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Haa Dachx̱ánxʼi Sáani Kagéiyi Yís: Haa Yoo X̱ʼatángi Kei Naltseen

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Haa Dachx̱ánxʼi Sáani Kagéiyi Yís: Haa Yoo X̱ʼatángi Kei Naltseen HAA DACHX̱ÁNXʼI SÁANI KAGÉIYI YÍS: HAA YOO X̱ʼATÁNGI KEI NALTSEEN FOR OUR LITTLE GRANDCHILDREN: LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION AMONG THE TLINGIT by X̲ʼunei Lance Twitchell B.A., University of Minnesota, 2007 M.F.A., University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2010 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Ph.D. in Hawaiian and Indigenous Language and Culture Revitalization. Kōmike Pepa Puka: Dr. William Wilson, Luna Kōmike Dr. Scott Saft Dr. Kaunoe Kamanā Dr. Maria Shaa Tláa Williams Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani in the Graduate School University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo 2018 For Our Little Grandchildren: Language Revitalization Among the Tlingit Dedication For my father Skandu.oo Timothy Twitchell. For my mothers Ḵaaldaakeit Debra Carltikoff and Jilkatéet Marion Madden. For my baby brother Tlax̱aneisʼ Chʼéeni Corbin Carltikoff. The only thing between you and me is a life dedicated to your honor. iii For Our Little Grandchildren: Language Revitalization Among the Tlingit Acknowledgments This work is dedicated first and foremost to the future generations, who will inherit the beauty, power, complexity, and responsibility of the Tlingit language. This and other works simply would not exist if not for the strength, resilience, courage, and rebellion of previous generations who refused to let our language go, thus ensuring that it would survive in the face of political policies and social pressures that aimed to eradicate our people by prohibiting and shaming the use of our language. The ability to stand up in the face of the genocide draws inspiration worldwide from those who have stood up to defend and reclaim that which is theirs: land, language, education, health, and more. I am thankful every day of my life for my wife and love, Ḵálaa Miriah Twitchell, who supports our multilingual home and brainstorms methods to bring the language into other areas of our community and life, and also to our children, Ḵaalḵéisʼ Kiana Twitchell, Shaawatkʼé Ava Twitchell, and Ḵájaa Darian Twitchell, with whom I can speak entirely in the Tlingit language. Miriah has been the supporter supreme for pursuing a Ph.D. while raising a young family. We collaborated on methods to surround the children with language, which means creating our own educational institutions and collaborating with existing systems to figure out how to maximize language exposure and opportunities for fluency. None of that would be possible were it not for my language teachers, primarily Gooshdehéen Si Dennis, Ḵeixwnéi Nora Dauenhauer, Kʼóox John Marks, G̱áx̱ Tlein Paul Jackson, Xwaayeenáḵ Richard Dauenhauer, Ḵaaḵal.aat Florence Sheakley, G̱uneiwtí Marsha Hotch, La.oos Tláa Ida Calmegane, v Haa Dachx̱ánxʼi Sáani Kagéiyi Yís: Haa Yoo X̱ʼatángi Kei Naltseen Keiyishí Bessie Cooley, Seidayaa Mary Anderson, Kaax̱kwéi Evelyn Hotch, Tankʼ Smitty Katzeek, Gax̱daakashú Joe Hotch, Keihéenákʼw John Martin, Ḵʼaltseen Carolyn Martin, Kingeistí David Katzeek, Weihá Jeff Leer, Kaséix̱ Selina Everson, Dagé Winnie Atlin, Lugóon Sophie Smarch, Ḵaaklig̱éi Norman James, Jina.áakw Mary Ruldolph, G̱ooch Shaayí Harold Jacobs, Gooshdehéen Mark Jacobs Jr, Kooshdáakʼu Éesh Bill Fawcett, Aanyalahash Sam Johnston, Ḵaalḵáawu Cyril George, Ḵaajaaḵwtí Walter Soboleff, Aas X̱ʼáak Clarence Jackson, Goox̱ Tlein Clara Peratrovich, Yaanjiyeet G̱aax̱ Charles DeWitt, Flora Huntington, Daasdiyaa Ethel Makinen, Woosh Jix̱oo Éesh George Ramos, Yaxl.aat Irene Paul, Lʼéiwtu.éesh Herman Davis, Kawduk’eit Tláa Vida Davis, Ḵaanáḵ Ruth Demmert, Ḵaajín.aa Nellie Lord, Achkwéi Lena Farkas, Kaxwaan Éesh George Davis, Shaksháani Marge Dutson, Ḵaatootoo. oo Kenny Grant, Shaawát G̱uwakaan George Bennett, Kindawduneek Paul Marks, Yaxduláḵt’ Lillian Austin, Jig̱eit Tláa Irene Cadiente, G̱unaak’w Fred White, Aantsoox̱ Sally Burratin, Elizabeth Bosely, Shuwuteen Martha Van Heel, Ḵaachku.aak’w Helen Sarabia, and Natsʼgi Éesh Ted Valle. In addition to those who helped me and continue to help me with the Tlingit language are colleagues in learning and advocacy who help motivate and support one another, especially Dzéiwsh James Crippen, L Tudaxʼaan Seth Cable, Ḵaaswóot Gloria Wolfe, Gooch Xaayi Ralph Wolfe, Shaag̱aaw Éesh Devlin Anderstrom, Aanakwéi Éesh J.P. Buller, Kuwux̱ Kim Buller, Yéi Dika Ḵudaháan Marry Knudsen, Ḵaagwáaskʼ Ishmael Hope, Daaljíni Mary Folletti, Lgeik’i Heather Powell, Naakil.aan Hans Chester, Seig̱oot Jessica Chester, Sʼuḵjayéi Yarrow Varra, Chalyee Will Geiger, Yatootéen Mallory Story, Éedaa Heather Burge, Kaasteen Jill Meserve, L.yanwudag̱aat Nae Brown, Chʼeet Wú Joe Binger, Yéil Tʼoochʼ Tláa Collyne Bunn, U’yensegchia Sean Smith, Shayawdustee Deb Baerg, Ltáguháa Sean McDougal, Sumiq