ING September 2, 1985 REVIEW A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Lessons Learnt From the Resistance The Massacre: A Historical Review Liu Shengdao is cutting calligraphies on stones. Liu's disciples are carving a dragon. SPOTLIQHT Folk Sculptor Liu Shengdao Liu Shengdao, a folk sculptor in Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province, invests his own savings 100,000 yuan in building his hometown into a cultural and tourist centre. He plans to carve the Shilong . Mountain in his hometown in the pattern of a wriggling stone dragon. Calligraphies and historical stories through the ages will be carved on the body of the dragon in the shape of dragon scales. Now he and his disciples have cut 80 pieces of calligraphies and are working on the 38- metre-long stone dragon. Some accomplished works. Liu and his disciples. Liu passes his techniques to his disciple. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 35 September 2, 1985 Lessons of Resistance Struggle Recalled

CONTENTS Commemorations of the 40th anniversary of the victory in World War II spotlight the heroic war years and their signifi• NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4-5 cance for today (p. 4). Remembrance of Battles Past LEHERS 5 — A Dark Page in History EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 This report describes the atrocities committed by Japanese Hu Sets Up New Guidelines for troops when they overran the city of Nanjing almost 50 years Xinjiong Li Blasts Apatheid in Beijing ago, leaving more than 300,000 dead. From this massacre, Meeting people have learnt a lesson that they must try to eliminate the China's Teachers to Get Day in source of disaster — aggressive war — and never allow the Sun tragedy to repeat (p. 15). Beijing's Prospects Touted by Mayor Killer Earthquake Takes Heavy Seeking New Triumphs at 40 Toll INTERNATIONAL 11-14 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea has seen DPRK: Seeking New Triumphs at enormous achievements since its liberation 40 years ago, and 40 a large-scale economic boom is now being planned (p. 11). Japan; Nakasone's Shrine Visit Draws Fire Peru: Empty Coffers Spur Dra• China Issues New Exchange Figures matic Acts Hanoi: 'Faith' Put on the Instal• China's central bank published statistics on the country's ment Plan international revenues and expenditures from 1982 to 1984 South Africa: Students Strike Despite Suppression (p. 30). Nanjmg Massacre: A Dark Page In History 15 Senior Citizens in Guangzhou Opening the Southwest: An Expert Opinion 22 The half million retirees in Guangzhou are perhaps the luckiest in China. Many find pleasure in leading a leisurely University Sports Pick Up Steam 26 life at home, but others go on working while drawing full FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 28-29 pensions. To give the elderly more opportunities for social BUSINESS & TRADE 30-32 contacts, an old people's society, a university and numerous CULTURE & SCIENCE 33-34 clubs have been set up (p. 23). COVER: Since retiring, Jin Fuchang (third from right, front row), who was University Sports Steam Ahead once the deputy engineer in charge of technology for the Shenyang Heavy Athletics is an important ingredient in China's higher Machinery Factory, still goes to the plant to pass on his expertise to young work• education. While improving the health and fitness of the ers. country's more than 1 million students, strong sports curricula Photo by Sun Yi also help prepare future star athletes (p, 26).

Published every Monday by Distribution and subscriptions handled by Subscription pricei (1 year): BEIJING REVIEW China international Boole Trading Australia A.$ 14.00 USA USS 18.00 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beiiing Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), New Zealand NZ. $18.00 UK 18.00 The People's Republic of Oji^q P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canoda Con. $15.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Remembrance of Battles Past

There were fierce battles at the reinforced other war theatres and by AN ZHIGUO Political Editor front and hundreds of daily skir• contributed to the eventual defeat mishes, ambushes and surprise of Japanese militarism. attacks behind enemy lines. As For weeks the Chinese people The Chinese people paid a the war dragged on, the initial have been marking the 40th anni• heavy price for that final victory. Japanese advances along the coast versary of their victory in the anti• China's War of Resistance Against bogged down. China eroded the fascist war, which in China is Japan lasted eight whole years, strength of the invading forces and known as the War of Resistance. longer than that of Europe, immobilized them, leaving the Commemorative rallies and exhibi• the Soviet Union or the United Japanese to defend islands of oc• tions, tributes to the war dead and States. In both human and cupation lost in a vast sea of re• martyred, forums, documentary material terms, China suffered sistance. It was this unique com• films, reminiscences published in some of the severest losses in the bination of set-piece battles and newspapers and magazines, and, world. Even by incomplete statis• guerrilla operations which Mao above all, Four Generations Under tics, 21 million people were wound• Zedong aptly named People's War. One Roof, a touching TV series ed or lost their lives. There was adapted from a trilogy by the hardly a family which was not famous author Lao She — all have directly or indirectly affected. It tried to bring back to life the dif- The lessons of the Second was this bitter and unforgettable ficult and heroic years of the 1930s World War must not be experience which propelled the and 40s. Chinese people to fight on towards lightly forgotten. To liberation. The Chinese nation faced its understand and appreciate severest test of the century when them, the facts must be The anti-fascist war taught the the Japanese attacked in 1937. The made known and the world many lessons, some of country had already suffered many falsifiers of history which are relevant even today. humiliating defeats at the hands rebutted. First, it shows that nations fight• of imperialist aggressors: Taiwan ing for their independence have a and northeast China were all under spiritual power far beyond their Japanese occupation. But now the military strength; that China, weak country's very existence was in The Chinese resistance was part and backward as it was, could not peril. To stand up and fight or and parcel of the worldwide effort be conquered or bullied. to kowtow and become slaves — to defeat fascism. From the very that was the choice given each and It also pinpoints the need to beginning, the Chinese people had every Chinese. meet aggression head-on, the the sympathy and support of pro• earlier the better. Neither the The invaders were better-orga• gressive forces the world over. Marco Polo Bridge Incident in nized and better-equipped. But if These came as moral condemna• 1937 nor Pearl Harbour in 1941 they thought they could overpower tion of , or as would have occurred if the Japa• their opponent by sheer brute financial donations, supplies and nese militarists had been stopped force, they were badly mistaken. volunteers. As the flames of war in northeast China in 1931. Ap• Atrocities like the Nanjing Mas• spread through Asia and the peasement, the sacrifice of weaker sacre (see p. 15) merely pro• Pacific, the Untied States and nations for the sake of temporary voked added hatred and strength• Britain entered the fight and China security, merely whets the appetite ened the resolve of the Chinese became an important theatre of of aggressors. people to fight back. The whole the Allied war against Japan. Just nation rose in resistance — in oc• as the Resistance War was helped It further proves the viability of cupied areas, in Kuomintang by the Allies' successes in other a united front against a common (KMT)-controlled regions, and Pacific battles, and finally by foe. Despite their deep-seated dif• in the resistance bases led by the Soviet advances into northeast ferences, the CPC and the KMT (CPC). China, Chinese counterattacks also were able to co-operate, however

4 Beijing Review, No. 35 LETTERS

happened in lapan, it would have Employment in China been astonishing. The restaurant would go bankrupt because no cus• As a writer and educator, I find tomers would eat there. Beijing Review a valuable source Shojiro Miyashima of information and ideas, parti• cularly for my current series of Kumamoto, Japan books on development studies. I was excited by a small item in shakily at times, to bring the war your "News in Brief" section in More News on Literature to a successful end. This is signifi• Vol. 28, No. 23, which reported cant today. In China's present that a third of China's total labour While appreciating the new lay• march towards modernization, re• force, or 45 million people, had out and contents of your journal, newed co-operation between the found jobs since 1979. Although I I am deeply grieved by your neg• two parties is both necessary and have been following economic de• lect of news on literary develop• possible in the supreme interest of velopment in China, there is a lot ments and Chinese writers both the nation. more that I would like to know. I past and present. Though I do not Finally, the Second World War would be very grateful if you could protest when "sports" usurps the underlines the truth that nations write a special article on "Job art and cultural sections. I think which wage aggressive wars will Creation in China." Unemployment more coverage should be given to suffer the consequences of their ac• is a huge problem in southern the proceedings ,of writers' tions. Africa and many other parts of the meetings. I would like to see more These and other lessons cannot, world. So it is urgent for us to learn details of China's annual short and should not, be lightly forgot• more about reorganizing the econ• story contests and other awards, ten. But to understand and appre• omy in order to prevent unemploy• past data on writers, and reprints ciate them, the old still need to be ment. of speeches by veterans like Ba Jin, reminded of the realities of those Ding Ling and also by younger nightmarish years. The young, for Kathy Bond-Stewart writers. their part, need to know the facts Harare, Zimbabwe of the past. Unfortunately, how• K. Ganesh ever, there are still forces that Talatuoya, Sri Lanka want to distort the true develop• Impoliteness Deserves ments of the Resistance War and Criticism engineer a cover-up or whitewash Developmertt of Hotels of the war crimes. As the world Your article entitled "Cargo still suffers from so much war- Handlers Rough Up Fridges" is I agree with the idea expressed making ambition and injustice, as well written for it plays up the in your article in issue No. the superpowers' rivalry and their role of the news media in criticiz• 30, 1985, that it is better to allo• intensified arms race are dragging ing and correcting unhealthy social cate funds to building more me• the world, willy-nilly, down the tendencies and rough behaviour. dium-grade hotels than luxury ones. dangerous path of future holocaust, The article reminds me of one to mobilize more people to fight 1 visited your country in 1977. for peace, it is vitally important unhappy thing that happened in the winter of 1983 when I visited At that time, your principle was that these falsifiers of history not to build luxury hotels. This means be allowed to succeed. Beijing. My friends invited me to §at roast mutton in a famous res• you would close your door to those taurant. To my surprise, we were who, while they are not poor, still scolded by an assistant there be• can't bear all the expense of luxury cause we had not made a reserva• travel in China (please refer to tion. p. 9 —Ed.). Perhaps they don't have the idea Jacques Dubois of competition at all. If this had Bruxelles, Belgium

September 2, 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

Hu Sets Up New Guidelines for Xinjiang

Chinese Communist Party Gen• eral Secretary Hu Yaobang has urged the Xinjiang Uygur Auton• omous Region to start direct trade with West Asia while forging closer links with eastern China.

Hu, who visited the northwest China region from July 20 and early August, also encouraged Xin• jiang to readjust its rural econom• ic structure by putting animal husbandry and fruit growing on a par with farming, which has been the focus of attention in the past few decades.

Xinjiang covers about 1.66 mil• lion square km, more than 11 per• cent of China's total land mass. It has vast pasturelands and is Hu Yaobang visits Altay Prefecture, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. also renowned for its grapes and melons. rowing this gap should be the Jiang's capital. The first phase of main concern of all officials in the extension project, a 240-km With the region now producing Xinjiang, he said. Urging active, line from Urumqi to Usu, will be 400 to 450 kgs of grain for each bold and serious attempts to rea• completed in 1988. It will then of its 14 million people, Hu said, lize the region's development be pushed further westward to it should begin to give greater at• goals, he also called on its 14 join the Soviet railway network. tention to other sectors, making ethnic groups to unite to overcome them equal pillars of its economy. any difficulties. The line is expected to help boost trade between Xinjiang and The tour, his third since 1957, Xinjiang should soon become Central Asia, the Middle East and took Hu through ten prefectures one of the most modern areas in Europe. The region has verified in northern and southern Xin• China, Hu declared. oil reserves of 700 million tons jiang. During an earlier visit in The region has four major and coal resources account for a 1983, Hu stressed the region's highways to the Sino-Soviet and third of China's total. It also has great economic potential and pre• Sino-Pakistan borders, and work known deposits of 118 minerals dicted its economic takeoff by the is underway on extending the and leads the nation in reserves of turn of the century. Premier Zhao 3,561 km railway from the east berylium, lithium, white mica and Ziyang also went there in the same China coast to Urumqi, Xin- albite. year.

The fact that Xinjiang is now able to produce enough grain and Li Blasts Apartheid in Beijing Meeting cotton to meet its own needs is of far-reaching importance for its President Li Xiannian used the Nyerere, making his fifth visit future growth, Hu noted. Its peo• occasion of Tanzanian President to China in 20 years, arrived ple still had a long way to go be• August 19 and received a red- Julius K. Nyerere's visit to Beijing fore they could catch up with the carpet welcome from Li outside the level of prosperity in economically to roundly condemn South Africa's Great Hall of the People in Tian• more develojsed east China. Nat- apartheid policies. anmen Square.

