EUGENICS

By A. E. HAMILTON

INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL The bubbling over of Eugenics from laboratory and learned society into the public press has left many of us inquiring, with Rabbi Ben Ezra-" We all surmise, they this thing and I that: whom shall my soul believe? " Chestertonian marriage by the police, Schopenhaurian sterilization of all scoundrels, Nietzschean breeding of supermen to run the human race, and even the popular baby-show are regarded as near of kin to what Conklin calls this "infant industry." Eugenics has been epitomized by Chamberlain ( 6), Field (25), and others, while Davenport (I3), Kellicott (48) and Schuster (86) have presented the subject in greater detail. The volum·e of literature claiming to be eugenic grows daily larger and it is the purpose of this paper to review a part of it. Pre-Galtonian writings of eugenic flavor, such as the Bible with its record of the first wholesale elimination of the unfit in the story of Noah; Plato's Republic advocating a lethal chamber to take the place of Lycurgan rocks; Aristotle's pre­ natal speculations; the song of Theognis of Megara; Cam­ panella's utopian city of Platonic pattern; ante-nuptial inspec­ tions as pictured by Sir Thomas Moore; Malthusian concern for the feeding of the species-all these must be passed by with a mere mention. The present eugenics movement sprang from the great mutation in thought initiated by Darwin's "The Origin of Species" in I859 and had its specific starting point in two articles by Francis Galton in MacMillan's Magazine, June and August, I865. Their thesis, that better men could be bred by conscious selection, was continued in " Hereditary Genius " ( 29) published in I869. This was an elaborate and painstaking study of the biogra­ phies of 977 men who would rank, according to Galton's estimate, as about I in 4,000 of the general population in respect to achievement. The number of families found con­ taining more than one eminent man was 300, divided as fol­ lows: Judges 85, Statesmen 39, Commanders 27, Literary 33, 29 EUGENICS EUGENICS 30

Scientific 43, Poets 20, Artists 28, Divines 25. The strong William McDougal next focused the attention of the Society constellations of interrelated eminence led to the conclusion on Eugenics when, in 19o6, he made "A Practicable Eugenic that heredity played a very important part in achievement Suggestion" (54) in the form of an "Endeavor to introduce and suggested that by selecting from strains that bore emi­ the custom of remunerating the services of every person be­ nence, a superior human stock could be bred. longing to a selected class (of the racially fit) ac­ The attention given to Galton's ideas by Sir Charles Lyell cording to a sliding scale such that his income would be larger in his " Geographical Evidences of the Antiquity of Man" in proportion to the number of his living offspring." He and the welcome they received in Darwin's "The Descent of wished the State would take the initiative so that corporations Man " stimulated eugenic thought and encouraged its leader and philanthropies would follow suit if the measure proved to continue his work. He questioned 180 eminent scientists effective. No satisfactory answer, however, was found to relative to their education, inheritance and relationships, and Benjamin Kidd's inquiry as to what constituted the measure from the data obtained built " English Men of Science: Their of breeding fitness in the intellectually superior. Nature and Nurtur·e" (30) which re-emphasized his conten­ Two years previous to the reading of McDougal's paper tion that heredity played the greater role in achievement. In Galton had founded a Research Fellowship at the University 1883 came Galton's " Inquiries into the Human Faculty and of London to determine, if possible, what the standard of Its Development" (31), a set of evolutionary and anthropo­ fitness was, and in 1905 a Scholarship was added. Mr. Edgar metric essays where the word Eugenics was first used in a Schuster and Miss E. M. Elderton held these posts until 1907, new exposition of the author's views. "Natural Inheritance" when Professor Karl Pearson took charge of the research (32) appeared in 1889, being the cream of various memoirs work and, at the resignation of Mr. Schuster, Dr. David published since " Hereditary Genius," dealing with the gen­ Heron was appointed Fellow. On Galton's death, January 17, eral biological principles underlying the study o~ h~r~dity a~d 1911, it became known that through the terms of his will a continuing the study of resemblances between tndividuals m Professorship was founded and Professor Pearson invited to respect to stature, eye color, artistic faculty and morbid con­ hold it. This corps of workers constitutes the Eugenics ditions. Laboratory staff, whose purpose is pure research. The product Galton watched the slow spread of his idea quietly until of the laboratory is embodied mainly in two series of publica­ the year 1901 , when he defended " The Possible Improvement tions, Memoirs and Lectures supplemented by Studies in of the Human Breed under Existing Conditions of Law and National Deterioration published by the Department of Applied Sentiment" (33) before the Anthropological Society. Three Mathematics of Vniversity College. Most of the important years later he read a paper entitled ".Eug~nic s ; i~s Defin~­ studies have appeared in Biometrica, first issued in 1901. The tion, Scope and Aims" (34), to the Socwlogtcal Soctety. His hearty co-operation of physicians all over the United Kingdom program, in brief, was as follows: . has been secured and it is hoped that the Galton laboratory 1. Disseminate knowledge of hereditary laws as far as surely may become an effective clearing house for all authenticated known and promote their further study. . material on human heredity that may come to light in the 2. Inquire into birth rates of various. strat.a of society fields of pathology and normality. In 1901, Professor Pear­ (classified according to civic usefulness) m ancient and mod­ son (73) delivered a lecture on national stability as related to ern nations. heredity which attracted wide attention owing to its timeli­ 3· Collect reliable data showing how large and thriving ness, coming as it did when England was appalled at her losses families have most frequently originated. in the South African war, to which she had sent much of 4· Study the influences affecting marriage. her best breeding stock. 5· Persistently set forth the national importance of Eu- A notable discussion of the strictly hereditary aspects of genics. · . . Eugenics took place before the Royal Society of Medicine (8) The ye?r following, Galton agam. read before t~e Society in 1908, when Professors Pearson and Bateson upheld re­ (35), suggesting the award <;>f ~ertlficates of q~ahty to the spectively the biometrician and mendelian methods of approach eugenically fit. He also mamtame~ th~t. marnage custom.s to the problem of inheritance. It is regrettable that the con­ which are largely controlled by pubhc opm10n could be modi­ troversy between the two schools has not by this time dwindled fied tor racial welfare through a moulding of public sentiment. to negligible proportions, since they represent the obverse and 31 EUGENICS EUGENICS 32 reverse of the same labor to a common end. Perhaps the day one of the many considerations by which marriages are pro­ will come when the biometrician, dealing with mass values in moted 9r hindered, as they are by social position, adequate the way he is peculiarly fitted by training to do, will be ready fortune, and similarity of creed." to receive, classify, analyze and correlate the data gathered Lester Ward (93) attracted" much attention to Eugenics by the mendelian in his intensive study of individual phe­ through his vigorous opposition to Galton's idea of the nomena. At the same time, the biologist must be called upon supremacy of nature over nurture. Hobhouse ( 42) sees a to give adequate proof that his data are sound and thoroughly mutually cancellatory process in variation of good and bad tested before they shall be so used. and believes progress to be more dependent on the survival To spread such knowledge of Eugenics as might be gathered of the good than on the elimination of the weak. He sees by specialists, the Eugenics Education Society was formed i~ in the writings of Eug·enists no inductive basis for assuming 1908 with Francis Galton as honorary president and a counctl race deterioration and argues that, "It is not human quality of forty to direct its policy. Its official orga~ is the Eug~nics whether original or acquired that