Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ

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Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ Szirmai Anna Olasz kísérleti költészeti tendenciák a hatvanas-hetvenes években Irodalomtudományi Doktori Iskola A Doktori Iskola vezetője: dr. Lukács István DSc, egyetemi tanár Italianisztikai Irodalom- és Művelődéstörténet Program Programvezető: dr. Szkárosi Endre PhD, egyetemi tanár A bizottság elnöke: dr. Csorba László, egyetemi tanár Hivatalosan felkért bírálók: dr. Dánél Mónika, egyetemi adjunktus dr. habil. Veres Bálint, habilitált egyetemi docens A bizottság tagjai: dr. habil. Szegedy-Maszák Zoltán DLA, egyetemi tanár dr. habil. Müllner András egyetemi tanár, dr. habil. Bengi László, habilitált egyetemi docens A bizottság titkára: dr. Török Tamara PhD, egyetemi adjunktus Témavezető: dr. Szkárosi Endre PhD Budapest, 2019 Tartalomjegyzék Bevezetés ...............................................................................................................................3 Kutatásmódszertan és felépítés ............................................................................................4 Az olasz művészeti színtér ..................................................................................................6 I. fejezet A konkrét költészet szerepe az itáliai kulturális térben ............................................ 13 1.1 Carlo Belloli: az utolsó futurista – az első konkretista? ................................................ 13 1.2 Vizuális vagy konkrét? ................................................................................................ 17 1.3 A konkrét költészet befogadásának kérdései ................................................................ 21 1.4 Adriano Spatola konkrét költészete ............................................................................. 26 II. fejezet Tömegkultúra és technológiai költészet ................................................................ 31 2.1 Politikus kísérleti költészet: a Gruppo70 ...................................................................... 33 2.2 Lamberto Pignotti és a Poesia Visiva ........................................................................... 35 2.3 Költészet és aktivizmus ............................................................................................... 38 Parole sui muri – összművészeti plakátfesztivál.............................................................. 39 2.4 Nanni Balestrini a Gruppo63 és a Gruppo70 metszéspontján ....................................... 43 2.5 A kollázs szerepe a technológiai költészetben .............................................................. 48 2.6 Lotta Poetica: militáns költészeti folyóirat (1971—1987) ............................................ 51 2.7 Tartalom és forma – a technológiai költészet nyelvezete.............................................. 54 III. fejezet Hangköltészet Olaszországban............................................................................. 59 3.1 A hangköltészet és a vizuális költészet összefüggései .................................................. 61 3.2 A hangköltészet befogadási kérdései ........................................................................... 64 3.4 Arrigo Lora Totino (1928—2016) ............................................................................... 66 3.5 Hangzó folyóiratok és kísérleti kiadványok (1967—1982) .......................................... 70 IV. fejezet Szimbiotikus költészet nemzetközi hálózatban .................................................... 73 4.1 TOOL quaderni di scrittura simbiotica ........................................................................ 75 4.2 Nuova Scrittura: az érem éle........................................................................................ 78 4.3 Intézményesülés a kísérleti szférán belül (1969—1990) .............................................. 79 1 4.4 Progettazione poetica – Mercato del Sale (1974) ......................................................... 83 4.5 Archivio di Nuova Scrittura (ANS) ............................................................................. 85 V. fejezet Jelköltészet: a kalligráfiától a konceptig ................................................................ 89 5.1 A kalligrafikus jel a kísérleti költészetben ................................................................... 90 5.2 Asemic writing ............................................................................................................ 91 5.3 Irma Blank radikális írása ............................................................................................ 93 5.4 Anafilozófia és off-kulchur – Martino Oberto jelfestészete .......................................... 