6 Beijing Review. No. S5 In a speech at the welcoming Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang during To mark the occasion, large banquet for Nyerere Li slammed his China visit. numbers of well-accomplished the South African authorities and China's current reform. In an teachers will be commended and expressed the Chinese government 80-minute talk with President honoured; get-togethers and and people's utmost indignation at Nyerere, Deng Xiaoping, chairman forums will be organized; parks, the situation there. of the Central Advisory Com• cinemas and theatres will be "We'll firmly support the strug• mission of the Chinese Communist opened to teachers free of charge; gle of the South African people Party, discussed China's current and special stage performances against racism," Li said. economic reform. Deng. said the will be held as an expression of reforms have met with a variety of gratitude to the teachers. The Chinese president said the responses, from critics who argue recent developments in southern the changes will lead to capital• The celebration, proposed by Africa have aroused the increasing ism, to supporters who do not the National People's Congress concern of the international com• doubt the future of China's social• early this year, is part of the na• munity. The South African au• ist system. "I think the latter tional effort to' raise the social thorities, Li said, have flagrantly status of teachers and focus the are far-sighted," he said. nation's attention on education. enforced a "state of emergency" "Our general principle is to and intensified their racist rule. adhere to the socialist road, to the There are 8.6 million teachers He also condemned South proletarian dictatorship, to Com• in China, nearly two-thirds of Africa's illegal occupation of munist Party leadership and to them staffing the country's pri• Namibia, where, he said, Pretoria Marxism-Leninism and Mao Ze• mary schools. In spite of their was propping up a so-called in• dong Thought," he added. numbers and their contributions to terim government in an attempt to Deng Xiaoping said, "Any coun• society, many of them still suffer obstruct Namibia's independence. try must pay attention to its own from the political and economic The South African government has specific conditions in building discrimination that was once repeatedly intruded on and haras• socialism, and must not mechani• directed against all Chinese in• sed its neighbours, disrupting the cally copy the experience of tellectuals. peace and stability of southern others." During the "cultural revolu• Africa, Li said. tion," teachers were classified as Recently, the South African au• part of the "stinking ninth" cate• thorities made a statement saying China's Teachers gory, the bottom rung of the social it would enact some so-called re• ladder. forms. That statement, Li said, To Get Day in Sun was nothing more than a gimmick With China's shift away from to deceive world public opinion. Millions of Chinese teachers will its traumatic ten-year chaos to celebrate New China's first modernization, the status of "In reality they have obstinately Teacher's Day on September teachers has been raised consider• clung to the policy of apartheid," 10th. , . ably, but it will be some time be- Li added. Li said China fully supports the relevant resolutions adopted by the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations that mandate the dismantling of apartheid. During the Tanzanian pres• ident's four-day stay in Beijing, the two governments signed an agreement on economic, technolog• ical and trade co-operation. China has also granted Tanzania, now in the grip of what Nyerere called a "foreign currency crisis," the re• quest to defer its debt payment to China. Nyerere also met with other Chinese leaders Deng Xl'attping, Hu September 2, 1985 7 fore "leftist" influence can be com• Teachers in vast numbers of pletely eradicated and educators locally run schools in the country• News in Brief still fac6 many problems. side have been the worst off. Politically, it was more difficult A May investigation in Wei- Evcrj fainil> in Tibet will for teachers to be admitted to the chang County, Hebei Province, get 0.5 kg of tea next month, Communist Party because of lin• showed that only five of the 44 courtesy of the Chinese Com• gering distrust of their background teachers in the local village schools munist Party and the State as intellectuals. Until recently, in a township were paid on time. Council. To mark the 20th only a small proportion were Most have not received a pay anniversary of the cs.t(ibli.-.h- Party members. check this year. But two had not mcni of the Tibet Autono• been paid in 1984, while two more mous Region on September 1. Socially, they are looked down were owed salaries from late 1982 the Party and the govern• upon by many and given few and one had not received a cent ment have ahso sent «)0.000 chances for promotion. Worst of since the end of 1981. digital clocks and 10,000 all, they are often insulted and metres of silk to IJiasa. Some in extreme cases suffer beatings at These local teachers are also of these gifts have been de• the hands of their tormentors. denied most of the welfare bene• livered to Tibetan religious fits granted to other professionals, leaders and all the monaste• Two readers from Erbian especially free medical care. ries in the region. Mean• County, Sichuan Province, told Many urban teachers live in while, with the central gov- how a teacher in their school was cramped apartments, and their ernment's help, the Tibet insulted and beaten unconscious by children often have difficulties in Television Station began two villagers this March after he finding jobs. Because of these transmitting regular Tibetan tried to stop them from bullying problems, some try to leave their programmes late August. his students. classrooms. Fewer university A number of similar incidents graduates are now considering have been reported in other places, careers in education. With approval of the Peo• including the suburbs of Beijing. New university graduates, even ple's Bank of China, the those from teacher's universities Agricultural Bank of China Economically, teachers are still and colleges, are reluctant to work will issue 1.5 billion worth the lowest paid of China's profes• in middle and primary schools. of bonds designed to al• sionals. "Middle and primary The Shanghai Education Bureau leviate fund shortages that school teachers in fact receive the recruited 1,242 graduates from are plaguing the nation's lowest salaries of all," said an of• teachers' colleges last year, but many newly established rural ficial spokesman from the Educa• this year the figure dropped to and township enterprises. tion Commission. 739, a decrease of 40 percent. * * « Seven members of the family of Zhao Xianchu (middle), principal of the Three jjeople were recents Nanyang Middle School in Shanghai, are teachers. They now have pupils ly appointed the pre^idonis everywhere, as the inscription behind them reads. of the People's Bank of China, the .Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the Agricultural Bank of China. They, are Wang Dcyan. Zhang Xiao and Ma Yongwei.

« K * An overcrowded tourist boat recently capsized and sank in the Songhua River in , northeast China, killing 114 of its more lhan 180 passengers. The cause of the accident, regard• ed as the worst in China in recent 'years, is still under invcsiigaUQ'n. .

8 Beijing Review, No. 3 3 "Eighty percent of us don't The campaign will reach its thing possible to promote interna• want to be teachers," said a new climax around the Teacher's Day. tional economic and technological graduate from the Huadong Tea• In Shanghai, for example, a drive exchanges. Pledging protection for cher's University in Shanghai. to "Do good things for middle investments, the mayor went on to "Teachers are still looked down and primary teachers" is being make a sales pitch to foreign busi• on in society. If you become a sponsored by 39 Party and gov• nesses considering putting money teacher, your classmates who have ernment organizations. Various in China. been assigned to state organiza• services will be provided for By last June, Beijing companies tions, institute's and enterprises teachers by related organizations, had signed 1,100 contracts with will look down on you. So most including house repairs, gas hook• overseas businesses to import of us tried our best to find other ups, medical checkups and shop• funds and advanced technology, jobs," she said. ping. representing a total value of some To meet the growing needs of An ongoing salary adjustment US$2 billion. Included in the China's modernization drive, the will raise the average teachers' total were 88 joint ventures and Party Central Committee and the salary five yuan above those of co-operative projects, involving government have repeatedly called other professionals. They will also more than US$1 billion. About for more investment in education, get their rises six months earlier half of the projects signed this and urged practical steps to im• than clerks or cadres, according to year involved productive indus• prove teaching conditions. an education commission official. tries, mainly in the foodstuff, gar• "Party and government leaders These efforts have received a ment and telecommunications good reponse from teachers. fields. There was also a marked at all levels must go to schools increase in investment in medium- often to listen to teachers' opinions "The establishment of Teacher's class restaurants and hotels, a and remove their worries and dif• Day shows the attention and con• change from the former investor ficulties," top leader Deng Xiao• cern of the Party, government and preoccupation with top-of-the-line ping said at a national education the people to education," said a tourist facilities. conference in May. "What is lead• Shanghai educator with 57 years ing? Leading means serving," he of experience. "What shall we While the investment came in, added. do? 1 feel we should be more Beijing products were going out to Following Deng's call, huge modest, respect ourselves, love some 130 countries and regions. sums have been allocated to build teaching, keep our minds on our Beijing companies have now estab• new housing and other facilities. jobs, and make more contributions lished trade relations with more Teachers have also been given to improving our country's educa• than 10,000 counterparts around tion." the world, making the capital one priority in medical care and em• of the nation's major trade cen• ployment. Still, there are lingering doubts. tres. Mianchi County, Henah Prov• "The intentions and policies of ince, raised more than 610,000 the Party and central government "Our city offers equal opportu• yuan in the first half of the year are all very good, and we have nities to all countries — socialist, to repair teachers' houses and buy seen some real improvement," third world and developed nations desks, chairs and bookcases for said a teacher from Hunan Prov• alike — so long as the relations classrooms. The county govern• ince, "but they are often not carried are based on equality and mutual ment allocated more than 400,000 out at the grassroots level because benefit and are on a voluntary yuan to build houses and dormi• of lack of funds. We hope, the basis," said the mayor. tories for teachers and students. situation will improve, but we still Modernization hinges on the Teachers were also given official have to wait and see," he said. ongoing economic reforms and the commendations, admitted to the open policy, he emphasized. county's Party organizations, and "Without opening to the world issued more than 89,000 yuan in Beijing's Prospects and without reforms there will be back pay. Touted by Mayor no socialist modernization for The government of all levels have Beijing." drawn up plans to improve the Noting that a modern city can• Chen said that his city govern• teachers' conditions. The govern• not make rapid progress without ment will unswervingly carry out ment of Province, for opening to the world Beijing May• the country's open policy and that example, will allocate 30 million or Chen Xitong told a recent the people of Beijing will work to yuan to building houses for teach• press conference that his munic• seek closer economic and trade ties ers in the next five yegrs. ipal government will do every• with other countries and cities.

September 2, 1985 9 "At the same time," he noted, products have found their way into "everything will be done to pro• the world market, grossing an in• tect the legitimate interests of creasing amount of foreign ex• China & the World overseas investors." change revenue. The booming tourist industry is also an impor• KtH^n Youth Tour Arrives The mayor cited four factors to tant source of hard currency. In in Beijing. Show Good Will show that Beijing is ready for full- the first half of 1985, Beijing re• scale trade development and offers A Korean youth good-will ceived 370,000 overseas tourists, a good investment climate. delegation began a two-week up 53 percent over the same period visit of China on August 23. First, the city has formulated an last year. The delegation consists of urban development plan. Accord• 500 young people from all ing to a Party Central Committee walks of life in the Demo• and State Council directive, the cratic People's Republic of prosperity of Beijing's urban and Korea. Headed by I,i Yong rural economy should reflect the Killer Earthquake Su, Chairman of the Cctitral city's stature as the nation's po• Com.mittee of the League of litical and cultural centre. Accord• Takes Heavy Toll Korean Socialist Working ingly, Beijing will devote its major Youth, the group is the first efforts to developing industries of its kind to visit China in that require little land and mini• the history of Sino-KoMan mum energy and water supplies A strong earthquake hit Xin• relations. and that cause little pollution, such jiang on August 23, killing 55 as foodstuff processing, electronics people and injuring over 100. China Protests False Viet and high-tech industries. The quake, which was centred Charges Trespassing Second, said the mayor, Beijing near Wuqia on the autonomous is now able to offer a good environ• region's western border with the Reacting to Vici Nam's ment for overseas investment. Soviet Union, registered 7.4 on anouiicement that ii will re• Over the last three decades, the the Richter Scale, the State Seis- lease 19 Chinese who municipality has expanded to cover mological Bureau said. •'i]lci.ally intruded into Viet 16,800 square kilometres, 360 Nam." a Foreign Ministry It levelled nearly 90 percent of square kilometres of which are spokesman said the Chinese the homes in Wuqia County, and urban areas. The transportation were innocent civilians who also destroyed houses, warehouses network has developed to keep were kidnapped by Viet• and a post office in neighbouring pace. Beijing's railway terminals namese troops. The "illegal Shufu County. handle up to 40 million passen• iniruiiion" charge was a fab• gers a year, and the airport's 50 Large numbers of soldiers and rication by the Hanoi aii^ domestic and international routes local police have been called out ihoriiicb, he said. serve 2.5 million people annually. to aid in rescue operations. Food, medicines, building materials and Diplomatic Briefs Postal and telecommunications other relief supplies are pouring services have been improved, and • Chinese President Li into the disaster area from other there are now direct telephone con• Xiannian met a Canadian parts of the country, Xinjiang of• nections with 38 countries and re• parliamentary delegation ficials said. gions. Many office buildings and headed by Steven Paprcski, hotels have sprung up all over the Party Central Committee Secre• deputy speaker of Canada's city, and more are under construc• tariat member Hu Qili, Vice- House of Commons, on tion. Premier Tian Jiyun and Civil Af• August 20. Third, the city itself is a poten• fairs Minister Cui Naifu rushed to • Chinese President Li tially big market, what with its the scene to inspect the damage .Xlannian on .August 25 met huge urban and rural population and extend their sympathies to the a Spanish senate de!e}jation of 10 million and a daily flow of victims. headed by Speaker lose Fede- nearly 900,000 visitors^ rie» L>e Carvajal. The quake was followed by 13 Fourth, Beijing is now in a bet• aftershocks of at least 3 on the • Australian Governor- ter position to increase its foreign Richter Scale. Stronger tremors Genera! Sir Nintan Stephen exchange incomes. Chen noted that with magnitudes as high as 6 may and his wife made a four-day the city, has built up a sizeable in• also hit the border zone, seismolog• iinoffigjftt Jk'isit to China rc- dustrial network and many of its ists warned. ,,iymliy