differs profoundly from Review, in which papers read before the soctety and a dtgest period to period. It is the turn given to human quality by of all matters of eugenic import appear. Branches of the so,eial structure." He points out that Spencer's law of the Society have been formed in Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, invers.e ratio of fertility and development is no new thing, Haslemere, Liverpool, Manchester, five in New Zealand and and that the race probably always will recruit itself from one in Australia. There is a large membership also in the what are termed the lower strata of society. Not lack of United States. The scope of interest comprises: (a) Biology parental instinct, but consideration for wife and child, he in so far as it concerns hereditary selection, (b) Anthropology holds to be at the root of so called race suicide, and believes as related to race and marriage, (c) Politics, where it bean> education will in due course keep the race from the extremes on parenthood in relation to civic wort~, (d) Ethics in .so f_at of birth limitation. Nearing ( 61), from the sociological side, as it promotes ideals that lead to the tmprovement of so.ctal is optimistiG regarding the decline of the birth rate in civilized quality, (e) Religion, in s·o far as it strengthens and sancttfie:; countries, saying that, "An equilibrium of population has been eugenic duty. In "Essays in Eugenics," 1909, (36) Galton established through the saving grace of the decrease in birth again set forth his aims, endeavoring to put in a simple way rate commonly called ' race suicide.' " Bateson, as a biologist the principles underlying biometrical studies. He sug~ested ( 4), tells us that " it is in a decline in the birth-rate that the that someone continue this work as he thought that wtthout most promising omen exists for the happin.ess of future gen­ at least a general concept of mathematical methods as applied erations.'' Wilcox (96), from the figures of the statistician, to the study of heredity the public would not appreciate the finds no grounds for despair although admitting the obvious results of much important research. Miss Elderton ( 17) danger of recruiting society in majority from the lowest and Mr. Schuster (86) have done this. level of humanity, owing to the failure of the better to keep Constable ( 10) built a book refuting Galt~m's " Here~itary up their numerical standard. Chapple (7) sends forth a Genius " and contending that the clustermg ?f emmence book from New Zealand, however, which sees calamity in around a specific nucleus for two or three generations forward the swamping of the better through the greater fecundity of and back is but the crest of a wave on the surface of the the orders that are the last to learn preventive measures and race a manifestation of the reserve energy possessed in even the last, perhaps, to practice them. dist;ibution by humanity as a whole . and not limited to a Doctor Hall's comprehensive treatment of the question of certain strain or breed. Intellectual Improvement of man­ fecundity ( 40) and its relation to Spencer's law of the inverse kind is possible but only through utilizing powers now at ratio of fertility and individuation would suggest that the hand, ready to be used when opportunity shall be given to all upkeep of the numerical standard in families will tend more alike. He seems to have overlooked the fact that Galton takes and moPe to be of a rational and eugenic character, and that practically this same view and, in regard to Eugenics, says in proportion as culture and intellectual development carries (37, p. 311) : " What I desire is that. the i~pEugenics Record Office to offer longest studies presented at the London Congress, and Jap­ the services o~ a~ extension department, including a lecturer, anese scholars tell us that Eugenics for Japan will mean in to all orgamzatwns of an educational nature, including large measure simply a return to some of their good old mar­ Women's Clubs, Churches and Societies. Further reference riage-selection customs placed in a modern setting, for the to the work done by the members of the Record Office staff principles of breeding for human soundness have been recog­ will be made later. nized by these people for many generations. Th~ A merican Genetic Association, with headquarters in The American Breeders' Association, born in I903, ap­ Washmgton, D. C., through the medium of The Journal of pointed, in I9o6, a committee to investigate the claims of Heredity, ably edited as it is by Mr. Paul Popenoe, hopes to Eugenics to scienceship and in I9IO raised this committee to reach a. large readir:tg public interested in keeping in close the rank of a section in the Association. At this time the touch wtth the genetics movement and Eugenics in particular. Eugenics Record Office was opened at Cold Spring Harbor, Several thousand infants ~ave been weighed, measured, Long Island, near the experiment station of the Carnegie mentally tested, scored by pomts and classified as to fitness Institution. With C. B. Davenport as Director and H. H. at the baby health contests held in some 40 states during the Laughlin as Secretary the Record Office has become to tht• last three years. The standardising score-cards are still crude United States what the Galton Laboratory is to England and the met~od of measuring arbitrary, the mental testing largely has been issuing a series of Memoirs and Bulletins embodying a~ateunsh and of little scientific value. Linking the contests the results of the research work done under its direction or wtth cattle-shows has hardly been a factor in their favor. supervision. An endeavor is being made to gather hereditary Some of them have been unhygienic and hard on the babies. data through the use of record blanks which are distributed As an index. to the rise of the curve of interest in babyhood, gratis to anyone who shows inclination to fill them out with and as a ptoneer effort to attract attention to the child­ facts concerning his ancestry and immediate relatives. welfare aspect of Eugenics, however they may not have been Mr. Laughlin has published a first report (52) of the work held in vain. ' of the Record Office to which I am indebted for the following In I9I I about 300,000 babies died in their first year. Seven­ facts: Mrs. E. H. Harriman has presented a new fifteen tenths of the 42% that died in the first month did so as the thousand dollar office building at Cold Spring Harbor for the result of prenatal conditions or accident at birth. Of those housing of records and equipment. Mr. John D. Rocke­ living less than one week, 83%· died from such causes as feller has, since October I, I9II, provided money for the did 94% of those that lived less than a day. The Childr~n's salaries of fiv·e field workers, and has met the cost of pub­ Bureau at Washington has published a pamphlet to be had lishing the memoirs, and half the cost of the training class. for the asking, telling how half these deaths may b~ prevented The Record Office has expended, to January I, I9I3, $5I,- by P.renatal care and postnatal hygiene. The author is a uni­ 280.I2, and collaborating institutions have spent approximately verstty graduate, a government expert and herself the mother $7,000 in conducting research work. o.f a family. T.his booklet is the first of a series of publica­ Harvard, Columbia, Cornell, Brown, Wisconsin, North­ tiOns that promtses t? be distinctly eugenic in its spirit, as it western and Clark Universities are offering courses in whole should lead to a desire to know more concerning hereditary or in part devoted to Eugenics. Some first hand investigation laws. has been undertaken by organizations in the Y. M. C. A. With the foregoing sketch as historical background, a few as part of a year's course of study in Eugenics. Many samples taken from the work that has been and is being done Women's Clubs have included a serious consideration of Eu­ will show the general trend of the movement. genics in their programs and professional lecturers are adding this subject to their repertoire. At the San Francisco World'<> ANALOGICAL STUDIES fair Eugenics will be given independent recognition in the sec­ tion on Social Economy. Galton (37), besides throwing Darwin's provisional theory of pangenesis out of court through the famous blood-trans­ During the Academic year of I9I3 a number of lectures on Eugenics were given by professors in leading American Uni­ fu~ion experiment on rabbits, thought that Eugenics could versities at the request of Mrs. Huntington Wilson, who has gam much by co-operation with comparative biology. He him­ self bred peas