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Plantation Technology for Selected Indigenous Trees in the Indian Peninsula

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Plantation Technology for Selected Indigenous Trees in the Indian Peninsula BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2005, N° 285 (3) SYLVICULTURE 17 TECHNIQUES DE PLANTATION Plantation technology for selected indigenous trees in the Indian peninsula K. K. N. Nair C. Mohanan George Mathew Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi-680653, Kerala India The technology developed can help for establishing plantations of five indigenous tree species with multiple end-uses: Calophyllum polyanthum (Clusiaceae), Dysoxylum malabaricum (Meliaceae), Garcinia gummi- gutta (Clusiaceae), Melia dubia (Meliaceae) and Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae). It can be useful either in the context of resource enhancement or as part of site or forest-type rehabilitation programmes. Figure 1. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson. Photo C. García. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2005, N° 285 (3) 18 SILVICULTURE PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY K. K. N. Nair, C. Mohanan, George Mathew RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN TECHNIQUES DE PLANTATION POUR PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY TÉCNICAS DE PLANTACIÓN PARA DES ESSENCES AUTOCHTONES FOR SELECTED INDIGENOUS TREES ESPECIES AUTÓCTONAS SÉLECTIONNÉES DE LA PÉNINSULE IN THE INDIAN PENINSULA SELECCIONADAS DE LA PENÍNSULA INDIENNE INDIA Les techniques à utiliser en pépinière Nursery and plantation techniques Las técnicas que han de utilizarse en et en plantations pour cinq essences for five selected, multiple end-use vivero y plantación en cinco especies à usages multiples, endémiques de trees that are endemic or indigenous de usos múltiples, endémicas de la l’Inde – Calophyllum polyanthum to peninsular India were generated India –Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. Wall. (Clusiacées), Dysoxylum mala- during, based on laboratory, nursery (Clusiáceas), Dysoxylum malabari- baricum Bedd. (Méliacées), Garcinia and field trials. The species investi- cum Bedd. (Meliáceas), Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson (Clusia- gated –Calophyllum polyanthum gummi-gutta (L.) Robson (Clusiá- cées), Melia dubia Cav. (Méliacées) Wall. (Clusiaceae), Dysoxylum mal- ceas), Melia dubia Cav. (Meliáceas) y et Vateria indica L. (Diptérocarpa- abaricum Bedd. (Meliaceae), Vateria indica L. (Dipterocarpáceas)– cées) – sont issues de travaux (1999- Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson proceden de trabajos (1999-2002) 2002) fondés sur des essais en labo- (Clusiaceae), Melia dubia Cav. (Meli- basados en ensayos de laboratorio, ratoire, pépinière et sur le terrain. Ces aceae) and Vateria indica L. (Diptero- vivero y de campo. Estas especies essences produisent du bois carpaceae)– produce timber, except producen madera de construcción, d’œuvre, sauf G. gummi-gutta utili- G. gummi-gutta, which is used for excepto G. gummi-gutta utilizada sée pour le bois de feu. Peu d’infor- firewood. Only very little information para leña. La información sobre la mations sont disponibles sur la régé- is available on the artificial regenera- regeneración artificial de estas espe- nération artificielle de ces essences, tion of these five species, which are cies, en vías de desaparición rápida qui sont en voie de disparition rapide getting fast depleted in their natural en sus medios naturales, es escasa. dans leurs milieux naturels. Les habitats. Therefore, in order to regen- Para regenerar estas especies, se aspects liés aux semences, à la crois- erate these species efficiently, the definieron los aspectos relacionados sance en pépinière et à la plantation seed, nursery and plantation aspects con semillas, crecimiento en vivero y ont ainsi été définis pour régénérer were worked out. These aspects plantación. Se incluyen los datos ces essences. Ils incluent les don- include data on collection, process- sobre recogida, tratamiento y alma- nées sur la collecte, le traitement et ing, storage and germination, on pest cenamiento de frutos y semillas así le stockage des fruits et graines ainsi and disease problems in fruits and como la germinación, los aspectos que sur la germination, les aspects seeds and their control, as well as, fitosanitarios, los factores que influ- phytosanitaires, les facteurs agissant vegetative propagation methods and yen en el índice de supervivencia y sur les taux de survie et de crois- root-trainer technology for large scale en el crecimiento de las plántulas en sance des plants au champ. Ces don- production of planting stock. Plant- el campo. Estos nuevos datos pue- nées originales peuvent faciliter la ing technology, the influence of vari- den facilitar la regeneración artificial régénération artificielle de ces ous factors such as survival and de estas especies en la India, ya sea essences en Inde, pour valoriser les growth rates, pest and disease infor- para valorizar los recursos o en pro- ressources ou dans des programmes mation, etc. on the field-planted gramas de rehabilitación de áreas de réhabilitation de sites forestiers, seedlings were also examined. The forestales, necesarios en los trópi- nécessaires sous les tropiques, afin first-hand information and data gen- cos, para mantener los ecosistemas y de maintenir les écosystèmes et leurs erated for these species can facilitate sus recursos. ressources. their artificial regeneration, either in the context of resource enhancement Palabras clave: plantación, especie Mots-clés : plantation, essence or as part of site/forest-type rehabili- seleccionada, India. sélectionnée, Inde. tation programmes, much needed in the tropics to sustain the diverse ecosystems and their resources. Keywords: plantation, selected tree species, India. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2005, N° 285 (3) SYLVICULTURE 19 TECHNIQUES DE PLANTATION Introduction: (1991) also investigated the planta- pith compost was used in plastic native forest tion aspects of six indigenous Indian 10 x 5 cm root-trainers. The rooting tree species, namely Albizia odoratis- hormone Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) species of sima, Grewia tiliaefolia, Haldina cordi- was tried in three concentrations: folia, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, 3000 ppm, 4000 ppm and 5000 ppm. interest to India Pterocarpus marsupium and Xylia xylo- A mist chamber was used to study carpa, but these were not the same as the rooting of treated juvenile stem The monsoon forests of the the species used in this experiment. A cuttings. The propagules issued from Indian peninsula are very rich in detailed treatise on plantation tech- seed and vegetative propagation indigenous tree species with a variety nology for the species used in this techniques were maintained in the of end-uses. However, this rich biolog- experiment is available in Nair et al. nursery, with 75 per cent shade-net ical resource is now becoming fast (2002). cover and watering once a day, until depleted, for a number of reasons the beginning of the planting season including habitat destruction and over- during the South-West monsoon in exploitation. It has therefore become Production and June-July. Pest and disease problems essential to regenerate these species planting of the in sown seeds and seedlings raised artificially, in order to secure the con- and maintained in the nursery were tinued availability of products derived selected species also monitored, and management from them also, and to preserve their strategies to protect them were stan- ecological functions. As pointed out by Data on the fruiting season of dardised. Evans (1982), the main practical diffi- the different species in their natural The sites for planting out were culty of cultivating indigenous species stands were gathered from speci- selected within the natural habitat of on a large scale is the lack of proven mens in regional and national the species tested. Evergreen forest technologies. To address this problem, herbaria in India, and also from the areas were selected for C. polyan- plantation technologies for five such literature. Seed characteristics and thum and D. malabaricum, and moist species, namely Calophyllum polyan- methods for seed collection and pro- deciduous forest areas for G. gummi- thum Wall. (Clusiaceae), Dysoxylum cessing were generated from fresh gutta, M. dubia and V. indica. The malabaricum Bedd. (Meliaceae), samples collected from natural areas were cleared of ground vegeta- Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson stands. Pests and diseases in fruits tion, and staked into rows 2 m x 2 m (Clusiaceae) (Figure1), Melia dubia and in fresh and stored seeds were apart. The seedlings were planted Cav. (Meliaceae) and Vateria indica L. monitored, the organisms responsi- out in 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm pits, the (Dipterocarpaceae) were standardised ble were identified and control or stakes being left by the planting pits (Figure 2). All these tree species yield management strategies were devel- as markers to facilitate data collec- timber for various end-uses, in addi- oped. Nursery techniques for the pro- tion. Planting was done during the tion to products like Camboge duction of propagules by seeds and first monsoon season in June-July (G. gummi-gutta), medicinal oil vegetative methods were standard- and casualties were replaced after (D. malabaricum), lamp oil (C. polyan- ised using fresh seed samples and three months. Data to determine the thum), White Dammar and a seed-fat juvenile shoot cuttings collected from survival and growth rates of the field- called Piney tallow (V. indica), linoleic natural stands. For nursery experi- planted seedlings were collected at and oleic acids and butter-oil ments, trials were carried out with three-monthly intervals. Data on (M. dubia). In the literature, Troup seed-beds 12 x 1.2 m in size and pests and diseases potentially affect- (1921) and revised editions (Fri, root-trainer technology. The standard ing the fruits, seeds and seedlings in 1975-1985) and Luna (1996) give potting medium of 3 parts soil to the nursery and field-planted propag- only very scanty information on the 1 part sand was used in the nursery ules were generated and control artificial regeneration of selected beds and a 1:1 vermiculite and coir- measures were standardized. Indian trees, in which the species dealt with here are either not included a b c d e or not studied in detail. Similarly, Dent (1948) gives only partial data on the storage of seeds while Sengupta (1937), who standardised seed weights and germination rates for a number of indigenous Indian species, does not provide sufficient data with regard to the species investigated in this experiment. Earlier, Nair et al.
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