10 Beijing Review, No. 55 INTERNATIONAL

stores in provincial capitals. This brisk market has resulted in con• DPRK venience for consumers. Seeking New Triumphs at 40 North Korea's multilateral and diversified trade policy has spurred rapid development in foreign North Korea has achieved considerable success in its trade. Foreign economic co-opera• socialist construction over the 40 years since its libera• tion has also become more com• tion. mon, as evidenced by a joint ven• ture law promulgated last Septem• ber. North Korea planned to ex• by XU BAOKANG dustrial products has seen improve• pand its trade with China, the ment and the selection has Soviet Union and Eastern Europe widened over the past year. A 10-fold by the late 1980s. To in• HE people of the Democratic diversified economy is taking troduce up-to-date technology and T People's Republic of Korea shape. In cities and towns, modern facilities, the DPRK is (DPRK) set foot upon a new path there has been a rapid increase in ready to establish trade relations on August 15, 1945, when they the number of household and with Western countries that re• won their liberation from Japan's sideline producers. Some 19,000 spect the nation's sovereignty. It colonial rule. The enormous pro• such small enterprises now exist has reformed its foreign trade man• gress achieved since that day in throughout the country. With the agement system, tailoring it to the political affairs, economics, culture, expansion of light industry, busi• needs of foreign trade operations: science and technology is reflected ness management has improved Some of the commercial enter• in today's Korea. While continu• and the number of sales outlets has prises previously managed by trade ing to mine its coal and non-fer• increased. Light industrial prod• departments are now under the rous metal resources and develop ucts made by enterprises in the charge of production units. To pool its steel, power and transport in• provinces and cities make their funds for domestic construction, dustries, the DPRK is determined way to Pyongyang's markets, and Pyongyang is stepping up efforts to vitalize its light and service manufacturers in the country are to explore, process and export non- industries. The quality of light in• encouraged to open joint retail ferrous metals, an abundant na• tural resource of North Korea. The President Kim II Sung (middle) inspects Ragwon Machine Factory. DPRK's scientists and engineers have been called upon to perform research in line with the country's current situation that will promote economic development.

Over the past 40 years, the DPRK has made unremitting ef• forts to reunify the North and South by peaceful means. Some proposals — calls for tripartite conferences, North-South parlia• mentary meetings, economic talks and Red Cross negotiations — have won the support of Koreans on both sides of the dividing 38th Pa• rallel and peace-loving people all over the world. The South Korean authorities have shown interest iii discussing a number of North- South economic and humanitarian

September 2, 1985 1] to-operation projects, but should forged with blood during their and property losses ran to scores do a lot more. The early with• common defence against foreign in• of billions of dollars. The Japanese drawal of United States troops vasions and in the course of their people, too, had to live in heart• from South Korea would create respective socialist construction. rending bereavement and dire favourable conditions for Korea's The Chinese people trust that, misery under the jackboots of mili- under the leadership of the Work• peaceful reunification. tairsm, it said. ers' Party of Korea and President The friendship between the Kim 11 Sung, Korea will achieve Like many other Asian coun• Koreans and the Chinese as com• both its cotistruction goals and its tries, China hopes that the Japan• rades-in-arms and brothers was final reunification. ese government will bow to the historical facts and take an unequi• vocal stand on where the guilt and responsibility for its appalling Japan war of aggression must lie. This is the best guarantee against the Nakasone's Shrine Visit Draws Fire renewal of militarism and the re• currence of any such crime, As the world marks the 4Qth anniversary of the end of Xinhua said. World War II, Japan struck a jarring note amid the univer• sal calls for peace and justice. However, the Chinese news agency added, the Japanese government decided for the first time to pay an official visit to the XIN ZONG tions to voice their resolve to pre• by vent a "repetition of past mis• . It openly de• takes." The Shimbun point• clared that its purpose was to EOPLE all over the world have ed out that the officials' visit to the "honour the memory of those who P greeted the 40th anniversary shrine indicates "the danger in gave their precious lives to defend of the end of World War II by trying to whitewash the crimes of their motherland and their fellow- reaffirming their resolve to oppose that war of aggression." Naka• aggression and maintain world countrymen." Then, as if on sone's official visit evoked a reac• peace. They once again condemned second thoughts it said that it "is tion in Asian countries similar to fascist atrocities and honoured the deeply aware of the tremendous that of the "textbook issue" three memory of those who laid down suffering and damage inflicted on years ago, the Yomiuri daily added, their lives so that freedom could the other peoples, first and fore• when the Japanese government prevail. most other Asian peoples." instructed publishing companies to rewrite school history textbooks in The single jarring note in this These conflicting statements an attempt to cover up Japan's universal chorus of peace and make it appear that |apan wants justice was heard on August 15. wartime crimes against neighbour• to obscure the wicked nature of a On that day, the anniversary of ing countries. war of aggression unleashed by Japan's surrender 40 years ago, Lian He Zaobao of Singapore in Japanese militarists, Xinhua said Prime Minister Yashuhiro Naka- an editorial said the officials' visit ;— an aim that is unacceptable to sone visited the Yasukuni Shrine, to the shrine indicated that the the nations and peoples who went making himself the first post-war Japanese government denies its through that world holocaust. head of government to worship responsibility for having launched there in his official capacity. Eight• a war of aggression. The Sing In making its decision, the een cabinet ministers were there Siam Yit Bao of Thailand in an Japanese government has pandered also in their official capacities. The editorial accused the Japanese of• to and actually emboldened those shrine commemorates the 2,464,151 ficials of not remembering the in Japan who have always wanted Japanese war dead—14 first historial lessons of the war. grade war criminals including to deny the aggressive nature of A Xinhua commentary on among them. the war and reverse history's con• August 21 said that the Japanese demnation of Japanese militarism. The visit touched off a storm of war saw many Asian and Pacific This has given rise to much con• criticism' both in Japan and countries thrown, one after another, cern among the peoples of Asia, overseas. The country's opposition into a bloodbath. In China, 21 parties and a number of popular million people were wounded or and put them on their guard once organizations organized demonstra- lost their lives in the war again, the commentary concluded.

12 Beijing Review: No.- 35 Peru payments; and third, his govern• ment will not allow International Empty Coffers Spur Dramatic Acts Monetary Fund (IMF) advisers to supervise its economic austerity policy. Garcia's announcement Despite Peru's devastating economic difficulties, the evoked political sympathy from United States announced its plan to suspend economic Latin America's debtor countries. and military aid to Peru. To prove that Peru's pockets While Garcia's policy does not are truly empty, new President Alan Garcia announced take a reckless attitude, it reflects that his government will sell the country's Washington the great obstacles to economic embassy and New York consulate. growth in all debtor nations. The plan to forbid the intervention of by ZHANG ZHENYA sulate on the real estate market. the International Monetary Fund won applause from Latin American Peru is one of the poorest coun• politicians, who see the IMF as an tries in Latin America. Its debt N a signal to the United States of agent of its creditors. I just how broke the Peruvain amounts to about US$15 billion, treasury is, recently inaugurated but that figure pales in comparison Since the debt crisis erupted in President Alan Garcia announced with the US$100 billion debts of Mexico in 1982, international po• August 9 that he is putting the na• Brazil and Mexico. Therefore, the litical and financial organizations tion's Washington embassy and United States, Western Europe have worked to solve it. And, New York consulate up for sale. and fapan and their multinational thus far, no major failures have banks have never considered Peru occurred. Therefore, some bank• Garcia, 36, nailed up the "for a serious default threat. Even as ers and investors in the developed sale" signs in the wake of a US Peru's economy has fallen into countries believe the debt bomb State Department announcement deep trouble, they have stood by has been defused. that the US government is suspend• without offering assistance — ap• ing new economic and military aid However, the "continental dia• parently the amount they stand to to Peru until Lima's lingering logue" on Latin American foreign lose does not warrant the risk of debts are paid off. The Peruvian debts held recently in Havana and further involvement. president's response was the equiv• Garcia's new initiative offer a alent of a man pulling his pockets However, the debt situation in challenge to the international credi• inside out to show just how empty Peru has changed suddenly. As tors. The international debt crisis they truly are. Garcia took office, he announced a is a problem not only for the deb• three-part policy on the payment tors, but also for the creditors. Rampant inflation and poverty of foreign debt: First, he said, his Why shouldn't they change their have devastated Peru. The living government pledges to pay its rigid attitudes and provide favour• standards are no better than they debts; second, his government will able trade and loans to the debt- were 20 years ago. The unstable use only 10 percent of the coun• ridden nations in order to help economy, social unrest, never-end• try's annual income to make debt them make economic recoveries? ing strikes and right wing military sabotage have endangered the newly elected democratic govern• Hanoi ment. Since taking office July 28, Garcia's government has an• 'Faith' Put on the Instalment Plan nounced a series of emergency measures aimed at ending the eco• While promising a total Vietnamese withdrawal from nomic crisis: A freeze on prices Kampuchea by 1990, Hanoi's Foreign Minister Nguyen Co for daily commodities, service fees Thach also noted that his country's troops would have to and rent; a hike in the minimum wage; a temporary shutdown of stay longer, "if the Kampuchean army cannot ensure its the banks; a reduction in loan in• national security." terest rates from 280 percent to 110 percent; and a devaluation of by HUANG YUAN move as a demonstration of Viet the national currency, the sol, by Nam's "good faith in solving the Kampuchean issue" that "short• 12 percent. Against this backdrop, ANOI on August 16 an• ened to a large degree" the pull- the US State Department issued its nounced plans for a total H out timetable put forward earlier. untimely order to pay up, and the military withdrawal from Kam• president put the embassy and con• puchea by 1990, describing the It is well-known that the core