on a large scale to determine regression, finding 37 EUGENICS EUGENICS 38 the mean filial devitation in size to be one-third that of the Castle transplanted the ovaries of guinea-pigs, and Daven­ parental. He also began an unsuccessful experiment in port those of fowls, finding no foster-maternal influence on heredity with the moth Selenia illustraria and suggested the offspring obtained from them, and the main body of experi­ breeding of dogs for mental qualities as well as for physical mental evidence seems against the transmission of characters peculiarities. Old age alone prevented him from carrying recently acquired through the influence of environment. out more experiments of an analogical nature, but the science Nevertheless, there have been a number of pragmatic studies of Genetics has assumed this labor in earnest. showing that offspring, at least in the first generation, may It is largely from the geneticist that the ·eugenist must take be affe~ted through influences playing on parents, and these his cue. In the University of Chicago lectures on heredity carry special eugenic interest. · in relation to Eugenics ( 5), in the summaries of the genetics Hodge (43) conducted 28 experiments in alcoholizing dogs movement by Bateson (3) and Punnett (76) and in the to tes.t the effect on offspring. Of the normal controls 4 admirable text-book by Walter (92) the connections and the offsprmg were deformed, none born dead, 4I viable. The gaps between the two sciences are made plain. Although the alcoholized ?ogs gave 9 dead born, 8 deformed, and only 4 respective lines of research may seem now to present a case out of 23 vtable. Alcoholizing males and mating them with of parallelism without interaction, some of the facts already normal. ~emales affected offspring in the same way as did brought to light are encouraging to those who look forward alcoholtzmg females. Nice (62) alcoholized white mice and to a final meeting at a common point. found that I 1.1% of their offspring died young while none Since Aristotle wrote his "History of Anim.als" there has of the offspring of normal controls failed to reached maturity. been contention as to inheritance of acquired characters, from Stockard (84) caused guinea-pigs to inhal:e alcohol six days mutilations to intellectuality. Even sinoe Weismann pickled a week until they showed signs of intoxication. Forty-two his I 592 detailed mice which, through 22 generations, failed ma!ings gave I8 born alive and of these only seven, five of to · show caudate modification, biologists have continued to whtch were runts, survived more than a few weeks. Nine experiment and philosophers to speculate .on this question. control matings gave 17 young, all of which survived and Rib bert ( 8o), to test the effects of blood-constituents on matured normally. The results were practically the same germ cells, injected carmine coloring matter into the veins of whether the male or the female was alcoholized. Mjoen (56) animals, finding most of the organs examined stained in the reports the work of Mairet and Combemale on dogs and that process but the germ cells untouched, showing their unique of Carlo Todde on cocks. Of I2 whelps of an alcoholized isolation and protection. He thinks that a long continuation male and abstinent female, 3 died fortuitously, 2 were still of this process will show germinal modification, and believes born, and 7 died within two months. Acute alcoholization of that as certain body-cells have an affinity for certain sub­ cocks ~illed thel!l without noticeable effect on the germ plasm. stances and poisons, so the germ-cells have theirs, and it is Chrome alcohohsm, however, caused young cocks to lose their the business of the eugenist to discover what they are. A sex1;1al characters . and to cease crowing. The weight of their rather curious speculation in this connection is his idea that testicles was considerably reduced and the spermatic channels a once poisoned germ plasm may in five or six generations were deformed. Perhaps more eugenically suggestive than free itself from the deleterious effects of its once toxic milieu these experiments, however, is the work of the Mendelians. if they be not repeated. The new ism that is with us because Gregor Mendel con­ As to the influence of selection in modifying a species, the sidered the peas of his garden and how they grew is built experiments of J ohanssen with beans which insisted on re­ on the conception of unit characters and their determiners. gressing to the mean of their own pure line no matter what Mendelism regards an individual as a mosaic of independently extreme he bred from; Tower's unsuccessful attempt to get ~nheri~able c~aracters _whose app~arance depends on the way a dark breed of potato beetles by mating the darkest of a m whtch thetr respective determmers are thrown together in medium colored line; Jennings' inability to modify paramecia the ~ygote or ~roduct of t~e union of two germ-cells, each through selection over 20 generations and Pearl's failure to bearmg ~etermmers. To. tllustrat~: Darbishire ( I2) bred raise the egg-laying capacity of hens by selective matings the waltzmg mouse, N ankm N ezttmt, an animal characterized ¥:ithin the same breed would suggest that no modification can by an epileptiform lack of control over its movements with thus be brought about. the common mouse and obtained a first hybrid generation of 39 EUGENICS EUGENICS 40 mice none of which exhibited the waltzing. Mating these of nervous structure, from both parents, he is termed duplex among themselves gave 555 individuals, 95 of which were for that character, if from but one parent, simplex, and if waltzers. from neither parent, nulliplex." " Organisms that appear to be alike, regardless of their From material selected to exclude psychoses and neuroses germinal constitution, are said to be identical phenotypically, produced by disease or accident, and considering ancestral in­ or to belong to the same phenotype. Organisms having iden­ fluences only as far back as grandparents, Rosanoff sum­ tical germinal determiners are said to be genotypi­ marizes his finding in the following table : cally alike, or belong to the same genotype" (92, p. 113). In the first hybrid generation of mice the genotypic character CLOSENESS OF CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN AcruAL FINDINGS AND of waltzing was hidden by the dominance of what Darbishire THEORETICAL EXPECTATION ACCORDING TO THE MENDELIAN THEORY terms th~ " determiner for normality," that is, it was latent or recess1:ve. Neuropathic Offspring Normal Offspring Darbishire also bred a common albino mouse to a waltzer Types of Mating Found Expected Found Expected of similar color save for a patch of yellow on shoulders and I. RRxRR=RR 2. DRxRR =DR+ RR I90 214y.; 239 214y.; haunches. The result was a dark grey hybrid of normal 3. DDxRR=DR 0 0 45 45 movement and black eyes, evidently a case of regression. 4. DRxDR = DD + 2DR + RR I07 Boy.; 2I5 241y.; Mating two of these hybrids gave about one-fourth albinos, s. DDxDR = DD +DR 0 0 77 77 one-half dark colored mice with black eyes, and one-quarter 6. DDxDD=DD 0 0 0 0 pale mice with pink eyes. This generation consisted of Totals ...... 35I 359 586 waltzers and normals occurring in all three color groups, DD duplex (dominant), DR simplex (dominant), RR nulliplex showing that there was no relation between the inheritance (recessive). of color and that of movement and mak,ing a pretty demon­ stration of unit-character transmission. This method of classification and analysis has been adopted Where single unit characters behave as dominant and re­ by other field workers, notably Miss Collins (27) and Miss cessive, as in the case of waltzing and, " normality," the ratio Danielson (I I), whose findings, although suggestive of the of dominants to recessives in the second generation has been mendelizing of neuropathic traits, have not fallen in so closely found to closely approximate 3 to I. Two of the three as Rosanoff's with expectation. The obvious danger of fitting dominants will, if m.ated with their like, split up into the facts to theory is doubtless avoided as much as possible, but same ratio, while one of them will breed true to its kind as the criticism against this method of investigation, that stand­ will the one recessive, when mated to their genotypes. ards of measurement are not yet generally acceptable in Some future Leibniz may fill all the gaps between mouse regard to many traits classified, will hold good until such and man ; but he who cannot intuit the connection between the standards are established. mendelizing of a neurosis in mice and the