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Indian Diaspora in Guyana INDIAN DIASPORA IN GUYANA: QUESTIONS IN CULTURAL IDENTITY by Allison Solowsky A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations with Distinction. Spring 2013 © 2013 Allison Solowsky All Rights Reserved INDIAN DIASPORA IN GUYANA: QUESTIONS IN CULTURAL IDENTITY by Allison Solowsky Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ramnarayan Rawat, Ph. D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Patricia Sloane-White, Ph. D. Committee member from the Department of Anthropology Approved: __________________________________________________________ Eric Rise, Ph. D. Committee member from the Board of Senior Thesis Readers Approved: __________________________________________________________ Michelle Provost-Craig, Ph.D. Chair of the University Committee on Student and Faculty Honors ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the help of many important individuals. First I would like to thank Dr. Eric Rise for acting as my third reader and guiding me and my peers through this sometimes very difficult process, teaching us the makings of a successful defense, and offering endless advice and support whenever it was needed. Thank you to Dr. Ramnarayan Rawat for taking the time to support me in the role of Thesis Director. Thank you for all of your advice, guidance, and support over the past two years, helping me to prepare for my trip to India and Guyana and then sticking with me to see this thesis come to fruition. I would like to thank Dr. Patricia Sloane-White, my second reader, advisor, mentor, and friend. Over the past two years you have been nothing but absolutely amazing in every capacity. If it hadn’t been for you, I would not have even began this project, a project that has been an incredibly fulfilling and important part of my academic career. Thank you for all of your guidance, support, endless advice, and soothing reassurance throughout this whole process; I will be forever grateful. I would like to also thank Mr. David Plastino and the Plastino Scholars program. The Plastino Scholars program allowed me to follow my dreams, travel to both India and Guyana to study the Indian Diaspora and perform the research needed to complete this thesis, and also learn so much more about myself than I ever thought possible. For all those reasons, I am eternally grateful Although their contribution may not be evident, I would also like to thank my family and friends, without your love and support this would not have been possible. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ viii 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 5 2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6 The Introduction of New Labor ........................................................................ 11 Physiology of the East Indian ‘Coolie’ ...................................................... 16 Reasons for East Indian Migration ............................................................. 20 1838- Commission of Enquiry in 1870: The First Period in the History of the East Indian Indenture System ..................................................................... 25 Timeline of Voyages to Guyana ................................................................. 25 First Period of Indenture: 1838-1870 ......................................................... 26 Frustration and Rebellion ........................................................................... 31 1870 Commission of Enquiry ..................................................................... 32 1871 – 1917: The Second Period in the History of the East Indian Indenture System .............................................................................................................. 35 Strategies of Behavioral Regulation ........................................................... 36 Repatriation ................................................................................................ 40 The End of the Indenture System ............................................................... 43 3 CREATION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY ...................................................... 50 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 50 Preservation of a Mythical Homeland .............................................................. 51 The Lore of the Ramayana ......................................................................... 54 Ridicule and Resurgence ............................................................................ 57 iv Economics and Politics ..................................................................................... 59 The Makings of a Livelihood ..................................................................... 59 Nature of Ethnic Politics ............................................................................ 63 Forbes Burnham ................................................................................... 64 Cheddi Jagan ........................................................................................ 66 Creation of Ethnic Organizations ......................................................... 72 Social Adherences of the Indo-Guyanese ......................................................... 74 The Caste System ....................................................................................... 74 Social Hierarchy and Territorial Delineation ............................................. 77 Lingual Modifications ................................................................................ 82 Familial Traditions and Values .................................................................. 84 Marital Traditions ....................................................................................... 86 Cultural Festivals and Celebrations ............................................................ 92 Style of Dress ............................................................................................. 94 Cuisine ........................................................................................................ 98 4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 101 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 106 A Human Subjects Review Board Approval ...................................................... 109 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Statistics by Year: Indentured Labor Imports Prior to the East Indians .. 15 Table 2 Distribution of Religion Amongst Migrant East Indians ........................ 19 Table 3 Distribution of Caste Affiliations Amongst Migrant East Indians .......... 19 Table 4 Timeline of Voyages from India to Guyana: 1838-1917 ........................ 26 Table 5 Percentage Distribution of Ethnicity Within a Region: Guyana 2002 ... 79 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Guyana ........................................................................................ 10 Figure 2 Map of the Provincial Divisions of India ................................................ 17 Figure 3 Map of the Northern Regions of India: Bihar and Uttar Pradesh ............ 18 Figure 4 The Gladstone Letter ............................................................................... 14 Figure 5 Indenture System Before and After 1873 ................................................ 34 Figure 6 The Process of East Indian Resettlement: A Behavioral Approach ........ 38 Figure 7 Statement from British Department of Agriculture, Revenue, and Commerce 1871 on the treatment and situation of East Indian migrants ................................................................................................... 39 Figure 8 Overall Distribution of East Indian Population 1871-1921 ..................... 43 Figure 9 Distribution of East Indian Movement from Estates 1871 -1920 ............ 48 Figure 10 Hindu Temple Erected in a Village Settlement in Skeldon, Guyana ...... 53 Figure 11 Alter inside the Hindu Temple in Skeldon, Guyana ................................ 54 Figure 12 Cheddi Jagan’s Father’s Emigration Pass ............................................... 68 Figure 13 Cheddi Jagan’s Mother’s Emigration Pass .............................................. 69 Figure 14 Enumerated Regional Divisions of Guyana ............................................ 79 Figure 15 Jhandi Flags in front of a home in Mahaica-Berbice .............................. 81 Figure 16 Depiction of traditional Indian dress worn inside a Hindu Temple ....... 97 vii ABSTRACT This project seeks to investigate the social
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