SepteMber 2, 1985 15 of the Kampuchean issue is Viet hanouk, president of.the Coalition legalizing the Heng Samrin regime, Nam's invasion and occupation of Government of Democratic Kam• said a leader of Sihanouk's Na• Kampuchea. To solve the problem, puchea, called it a trick to "cheat tionalist Army. the last six United Nations General the international community" in Since the beginning of this year, Assembly sessions passed resolu• order to "win time to consolidate Viet Nam has become increasingly tions demanding Viet Nam's un• Phnom Penh's Heng Samrin re• isolated, escalating its aggression conditional withdrawal to allow gime." The Vietnamese hoped to against Kampuchea, trespassing on the Kampuchean people to settle bore the international community Thai territory and refusing the pro• their own destiny without outside by endless delay which in the end, posal of the Association of interference. However, Hanoi's would cut the Coalition Govern• Southeast Asian Nations asking position on this point has not ment off from international Viet Nam to hold "proximity talks" changed. support. with the Coalition Government of The pullout within five years, As to the self-determination of Democratic Kampuchea for a polit• for one thing, is nothing new. A the Kampuchean people, Hanoi ical settlement of the Kampuchean communique of the 10th "In- still insists that the settlement of issue. Viet Nam has sensed it dochinese foreign ministers meet• the Kampuchean issue be premised would encounter graver pressure ing" early last January said that on the elimination of the Khmer at the coming United Nations As• Viet Nam would "withdraw from Rouge. Hanoi claimed that Son sembly, and used the spell of Kampuchea within 5 to 10 years." Sann and Sihanouk must "sever "talks," "negotiations" and "solv• The newly proclaimed five-year from the Khmer Rouge" if they ing substantial issues" to hide its timetable is nothing but a reprint want to talk. That is a political continuous efforts of aggression, half a year later. trick meant at splitting the Kam• cheat the public and avoid interna• Second, if Hanoi wants to show puchean resistance forces and tional pressure. its good faith, it should simply withdraw its troops without delay. Why delay until 1990? Viet Nam South Africa and Kampuchea are neighbours, and one year is enough in the sense Students Strike Despite Suppression of distance. Third, even the "withdrawal Despite the threat of possible arrest, black school chil• within five years" pledge is dren continue to defy authority and remain out of school. spongy. According to the com• munique, Viet Nam would not by CHEN GUOWEi and camp these days. "According to hesitate to "adopt appropriate XUE LIN instructions from the police given measures ... if the withdrawal is to various schools, pupils who used to sabotage the peace and [ LACK school children in South want to leave the school grounds security of Kampuchea." As Africa have been on strike during school hours must have Phnom Penh's foreign minister, despite a police suppression. either a written permit or a school Hun Sen, further explained, Viet On August 20, the army and stamp on their palms," he said. Nam's withdrawal was considered police conducted house-to-house Parents in Soweto have strong• in connection with the elimination raids in Soweto, urging pupils to ly protested the police and army of the Khmer Rouge and its shel• go to school or face arrest in what raids in the townships, saying they ters. "If Kampuchea's troops the police described as a "crime have aggravated the already ten• prove insufficient to ensure its na• prevention operation." sion-ridden situation there. tional security," added Nguyen Co Armed police smashed down Residents have been angered by Thach, "Vietnamese troops must doors, wrecked houses, beat and the raids and say they are uncertain stay longer." kicked residents and arrested 300 why police should urge their child• However, facts demonstrate over Soweto school-children two days ren to go to school "when these these six years that Viet Nam has later for boycotting classes. same people surround their schools been unable to destroy the Kam• Scores of pupils from Witbank's and arrest them." puchean resistance forces, and that three townships were in police In Western Cape, pupils from the Kampuchean people will not custody last week after being ar• 22 schools have been boycotting accept the Heng Samrin regime. rested in pre-dawn raids conducted classes since the stayaway began Viet Nam's "total withdrawal by police nine days ago. three weeks ago, and 40 other within five years" is obviously a A school committee member said schools have been affected by the play for time. Prince Norodom Si• Soweto looks like a concentration boycott to a certain extent.

14 Beijing Review, No. 35 Nanjing Massacre: A Dark Page in History

The city was ravaged in a six-week Jiangdong Gate and the nearby byY. LTING orgy of terror. Shuixi Gate and Shangxinhe are Our Correspondent the places where Japanese troops N the swehering summer heat. Relics of Tragedy slaughtered Chinese soldiers and I I travelled to Nanjing, the In memory of the innocent thou• civilians by the tens of thousands. capital of liangsu, to take part in sands murdered during the mas• The unarmed Chinese soldiers and activities commemorating the 40th sacre, Nanjing city authorities re• residents were executed and lay anniversary of victory in the War cently built a memorial hall at dead for months until charitable of Resistance Against Japan. The Jiangdong Gate, 5 km southwest organizations collected their bodies 37-storey [inling Hotel, new fac• of the city. and buried them on the spot. That tories and dozens of new apart• is why the area is known as the ment buildings speak volumes for On the front gate is an inscrip• "pit of ten thousand dead." When the progress, while old mansions, tion by Deng Xiaoping which the hall was constructed, piles of pavilions, and tree-lined streets reads, "Memorial Hall to the Com• bones were unearthed and some and lanes stand as reminders of a patriots Murdered in the Massacre were set aside for display in the past that knew much misery. of Nanjing Committed by Japanese hall. Forces in China." On a wall are In addition to the Jiangdong Almost half a century ago, Nan• inscribed the words in Chinese, Gate, there are 12 other sites scat• jing was devastated by a brutal English and Japanese: "Victims: tered around the city where mas• massacre at the hands of the Jap• 300,000." sacres occurred. At Yanzi Rock anese army, a catastrophe that on the northern outskirts, for exam• left dead an estimated 30 percent Standing in front of the entrance ple, more than 30,000 unarmed of its 1 million population. to a room displaying the skeletons of victims is the statue of a mother. Chinese soldiers and more than In December 1937, the Japanese From her anguished eyes, she 20,000 residents were executed by aggressors marched into Nanjing, seems to be pleading, "No more machine gunners. Another exam• which had served as the capital war." Adjacent to the room is the ple is the Yuleiying slaughter of the Chinese government. To Historical Materials Display Hall, ground, where, on the evening of show off their strength and boost where numerous historic photo• December 15, more than 9,000 the morale of their troops, Japa• graphs, files and objects provide Chinese were shot. A few days nese officers unleashed their sol• evidence of Japanese troops' later some 30,000 were murdered diers to kill, burn, rape and loot. atrocities. on the same spot. Bodies and heads lay scattered all over the area for two months. Japanese soldiers buried innocent Chinese alive. At the foot of Mufu Hill the Jap• anese held in captivity more than 57,000 refugees and unarmed Chi• nese soldiers. Japanese troops beat and starved some of them to death and then marched the survivors off to nearby Caoxie Bend, where they finished them off with ma• chine guns and bayonets. They then set the bodies afire and later threw the unburnt remains into the river.

The best historical records show that some 340,000 people died in Nanjing, 190,000 in group massa• cres and 150,000 in individual mur• ders. Nanjing's death toll surpasses even the combined figure for Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Jap-

September 2, 1985 15 Sketch Map of the Massacre of Nanjing (December 1937)

X X Yanzi Rock

A. Taiping Gate B. Zhongshan Gate C. Guanghua Gate D. Tongji Gate E. Wuding Gate F. Zhonghua Gate G. Shuixi Gate H. Hanzhong Gate I. Caochang Gate J. Yijiang Gate

Major Execution Sites: 1. Yuleiying 2. Outside of Hanzhong Gate 3. Zhongshan Wharf 4. Dafangxiang Square 5. Caoxie Bend 6. Xioguan 7. Longjiangkou 8. Yanzi Rock 9. Yuleiying and Baotoqioo Areas 10. Shangxinhe International Safety Zon \ 1 1. Huashen Temple 1 2. Cool Wharf Areas Burned 1 3. Jiangdong Gate

X Execution Sites

anese cities levelled by the first men taken away equivalent to al• the contrary, some newspapers de• atomic bombs. In addition, one- most 20 percent of all males of 16- voted much of their space to des• third of the houses and buildings 50 years of age. . . 14 percent of cribing the tranquillity of the city. were destroyed in the waves of all women over 16 were widows. The following, which appeared on violence (for the execution sites, Among the injuries reported to our lanuary 8, 1938, in the Chinese- see the sketch map). Rehabilitation Commission for re• language newspaper Sin-Shun Pao lief was rape, to the extent of 8 published by the lapanese in Professor Lewis S. C. Smythe percent of all females of 16-50 Shanghai, is typical of such efforts: of the University of Nanjing and years. This figure is a serious un• his assistants conducted a survey derstatement, since most women "The herds of refugees who fled of 13,530 households on behalf of who suffered such treatment would for their lives from the midst of the Nanking (Nanjing) Interna• not volunteer the information, nor death have met with the gentle soo• tional Relief Committee between would their male relatives." thing of the Japanese Army. They December 1937 and February respectfully kneeled by the side of 1938. In their survey report they the road in joyful thanks. . . . wrote: Historic Records Many thousands of herded refugees "Among the 13,530 families in• lapanese newspapers carried cast off their former absurd atti• vestigated. . . there were reported little coverage of the atrocities. On tude of opposing Japan and clasp-

16 Beijing Review, /Vo., 35 evening of December 13, which was the time of the Japanese entry into the city. Persons who run in fear or excitement and anyone who was caught in streets or alleys after dusk by roving patrols was likely to be killed on the spot. Most of this severity was beyond even theoretical excuse."

Tillman Durdin, correspon• dent of The New Yoric Times, said in a dispatch from Nanjing: "Mass execution of war prisoners added to the horrors the Japanese brought to Nanking. After killing the Chi• nese soldiers who threw down their arms and surrendered, the Japanese combed the city for men- in civil• ian garb who were suspected of being former soldiers. In one build• ing in the Refugee Zone, 400 men Japanese soldiers looted the city, even using baby carriages to were seized. They were march• carry their haul. ed off, tied in batches of 50, between lines of riflemen and ma• ed their hands in congratulation Such distorted coverage, how• chine gunners to the execution for receiving assurance of life. Men ever, failed to divert the world's ground. There was no doubt as and women, old and young, bent attention from what actually hap• to their fate." down to kneel in salutation to the pened in Nanjing. Imperial Army, expressing their Durdin continued, "The writer respectful intentions. . .. Within The North China Daily News. watched the execution of 200 men the Refugee Zone, they (Japanese published by the Brhish in Shang• on the Nanking Bund. The killing soldiers) gave out military bread, hai, printed a letter which read in took 10 minutes. The men were cakes and cigarettes to refugees of part: "At Nanking the Japanese lined against a wall and shot both sexes and all ages, all of Army has lost much of its reputa• and then a number of Japanese, whom were greatly pleased and tion, and has thrown away a re• armed with pistols, trod non• who gave thanks.... Likewise markable opportunity to gain the chalantly around the crumpled health squads began to carry out respect of the Chinese inhabitants bodies, pumping bullets into any medical and remedial work. Those and of foreign opinion." Two days that were still kicking." who had serious eye diseases and after the Japanese troops entered had fallen into a condition ap• the city, the letter continued, "the The China Weekly Review, pub• proaching blindness were com• whole outlook was ruined by fre• lished by Americans in Shanghai, pletely cured by the Japanese doc• quent murder, wholesale and semi- printed on April 23, 1938, an ac• tors. Children with whooping regular looting, and the uncontrol• count of Japanese barbarity cough were carried in by their led disturbance of private homes, against Chinese women: "A Ger• m.others for medical attention, and including offences against the se• man who was familiar with hap• old women with diseased feet and curity of women." penings in Nanking following the severe swelling received treat• Japanese occupation stated that at ment. ... On the playground for least 20,000 Chinese women and The letter added, "Foreigners Nanking children, one sees soldiers girls had been violated by Japanese who travelled over the city report• and Chinese children, happy to• soldiers. Many of the girls were ed many civilian bodies lying in the gether, playing joyfully on the practically infants and there were streets. In the central portion of slides. Nanking is now the best two authenticated cases of rape of Nanking they were counted as place for all countries to watch, old women, one 72 and the other about one to the city block. A con• for here one breathes the atmos• 76." siderable percentage of the dead phere of peaceful residence and civilians were victims of shooting On January 23, 1938, about one happy work." or bayoneting on the afternoon and month after the Japanese occupied

September 2, 1985 17 Nanjing, Shanghai's newspaper Da nese Terror in China based on street in the city, was in flames. Kung Pao reported "Many places the materials he and other unbias• Further south we could see the sol• were caught in fire and the terror ed witnesses collected in Nanjing. diers inside the shops setting fire to continued unabated. All the shop• The book clearly described how them and still further they were ping streets were razed to the the Japanese burned, slaughtered, loading the loot into army trucks. ground, with no one seen in sight looted and raped in the city. That night, 1 counted 14 fires from except dogs roving for something The book quoted the diary of my window, some of them cover• to eat. The whole city became a a long-term foreign resident, who ing considerable areas. vacuum except for the Refugee described the scene on December Zone." 20: "Vandalism and violence con• "In all modern history," the H. [. Timperley. a Manchester tinue absolutely unchecked. Whole diary entry continued, "surely Guardian correspondent in Chi• sections of the city are being sys• there is no page that will stand so na, wrote a book in 1938 titled tematically burned. All of Taiping black as that of the rape of What War Means: The Japa• Road, the most important shopping Nanking."