outcropping of a Goddard's (38) Kallikak Family strongly points to mendel­ similar condition in men probably lacks the determiner for izing in feeble-mindedness, forty-one nulliplex matings giving imagination. f 222 children but two of which were considered definitely PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES feeble-minded. Eight cases of normal mother and feeble­ Darbishire postulated the absence of a determiner for minded father gave ten normal and ten defective offspring, normality of movement in the waltzing mouse. Rosanoff an exact correspondence with expectation. When one parent (8I), in studying the inheritance of · the neuropathic consti­ was feeble-minded and the other undetermined, nearly all the tution in man, assumes that,-" full development and normal children were affected, from which it is inferred that the function of the mental faculties are dependent on the presence other parent was also defective. Here we have a case of of a special determiner in the germ plasm. His ' neuropathic dangerous inference, but here also the distinction should be constitution ' is a blanket term covering several manifestations made between a study largely sociological and suggestive in of an abnormal nervous system, such as insanity, epilepsy nature and those that claim scientific value in the field of and feeble-mindedness. According to neo-mendelian classifi­ heredity. The Kallikak family, on the basis of which eugenic cation, if an individual inherit a determiner, say for normality field work and the mendelian hypothesis have been criticised, 41 EUGENICS EUGENICS 42 is not a scientific memoir, but an interesting and suggestive Adami (I) goes into much greater detail, classifying as description of a piece of pioneer work. " homeomorphous inheritance " the appearance in offspring From a study of I8I fraternities, comprising 206 epileptic of the same influence and symptomatology as characterized individuals, Davenport and Weeks (94) concluded, using the the parent, and as " heteromorphous inheritance " all that mendelian classification, that epilepsy is due to the lack of appears interchangeable, such as migraine, epilepsy, neuras­ a determiner for normal development. Weeks (95) carried thenia, hysteria and the neurotic manifestations in general. this study further, and from 388 different fraternities studied, His list of homeomorphous morbidities is too long to include he concludes that " epilepsy cannot be considered a mendelian here. factor by itself, but that epilepsy and feeble-mindedness are Von Lundborg ( 90) would add dementia precox to the mendelian factors of the recessive type " and " each is due to list of Mendelian recessives. Working among the people of the absence of a protoplasmic factor that determines com­ Listerland, in the south of Sweden, and reckoning only chil­ plete nervous development." dren over I 5 years of age he found: F. W. Mott (6o) analyzed 3,118 cases of related insanity Children made up from I,450 families. He found in I8 families where No. of Families Nature of Mating Normal Affected insanity had been manifest on both sides I I6 children, I6 of II (DDxRR) 44 5 (DRxRR) 20 20 whom died young 39 were suicidal or otherwise nervously dis­ II (DRxDR) 53 24 ordered, and 6I ~pparently normal, making 36% of this set tainted. Ninety families with insanity on one side only It is hardly necessary to mention that the only value of this showed only 9.6% adult offspring affected, 40 having died item from his ponderous study is its suggestiveness, as the young, 33 showing nervous affection and 3I I appearing data are insufficient for a final conclusion. normal. Susceptibility to diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria may The need for refinement of analysis of material studied is or may not be inherited. The controversy regarding the in­ obvious from the foregoing. Even in such a simple case as heritimce of tuberculosis or the diathesis theretoward has been the inheritance of catract, Laughlin ( 5 I) has shown that long and heated. not only is this affection a dominant defect, but that each For several years the statistical artillery of the Galton lab­ type of cataract (lamellar, coraliform, anterior and posterior) oratory has been trained on the problem of tuberculosis. The behaves as a single unit. Thus the generic name cataract may following correlations between husband and wife with regard stand for a compound unit much as the neuropathic constitu­ to phthisis, based on the study of I,ooo marriages, were tion represents a number of potential neurotic manifestations, found: the inheritance of each of which must be studied separately as well as in relation to its fellows. It is also plain that we All poor (Goring)...... -.01 Prosperous poor (Goring)...... 16 have no true and definite standard for " normality " as yet, Middle class (Pearson)...... 24 and no one would sooner admit that this is a purely relative Professional (Williams) ...... 28 term than the serious student of human heredity. From the data already gathered in the field of morbid These correlations, taken with that of .I7 obtained by Pope heredity, Davenport (I3) has tentatively summarized those in a study of 4I, 786 couples who were parents of at least affections which appear to behave as mendelian dominants. one tuberculous child, lead Pearson to place the average co­ These are: faulty enamel, toothlessness, pre-senile cataract, efficient of correlation at .30. Pearson worked out the corre­ night-blindness, poly- and brachy-dactyly, piebaldness and pos­ lation between parent and child for Phthisis and found it to sibly diabetes insipidus. In the normal field, brown eyes, be .55, while Goring with unlike material places it at .52 (86). caused by the presence of a determiner for brown pigment Because Nageli found tuberculosis in 97% of his 500 on the anterior surface of the iris, also act dominantly, render­ autopsies and the studies of various German specialists seem . ing blue eyes, which lack the pigmentation, recessive. The to prove that SO%· of adults who die from other causes have affections behaving recessively are: Thomsen's disease, weak­ suffered from latent or healed tubercular lesions, Pearson ness of the mucous membranes, hemophilia, color-blindness, (72) concludes that certain individuals are relatively immune retinitis pigmentosa, and deaf mutism. and others hereditarily predisposed to this disease. Leaving 43 EUGENICS EUGENICS 44 no room for a possible discovery of variation on the part of and legislation regulating prostitution has been the principal the microbe as well as of the individual, and without evidence metho.d of dealing with the disease until recent years, when satisfactory to sociologists such as Ward (93) or Hobhouse attentiOn has been directed to the medical and educational (42) that there would be a net gain to humanity in cutting aspects. off the entire tuberculous stock, Pearson would uphold In .r864 England passed the Contagious Diseases Act, at­ selective marriages as a solution of the problem. teii?ptmg to regulate prostitution, but repealed it in r886 Saleeby ( 82) calls alcohol a " racial poison " both on the owmg to the popular demand for "personal liberty." Not until 1899, when an International Congress was held at Brus­ score of its congerminal effect as upheld by Forel (28) and sels, did the subject come up again for serious attention. In of the congenital influence on the fetus and mammary secre­ 1905 a~ attempt was made to have the government take the tions which is now generally accepted. Mjoen (56), who matter m hand, but owing to the resignation of Mr. Balfour devoted years of study to a few single cases of alcoholism, nothi_n~ was done at the time. In 1912 the Royal Society of cannot accept Forel's theory of blastophtoria "in any other Medtnne and the Eugenics Education Society appointed a sense than that alcohol prevents the restitution or regenera­ committee to ~eport, and this will be ready soon. In August, tion of already tainted germ plasm." He concludes that 1913, !heMedtcal Congress resolved to give the subject earnest alcohol can only affect sound stock when taken during con­ attention. ception, maternity or lactation. Adami's ( r) teratological Pioneer work in bringing the attention of the American material would probably all come under Mjoen's rubrics, and p~blic to a realization of the hereditary scourge of venereal in fact Fore! (28) and Archdall Reid (77) also take the view disease :vas don~ bJ: Morr?w (59) and a first crop of reports that the racial effects of the poison might be much worse were concermng prostitutiOn and its culture media, is now available. it not