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Estudio De Los Sistemas De Supervivencia En Los Barcos De Navegación Polar

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Estudio De Los Sistemas De Supervivencia En Los Barcos De Navegación Polar ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR Trabajo Final de Grado Facultat de Nàutica de Barcelona Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Trabajo realizado por: Gabriel Escobedo Rosado Dirigido por: Jordi Mateu Llevadot Grau en Nàutica i Transport Marítim Barcelona, Junio de 2021 Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria Nàutiques ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi gratitud a todos aquellos que han contribuido, directa o indirectamente, a la realización de este trabajo. Un agradecimiento especial a las organizaciones y empresas que me han facilitado información; a mi familia, por su ayuda incondicional; a mis amigos, por su apoyo; y por supuesto a mi tutor, Jordi Mateu Llevadot, por su interés y consejo. The quality I look for most is optimism: especially optimism in the face of reverses and apparent defeat. Optimism is true moral courage. Ernest Henry Shackelton I ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR II ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR RESUMEN El creciente deshielo de los Océanos Ártico y Antártico ha favorecido el incremento de la navegación polar en las últimas décadas. Esto ha propiciado la creación de normativas internacionales que regulan las características de los buques que transitan por zonas polares y de los equipos que estos llevan a bordo. En este trabajo se estudia la adecuación de los sistemas de supervivencia de los barcos que surcan esas aguas. Se empieza introduciendo brevemente las particularidades de la navegación polar y la normativa internacional relacionada con los dispositivos de salvamento. A continuación, se mencionan las características que deben tener los equipos salvavidas de los buques, de acuerdo con el Convenio SOLAS y el Código IDS. Se explican los cambios introducidos a estos sistemas por el Código Polar y se exponen ejemplos de equipos salvavidas que se llevan, actualmente, en barcos de navegación polar. Posteriormente, se hace un breve análisis sobre los recursos de los países encargados de las operaciones de búsqueda y salvamento en aguas árticas y antárticas. En las conclusiones se analiza con detenimiento la adecuación a los entornos polares de los equipos de supervivencia de los barcos. Se destaca la relevancia de la innovación para seguir perfeccionando estos dispositivos. Se resalta la rápida y eficaz adaptación de los trajes de supervivencia y de las embarcaciones salvavidas a condiciones de frío extremo y de aguas heladas. Finalmente, se presentan algunas recomendaciones para mejorar tanto los sistemas de salvamento de a bordo como las operaciones de rescate en los océanos polares. Palabras clave: navegación polar, supervivencia, salvamento. III ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR ABSTRACT The increasing thawing of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans has favoured a rise in polar navigation in recent decades. This has led to the creation of international legislation, which regulates the characteristics of vessels transiting polar regions and the equipment they carry on board. This research work studies the adequacy of the survival systems of the vessels sailing through polar waters. This project begins by briefly introducing the peculiarities of polar navigation and the international regulations related to life-saving appliances. Then, it mentions the characteristics that life-saving equipment of vessels should have, in accordance with the SOLAS Convention and the LSA Code. It also explains the changes introduced to these systems by the Polar Code and it presents examples of life-saving equipment that are currently carried on board in polar navigation vessels. In addition, it analyses the resources of the countries in charge of maritime search and rescue operations in the Arctic and Antarctic. The conclusions carefully analyse the adequacy of the survival equipment of the vessels to the polar environment. They highlight the relevance of innovation to continue improving these devices. This section also features the rapid and effective adaptation of survival suits, lifeboats and life rafts to extreme cold and icy waters. Finally, some recommendations are presented on aspects to be improved regarding both on-board life-saving systems and rescue operations in polar oceans. Keywords: polar navigation, survival, rescue. IV ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS I RESUMEN III ABSTRACT IV ÍNDICE V ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Y DE TABLAS IX ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS IX ÍNDICE DE TABLAS X LISTADO DE ACRÓNIMOS XI 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2. NAVEGACIÓN POLAR: ÁRTICO Y ANTÁRTICO 3 2.1. DEFINICIÓN DE CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS 3 2.1.1. NORTE Y SUR 3 2.1.2. ÁRTICO Y ANTÁRTICO 4 2.1.3. BOREAL Y AUSTRAL 4 2.1.4. SEPTENTRIONAL Y MERIDIONAL 5 2.2. HISTORIA SUCINTA DE LA NAVEGACIÓN POLAR 5 2.3. EL HIELO 8 2.3.1. CLASIFICACIÓN DEL HIELO POR SU ORIGEN 8 2.3.1.1. Hielo marino 8 2.3.1.2. Hielo continental 10 2.3.2. CLASIFICACIÓN DEL HIELO POR SU EDAD 11 2.3.3. SIGNOS DE PROXIMIDAD DE HIELO EN EL MAR Y MANIOBRA 12 2.4. OCÉANOS POLARES 13 2.4.1. OCÉANO ÁRTICO 13 2.4.2. OCÉANO ANTÁRTICO 16 2.5. TIPOS DE BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR 18 2.5.1. ROMPEHIELOS 18 2.5.1.1. Clases de rompehielos 20 2.5.1.2. Técnicas para romper el hielo 20 2.5.1.3. Apariencia del casco 21 2.5.2. CLASE POLAR Y CATEGORÍA POLAR 21 2.6. RUTAS COMERCIALES 23 2.6.1. ÁRTICO 23 2.6.1.1. Paso del Noroeste 23 2.6.1.2. Paso del Noreste 24 2.6.1.3. Puente Ártico o Arctic Bridge Route 25 2.6.1.4. Ruta Transpolar 25 2.6.2. ANTÁRTICO 26 V ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR 2.7. RIESGOS DE LA NAVEGACIÓN POLAR 28 2.7.1. MALAS CONDICIONES ATMOSFÉRICAS 28 2.7.2. MALAS CONDICIONES DEL MAR 28 2.7.3. REGIONES RECÓNDITAS 29 2.7.4. PELIGROS PARA LA TRIPULACIÓN Y EL PASAJE 29 2.8. SEGURIDAD EN LA NAVEGACIÓN POLAR 29 2.8.1. MANUAL DE OPERACIONES EN AGUAS POLARES (PWOM) 30 2.8.2. FORMACIÓN DE LA TRIPULACIÓN 31 2.8.2.1. Certificado de Suficiencia de Formación Básica para Buques que operan en Aguas Polares 31 2.8.2.2. Certificado de Suficiencia de Formación Avanzada para Buques que operan en Aguas Polares 31 2.8.2.3. Otros certificados 32 2.8.3. CUADRO DE OBLIGACIONES Y SISTEMAS DE MEGAFONÍA Y ALARMA GENERAL 32 3. NORMATIVAS RELACIONADAS CON LA SUPERVIVENCIA EN AGUAS POLARES 34 3.1. CONVENIO SOLAS, 1974, enmendado 34 3.2. CÓDIGO IDS (en vigor desde 1996) 35 3.2. MANUAL DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN AGUAS FRÍAS, 2006 35 3.3. CONVENIO SAR, 1979 35 3.4. TRATADO ANTÁRTICO (en vigor desde 1961) 36 3.5. CÓDIGO POLAR (en vigor desde 2017) 37 3.6. OTRAS NORMATIVAS 38 4. SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN AGUAS POLARES 39 4.1. HISTORIA SUCINTA DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN EL MAR 39 4.2. EL CUERPO HUMANO ANTE LA EXPOSICIÓN AL FRÍO 41 4.2.1. PÉRDIDA DEL CALOR CORPORAL 41 4.2.2. EL CUERPO HUMANO ANTE LA INMERSIÓN EN AGUAS FRÍAS 43 4.2.2.1. Reflejo de inmersión 45 4.2.2.2. Shock por frío o Shock termodiferencial 45 4.2.2.3. Imposibilidad de nadar 45 4.2.2.4. Hipotermia 45 4.2.2.5. Ahogamiento secundario 46 4.2.2.6. Colapso previo al rescate 46 4.2.2.7. Colapso durante el rescate y compresión hidrostática 46 4.2.2.8. Colapso post-rescate 47 4.3. EQUIPOS DE SUPERVIVENCIA 47 4.3.1. EQUIPO INDIVIDUAL DE SUPERVIVENCIA (EIS) 48 4.3.2. EQUIPO COLECTIVO DE SUPERVIVENCIA (ECS) 49 4.4. VÍAS DE ESCAPE Y EVACUACIÓN EN LOS BARCOS 50 4.4.1. ABANDONO DE LA EMBARCACIÓN 51 4.4.1.1. Antes del abandono 52 4.4.1.2. Durante el abandono 52 4.4.1.3. Después del abandono 53 VI ESTUDIO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE SUPERVIVENCIA EN LOS BARCOS DE NAVEGACIÓN POLAR 4.4.1.4. Maniobra de remolque a tierra firme 53 4.4.2. PUESTOS DE REUNIÓN 54 4.4.3. SISTEMAS DE EVACUACIÓN MARINOS 55 4.4.4. DISPOSITIVOS DE PUESTA A FLOTE Y DE EMBARCO 56 4.5. BOTES SALVAVIDAS 57 4.5.1. TIPOS 57 4.5.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES 60 4.5.2.1. Marcas exteriores de los botes salvavidas 65 4.5.3. MANTENIMIENTO 65 4.5.4. NORMAS Y DIRECTRICES APLICABLES A LOS BOTES SALVAVIDAS POLARES 66 4.5.5. CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIALES DE LOS BOTES SALVAVIDAS POLARES 69 4.6. BALSAS SALVAVIDAS 74 4.6.1. TIPOS 74 4.6.1.1. Modelos 77 4.6.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES 77 4.6.2.1. Marcas exteriores 80 4.6.3. MANTENIMIENTO 82 4.6.4. NORMAS Y DIRECTRICES APLICABLES A LAS BALSAS SALVAVIDAS POLARES 82 4.6.5. CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIALES DE LAS BALSAS SALVAVIDAS POLARES 83 4.7. BOTES DE RESCATE 87 4.7.1. TIPOS 88 4.7.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES 88 4.7.2.1. Marcas exteriores de los botes de rescate 91 4.7.3. MANTENIMIENTO 91 4.7.4. NORMAS Y DIRECTRICES APLICABLES A LOS BOTES DE RESCATE POLARES 92 4.7.5. CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIALES DE LOS BOTES DE RESCATE POLARES 92 4.8. TRAJES DE SUPERVIVENCIA Y AYUDAS TÉRMICAS 94 4.8.1. DEFINICIONES 95 4.8.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES 95 4.8.2.1. Trajes de inmersión 95 4.8.2.2. Trajes de protección contra la intemperie 97 4.8.2.3.
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