18 Beijing Review,'l^e) 55 in number, it was already dusk when they all arrived at the place. Upon the order to shoot, I saw within my sight they were desper• ately struggling and thrashing about. Some lay dead upon others. The piles of dead were three to four metres high." Toshio Ota, an officer at Mat- sui's headquarters, confessed in 1954 when he was imprisoned at the Fushun War Criminal Centre, "The arrangement of the bodies lasted about five days, beginning December 14. At Dingbochang alone, more than 100,000 bodies were cast into the river or burned, and bodies arranged by other troops were at least more than 50,000. Those who still breathed were bayoneted. Most of the killed were civilians." In his book The Massacre of Nanking and the Three-All Battle (Kill all, bum all and loot all), Kohei Moriyama, chief editor of the Monju-sha, said, "It is hard• ly understandable even though the Japanese Version try of December 13, 1937: "Since army chieftains considered it neces• the policy allows no captives to be sary to slaughter. . . . Foremost Commander-in-chief of the Ja• left alive, all the captives are herd• in their minds was not just slaugh• panese forces in China General ed somewhere for solution or lur• ter, but rather how to take pleasure Iwane Matsui, in his attempt to in• ed somewhere for execution." in killing. Many soldiers invented duce capitulation, declared, and used a wide variety of ways "Though harsh and relentless to Japanese soldier Riichi Kuri- and means for killing." those who resist, the Japanese hara's diary also produced evi• troops are kind and generous to dence that the Japanese army's Many newspapers all over the non-combatants and to Chinese established policy was to kill all world revealed how two Japanese troops who entertain no enmity to Chinese captives. He wrote, "The soldiers actually held a killing Japan." 1st Brigade's 135 soldiers captured competition. The Tokyo-based and disarmed 13,000 Chinese Nichi-Nichi Shimbun reported, In explaining the mass execu• soldiers. All the captured were "The two soldiers agreed to kill tions in Nanjing, Matsui claimed shot from both banks when they 100 before entering Nanking. On they were accidental and commit• were marched off on board small December 10, the two met at the ted only by a few officers and men boats to a small island on the foot of Purple Gold (Zijin) Moun• without the knowledge of head• Yangtze River. That night all the tain in Nanking. One said he had quarters. Chinese soldiers were bayoneted killed 105 and the other said he However, it was widely believed one by one until dawn. Then all had killed 106. Carrying their that the massacre was ordered to the bodies were sprayed with gas edge-nicked Japanese swords in eliminate the thousands of unarm• and burned or tied in bundles hand, the two soldiers laughed ed Chinese soldiers in case there with willow twigs and cast into 'aha-ha.' Since it was impossible were riots when the Japanese the river. Our troops killed as to ascertain which had first pas• troops ceremoniously marched into many as 13,500. sed the 100 mark, it was decided the city. to call it a tie and extend the com• "The killing happened on the petition into the next day." Kesago Nakajima, commander of evening of December 17 or 18," the Japanese 16th Division, shed the diary continued. "Since the The report, which included light on the truth in his diary en• captives were more than 10,000 photos of the two contestants.

September 2, 1985 19 stated that the race "started with ing ceremonies at the hall, Katsui- with about 2,000 others. Some renewed vigor on December 11 for chi Honda, a reporter for Asahi 100 were singled out, bayoneted the 150 goal," Shimbun, said, "Only friendship and machine-gunned. I was later Many Japanese newspapers, based on the understanding of singled out, too, and marched to such as Osaka's Mainichi Shimbun, historical facts is genuine friend• an area near the city moat. There acclaimed the barbarity in Nanjing. ship." During a special tour of were olily two machine-guns, but This glorification of wholesale Nanjing in 1983, Honda made a piles of bodies lay around. As soon murder showed the absurd nature detailed investigation of the Jap• as the machine guns fired, I of the Japanese fascists and their anese atrocities in the city and pretended I was hit and fell on cult of Bushido. published a 100,000-word report one pile and lay beneath several titled The Road to Nanking. He others. Later, J felt someone walk• Dark Secrets Revealed refuted the allegation that the mas• ing on me and I was hit by bay• The Japanese military withheld sacre was a "fabrication." His onet on my back. The Japanese information about their barbarity, book has sparked a public discus• were trying to find out whether especially the massacre of Nanjing, sion of the Japanese army's inva• anyone was still kicking. It was from the Japanese public. Matsui sion of China. already dark when they set the repeated over and over back in A recent city-wide survey turned bodies afire. I sneaked away and Japan in February 1938 that he up 1,756 witnesses to the Nanjing hid in a nearby straw stack." was "conducting a holy war to Massacre, of whom 176 escaped The bayonet scar is still visible save the East Asian nations." But alive with scars still visible on their on Wu's back. Wu appeared as the truth started to slip out when bodies, 544 people's relatives were a witness when the Far East In• Japanese soldiers glibly recounted killed and 44 women were raped. ternational Military Tribunal heard their "heroic deeds" at Nanjing This correspondent visited four Matsui's case in May 1946. when they returned to Japan. of the victims. Chen Degui, a retired worker, The dark secrets of Nanjing did Wu Changde, 76, recalled, "In recounted his story. "I was then not stay hidden away for long. 1937 I v/as a policeman in Nan• 17, subsisting on rummaging Within a few years the dimensions jing. When the city was taken, through trash on the streets. When of the massacre were well-known. my parents and wife fled to north• Nanjing was taken by the Japanese, When the tides of war changed ern Jiangsu Province and I was I took refuge at a British food• and the Japanese finally surrender- left to take care of the home. To stuffs factory together with many edi Matsui and the other generals my surprise, the Japanese saw me other Chinese. The Japanese pick• responsible for Nanjing's suffering as an ex-soldier and marched me ed up more than 2,800 young men were arrested. In off to Hanzhong Gate together from among us, and, after search- Matsui and six other war criminals were executed, their bodies were Wu Changde tells children a story about Japanese troops' atrocities cremated and tiieir ashes were not committed in Nanjing in 1937. returned to Japan as American army regulations stipulated. Some Japanese, however, slipped into the crematory, stole some ashes, and buried them-. To honour the convicted war criminals, they erected a memorial to the "Seven Martyrs." But the farce was not to last. Japanese opposition to the barbaric acts in Nanjing had ex• isted all along, and the "Seven Martyrs" memorial was destroyed in 1971 on the 34th anniversary of the massacre.

Lessons of History The construction of the new memorial hall has reminded both Chinese and Japanese of the events of 1937-38. One of the more than 500 people who attended the open- 20 Chen Degui, Xia Shuqin. Li Xiuying. ing us for watches and silver took the city. One day, a horde ed she was about to die anyway, money, locked us inside a ware• of Japanese soldiers wearing black so she might as well fight. The house. Two days later, they said boots broke into her home. With• soldier could not knock her down, they wanted us to work some• out uttering a single word, they and he cried to the others for help. where, but actually they marched ran amuck, killing and bayoneting The three bayoneted her more us out and killed us in groups. 1 her family. They stripped her than 30 times, leaving her to die. was in the third group and we sister of her clothes and bayonet• After the soldiers departed, Li's were marched off to a coal wharf. ed- her three times. Xia lay un• father thought she was dead and I saw 30 or more Japanese conscious, and when she came to prepared to bury her. But she standing on the bank with rifles she found her grandparents, par• later regained consciousness, in hand. I pretended to fall down, ents, two elder sisters and a baby though her unborn child was dead. plunging into the river and swim• sister all dead in pools of blood. The scars on her face and body ming to an overturned railway car Of nine family members, only she are still visible. in the river. There J saw with my and a three-year-old sister survived She appeared as a witness in own eyes the Japanese firing at the orgy. 1947 when the Nanjing Military the other people in the group. Days later, Xia's relatives help• Tribunal tried the case of Japa• When the sun set there were many ed bury the dead. "I wondered," nese war culprit Toshio Tani, who to be killed. They machine-gun• she said, "why the Japanese killed was executed one year later. ned them. I went ashore after them, all innocent." the Japanese had left. 1 shivered The Massacre of Nanjing left with cold, picked up a torn blanket Li Xiuying, who knew a little the city in ruins and the people and slept awhile among the bod• about self-defence, recalled how in pain. But it also taught the peo• ies. Unexpectedly, the Japanese she fought with the Japanese sol• ple that disaster came from aggres• discovered me and shot me, hit• diers. When the Japanese entered sive war and they should direct ting my thigh and a finger, I lost the city, she, seven-months-preg• their hatred against Japanese mili• consciousness. On the third day, nant at the time, took refuge tarism. when some people came to bury with her father in a school base• The 1,756 witnesses are not only the bodies, they found me still ment. Some Japanese soldiers, witnesses to Japanese barbarity, breathing and sent me to the Re• swords in hand, came in and grab• but a powerful force for promot• fugee Zone. 1 recovered after 10 bed a few women to rape. Prefer• ing Sino-Japanese friendship. Wu, months. Look, I'm still missing ring death to rape, Li thrust her Li and many other victims often one finger joint and the scar is head against the wall and lost con• play host to visiting Japanese dele• still visible on my thigh." sciousness. She regained her gations and tourist groups. They Xia Shuqin, a retired woman senses later. Then three Jap• convince people of both countries, worker, broke into tears when she anese soldiers came in again. especially the younger generation, recalled what happened to her Two pulled two women into to learn from history and make family during the massacre. She another room and the third tried sure the tragedy is never repeated. said she was 7 when the Japanese to strip her clothes off. She decid• • September 2, 1985 21 Opening the Southwest: An Expert Opinion

prised by their abundant mineral I told him that China's southwest by PAN Ql resources and excellent tourist can be compared to the West Coast spots. They did not stint in their of the United States. Once devel• N August 1984, 1 accompanied praise. As Elliett put it: "Seversti oped, it could not only enrich Gordon Wu, General Manager I other American friends would itself, but also help supply ma• of Hopewell Holdings Limited of have come with me on this trip, terials to the better-developed Hongkong and a member of the if they hadn't believed the stories coastal region, thus benefiting the National Committee of the Chi• they heard about Guizhou's pov• whole country. He and his com• nese People's Political Consultative erty and backwardness, I also did panions all agreed with me on this Conference, Brian D Littlechild, not expect that Guizhou's resources point. a British geological engineer from would be so rich and its landscape Ove Arup & Partners of Hong• To study the question of devel• so beautiful. It appeals to me kong, and W. G. EUiett, Hope• oping and opening the southwest. very much." well's Executive Director, on a I have made three trips to Yun• nan, four trips to Guangxi and five tour of Guizhou and Guangxi, in Wu, a graduate engineer and top southwest China. After covering Hongkong real estate man, is these areas by air, water and land, enthusiastic about promoting The author was vice-minister ol communications, and now is an ad• the visitors were all greatly sur• China's modernization programme. viser to the Communications Ministry.