that it so thoroughly affects ovary and testicle of those Of these the reports of the Chicago Commission the Com­ especially susceptible to its inroads as to prevent the develop­ mittee of Fifteen of New York, Kneeland's recent survey of ment of much unfitness. conditions in New York City, and Doctor Flexner's summary A second racial poison is lead, which, according to Oliver of prostitution in Europe are the most notable. (70), who has given it a most extensive study, diminishes the number of red corpuscles in the blood of lead workers, works havoc with the reproductive powers of both men and women SociOLOGICAL STUDIES and is a notable cause of abortion. Details of the several . P~rhaps the light of Galton's idea of breeding better men hundred pregnancies investigated and recorded by Oliver (70) Is dimmed beneath the bushel of the accepted definition of and Adami ( r) cannot be given here, but, speaking generally Eugenics as " the study of agencies under social control that it would seem that " . . . the malign influence of lead is may impro~e or impair the welfare of future generations," reflected upon the fetus and on the continuation of pregnancy but. befor~ It can be set upon the hill-top it must square with 94 times out of roo when both parents have been working in social eth!cs. We cann~t cast the bantling on Lycurgan rocks lead, 92 times when the mother alone is affected, and 63 times nor consign our weaklmgs to the Platonic lethal chamber. when it is the father alone who has worked in lead." (70, The problem, then, is to determine who are the fit and how p. 200.) best to eliminate the defective, by other than th~se simple To the foregoing genotoxins must be added those of syphilis means used centuries ago. and gonorea, diseases whose occultation from general public The ancients regarded idiots, imbeciles the feeble-minded consideration has until recently been nearly complete. Since and neurotic as god-cursed and fit only for reproach and the great European epidemic supposed to have started in pers.ec~ttion. The Spartans. made short work of them. Early Galicia, Spain, in 1494 and which spread over France, Ger­ Chnshans were compassiOnate and merciful. Confucius. many and Switzerland in 1495, Holland and Greece 14¢, Zoroast~r and .Mohammed advocated charity toward them: England and Scotland 1497, and Russia and Hungary 1499 In mediaeval times they became court fools or wandering there have been recurrent rises and falls in the wave of effort " et;fants ~u bon Dieu." \Vith Luther and Calvin came perse­ to exterminate the plague. In 1496 the French parliament cution agam, and they were treated much as they are in some required all persons affected to leave the city within twenty­ American schools to-day, and worse. Then appeared Pestal­ four hours. The problem was not solved so easily, however, ozzi, practicing what Rousseau preached, followed by Froebel, 45 EUGENICS EUGENICS 46

and child study began. Dr. Itard experimented with the detained in an institution for lunatics or a criminal lunatic " Sauvage d' Aveyron " along Froebelian lines and led Seguin asylum; or 4, who is a habitual drunkard within the meaning to see a great light in the change wrought in the wild boy. of the Inebriates Acts, 1879-1900; or 5, in whose case such In 1837 Seguin founded a school for idiots in Paris and later notice has been given by the local ·education authority; or 6, brought his gospel to America. who is in receipt of poor relief at the time of giving birth In 1842 Guggenbuhl studied the cretins in Olienthal valley, to an illegitimate child or when pregnant of such child. Switzerland, continuing his work at an asylum near Berne This bill, the whole of which covers some forty legal pages until, through his influence, a colony for cretins was founded with further details has been attacked severely by writers in at Interlaken with cottages and hospital. Fresh air, sunlight, the English press, on both medical and sociological grounds. variety of stimuli and good food improved many patients Only a passing reference can be made to it here as an indica­ notably. In 1850 Guggenbuhl was impeached for charlatan­ tion of the fact that the problem of the feeble-minded has at ism and the institution abolished. He died in 1865, protesting last become a national one. · innocence. Through Horace Mann and George Summer, Seguin's work Saegert started a class for imbeciles in Berlin in 1845 and was made known in America and in 1854 the first idiot­ by 1881, 32 such classes were formed. Since then the idea asylum and training school was established at Albany, N. Y. of training schools for backward and defective children has The following year Massachusetts opened a school of like spread widely through Germany. nature, followed by Pennsylvania in 1852. Since then the The writings of William Twining on Guggenbuhl's work number of state institutions has grown to 35, there are 19 led the Misses White to found a private school for defectives private training schools, and in 1911, 99 cities had public at Bath, England, in 1843. In 1848, Park House, High Gate, school classes for mentally defective pupils, and 220 had was made the home of 27 children and two years later these, classes for the mentally backward. with 23 more, were removed to Essex Hall, near Colchester. Colonies for epileptics have been established in Connecticut, Since that time the interest in and attention given to this Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, problem has increased to national dimensions. Ohio, Texas and Virginia. Iowa has made an appropriation The Mental Deficiency Bill (55), " an act to make further for a colony, Illinois has appropriated $500,000 for a site and and better provision for the care of the feeble-minded and plant ultimately to cost $1,ooo,ooo, and Michigan has begun other mentally defective persons and to amend the lunacy acts," work on an institution to include a farm of 1,000 acres. was passed by the House of Commons on July 30th, 1913, was Aiming to establish norms of mental development up from slightly amended by the Lords August 12th, 1913, and will the lowest types of amentia to complete normality, the research come into operation on April 1st, 1914. This Act does not laboratory of the Training School at Vineland, N. J., has extend to Scotland or Ireland. tested several thousand children by the Binet-Simon scale, A person who is a defective may be dealt with under this slightly modified to fit American conditions. No sweeping Act by being sent to or placed in an institution for defectives generalizations have been made, but the data thus far col­ or placed under guardianship- lected suggest that feeble-minded infants are heavier at birth (a) At the instance of his parent or guardian, if he is an than normals, lower grades of defectives arrive at puberty idiot or imbecile, or at the instance of his parent if he is earlier than the higher grades, form mastery develops early under the age of twenty-one; or and is correlated with the curve of intelligence, number con­ (b) If in addition to being a defective he is a person-I, cept rarely develops in the feeble-minded and mathematical who is found neglected, abandoned, or without visible means ability never, and the Mongolian type of imbecility inay be of support, or cruelly treated ; or 2, who is found guilty of due to intra-uterine arrest of development perhaps at about any criminal offense, or who is ordered or found liable to the second month. Biochemical and neurological examination be ordered to be sent to a certified industrial school; 3, who is made of all cases and biochemical analysis made in all cases is undergoing imprisonment (except imprisonment under civil where autopsy is permitted. Cumulative evidence of the role process), or penal servitude, or is undergoing detention in a played by heredity in all classes of mental defect is also place of detention by order of a court, or in a reformatory or notable in the results of the laboratory's investigations. A industrial school, or in an inebriate reformatory, or who is report on the heredity of feeble-mindedness and its relation 47 EUGENICS EUGENICS 48

