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An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the St Lucia Marine Reserve (Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa) in the Protection of Surf-Zone Angling Fish Species

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An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the St Lucia Marine Reserve (Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa) in the Protection of Surf-Zone Angling Fish Species AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ST LUCIA MARINE RESERVE (KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA) IN THE PROTECTION OF SURF-ZONE ANGLING FISH SPECIES by Bruce Quintin Mann Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL WESTVILLE CAMPUS December 2016 As the candidate’s supervisors we have/have not approved this thesis for submission Signed: Name: Paul Cowley Date: 8 August 2016 Signed: Name: Sean Fennessy Date: 10 August 2016 ii PREFACE The research contained in this thesis was completed by the candidate while based at the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI), a department of the South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR) based in Durban. ORI is affiliated to the School of Life Sciences of the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa. The research was financially supported by SAAMBR, Marine and Coastal Management of the then national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority and the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs. The contents of this work have not been submitted in any form to another university and, except where the work of others is acknowledged in the text, the results reported are due to investigations by the candidate. Signed: Paul Cowley (Primary supervisor) Date: 8 August 2016 iii DECLARATION 1: PLAGIARISM I, Bruce Quintin Mann, declare that: (i) the research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated or acknowledged, is my original work; (ii) this dissertation has not been submitted in full or in part for any degree or examination to any other university; (iii) this dissertation does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons; (iv) this dissertation does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a) their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b) where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks, and referenced; (v) where I have used material for which publications followed, I have indicated in detail my role in the work; (vi) this dissertation is primarily a collection of material, prepared by myself and published as journal articles. In some cases, additional material has been included; (vii) this dissertation does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation and in the References sections. Signed: Bruce Q. Mann Date: 17 August 2016 iv DECLARATION 2: PUBLICATIONS The publications (chapters 3-6) are included here from the published versions. The abstracts from each paper have been removed and are included in the overall conclusion in Chapter 7. Similarly, the references from each paper have been removed and compiled into an overall reference list at the end of the thesis. My role in each paper is indicated. The * indicates corresponding author. Chapter 3 Mann BQ*, Winker H, Maggs JQ, Porter S. 2016. Monitoring the recovery of a previously exploited surf-zone fish community in the St Lucia Marine Reserve, South Africa, using a no-take sanctuary area as a benchmark. African Journal of Marine Science 38(3): 423-441. The research reported on in this paper is based on the data I collected from 50 field trips conducted in the St Lucia Marine Reserve over a 10-year period (November 2001 to July 2011). I designed the study, collected and analysed the data and wrote the paper. Dr Henning Winker provided assistance with effort standardisation and analysis of catch-per-unit-effort data, Mr Jade Maggs assisted with extraction and analysis of the data and Dr Sean Porter assisted with analysis of catch composition data and the use of PERMANOVA. Mr Maggs also participated in a number of field trips over the 10-year period. Chapter 4 Mann BQ*, Cowley PD, Fennessy ST. 2015. Movement patterns of surf-zone fish species in a sub- tropical marine protected area on the east coast of South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 37(1): 99-114. This paper provides an analysis of fish movement data collected using conventional tag-recapture methods using dart tags in the St Lucia Marine Reserve between 2001 and 2013. I designed the study, collected and analysed the data and wrote the paper. Dr Paul Cowley and Dr Sean Fennessy (my supervisors) provided advice on the content and structure of the paper. Both Dr Cowley and Dr Fennessy participated in a number of field trips over the 12-year period. Chapter 5 Mann BQ*, Lee B, Cowley PD. 2016. Growth rate of speckled snapper Lutjanus rivulatus (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) based on tag-recapture data from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 38(1): 111-118. v This paper focuses on an analysis of growth data for Lutjanus rivulatus from a tag-recapture study data conducted in the St Lucia Marine Reserve between 2001 and 2013. I designed the study, collected and analysed the data and wrote the paper. Mr Brendon Lee assisted with modelling the growth data and Dr Paul Cowley provided advice on the content and structure of the paper. Both Mr Lee and Dr Cowley participated in a number of field trips over the 12-year period. Chapter 6 Mann BQ*, Cowley PD, Kyle R. 2016. Estimating the optimum size for inshore no-take areas based on movement patterns of surf-zone fishes and recommendations for rezoning of a World Heritage Site in South Africa. Ocean and Coastal Management 125: 8-19. This paper provides a best estimate for the minimum size and spacing required for adequate protection of resident surf-zone angling fish species within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park using areas zoned for no-take. I designed the study, collected and analysed the data and wrote the paper. Dr Paul Cowley participated in a number of field trips and assisted with advice on the content and structure of the paper. Dr Scotty Kyle provided advice on the current and proposed zonation within the park and its feasibility for implementation. Signed: Mr Bruce Q. Mann Date: 17 August 2016 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the outset I would like to express my gratitude to the conservationists and forward thinking people that led to the proclamation of the St Lucia Marine Reserve back in 1979. It has been and continues to be a real privilege to work in such a beautiful place and to experience and learn about the exceptional biodiversity within this magnificent Marine Protected Area (MPA). There are many people who have contributed in many different ways to the success of this project but I would like to single out just a few of them. Dr Colin Attwood (University of Cape Town - UCT) was instrumental in helping me design the sampling protocols used and to secure the initial funding required for this project when he was still working for Marine and Coastal Management (MCM) of the then Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Being able to fish with Colin and his team in the De Hoop MPA gave me many of the ideas on how to structure and run this project. Similarly, Dr Paul Cowley (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity - SAIAB) and Dr Warren Potts (Rhodes University) and their team in the Tsitsikamma MPA contributed to my ideas around the structuring of this project and Paul has been both a good friend and a reliable supervisor for the write-up phase of this thesis. Mike Tyldesley (Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife – EKZNW) and Russell Hand were solid supporters of this project from the word go, even contributing to the original project design over a few cold ones at the “Mahogany Reef” in Durban! Mike has been my other “team leader” throughout the 12 year duration of this project; his unwavering dedication and support has been truly admirable and is greatly appreciated. Then to the amazing team of anglers that I have fished with on this project over the years, I am truly indebted to all of you for your contributions and ongoing enthusiasm. By way of acknowledgement I have included all your names and the number field trips that you have fished on in the list below. Dr Sean Fennessy (Oceanographic Research Institute - ORI) is thanked for his support and guidance as my other academic supervisor and Dr Angus Macdonald (University of KwaZulu- Natal - UKZN) is thanked for his assistance as my administrative supervisor within UKZN. Marinel Janse van Rensburg and Mariana Tomalin (ORI) are thanked for their assistance in producing the maps used in this thesis. The ongoing support from my colleagues at the ORI, the research department of the South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), is gratefully acknowledged. Without the long-term commitment shown by this remarkable organization, this project would never have been able to continue for the duration that it has. Thanks to Dr Larry Oellermann, current SAAMBR CEO, for encouraging me to do this PhD and for allowing me to take a six-month sabbatical to get the bulk of the work written up. Funding and logistical support for this project has been obtained from a number of different organizations including SAAMBR, MCM, National Research Foundation (NRF), EKZNW, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority and the KZN Department of Economic vii Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs. I am extremely grateful to all these organizations and the many people that I have dealt with within them for their support.
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