1. Myitkyina 2. Bahmo 3. Lashio 4. Tengchong 5. Mangshi 6. Kunming 7. Bose 8. Fangcheng 9. Beihai 10. Guangzhou 11. Shenzhen 12. Hongkong 13. Irrawaddy River 14. Changjiong River 15. Beipan River, Nanpan River, Hongshui River, Xijiang River, Pearl River 16. Sichuan 17. Guizhou 18. Yunnan 19. Guangxi 20. Guangdong

22 Beijing Review. 35 trips to Guizhou in the past year. nomical than building railways or I believe that the region (it also highways. includes Sichuan Province) must Looking towards the south, we open to the outside world to could find outlets in Burma; that speed the pace of its economic is, we could select an appropriate Guangzhou's growth. I do not agree that route across the 1,000-plus-kilome- China's opening to the outside tre Yunnan-Burma border to export Aged: Life world must proceed gradually the rich resources of west Yun• from the east coast to the inte• nan. For example, there are large rior. That's a conservative point deposits of high-grade diatomite Begins at 60 of view. Rather, I believe that near Tengchong, in Yunnan, that the opening of the southwest could be exported. A ton of pro• bymTNANCHANG can run parallel to that of the cessed diatomite brings US$2,000 Guest Reporter east, and can be carried out at on the international market. the same time. Only by doing this Other minerals such as bauxite, can we speed the economic devel• phoshate rock, iron ore, lead, zinc, T is just after dawn on a humid opment of the southwest. tin, mica, gold and silver could be I June morning in Guangzhou, Through on-the-spot surveys, I exported, too. What is more, many and the temperature is already found two channels from the scenic spots in Yunnan and Gui• climbing past 30°C. The streets of southwest to the outside world: zhou will certainly appeal to this south China metropolis are One to the east, and the other to foreign tourists. alive with people strolling to work the south. or gliding through the sinuous There was a road connecting movements of their daily tai ji Cargo can be shipped from the western Yunnan with southeast quan (shadow-boxing) exercises. southwest to the east China coast and west Asia quite early in his• Soon the tempo of the day will be• along the Changjiang (Yangtze) tory: Zhang Qian, a Han Dynasty gin accelerating towards its rush- £(nd Xijiang Rivers. The (202BC-220AD) diplomat, help• hour peak. But for now, there are northern parts of Guizhou and ed open a southern "Silk Road" few vehicles about and the loudest Yunnan can be linked up with from Sichuan, and the artery was sound is the fluid chirping of thou• the coast by the Changjiang River, travelled for centuries. sands of caged songbirds out with while the southern parts of the their owners for an early airing in two provinces can find oudets in 1 also investigated several pos• local parks. Guangzhou or Shenzhen, in Guang• sible passages from Yunnan to the dong Province, through co-ordinat• outside world. From the mining Most of these bird fanciers are ed train-and-bus or land-and- area of Tengchong, for example, elderly men, some of the nearly water routes. The Nanpan and one highway leads westward to 500,000 retirees in this city of 5.6 Beipan rivers, two tributaries Myitkyina, in Burma, where a rail• million people. Many will spend of the Xijiang River, can be used road is available to transfer cargo the rest of their morning follow• to serve this aim. Outlets could to the sea. A second highway ing the distinctive Cantonese cus• also be found at Beihai and Fang- leads south to Lashio, another tom known as yum cha (drinking cheng, in Guangxi. Both are open major Burmese railhead. And be• tea) while nibbling steamed shrimp port cities on the Beibu Gulf tween those two, a third road lea^s dumplings and other hot snacks which could draw on the resources to Bhamo, on the Irrawaddy River. and chatting with friends in a of the southwestern provinces such • None of these roads is over 300 pleasantly crowded restaurant. as Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou kilometres long. Furthermore, an to set up their own programmes of international airport is being plan• Others, however, prefer to keep opening to the outside world. I ned for Mangshi, in west Yunnan. busy, like Huang Huoxing, a 63- have suggested to the local authori• That will give the city air services year-old former auto repairman. ties concerned that pipelines be to Hongkong, Guangzhou, Ran• Huang, who reached the manda• utilized to send high-quality coal goon and even to Bangkok and tory retirement age three years ago, from west Guizhou to Bose, in Singapore. If this comes about, is but one beneficiary of a 1983 Guangxi, or even to Beihai and the western part of Yunnan will Guangzhou government decision Fangcheng. The terrain along this have more than one avenue to the permitting retirees to go back to route drops steeply from west to outside world. work while still drawing their full east. In addition, supplies of These are just my tentative pensions. After spending a year at water are ample. Conditions there ideas on the opening of China's home, caring for his grandchildren are good for developing pipelines, great southwest, but I think they and puttering about the neighbour• which would be much more eco• can be put into effect. • hood helping with local chores

September 2, 1985 23 Left; A bicycle pork looked after by old people. Right; A retired worker in his new bicycle repair shop. like collecting sanitation fees or 20,000 yuan and shop space offer• panies. Another 73 graduates have directing traffic, he was hired as ed by her neighbourhood commit• gone abroad to work or study. a technical adviser by a nearby re• tee, Zhang and her partners went "If it weren't for the open policy, pair shop. One of over 100 small on to capture buyers in markets as I'd still be home minding my private businesses fixing autos or far away as Beijing and . grandson," Xu joked. motorcycles, the shop pays Huang The factory earned 80,000 yuan in 150 yuan a month for his services. its first year of operation. Self-Service Organizations Together with his monthly pension of 80 yuan, 75 percent of his orig• Another success story is the Like retirees in other Chinese inal pay, he now earns slightly sparetime foreign languages school cities, Guangzhou's elderly are more than many high-ranking Chi• run by Xu Shunying and six other looked after by retired workers nese government officials. retired teachers. All taught in committees in their original work Guangzhou middle schools for units. Many retired workers have gone years before their retirement. The into business for themselves fixing However, the burgeoning of in• oldest is now 80 and the youngest, electrical appliances, doing home dependent businesses and under• 63. Seeing that the city was short of repairs, or installing water and takings run by the retirees them• foreign language professionals after electrical meters. Others own or selves has resulted in the emer• its opening to the outside world, manage small restaurants, snack gence of a number of old people's they raised money to open a school bars, hotels, nurseries, schools, organizations such as sports cen• offering courses in English, Japa• flower shops or tailor shops. Of tres, fishing clubs, painting and nese and typing. In the past five the more than 400 enterprises run calligraphy societies, photography years, they have trained more than by Guangzhou retirees, one of the clubs, gardening societies, tourist 1,000 people, including 57 typists. largest is the clothing factory run clubs and reading groups, Many are employed by foreign by Zhang fing. A former seam• Guangzhou also has the Ling- consulates, overseas companies, stress, she convinced several other hai Old People's Society, the first Sino-foreign joint ventures, tourist retired tailors to join her in the city-wide old people's organization venture. With a start-up loan of agencies, and import-export com• in China, as well as the country's

24 Beijing Review. No. 35 first newspaper for the elderly, nese have also given money or and old people with other chronic Laoren Bao, and its first hospital equipment such as cars and col• diseases. for the aged — the Yishou (Lon• our televisions. The Guangzhou Improved Welfare gevity) Hospital. city government allotted the socie• Funded by Xu Shunying, the ty a 2,000-square-metre site for the Following wage and price re• Linghai society was established in construction of a nine-storey centre forms which allow local busi• November 1982 to give Guang• which is scheduled for completion nesses to follow market forces, the zhou's elderly more opportunities this year. In addition to the so• price of vegetables, non-staple foods and some small commodities for social contact, to safeguard ciety's existing facilities, it will also has risen in Guangzhou in recent their legal rights and, when neces• have a restaurant, lodgings and sary, offer advice on employment years. Will this affect pensioners' many entertainment equipment. or family problems. The society lives? "Certainly not. Like the now has 40 full-time council mem• Laoren Bao (The Old People's Chinese proverb goes, 'when the bers and staff members who over• Paper) was initiated by a group of river rises the boat goes up too,'" see a correspondence section, a retired journalists. Printed and said Zhang Zhenyun, a retired pri• welfare section, and research and distributed by its founders' former mary school teacher. liaison sections. employers, the biweekly eight-page With 40 years of teaching ex• It has also set up an old peo• tabloid is popular not only for its perience, Zhang retired three years ple's university which now has readable stories, but also for a mail ago on her monthly pension of 80 many famous scholars, artists and order catalogue service which of• yuan. Last year, the Guangdong calligraphers serving as adminis• fers Guangzhou-made goods to old provincial government raised that trative committee members or people all over the country. by an amount equivalent to 15 per• advisers. The university offers cent of her original salary. This classes in classical Chinese poetry, The Longevity Hospital was spring, after easing price controls calligraphy, painting, and health founded in July 1983 by retired on pork, the city government gave each resident a monthly subsidy of 19 yuan. "In fact," said Zhang, "our income growth has been going up slightly faster than prices." Economic development has also brought more revenue into the cof• fers of local and provincial govern• ments and boosted the earnings of Guangzhou enterprises. This, in turn, has allowed them to spend more on welfare facilities for the elderly. Most of the city's senior citizens' recreation centres have been up• graded. Long wooden benches have been replaced by couches or armchairs, transistor radios by stereo systems, and small black- and-whitei TVs by large-screen col• Retired railway workers enjoying their morning tea. our sets. With increased funds, organizations such as the retired care. Each course lasts a year. doctors Li Hegao and Luo Jia- teachers society can also offer their members trips to resorts in other The Linghai Old People's Socie• chong, with the help of many re• parts of China. ty has received warm support from tired public health workers and the the public. Some enterprises have financial support of major hospitals However, not all pensioners are donated money; many painters and throughout Guangzhou. With the as lucky as Zhang. Because they calligraphers have contributed aid of 22 veteran physicians who are looked after by their former their works; and several famous serve as advisers, the hospital can employers, many retirees depend actors and actresses have given maintain outpatient and inpatient on factory managers for their wel• beriefit performances to collect departments, as well as 75 beds fare benefits. If the business only money for it. Many overseas Chi- for advanced-stage cancer patients (Continued on p. 29.)

September 2. 1985 25 University Sports Pick Up Steam

by XU JIA China has a history of more learning, China's physical culture than 80 years in running physical institutes enrol high school grad• culture institutes and physical uates or students with an equiva• HINA has sent 162 athletes education departments at univer• lent education. During the school to the 13th Universiade now C sities and colleges. But the training years, students are expected to par• being held in Kobe, Japan. Stu• yielded few results until the coun• ticipate in special training pro• dents from physical culture insti• try saw peace after 1949. Over grammes and take some 20 courses tutes and regular universities and the past 35 years, the 13 physical in basic theory. There are, of colleges are competing in the 11 culture institutes have helped pre• course, regular examinations. sports at the games. pare a host of world-famous Students are also organized to com• University athletes began taking athletes. They include former men's pete in various kinds of sports con• part in international competitions high-jump world record holder Zhu tests, an important means of test• soon after the founding of the Jianhua from the Shanghai Physical ing the quality of training and People's Republic in 1949 andCultur e Institute; Zhou Jihong, teaching, improving the skills of astounded the world with their re• women's springboard diving cham• the students, and raising their markable achievements. pion at the 1984 Los Angeles ability as umpires or in organizing Olympics, from the Beijing Physi• sports meets. Over the past 35 Today, China's university ath• cal Culture Institute; gold medalist years, physical culture institutes letes and athletic teams are looking fencer Luan Jujie from the Nanjing have had some 30,000 graduates stronger than ever. Physical Culture Institute; and the and 400 postgraduates. women's volleyball team, women's Li Ning in contest. Sports is an important com• basketball team, and men's and ponent of China's university and women's table tennis and badmin• college courses. The purpose is ton players. to improve the health and fitness Physical culture institutes are of the more than 1 million stu• generally composed of the follow• dents while preparing athletes for ing departments: the state.

• A four-year physical culture The state has mandated that department aimed at nurturing physical culture must be part sports coaches for middle schools of the regular curriculum, and and training athletes; standardized physical education teaching materials are used at all • A four-year sports department universities and colleges. Students designed to train teachers, coaches are required to attend no less than and athletes majoring in track and 140 hours of physical education field, gymnastics, basketball, vol• classes in their four-year school leyball, football, table tennis, swim• terms and pass their examinations. ming, wu shu (martial arts) and Universities and colleges test their other items. A two-year course students in a number of track and is also provided; field events to monitor their pro• • A four-year basic sports theory gress. department which trains teachers and coaches in sports anatomy, Beijing's Qinghua University, sports physiology, sports medicine one of the most respected institu• and sports biomechanics; tion of higher learning in China, boasts a strong sports teaching • Short-term courses geared to staff, including 13 professors and provide on-the-job training for associate professors, 30 lecturers teachers, coaches and sports of• ficials in sports theory and raise their professional level; and The author is a member of the Chinese sports delegation to the 13th • A correspondence department. Universiade and staff member of the State Physical Culture and Sports Like other schools of higher Commission.