to social problems is now in preparation. This will be a found, among 737 persons dealt with, 136 feeble-mind~d, IO study of 327 cases from the Vineland Institution, including epileptic, 24 showing criminal tendencies and 8 prostitutes. 327 charts, over 200 portraits of children, a brief description Alcoholism in greater or lesser degree charactenzed nearly and history of each child, a statistical study of the data from all, 65 received state aid and 37 were state wards. several standpoints including the various supposed causes of The Hucks, a degenerate family of farmhands, wood~ feeble-mindedness, such as alcohol, syphilis, tuberculosis, in­ choppers, etc., made up mainly of the moron class of defec~ juries at birth, fevers and heredity. The relation of all this tives, are being analyzed by a field worker for one of the to the social problems of alcoholism, pauperism, crime, prosti­ large hospitals of Massachusetts. Her results. are ~ot yet tution, etc., will be treated. Doctor Goddard (38), Director ready for publication, but thus far 315 Hucks, mcludmg 121 of the laboratory, has already preluded this work in the re­ others who married into the family, have been included in the markable report of the Kallikak Family, from one member of study. There have been 112 matings producing 12 epilepti~s, which sprang 496 known descendants all but two of whom so alcoholics, 52 sexually immoral, s6 probably sexually dis­ were respectable and useful citizens and also, through a clan­ eased, 48 feeble-minded, all morons. Since. 186o the town destine mating with a feeble-minded girl, 480 mediocre and they inhabit has appropriated $13,555 for thetr care. sub-normal individuals, 143 of whom were distinctly feeble­ " The Villapsychology has not gripped in that country. Europe first generally dis~ and sociology rolled into one problem of formidable bulk. It cussed the subject, according to Ellis (21), in 1909, when two is in the latter two elements that he finds the greatest difficulty. women and two men, inmates of a Swiss asylum at Wit Flick (26), as mouthpiece of the Roman Catholic Church, (Berne) were sterilized by castration and ovariotomy and gives his view of Eugenics thus: · allowed to go free. Since then much has been written on "The definition of Eugenics as given by the Eugenics Education the psycho-physical effects of different methods of sterilizing Society . . . the program of the Eugenics Congress and many and on the social aspects of the problem, the consensus of of the ideas that were expressed at that congress; most of the books expert opinion being presented to the Eugenics Congress in which have been recently written on the subject . . . . ~akes a discordant hodge-podge of bad philosophy, overgrown humamty born 1912 by VanWagenen (89). The principal conclusion is that of extremely diluted, ill ~ nourished, anaemic Christianity and an un-· segregation should be urged and sterilization resorted to only conscious erotism which does not bode well for civilization." in extreme cases and then only with the consent of the patient or those responsible for him. From the anti-religious and ultra socialistic standpoint, The cosmopolitanism of the United States renders its eugenic measures are even worse painted. Swift (85), writ­ national eugenic problem extremely complex. Not only must ing of the millionaire, declares that,-" We child breed and legislation be aimed at keeping up the level of the actual stock, place ourselves in the jaws of these gentle gorgons who crunch but an eye must be kept on the stream of foreign germplasm their riches out of all honest workers. . . . Those decent that constantly flows in from all sides. enough to abhor having their children mature as servile grooms From 1892 to 1912 the number of aliens debarred from of the rich abstain from having families; these abstainers are entrance to the United States was 169,132, the causes being: thoughtful, spirited and better, whose offspring would make pauperism or likelihood of becoming a public charge 58.2%, for a higher population, and the meaner, stupider, cravener contagious diseases 15.8%, contract labor 12.7%. The remain­ become the general begetters and the race rots." Under pres­ ing 13.3% were defectives, such as professional beggars, an­ ent conditions of capitalistic rule he thinks the family becomes archists, the feeble-minded, prostitutes, etc. The proportion the " microbe of society " and the limitation of population of those refused entrance at port of entry to those detained is but the " strike of calving slaves " who refuse to" contribute by examination at port of departure, Fairchild (23) estimates their nest of children to the wheels of toil." Next in order at about 4 to 1. He regards American inspection methods of evil to the millionaire is the church, his minion, which has thorough as regards the feeble-minded, but the committee kept the people " brutishly ignorant that they might beastfully of the American Breeders' Association, (79) appointed to breed " and the " fortunate collapse of religion has removed investigate this matter reported that (a) immigration laws the check of ignorance concerning the means " and the " boy­ are inadequate to exclude the unfit, (b) inspection is not cott on the procreation of tenders and feeders of the swilling thorough, and (c) inspectors are too few in number and ap­ rich" is upon us. The only justification of breeding to-day parently not trained in the best methods for the detection of is for the purpose of destroying the system of fixed incomes mental deficiency. The inspector's side of the matter has been which has placed us in bondage. "The new race must be presented by Glueck, Knox and others ( 63-69). absolute revolutionists " if there is to be racial salvation. Mr. Lathrop Brown of New York (3b) brought the here­ " The French alliances, casting about batlike for the smallest ditary aspects of immigration before Congress and it may be possible bribes to spur the people to propagate " have for their hoped that his voice is that of one crying in the wilderness object the continuation of the present function of marriage to make ready the coming of a eugenic attitude on the part of which is to " multiply the young for the hoppers of the rich " 51 EUGENICS EUGENICS 52 and Eugenics is a sop thrown out to attract attention from Havelock Ellis ( 20), while he does not consider that the vital problems of the hour. Eugenics comes within the sphere o.f religio~, is .confident of Flick (26) when he wrote of the irreligiousness of Eugen­ the final triumph of the eugenic tdeal whtc~ ts! . ics and claimed for the church the control of family relations " but the reasoned manifestation of a natural mstmct, whtch and the creation of new souls had evidently overlooked or has often been far more severely strained by the arbitrary ignored much of the more general literature on Eugenics in prohibitions of the past than it is ever likely to be. by any which is to be found great earnestness in advocating, and more eugenic ideals of the future. . . . The new Samt Val­ or less clearness in presenting, the subject in the sense that entine will be a saint of science .rather than of folk-lore." In Galton himself regarded it, a part of the religion as well as another book ( 19) Ellis has rendered us a real service by of the science of years to come. presenting the main outline of the eugenics movement from Saleeby (82) whose contemplation of Galton's New Jeru­ the standpoint of one who has devoted his life. to some of the salem is not distracted by too close attention to any one of deepest and most important aspects of ractal welfare and its many mansions tells us of Eugenics: racial misery. . . "It honors men and women by declaring that· human parenthood is Ellen Key (so), in her splendid appeal to ~candmavtan crowned with responsibility to the unborn, and to all time coming women to awaken to the call of a new freedom, coms the word . . . and it makes a sober and dignified claim to be regarded as a constituent of the religion of the future. . . . Eugenics must Erotoplastics, to be for her what Eugenics. was !O Galton. H~r become a living part of our religion-a religion of the most lofty emphasis rests largely on the psycholo~pca~ stde of eugemc and austere because the most altruistic, a religion which sets before problems and invokes the law of love m tts best refin~ment it a sublime ideal, the intrinsic ennoblement of mankind. . . . We to settle many perplexities that mankind has m_ade for ttsel!. must create a Eugenic aspect for the moral sense. . . . If we have transferred our hopes from heaven to earth and from ourselves Again (49) she glances at the work of others 1~ the eugemc to our children they are no less religious 'and they that shall be of field long enough to show us her comprehensive sympathy us shall build up the old waste places; for we shall raise up the foun­ thereof and then goes on to re-emphasize the . Spencerian dations of many generations.' " method of treating childhood and to set forth a wtde program Dawson ( 15) portrays Jesus as the biological culmination of education to fit coming generations for better parenthood of