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A Guide to the Care & Cleaning of Natural Stone

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A Guide to the Care & Cleaning of Natural Stone Care & CleaningA Guide to the Natural Stone of A publication from the Marble Institute of America About the Marble Institute of America The Marble Institute of America (MIA) is the leading MIA publishes a monthly newsletter, markets a range of resource for information and education for the natural technical publications and consumer pamphlets on stone industry. MIA Members, numbering over 1,200 natural stone, sponsors business and technical meet- worldwide, include marble, granite, limestone, sand- ings and seminars on industry-related topics, and pro- stone, and other natural stone producers and quarriers, vides educational programming for architects and con- fabricators, installers, distributors, and contractors. struction specification professionals. MIA also honors outstanding natural stone projects worldwide through The association’s mission is to promote the use its annual Pinnacle Awards competition. of natural stone and be the authoritative source of information on standards of workmanship and practice For more information, 440-250-9222, and suitable application of stone products. contact MIA at [email protected], e-mail www.marble-institute.com. or visit Further Reading Suggestions Cleaning of Exterior ASTM International. ASTM C1515: Dimension Stone, Vertical and Horizontal Surfaces, New “Chemical Cleaning of Historical Structures - A Practical or Existing. Cleaning Stone and Masonry, West Conshohocken: ASTM International. Approach,” by Rudder, T.H., Cleaning Masonry - Review of the Literature, ASTM STP 935, 1986. “A Case Study of the Cleaning of Marble at the Schenectady, by Grimm, Clayford T., P.E.Construction Research Center, Cleaning Stone and Masonry, University of Texas at Arlington, 1988. New York, City Hall,” Cleaning Stone and Masonry, by Waite, J.C. and R.J. Chen, ASTM STP 935, 1986. Clifton, James R., Editor, “A Macrosteriogrammetric Technique for Measuring Surface ASTM Special Technical Publication 935, American Cleaning Stone and Masonry, Society for Testing and Materials, 1983. Erosion Losses on Stone,” Keeping It Clean, by Winkler, E.M., ASTM STP 935, 1986. by Grimmer, Anne E., Stain Removal Guide for Stone and Masonry, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, by Hueston, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988. Frederick M., NTC Enterprises Inc. Cleaning Historic Stone & Tile Restoration Manual, “Cleaning of Masonry Interiors of Public Buildings,” by Hueston, Stone and Masonry, by Roth, J.W., Frederick M., NTC Enterprises Inc., 1998. ASTM STP 935, 1986. Stone Maintenance Manual for Professional Cleaning Contractors, by Hueston, Frederick M., NTC Enterprises Inc., 1996. Marble Institute of America 28901 Clemens Road, Suite 100 • Cleveland, Ohio 44145 Phone: 440-250-9222 • Fax: 440-250-9223 www.marble-institute.com © 2004 Marble Institute of America Contents 2 Definitions . 3 Know Your Stone . 3 What Type of Stone Is It? . 4 Assessing the Stone’s Current Condition . 4 Care and Precautions . 5 General Guidelines for Cleaning Natural Stone . 5 Cleaning Do’s & Don’ts . 6 Sealing Natural Stone . 8 Daily Cleaning Procedures and Recommendations . 9 Moisture Damage . 10 Identifying & Removing Stains . 12 Using Stain-Removing Poultices . Back Cover Further Reading Suggestions . This document is written as a general guideline. The Marble Institute of America (MIA) and its member companies have neither liability nor can they be responsible to any person or entity for any misunderstanding, misuse, or misapplication that would cause loss or damage of any kind, including loss rights, materials, or personal injury, or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the informa- tion contained in this document. The MIA would like to thank Joe Kapcheck, Past MIA President, for inspiring this project. 1 The natural stone you have in This brochure has been developed your home, office, or commercial for you by the Marble Institute building is an investment that of America (MIA) to present will give you many years of routine cleaning guidelines beautiful service. as well as procedures for stain removal should it become Simple care and maintenance necessary. All methods of clean- will help preserve your stone’s ing should be in accordance beauty for generations to come. with ASTM C1515-01. Definitions Finishes: Poultice: There are three primary stone finishes: A liquid cleaner or chemical mixed polished with a white absorbent material to form a thick, stain- —A finish has a glossy surface that removing paste. reflects light and emphasizes the color and Refinishing: markings of the material. Repolishing or honing of dull, honed once-polished marble, limestone, or granite floors and —A finish is a satin