2b Beijing Review. No. 35 and a number of young assistants. The late Professor Ma Yuehan taught physical culture at the university for more than 50 years. Today, though over 80, Xia Xiang, vice-president of the Chinese Olympic Committee and a famous sports educator, is still active in Qinghua's sports world. Apart from the compulsory basic sports courses, students at the university can make a choice of 13 sports, including ball games, track and field, rhythmic gymnastics and wu shu. At present, the university has 22 sports teams. The best are the track and field squads and the men's and women's handball teams. Van Hong nabbed a silver medal in the 3-km women's heel-and-toe walking race at the first world indoor track and field meet held on January 18, 1985, Teachers and students of Xia• in Paris. men University on an island off Fujian Province have made association has more than 600 ordinating sports activities in swimming their favourite sport, members and its football group has universities and colleges. Operat• and many have become top-notch attracted some 200. In addition, ing under the leadership of the swimmers. The university also there are a bridge association and All-China Athletic Federation, it boasts a very good baseball team. a women's football team. oversees the planning and organiza• tion of university sports activities. An annual rowing competition The Beijing Languages Institute, The first college students sports is a big sports event at Zhejiang where about 1,000 foreign students meet, held in Beijing in 1982, was University in the picturesque city from more than 90 countries study, attended by 2,200 students from of Hangzhou. Though the com• puts strong emphasis on traditional all over the country. The second petition does not have the long Chinese sports. Many internation• is scheduled to take place some• history of the Cambridge-Oxford al students have taken up tai ji time next year. quart (shadow boxing), a sport event, it is full of competitive they find "fascinating with its an• spirit. In 1975 China became a full member of the International Uni• cient Chinese culture." Quite a China holds national college versity Athletic Federation. Since number of them have modified old students games every four years, 1977 it has taken part in the past habits of going to bed late and get• in addition to national or regional four Universiades held in Bulgaria, ting up late in the morning so they individual event competitions every Mexico, Romania and Canada. can attend dawn tai ji quan year. classes with master shadow boxers. Chinese teams have also attended a Recent years have witnessed a number of individual ' events The Wuhan Geological Institute dramatic improvement in the level tournaments. considers mountaineering educa• of competition among university Today, universities and colleges tion an important subject. Three and college athletes. Of the Chi• in China have a contingent of students from the institute join• nese delegation to the Kobe Un- sports coaches and well-equipped ed a China-Japan joint mountain• iversiade, some of the men's athletic facilities for teaching, eering expedition that conquered basketball players, track and field training and research. Sports as Tibet's Naimonanyi Mountain last athletes and swimmers are from a means of building physique and May, and one of them successful• these universities and colleges. character, promoting friendship ly reached the peak at 7,694 More than just athletes, the basket• with people from other countries metres. ball players major in such subjects and winning glory for China have as industrial and civil engineering, Southwest Teachers' College, become part of college life. And industrial electrification, foreign located in the suburbs of Chong• elite athletes emerging from the languages and literature. qing, has organized upwards of 90 halls of education are doing their percent of its students into' regular The Chinese University Athletic part to speeding the development exercise programmes. ;-4ts wu shu Association is charged with co• of sports in China. • September 2, 1985 27 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

10. Conflict between the needs Tradition Rivaling Modernization of social consumption and the past principle of worshipping the tion and the Confucius doctrine of thrifty. from "ZHONGGUO SHEHUI the mean; KEXUE" China's modernization will not (Chinese Social Science) 9. Conflict between material move ahead smoothly if the tradi• interests and a strict system of tional culture is not remoulded HINA'S cultural consciousness ethics; along the way. C must grow alongside the mod• ernization. Otherwise, moderni• zation will result in a lopsided in• Master in Replacing Lost Hand dustrialized society. China's modern culture evolved began using a skeleton made of from "ZHONGGUO titanium alloy to join the new from an agricultural environment, QINGNIAN BAO" and the cultural consciousness hand to the bone of the forearm. tradition that was dominant in (China Youth News) By taking skin, flesh, blood ves• China for several thousand years N June 29, 1985, Yu Zhongjia. sels and nerves from the patients' has not been remoulded thorough• O director of the orthopaedics big toe together with a whole sec• ly. The negative side of these tra• department of the Shanghai No. 6 ond toe, he was able to construct ditions are bound to conflict with Hospital, was awarded a top na• hands that can pinch, grasp and the needs of the modern socialist tional prize for his achievement in twist. society. Conflicts are manifested developing surgical techniques for His patients are now able to in many areas: restructuring hands and fingers. write, play chess, carry water, 1. Conflict between the estab• The procedure involves suturing strike a match and sew with their lishment of a social network struc• numerous small nerves, muscles new limbs. ture and the idea of a unified and blood vessels, making it more Yu has performed 30 such domain; difficult than other re-implantation operations since 1978, with a operations. success rate of 90 percent. 2. Conflict between the prin• The methods formerly used to In 1982, his techniques created ciple of equality in a network replace lost fingers gave results a sensation at the International structure and hierarchy of the tra• that were both ugly and clumsy. Micro-orthopaedics Conference in ditional cuhure; Moreover, artificial hands were in• Paris. Yu was allowed to speak for flexible and insensitive. 3. Conflict between today's 40 minutes instead of the 15 rule by law and traditional rule by After several experiments, Yu minutes normally allowed. individuals; 4. Conflict between the mod• China's Postgraduates Expound on Love ern democratic system and the old patriarchal clan concept; from "BEIJING WANBAO" ships into two categories: Those 5. Conflict between the all- (Beijing Evening News) when the partners are compatible, round development of the individ• with similar interests and educa• uality and the principle of com• HINA'S postgraduates think tional backgrounds; and those munity; C the best age for dating is when the man and the woman between the ages of 20 and 27 for have divergent interests and ambi• 6. Conflict between the de• men, and 19 and 25 for women. tions. mand for creation and the tradi• It is during that span of years, the tional conservative psychology; group said, that one is most roman• The men in the survey put more tic, ambitious and courageous. 7. Conflict between open-door importance on a woman's appea• and closed-door policies; The group, which was asked for rance as a selection factor for mar• its opinions on love and marriage riage than did the women, who 8. Conflict between competi• in a recent survey, put relation- said they gauged their potential 28 Beijing Review, No. 35 mates and their dating partners by their manners and their person• ality. A Centenarian Pushes On in Xinjiang The postgraduates split their de• years old), eating lightly (pancake, cisions on the role of a wife. from "JINGJI RIBAO" mutton soup, fresh vegetable and Some thought that a wom• (Economic Daily) an should retain the tradi• fruit) and a happy family life. tional role of "virtuous wife 136-year-old Uygur man has With a slight figure, about and good mother." Others, how• been found living in Yengisar 160 cm tall, the centenarian still ever, said such a capacity was out- A County of the Xinjiang Uygur walks steadily, and though he is of-date and that women should be Autonomous Region. hard of hearing, his eyesight is as expected to contribute to the fami• keen as ever. Neither a drinker ly in ways other than as wife and Tuerdi Shalayi, born on April nor a smoker, Shalayi does some mother, and that men too should 2, 1849, attributes his longevity to light gardening each day, visits contribute more than as bread• good genes, (his mother and sibl• friends and relatives and retir.s winners. ings lived to be older than 100 early.

(Continued from p. 25.) Guangzhou Aged breaks even, they may receive lit• tle besides their basic pension. Worse, if the factory loses money, it may need loans in order to meet its payroll, posing a strong threat to the pensions due its retired workers. The problem is not so great for the state-run factories, which can call for government sup• port, but it is a more serious dan• ger for small collectively run fac• tories or labour service companies. Currently, Guangzhou is trying to solve this problem by several different means. One is turning over all retirement benefits and pensions to the city government. The city government has also built a home for its childless retired This programme would be funded 19 homes for the childless retirees, workers. Its nine bed rooms, by welfare payments levied on all facilities which now offer lodg• three sitting rooms and a recreation local employers. Another is the ing to nearly 2,000 people. The room are equipped with a library, experimental introduction of pen• number is set to double by the end a colour TV and a stereo system. sion insurance, which would guar• of the decade, when there will be Currently, there are nine people antee steady payments even to one such home in each of Guang• living there, looked after by staff formerly self-employed workers. zhou's neighbourhoods. hired by the briquet shop. Youth Although housing conditions in groups from a nearby primary Guangzhou have improved in re• With improved management, school often send children to keep cent years, quite a few old people many businesses have also earned the retired workers company — a still live with their children and enough to build their own old peo• move which one resident said has grandchildren. Many oth^s, how• ple's homes. A charcoal briquet dispelled their last worry: Lone• ever, prefer to live b.^ .^hemselves. shop, for instance, recently opened liness. •

September 2, 1985 29 BUSINESS AND TRADE China Issues New Exchange Figures The People's Bank of China period from 1982-84, are a sys- years of preparation, they will has for the first time pub- tematic record of the country's help international financial or• lished statistics on China's inter- economic, political and cultural ganizations and overseas investors national revenues and expendi- exchanges with other nations ex- keep abreast of the situation in tures. pressed in monetary terms. Re- China. Such statistics will be The figures, which cover the leased on September 2 after three published irregularly in the future, the bank said. China's Balance of International Payments Explanations of the Items (1982-84) Unit; USS million 1982 1983 1984 1. Trade figures are based on customs statistics and adjusted to the terms of international revenues (1) Regular Items 5,674 4,240 2,030 and expenditures. a) Trade 4,249 1,990 14 2. Labour services include carriage and premiums on cargo, port supplies and services, tourism, Exports (F.O.B.) 21,125 20,707 23,905 investment profits, bank interest, t service charges and other items. Imports (F.O.B.) -16,876 -18,717 -23,891 3. Transfers gratis include free b) Labour Service 939 1,574 aid and donations between China 1,739 and international organizations and foreign governments, overseas Earnings 3,604 4,028 4,819 remittances, revenues and expendi• tures of residents, etc. Payments 2,665 2,289 3,245 4. Long-term capital refers to capital with contractual payment c) Transfers Gratis 486 511 442 time limits exceeding one year and capital with undefined payment Private 530 436 305 time limits, such as capital stocks. It includes direct investments, Government -44 75 137 stock investments, loans from in• ternational organizations and for• (2) Capital 338 -226 -1,003 eign countries, money borrowed by banks, departments and local• ities, overdue payments, overdue a) Long-Term 389 49 -113 receiving, processing and assembl• ing, evaluated payments for equip• Inllow 3.312 2,702 4,128 ment, loans owed to foreign busi• nesses in compensation trade, Outflow -2,923 -2,653 -4,241 and other items. 5. Short-term capital refers to b) Short-Term -51 -275 -890 immediate payments and capital with contractual payment time Inflow 224 59 223 limits of one year or less, includ• ing currency. It includes money Outnow -295 -334 -1,113 borrowed by banks, departments and localities, overdue payments, (3) Errors and Omissions 279 -366 -932 and overdue receiving. 6. fetor's' and omissions are (4) Increase or Decrease of Reserves -6.291 -3,648 -95 Beijing Review, No. 35 differences between regular items previous year in China's gold re• of trade between the two countries and capital items, and the sum of serves, foreign exchange reserves, has grown considerably. As China the increase and decrease of re• reserved money supplies of fund is the biggest developing country served assets. organizations, special rights to and the United States the most 7. The sum of the increase and draw money and the use of fund developed country in the world, decrease of reserved assets reflects credits. And increase in reserved the two nations have their own the differences between the sur• assets is indicated by a minus sign, economic advantages. Through plus of the present year and the and a decrease by no symbol. their joint efforts, the two coun• tries will surely be able to boost their trade relations. China's Trade Deficit With US Mounts China's trade deficit with the increased demand for US technol• 60C Loan Fund United States reached US$1.37 ogy and equipment and stiff US billion in the first half of this year, trade restrictions. or 21 percent of the nation's total, Helps Back Trade In the past few years China has showing a marked increase over had a growing demand for advanc• The Bank of China (BOC) has the same period last year and no ed foreign technologies and equip• earmarked 2 billion yuan to help signs of abating. ment, a demand that to date has right China's unfavourable foreign The trade deficit with the United included such high-ticket items as trade balance in the coming year, States was spurred by the nearly Boeing aircraft and diesel locomo• according to banking officials in 40 percent increase of American tive engines. Chinese trade offic• Beijing. goods over 1984 imports, and by ials have said that as long as 10 percent fewer Chinese goods America continues to occupy a The money, in the form of loans, being sold to the United States in dominant position in the produc• will be used to purchase goods 1985 than during the same period tion of such technology, China will for export which are much last year. continue to purchase this kind of sought after on the international American goods. market, and to fund equipment Since 1972 when Sino-American and technology purchases under trade relations were restored, the China's textile and crude oil and the state plan. Further loans will United States has become China's petroleum products account for the also be extended to Sino-foreign third largest trading partner after bulk of its trade with the United joint ventures and other co-opera• Japan and Hongkong. Since then, States. Rigid US-imposed controls tive and foreign-owned businesses its trade deficit with the United have limited the exports of China's in China. States has increased steadily. By textiles and clothing to the United the end of last June, the figure had States. The BDC will open its purse to reached an accumulative total of help upgrade and expand enter• China's trade with the United US$14.8 billion. prises in energy, transport, non-fer• States started 200 years ago when rous metals and raw materials, The beefed-up deficit can be at• the US ship Empress of China while also aiding the upgrading of tributed to two things: China's visited China. Today the volume factories producing textiles, food, electrical appliances, automobiles and building materials, the of• ficials added.