a long line of religio-moralists who should be, on the than has ever been in the world before. Libraries that pru­ ethical side, our eugenic ideal. His doctrine of woman and dishly taboo these works because thei~ doct~ine does not in motherhood strikes a chord that, as Grassl (39) has shown, every way accord with our own Amencan vtew of lov.e and needs heeding in this feministic day, for, "What shall it profit marriage do the public a great wrong. They belong m the a woman if she gain the whole world of academic and social front rank of positive eugenic l.iteratUJ;e. . distinction and lose her own soul of motherhood? " David Starr Jordan, in a senes of httle w_htte-bound b?Oks, Chamberlain (6) thinks that all may be well if Eugenics has been preaching a eugenic gosp~l with mtghtJ: empha~ts ~n " can always retain a sense of the divinity of the greatest the dysgenic horror of war, graphtcally. elaborat~ng. Ben Ja'?m human passion, and sustain the 'test of Shakespeare's immortal Franklin's dictum that the price of war ts not patd m wartime dictum." Decrying military eugenics, breeding better food for but " the bills come later." In one ( 44) he proposes that powder, and all semblances of the human stud farm, he be­ " the blood of a nation determines its history " and likewise lieves-" The preservation of the family ( eugamy) must form that " the history of a nation determines its blood." He shows a part of what has been called the ' chivalry ' of Eugenics us Napoleon's trail of blood over Europe and even to the f_oot and the ultimate eubiosis must be thor- of the pyramids, the mounds of skulls ploughed up and ptled oughly human." high by European peasants who are. " chained to the wh~els Mr. and Mrs. Whetham (98) have not forgotten to include of toil" and are marked with slantmg brow and heavy Jaw the religious aspects of Eugenics for, " without religion and because they are of an inferior stock, left to live and multiply without morals there is apparently no possibility of existence on the fields fertilized with the blood of a better type. In for the human race, and . . . a sense of right and another ( 45) he continues the thesis that war is bad and that wrong and a recognftion of some outside influence moulding the human harvest reaped by death in wartime is a harvest human nature has become part of the unconscious heritage of the best the nations breed. He exaggerates the role of of mankind." war in the making and breaking of nations, and does so pur- 54 53 EUGENICS EUGENICS human felicity. This means according to the newest and highest posely by harping largely on one string. " I would show the psycho-genetic criticism simply tha~ J~hovah's. laws. are at. bo.tt?m ' ugly, old, and wrinkled truth stripped clean of all the vesture those of eugenics. The supreme cntenon of v1rtue mdee~ 1s hvmg that beguiles,' " he says, and has no use for those that claim in every item for the interests of posterity. The world 1s for the chosen, the best. It belongs to those who come after us, w~o will an intrinsic good for war. In a more individualistic study be in number like the grains of sand upon the shore. That the1r seed (4~) he sets. forth the principles of heredity simply and fail not is the supreme blessing. The entire Old Testa~ e nt fro.m luc1dly, showmg the bearing of biological studies on race im­ the myth of Eden to the latest prophets needs a new eugemc exegesis, provement and making a mind-touching plea for all that Galton while the dominant theme of the New Testament is love, the strongest thing in the soul of man, centered upon service and welfare of the looked forward to in the broadest sense of the term Eugenics. race. Love and serve God and man ; that is the quintessence of our Again, in " War and Waste " ( 47) he leads us over the religion. We only need to turn a little larger portion of the love battlefields of the world, shows us the huge war debts in and service we have directed toward God, who does not need it, to man who does, and we have eugenics, for who serves mankind so ~g~res followed by " endless caravans of ciphers " which much as he who transmits the sacred torch of heredity, which 'is md1cate that not only have we impoverished the future bio­ the most precious of all wreaths and worths, undimmed ~o later logically by the destruction of hosts of " the best that we generations by bringing more and better men and women mto the breed " but that economically also we have, as the editor of world and rearing them to the fullest possible matu_rity? Read ~n this field and you will see only what has so long ,Iam concealed m Life puts it, " Long since passed the simple kindergarten stage Christianity standing forth here revealed. The beatitudes are full of of living beyond our means ; we are now engaged in living it. The meek inherit the earth on the simple biological law that ~ey?nd the means of generations to come." Dives, of Kip­ overindividuation is at the expense of genesis and beyond a certain hng s parable poem, Jordan thinks is none other than Baron point inversely as it. . . . Christianity has never said all it meant. Rotchschild and to him and the unseen empire of money-power It is not yet all revealed to man." is mortgaged the earth i~ payment for its armed peace, so that our young men who w1sh to marry and cannot because of PosiTIVE STUDIES their economic condition have farther to look than the mere cost of butter and eggs. It is a somber and dispiriting pic­ Galton's optimism concerning the discovery of a standard tur~ that is p~inted, and yet one ca~not help feeling the truth of civic worth by which to measure fitness for parenthood ha~ of 1t and findmg as potent a eugemc sermon in a battle-ship led some of his lesser disciples to. make indiscriminate use of as he does in a familY: of Jukes. " What will be the end, no the term "racially fit." There is, however, an increasing one can say. There 1s a steady growth of 'unrest' among number of investigators whose work has been stimulated by the taxpayers of the world. There would be a still more vio­ the pragmatic coloring of this ideal. The following samples lent ' unrest ' if posterity could be heard from. And in its of this pioneer work will doubtless seem to the scientific pos­ ~ime ~osterity can save i!sel! from utter ruin only by new terity of its authors much as Aristotle's" History of Animals" mventwns and new expl01tabons or by a frugality of admin­ does to the neo-Darwinian. They are taken as typical of what istration of which no nation gives an example to-day." might be termed the Galtonian school of investigators. President Hall (4I) has shown us the one-ness of Eugenics Winship (97) records I,394 of the I,900 descendants of and all that is best in the best religions of the world, and his Jonathan Edwards, finding among them I3 college presidents, words in regard to the Christian aspect are too comprehensive 65 professors, 6o physicians, IOO clergymen, 75 army and navy to be treated otherwise than by quoting as they stand: officers, 6o prominent authors, IOO lawyers, 30 judges, 8o pub­ lic officials, 3 senators, and many influential and manufac, " The slogan of eugenics, a new religion, the religion of this world not of another, has caught the imagination and won the applaus~ turing men. ?f many who. ~re critical if not hos~ile .to Christianity. But why call Woods ( 99) collected data relative to 832 members of 1t a new rehg10n? Is not all of 1t s1mply a legitimate new inter­ European royalty, graded 67I of them from I to IO, from pretation of our Christianity? Is it not all latent in our Scriptures? feeble-mindedness to genius and found constellations of both Was anything more characteristic of the ancient Hebrews of Old Testament days than their purity and to keep the purity of their so notable, and correlations of resemblance in character be­ blood, than duties of parents to children and vice versa. and is there tween father and son so marked, that he was led to conclude any trait more peculiar to the Jews in our day than that they excel that heredity played a very important part in making up the all races save perhaps one in fecundity? The very covenant of J aveh intelligence and morality of his subjects. In intellect he found with Abraham was that if he kept God's law his seed should be as the stars of heaven for multitude, as if that were indeed the chief the father-son correlation to be .30 and the same in morals. 55 EUGENICS EUGENICS 56