smooth surface with walls. relatively little reflection of light. Generally, a honed finish is preferred for floors, stair Renovation: treads, thresholds, and other locations where Cleaning and repolishing of neglected heavy traffic will wear off the polished finish. dimension stone surfaces. A honed finish may also be used on furniture Restoration: tops and other surfaces. Large-scale remedial actions taken to flamed restore a structure or area to its original or acceptable —A finish is a rough textured surface “near original” condition. Generally applies to historic used frequently on granite floor tiles. structures. Many other finishes are available and used throughout the world. Consult with a stone professional if your fin- A Note on Historical ish does not match these three primary types. Buildings Lippage: A condition where one edge of a stone is higher than adjacent edges, giving the finished sur- In the case of historically important buildings and land- face an uneven appearance. marks, many of the cleaning, maintenance, and Maintenance: restoration protocols are established by historical Scheduled cleaning, specific preservation committees and other agencies/ procedures, and inspections performed on a daily, departments of the government. Please consult with weekly, or other regular basis to keep the stone these organizations when developing your normal in proper condition. maintenance program. 2 Know Your Stone • Sandstones Natural stone can be classified into two general v ary widely in color due to categories according to its composition: siliceous different minerals and clays found in the stone or calcareous stone. Knowing the difference stone. Sandstone is light gray to yellow is critical when selecting cleaning products. or red. Siliceous stone is composed mainly of silica or • Slates quartz-like particles. It tends to be very durable are dark green, black, gray, dark and relatively easy to clean with mild acidic cleaning red, or multi-colored. They are most solutions. Types of siliceous stone include: granite, commonly used as a flooring material and slate, sandstone, quartzite, brownstone, and bluestone. for roof tiles and are often distinguished by distinct cleft texture. Some notable Calcareous stone is composed mainly of calcium car- cladding projects have also included slate. bonate. It is sensitive to acidic cleaning products and Conduct a simple acid sensitivity test frequently requires different cleaning procedures than 3. to siliceous stone. Types of calcareous stone include: determine if your stone is siliceous or calcareous. marble, travertine, limestone, and onyx. What may You will need: work on siliceous stone may not be suitable on calcare- • ous surfaces. 4 ounces of a 10% solution of muriatic acid or household vinegar • What Type of Stone Is It? Eyedropper It is advisable to maintain careful records about the Because the test may permanently etch the stone, type, name, and origin of the stone existing in your select an out-of-the-way area (a corner or closet) building. If such records do not exist, you should several inches away from any mortar joint. Apply a few explore the following options before determining a drops of the acid solution to the stone surface on an cleaning and maintenance program: area about the size of a quarter. Two possible reac- tions will occur: Consult with a professional 1. stone supplier, installer, or a restoration specialist to help identify 1) Acid drops will bubble or fizz vigorously – a sign that whether your stone is siliceous or calcareous. the stone is calcareous. Conduct a visual identification 2. of the stone. 2) Little or no reaction occurs – stone can be While there are exceptions, the following considered silicous. See note below. characteristics are common: Rinse the area thoroughly with clean water and wipe dry. • Granites ha ve a distinct crystal pattern NOTE: or small flecks; very little veining. This test may not be effective if surface sealers or liquid polishes have been applied. If an old sealer is present, chip a small piece of the stone away and • Limestones are widely used as a building apply the acid solution to the fractured surface. stone. Colors are typically gray, tan, or CAUTION: buff. A distinguishing characteristic of Muriatic acid is corrosive and is considered many limestones is the presence of shell to be a hazardous substance. Proper head and body and/or fossil impressions. protection is necessary when acid is used. Again, it is always wise to consult with a stone professional if you are unable to visually identify the stone and/or are • Marbles are usually veined, fine-textured uncomfortable using the acid test. materials that come in virtually unlimited color selections. 3 Assessing the Stone’s Current Condition Care and Precautions Countertops: Knowing the current condition of the stone
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