question of the Ruhr (7 June 1948) 460 109. International Socialist Conference at Baarn: Victor Larock (15 May 1949) 462 110. International Socialist Conference at Baarn: Marinus van der Goes van Naters (15 May 1949) 464 111. International Socialist Conference at Baarn: Denis Healey (15 May 1949) 466 112. International Socialist Conference at Baarn: Resolution on European Union (16 May 1949) 467 113. International Socialist Conference, Copenhagen: Resolution on the Saar (3 June 1950) 469 114. International Socialist Conference in London: Resolution on the Schuman Plan (18 June 1950) 471 115. Comisco Meeting in Paris: Resolutions (22 ) 473 Bibliography to Chapter I 475 Contents XV

II. The 'Nouvelles Équipes Internationales' (NEI) of the Christian Democrats (HERIBERT GISCH) 477 Introduction 477 116. Nouvelles Équipes Internationales: Inaugural Appeal (2 ) 484 117. International Conference at Liège (Chaudfontaine) (31 May-2 June 1947) 485 118. The NEI Congress in Luxemburg: The German Problem (30 January-1 ) 488 119. Rudolf Lewandowski : 'The Youth' (Spring [March ?] 1948) .... 493 120. British Interim Committee of NEI: The Political Aspects of (23 July 1948) 495 121. The Hague Congress of the NEI (17-19 September 1948) 497 122. Cultural Commission of the NEI: 'Europe as a Cultural Unit' (21 November 1948 (?)) 503 123. Nouvelles Équipes Internationales: Message NEI 1949 (1 ) 504 124. The Geneva Sessions: 'Demanding the Future' (8 ) 507 125. Economic Session of the NEI: Summary Report (11-13 March 1949) 508 126. Nouvelles Équipes Internationales: Statutes (16May 1949) .... 516 127. Section Internationale des Jeunes: Hofgastein Congress (10-16 July 1949) 517 128. Franco-German Meeting at Schluchsee: 'Need for Franco-German Rapprochement' (March/) 521 129. Sorrento Congress: 'Objectives of Christian Democracy in Present-Day Europe' (12-14 April 1950) 523 Bibliography to Chapter II 539

III. The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) (WILFRIED LOTH) 541 Introduction 541 130. World Trade Union Conference: Declaration on Attitude to the Peace Settlement (17 ) 544 131. Sidney Hillman: Report to the First WFTU Congress () 550 132. ERP - Trade Union Conference: Declaration on the European Recovery Programme and the Trade Unions (10 March 1948) 551 133. World Trade Union Congress, Milan: Manifesto (9 July 1949) 554 134. André Lafond: 'For a United Western Europe' (November 1949) 555 XVI Contents

135. ICFTU Congress, London : Declaration on Economic and Social Demands (December 1949) 557 136. ICFTU Report: For a European Coal and Steel Community (March 1930) 559 137. ERP - Trade Union Conference: Report on Europe Economic Reconstruction (April 1950) 561 138. Léonjouhaux: For a European Authority (April 1950) 562 139. ERP - Trade Union Conference: Declaration on Europe Economic Reconstruction (April 1950) 565 140. ICFTU: Report on the Problems of the Economic Integration of Western Europe () 566 Bibliography to Chapter III 572

Part Three European Union in Public Opinion Polls, 1945-50 (LUDGER VIELEMEIER) Introduction 574 141. For a political and military alliance with Britain () (October 1945) 582 142. For an Anglo-French alliance (France) () 583 143. An Anglo-French alliance: military, economic and financial advantages (Franct) (April 1947) 584 144. Europe should form a federation (France) () 585 145. For a West European entente (Belgium) (7-19June 1946) 586 146. What is a United States of Europe? (France, ) (July-September 1947) 587 147. The United States of Europe: a good idea? (France, Netherlands, , , USA) (July-September 1947) 588 148. For a West European economic union (France) (February 1948) 588 149. The West European countries should unite (, Britain, France, , Sweden) (April-May 1948) 589 150. For a federation of West European states (US Occupation Zone, West ) (February 1948-April 1950) 590 151. For a West European union (Belgium, Denmark, France, Britain, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, [Western Zones], ) (January-June 1950) 592 Contents XVII

152. Two-thirds of French respondents favour a West European union (France) (October 1950) 593 153. Early ideas as to a bloc (France) (October 1945) 595 154. A European solution or a Western alliance (Netherlands) () 596 155. Western bloc or Third Force? (France, Netherlands, Sweden, USA) (July-September 1947) 597 156. European union: with Eastern Europe, without the USSR (US Occupation Zone of Germany, British and American sectors of Berlin) (August 1947) 598 157. Could a West European political union remain neutral in a war between the superpowers? (France) (February-March 1948) 599 158. For Britain and West Germany as members of the European union (Norway, Netherlands, West Germany, Italy, France) (January-June 1950) 600 159. 'Friends' - the British and Americans; 'enemies' - the Russians and Germans (France) (October 1950) 601 160. A divided Europe (France) (February 1948) 602 161. Do the USA and the USSR want peace? (Belgium) (end of 1948) 603 162. War in the next ten years? (American Zone of Germany, West Berlin, Bremen) () 604 163. Danger of war (Federal Republic of Germany) (April-June 1950) 604 164. The USSR a threat to peace (France) (October 1950) 605 165. Western union: close economic association and defence alliance (Britain) (February 1948) 606 166. Western Union: economic, military and political union (Britain) (September 1948) 607 167. European currency and customs union: yes. European army: no. (Switzerland, Britain, France, Italy, Sweden) (April-May 1948) 608 168. In favour of an economically 'liberal' Europe (Belgium, Denmark, France, Britain, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria [West], West Germany) (January-) 610 169. Little known of the Schuman plan (France) (October 1950) 612 XVIII Contents

170. A majority in favour of West German participation in the ECSC [European Coal and Steel Community] (Federal Republic of Germany) (June 1950) 613 171. A bare majority against Britain joining the ECSC [European Coal and Steel Community] (Britain) (June 1950) 614 172. Despite the 'red peril': no German rearmament (France) (October 1950) 615 173. Absolute majority for a West German contribution to a West European army (Belgium) (November 1950) 617 174. Germans against rearmament (Federal Republic of Germany) (November 1950) 620 175. A bare majority in favour of German troops forming part of a European army (Britain) () 620 176. Membership of united Europe or an independent national state? (Federal Republic of Germany) (June 1949-1950) 621 177. A clear 'Yes' for West German membership of the Council of Europe (Federal Republic of Germany) (April 1950) 623 178. Germans look westward: Paris should be the capital of the European union (Germany (Western Zones)) (January 1949) 624 Bibliography to Part Three 625

Note on Contributors 627 Name Index 631 Subject Index 637