David Russell-Jensen, Naawéiyaa Austin Tagaban, and Ḵaasáankʼ Andrew Williams. There are many others out there in addition to the ones named here, but these are the ones that I have had the honor and pleasure of working with over the years. The financial support for working on this dissertation has been incredible and allowed me the time, resources, and energy to focus on trying to answer difficult questions about language loss. The financial contributions of the following organizations have supported this scholarship: Ronalda Cadiente Brown with the Preparing Indigenous Teachers and Administrators for Alaska Schools vi For Our Little Grandchildren: Language Revitalization Among the Tlingit (PITAAS) program & Dean of Education Deb Lo at the University of Alaska Southeast (UAS), Dean of the School of Arts & Sciences Karen Schmitt & Humanities Chair Kevin Maier at UAS, Dean of the School of Arts & Sciences Paula Martin, UAS Provost Karen Carey, UAS Chancellor Rick Caulfield, Namaka Rawlins and William Pila Wilson of the ʻAha Pūnana Leo & Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, Rosita Worl & Carmaleeda Estrada of the Sealaska Heritage Institute, Kyla Morris & Susan Anderson of the CIRI Foundation, Leslie Istirus & Christina Vazquez of the Central Council of Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska. In addition to funding, the administrative staff at UAS—especially Anita Parrish, Kristy D. Smith, Kaya Day, Susan Stopher, Amy Bannerman, and Leah Gregg—have been instrumental in helping to navigate the UAS system in order to take classes while teaching classes and to coordinate the implementation of funding streams into complex systems. It seems like all I did was send an email and they executed miracles in a series of institutional complexities that at times makes Tlingit grammar seem straightforward in comparison. The Skagway Traditional Council (STC) allowed me to print hundreds of pages and utilize their office space for this work and syncing files on their wifi, as did my Auntie Sheryl & Uncle Si Dennis. Alderworks Alaska Writers & Artists Retreat was simply wonderful, awarding a summer session retreat at the beautiful and productive Mary Jane Cabin, where much of this writing initially took place in the form of early drafts and book structure. It was a powerful moment to come home to our ancestral land after the death of my parents to heal and put distraction-free energy into this dissertation. Yatootéen Mallory Story typed up passages from articles and books to assist with research, and both she and Chalyee Will Geiger have engaged in enriching conversations on language revitalization among the Tlingit people. Yéil Tʼoochʼ Tláa Collyne Bunn and Chʼeet Wú Joe Binger brought nourishment and support to the writing retreat, and recorded several interviews with fluent elders and language advocates in order to contribute to the discussion of Tlingit language revitalization. Xéetlʼi Éesh Lyle James and Dax̱kil.átch Kolene James were wonderful in their motivational support as colleagues at UAS and as partners in advocacy work for equity & cultural safety within UAS and the Juneau area. As the dissertation went from a scattered series of ideas to a connected singular narrative, William Wilson provided invaluable time and feedback to help narrow the focus, Maria Shaa Tláa vii Haa Dachx̱ánxʼi Sáani Kagéiyi Yís: Haa Yoo X̱ʼatángi Kei Naltseen Williams helped guide it into being a dissertation instead of a collection of papers, and Éedaa Heather Burge painstakingly read several drafts and found the many typos, awkward phrasings, and self- contradictions that are likely to occur in large projects that are deeply connected to the author at the physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional levels. Additional feedback was given on drafts, including suggestions for additional sources and wonderful feedback on how to write more powerfully and concise by William “Pila” Wilson, support and suggestions from L.Jaaḵk Alice Taff, Dionne Yeidikookʼáa Brady-Howard, and Yaan Jiyeet G̱áax̱ Thomas Thornton, and Tlingit language clarification and assistance from G̱uneiwtí Marsha Hotch. I am fortunate to be in a network of language advocates who are positive and productive, and serve as role models to me by watching their dedication and trying to emulate it in my work and life. In particular, L.Jaaḵk Alice Taff, Edna MacLean, Walkie Charles, Hishinlai’ R. Peter, D. Roy Mitchell IV, Lawrence D. Kaplan, and Paul Berg. In addition, a core of young colleagues have emerged to take the reigns of language revitalization movement building, and I am grateful to be able to work with them in collaborative and healthy environments, especially with Jonathan Kreiss-Tomkins, Reid Magdanz, Mique’l Dangeli, Cordelia Kellie, Susie Edwardson, Ben Young, Linda Schrack, Gavin Hudson, David R. Boxley, and Kandi McGilton. Many people have assisted with the creation of a world where language
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