95 5.5 Konceptuális költészet? ............................................................................................. 100 5.6 Konceptuális törlések: Emilio Isgrò ........................................................................... 105 VI. fejezet Feminista törekvések a vizuális költészetben ..................................................... 109 6.1 A feminizmus második hulláma ................................................................................ 109 6.2 Anna Oberto és Mirella Bentivoglio: a feminista kurátori szerep ............................... 112 6.3 Body Art és vizuális költészet ................................................................................... 117 6.4 Tomaso Binga és a betű teste ..................................................................................... 126 VII. fejezet Kortárs kitekintés: digitális költészet és konkrét versvideók ............................. 130 7.1 Az olasz poesia digitale sajátosságai .......................................................................... 130 7.2 Szöveg és film házassága. Kísérleti versvideók ......................................................... 135 VIII. Összegzés .................................................................................................................. 142 Függelék – fordítások ......................................................................................................... 145 Ugo Carrega: Az új írás. Jegyzetek egy operatív művészeti elmélethez (1974) ................ 145 Lamberto Pignotti: A vizuális költészet (1965) ................................................................ 155 Adriano Spatola: Költészet, költészettelen és totális költészet (1969) .............................. 161 Bibliográfia ........................................................................................................................ 167 Képanyag ........................................................................................................................... 191 2 Bevezetés Disszertációmban a verbális és vizuális elemeket társító kifejezésmódok változatos lehetőségeivel foglalkozom. A kísérleti költészet sok szempontból még ma is felfedezésre érdemes területének egy kivételesen gazdag időszakát, a hatvanas-hetvenes évek olasz experimentális tendenciáit vizsgálom. A korszak társadalmi és kulturális változásai, a gazdasági fellendülés, majd az ólomévek felfokozott, erőszakos cselekményekkel terhelt történelmi eseményei sajátos környezetet teremtettek a nyelvi és képi megformálás lehetőségeit feltáró kísérleteknek. Ebben a két évtizedben kiemelkedően széles körben folytak a költészet megnyilvánulási formáit érintő költői-nyelvi kutatások, és számos, sajátos elméleti háttérből építkező művészi gyakorlat fejlődött ki. Az olasz kulturális közeg más időszakokkal egybevetve is hasonlíthatatlanul termékeny korszaka ez, amikor az experimentális költői- formai megoldások mellett a tömegkultúra (a kibontakozó trash-szubkultúrától nem függetlenül) erőteljes hatást gyakorolt a költészeti kísérletekre is. Az irodalom és a képzőművészet (olykor a performansz vagy a ma többnyire intermédiának nevezett, akkor formálódó műfajok) metszéspontján, átfedésében születő tendenciák sokoldalúsága mellett az elterjedésük mértéke is meglepő. Milánó, Torinó, Nápoly és Firenze mellett szinte minden nagyobb itáliai városban találunk kísérleti érdeklődésű kiadványokkal és/vagy az alternatív művészettel foglalkozó központot, stúdiót, kiállítóteret. Disszertációmban azt vizsgálom, hogy a korszakban párhuzamosan fejlődő költészeti kifejezésmódok miképpen hatottak egymásra. Mivel magyarázható az eltérő forrásból eredő és különböző hatásokra reagáló irányzatok Olaszországban tapasztalható változatossága? A hatvanas-hetvenes évek kivételesen élénk időszakában a verbovizuális kísérletezés terén megjelenő tendenciák sem azelőtt, sem később nem érzékelhető gazdagsága sajátos kreatív mikroklímát feltételez. Kutatásaim során arra voltam kíváncsi, mi vezetett a két évtizedben korábban nem látott (bár avantgárd hagyományokra visszatekintő) érdeklődés megerősödéséhez? 3 Kutatásmódszertan és felépítés A téma nemzetközi feldolgozottsága1 korántsem teljes, disszertációmmal kutatásaim tanulságaiból építkezve a változatos irányzatok rendszerezésére teszek kísérletet az eltérő megnyilatkozási formák elemzésével. Emellett az alapvető idegen nyelvű szakirodalom néhány forrásszövegének magyarra fordításával remélem bővíteni az itthon hozzáférhető források körét. Szerteágazó területről van szó, ahol a műfaji kategóriák és a művek definiálhatósága gyakran nehézségekbe ütközik, a kutatásaim során vizsgált kifejezésmódok és irányzatok sokfélesége arra késztetett, hogy doktori dolgozatomban a kísérleti költészet jellemző megnyilatkozási formáit nem egymásra épülő, hanem egyenrangú fejezetekben vizsgáljam.
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