New Tianjin Zone Still on Way Up

Construction is continuing on the first phase of the new Tianjin Economic and Technical Develop• ment zone, officials in the north China city said recently.

The development zone, located

3J near port facilities on the Bohai which will cover 70.6 square protecting the rights of foreigners Sea, will cover 33 square km when kilometres and serve 2.55 million in China. But it denies entry to completed. Work on its first three residents. China by those who are regarded square km area began late last as harmful to China's interests. year. Already completed are basic At the same time the Shanghai infrastructure facilities including people's government will use The draft law is in line with the highways, water pipes (34 km administrative, economic and legal principle of the state's policy to long) and drainage. A natural gas sanctions against the flow of fac• open to the outside world and its pipeline, power station and tele• tory pollutants into the river. efforts to strengthen exchanges communications cables are also with other countries. It is also Experts have proved through being built or laid. aimed at simplifying procedures experimentation that the polluted for the rocketing numbers of peo• Plans have been made for the water can be diluted in the ple entering and leaving the construction of an administra• drainage areas and will not affect country. tive building and a service centre. the living environment of the fish; The former will house, among nor will it cause the backwash of The number of foreigners com• others, offices of the administra• polluted water. ing to China has increased at a tive committee, the development rate of between 10 and 20 percent corporation, Customs and post and The second stage of the project a year since 1979 when China telecommunications services. is intended to address the pollution embarked on the open policy as a sources of the Huangpu River and cornerstone of the nation's moder• More than 300 business repre• to improve the polluted-water reg• nization drive. sentatives have come to Tianjin ulating pipelines in the western from the United States, Japan, and southern parts of Shanghai, Britain, Federal Germany and else• China's largest industrial city. where to negotiate on 137 indus• NEWS IN BRIEF trial projects in the new zone. Among the eight joint venture con• China Relaxes • The People's Insurance Com• tracts signed, four have already pany of China earned 1.5 billion gained approval from the central Travel Rules yuan from its domestic and over• government. seas insurance transactions in the first six months of this year, about More flexible policies are ex• 70 percent more than in the same pected to be adopted by China for period last year. River Gets foreigners residing or travelling in the country and for Chinese na• Of this sum, more than 1.1 bil• tionals wishing to go abroad. Pollution Treatment lion yuan came from domestic A draft law concerning the entry business, 82.2 percent more than With the help of the World and exit of foreigners to China has in the same period last year. Over• Bank and Australiament, China has been approved by the State Coun• seas business accounted for US$130 made plans to clean up Shanghai's cil and is now being examined at million, up 90 percent from the polluted Suzhou River. the 12th meeting of the Standing same period in 1984. Committee of the Sixth National The first stage of the project, Peoples Congress (NPC), which Earnings from private property which was recently approved by opened on August 26 in Beijing. insurance reached 30 million yuan, the Shanghai people's government, 169.8 percent more than the same The provisions of the law inclu• is estimated to cost more than 1 1984 period. Some 11.76 million de the freedom to travel in all billion yuan. With regard to the use urban and rural households have open areas without the need for of the World Bank loans, interna• insurance cover. Earnings from permits, which are currently re• tional bidding will be called for life insurance came to 130 million quired; freedom to leave China the project, which will try to target yuan. There are 5 million Chinese without an exit visa so long as a and neutralize pollution sources. life insurance policy holders to valid passport is held; and the According to the programme, a date. granting of permission for long- 29.9-km-long pipeline will be laid term or permanent residence for to block the flow of polluted water The company attributed the in• foreigners who are in China for and to empty treated water into crease in its business to the reasons of investment or economic the Changjiang River. The proj• ongoing urban economic reforms and technological co-operation. ect also entails construction of 44 and to the constant improvement polluted water drainage systems. The 45-article draft law stresses in livin^Tstandards.

32 Beijing Review. No. 55 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

3,000 small wind-powered genera• Developing New Energy Sources tors are in operation, most of them owned by herdsmen, living in re• mote pasture areas. Of the 8,000 China began developing new initially used only to heat water wind-powered pumps now produc• energy sources shortly after the for bathhouses, barber shops, res• ed in China each year, a few are founding of the People's Republic. taurants and hospitals. Solar sold to the pasture areas, while Some progress has been made in energy, however, has sinfce gradual• most go to areas along the east this field. ly been applied to industry and and south coasts to be installed in agriculture. For instance, 30,000 The country's economic devel• salt ponds. Tests are also being square metres of solar-heated hot• conducted on producing large opment in the last three decades houses have been built on a trial has created a constantly rising basis. By maintaining temperatures wind-powered generators, and demand for energy. With increas• above 8-12 degrees centigrade, the wind-driven pumps will be used ed consumption, power shortages hothouses can boost winter sup• for irrigation on islands off the have become a major problem. plies of vegetables. They can also coast of Fujian and Zhejiang prov• The wanton felling of trees, a side- be used to grow rice and cotton inces. effect of the energy shortages, has seedlings, grow flowers and raise Marine Energy. The development seriously endangered the country's fish and other aquatic products. In ecological balance. The develop• north China, some people have at• of tidal energy is still in the ex• ment of new energy sources has tached solar panels to their homes, perimental stage. Some tidal ppw- thus been given top priority by thus making rooms warmer in government economic planners. winter and saving much coal. China's first solar generator, a S-kw Already, researchers are dis• unit in Hunan's Xiangton. covering huge potential in alternate Solar desiccators have also been forms of energy. Two-thirds of used to dry timber, fruit, herbal China gets enough sunlight to medicines and other agricultural make solar power exploitation products. They shorten drying feasible. The country's wind times by two-thirds and improve energy potential is estimated at the products' quality significantly. 1.6 billion kw, of which 160 mil• lion kw can be tapped. Its an• In 1971, solar cells were success• nual direct consumption of biolo• fully used on China's second man- gical energy is equivalent to 220 made satellite. Since 1973, as million tons of standard coal. production costs have come down, China also has 680 million kw of they have also been widely used to exploitable hydropower reserves, power maritime navigation aids including 150 million kw for small and railway signals, and aid live• hydroelectric power stations. Its stock breeding and plant protec• geothermal energy reserves are be• tion. Solar cells now supply low lieved to be considerable, and a voltage power to electrified fences survey is now under way to verify on 140 livestock farms to protect them. pastures. They also supply elec• tricity to remote areas, allowing Solar Energy. China began work• peasants and herdsmen outside the ing on solar energy in the 1950s, reach of the country's major pow• and now has more than 160 re• er grids to have electric lights search institutes employing over and watch TV. 3,000 people nationwide. Wind Energy. Still a small-scale The country now has 60,000 power source in China, it is used solar cookers, more than any other mainly to generate electricity and country in the world. They were drive water pumps. At present. September 2. 1985 33 er stations have been built along The conference was sponsored the south and east China coasts. Educators Share by the Shanxi Branch.of the Chi• Of these, seven are now in opera- nese Education Association for In• .tion, with a total generating ca• Teaching Ideas ternational Exchange, the City Uni• pacity of 5,000 kw. In the South versity of New York and the Unit• China Sea, small tide-driven pow• Chinese and American educators ed Nations Development Pro• er generators have been used to met July 29-August 5 in Taiyuan. gramme. provide electricity for beacons. Shanxi Province, to share their The conference papers are to be Biological Energy. Methane gas is experiences and ideas for improv• published in a report that will in• produced from wastes, as well as ing teaching on both sides of the clude dozens of specific recom• with industrial effluents and by• Pacific. mendations for educational reform, products from wineries, breweries, many of which will be tried out in tanneries and slaughterhouses. Some 35 Chinese and 25 Amer• Shanxi Province schools. A sec• This effort can also help improve ican teachers and academics at• ond conference is scheduled for the the environment. In the suburbs of tended the Sino-American Aca• United States in 1986 to evaluate Shanghai and Shenyang, pipeline demic Exchange Conference on the reform efforts and to continue networks have been built to sup• Teaching Methods in Higher Edu• the analysis of teaching methods. ply methane to domestic users. cation. The delegates divided into four groups to hold workshops on In south China, rice and cotton the goals of education, reform in Chinese 300 husk is also being exploited as an teaching methods, improving the energy source. Because direct learning experience, and the uses (Chinese-English, burning does not produce sufficient and misuses of educational tech• Chinese-French editions) heat and is inconvenient, a new nology. This book is designed to gasification stove has been devel• help foreigners taking short oped to give consumers a new Much of the meeting focused on courses in Chinese. It may be kind of fuel that burns much like how China might learn from the used as a basic textbook or a conventional methane or natural West and how the West could drill book for listening and gas. benefit from the Chinese educa• speaking by beginners and tional experience. those who have mastered up Small Hydropower Stations. By to 1,000 Chinese characters. the end of 1984, the total generat• While Chinese schools tend to The book contains 30 les• ing capacity of China's small spawn disciplined and highly sons, each of which consists of A. power stations had reached 9.06 knowledgeable graduates, they five parts: ten basic sentences, /\ million kw. In developing this often fail to instil students with substitution drills, dialogues, A resource, attention has been given independent thinking ability and a English or French translations •f- to raising water storing capacity sense of creativity. Old teaching of new words, supplementary vocabulary. For the conve• and t-o carrying out water diver• methods that rely heavily on rote B sion projects. memorization are partly to blame, nience of the learner, phonetic the conference delegates noted. spellings of Chinese characters Meanwhile, American schools are given in all the ports ex• Ceothermal Resources. So far, cept the substitution drills, and 41! have problems providing their * more than 2,500 sites have been the basic sentences and sup• discovered to have geothermal re• often-creative graduates with the plementary vocabulary are also sources. Their underground tem• discipline and socially oriented provided with translations in peratures are usually between 60 goals that Chinese students display. English or French. and 90 degrees centigrade. At pres• ent, geothermal energy is mainly "Some of the liveliest discus• 202 pages 20.3 X '4 cm used to nurse crop seedlings, raise sions," said conference co-director Paper cover it fish and heat homes. Some ex• Dr. Lynne Belaief of the City Uni• Compiled by the Beijing Languages t. versity of New York, "concerned Institute periments have also been conduct• the differences between Westerni• Published by the Foreign Languages ed on generating electricity with Press zation and modernization, the role it geothermal energy. A 7,000-kw Order from your local of the educated person in a rapidly is- geothermal power station near changing society, the question of bookseller or write to: Lhasa has already begun supply• why education has failed to serve China International Book Trading -t ing electricity to the Tibetan the individual and the society, and Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) capital. obstacles to creative thinking." P.Q.pBox. 399, Beijing, China

54 Bluing Review, No. 35 Papercuts by Qu Qingtang

Born in 1945 Yantai City, Shandong Province, Qu Qingtang is nov/ working at the Yantai Art Studio. Based on traditional Chinese paintings, Qu con - stantly brought forth new ideas in his works, which is lyrical and decorative.

Figure From a Fairy Tale. Figure From a Fairy Tale. China National Light industrial Products Import & Export Corp., Tianjin Branch, exports fine soaps, including Panda brand Sandalwood Soap, Plum Blossom Sandalwood Soap, Canna Soap and Hundred-Flower Brand Tourist Soap. With pure and rich perfume, these soaps are made of essence extracted from various flowers and sandal• wood. The sweet smell keeps your skin fresh for hours. Orders and enquires are welcome. h Jif I •! CHINA NATIONAL LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ^XJF IMPORT & EXPORT CORP., TIANJIN BRANCH

172 LIAONING ROAD, TIANJIN, CHINA

Cable: "INDUSTRY" TIANJIN Telex: 23142 TJLIP CN