His classification and rating is arbitrary, and most of the Following Galton's (29) suggestion as to the value of arguments brought against Galton's "Hereditary Genius," and studying correlations of ability in school and university work, even .more have been directed against this study, but the fact Schuster ( 86) and Miss Elderton grouped 4,000 Oxford that It was made is all that concerns us here. graduates who took or failed to take their degrees between In " The Influence of Monarchs," Woods ( 100) considers the years 1800 and 1892, and whose fathers had also been up the several arguments against his methods and continues to for the degree, so that 2.459 fell into a section going back make use of much the same system of classification and as far as 1862. This later group was made up of 149 first analysis not only in the treatment of some 368 rulers, but of honor men, 329 second, 377 third, 190 fourth, 868 pass degree the plus or minus characteristics of the social order in the men and 546 that failed. Subdividing these she classes ac­ periods which fell under their influence. The work is essen­ cording to the nature of the degree taken by the father, the tially an app~ication of biometric methods to history and to percentages where the father had taken either a first or second Dr. \Noods It adumbrates a science of historiometry upon class degree were, respectively to the six class~s: 36.2, 3_2:2, which the eugenist may sometime profitably draw. The corre­ 29-4, 13.8, and 12.8. The coefficient of correlation for ability lations between the personalities of the rulers and the altera­ between father and son in this series was found to be ·3 or tions in the material conditions of the fourteen European almost a third. countries studied suggest-" That the monarchs have, to a A more ambitious study was made by Pearson (74) and a very large extent, caused the changing conditions and not the corps of assistants who, during a period of ~v~ years, col­ reverse-that the monarchs have been the product of the lected data on the physical and mental charactenstlcs of school­ environment in which they lived." children and subjected it to n:athem~tical analy~is.. For Woods also culled from Jameson's "Dictionary of U. S. health, eye color, hair color, hair curliness, cephalic mdex, History" and Lippincott's " Biographical Dictionary of the head height, head breadth and head length, the mean co­ World" the fact that there were relationships in the cases efficients of correlation were, for brothers and brothers .54, of 1.3 .Lees, II Adams', 10 Lowell's, 9 Dwights, 8 Trumbulls, sisters and sisters ·53 and for brothers and sisters .51. Fot 7 Livi~gstons, 7 Bayards, 6 Irvings, 6 Sewalls, 6 Prescotts, 5 vivacity, assertativeness, introspection,. popularity, consc_ien­ Channmgs, 5 Edwards, 5 Mathers, 5 Randolphs and 5 Win­ tiousness, temper, ability and handwntmg, .the correlatiOns throp~ besides 100 other families in which from 2 to 4 noted were for brother and brother .52, sister and sister .51, brother Amencans could be found related. Further, he looked into and sister .52. Discrepancies, unavoidable errors, an~ the fact the family histories of 46 pre-eminent Americans in the Hall that the personal equation of the .teachers who furmshe? the of Fame and found that 26 out of that number showed emi­ data influenced results all taken mto account, Pearson Is led nent relationships. the total being 57, a figure greatly in excess to conclude that ment~l and physical characters are inherited of what random expectation calls for. in the same manner and in about the same intensity. Bio­ The fact that a cataract of eminence seems to tumble from metrica the official organ of the Galton laboratory, presents a single parental source, as in the case of the Jonathan Ed­ a serie~ of the most elaborate statistical studies, nearly all w~rds group, does not satisfy the biometrician, who rightly bearing on the problem of trait-inh.eritance an~ it~ correlation Wishes to make an exhaustive analysis of all the important with environmental factors. Provided the gnst IS good that ~leme~ts ;vhic.h make u~ character. Shuster (86) reports an is fed into this mathematical mill there can be little doubt mvestigatlon m correlatiOn between the sensitiveness of skin but that the experts in charge of the machinery are competent in adults and their parents by means of the aesthesiometer. to feed the multitude, hungry for eugenic loaves, with the Thus fa~ in ~he ~tudy the coefficient seems to be about .29. best there is, in time. In reactiOn time It has been found to be ·33 for visual and Doctor Alexander Graham Bell (4a), whose work upon .27 for auditory stimuli. These methods like those of deaf-muteness will doubtless remain one of the classic studies Thorndike (88) who found resemblances b~twe e n twins by in pioneer cacogenics is now engaged in research which prom­ the methods of experimental psychology to be never lower ises to add a notable contribution to positive Eugenics in the than .69 and sometimes as high as .90, indicate the trend near future. toward applying accurate measurements wherever possible in­ Eugenic field-work, the getting material at first h~nd, !s stead of depending on the schedule or the questionnaire. perhaps the most serious problem of the present day m this EUGENICS 58 57 EUGENICS SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY order of research. A great deal of the work now being done will be valuable only as the clearing a stony field of its cum­ I. ADAMI, J. GEO. The Principles of Pathology. Phila., Lea & Febiger, I9IO. I027 p. . brous population is of value. The field worker must now do 2. ARNER, GEo. B. L. Consanguineous Marriages in the Amencan his or her duty in the face of the fact that there are no ade­ Population. N. Y., Columbia Univ. Press, I!)08. 99 p. . quate standards to measure that which should be reported 3· BATESON, WM. Problems in Genetics. New Haven, Yale Umv. feeble-mindedness, neuropathic make-up, special or general Press, I9I3. 258 p. . ability, etc. Normality is a word in common use among 4· ----. Biological Fact and the Structure of Soctety. Ox­ ford The Clarendon Press, I9I2. 34 p. pedigree builders-obviously a blanket term, obviously arbi­ 4a. BELL, A~EXA NDER GRAHAM . Upon the Formation of. a Deaf Va­ trary but certainly necessary until there be a better one. riety of the Human Race. Mem. Nat. Acad. Set., 1883, Vol. Davenport ( 13) has brought together in book form the 2, pp. 179-262. . . . main lines of eugenic research, especially those started in 4b. BROWN, Hon. LATHROP. On Heredtty and Immtgratton. Con- America. Besides the tentative list already mentioned of gressional Rej:ord, I9I4, Vol. 51, pp. 2729-2734. . 5· BERTILLON, J. La Depopulation de Ia France. Pans, Felix abnormalities that will probably be shown to mendelize, he Alcan, 1911. 346 p. . lists the inheritance of nearly a hundred specific diseases and 5a. CASTLE, CouLTER, DAVENPORT, E'!ST, TOWER. Heredtty and abnormalities as well as typical cases of heredity in qualities Eugenics. Chicago, Chicago Umv. Press: I9I2. 310 p .. such as eye color, hair color and hair form, skin color, stature, 6. CHAMBERLAIN , A. F. Eugenics : Monroe s Encyclopedta of -t Educ., N. Y., Macmillan, 19II, Vol. 2, pp. 514-518. . musical, mechanical, calculating, literary, artistic and memory 7· CHAPPLE, W. A. The Fertility of the Unfit. Melbourne, Whtt- abilities. An adumbration of future geographical charting of combe & Tombs, 1903· 127 p. hereditary traits, already begun in a small way, and a sugges­ 8. CHURCH, WM. S. 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Memoirs, No. 4, Dulau & Co., .1907· 53 p. criterion of worth for each human strain and stock. The i-19. ELLIS, H AVELOCK. The Problem of Race Regeneration. N. Y., stamping and rating of humanity according to parental fitness Cassell, 191 r. 70 p. ----. The Task of Social Hygiene. Lond., Constable, is not impossible, say these workers, and just in proportion 20. -1- 1912. 414 p. as we are led to share their faith and give them our co-opera­ ----. The Sterilization of the Unfit. Eug. Rev., 1910, Vol. -+-21. tion, not without criticism, will the science of rational selec­ I, pp. 203-206. . tion become real. EsTABROOK, A. H ., and DAVENPORT, C. B. The Nam Famtly. ~ - E. R. 0 . Memoir No. 2, Cold Spring Harb<;>r, 1912. 85 p. 23. FAIRCHILD, H . P . Immigration. N. Y., Macmtllan, 1913. 455 p. 24. FfRE: C La Famille Neuropathique. Paris, Alcan, 1898, 352 pp. 25. FrEL~, j. A. The Progress of Eugenics. Quart. Journ. Eco­ nomics, 19II, Vol. 26, pp. r-68. 26. FLICK, L. Eugenics. Phila., McVey, 1913. 39 p. 59 EUGENICS EUGENICS 60

FLOOD, E. and CoLLINS, M. A Study of Heredity in Epilepsy. s6\' MJOEN, J. A. Effect of Alcoholism on the Germ Plasm. Prob­ Am. Jour. of Insanity, 19IJ, Vol. 6), pp. 585-6o3. lems in Eugenics, 1913, Vol. 2, pp. 182-188. FoREL, AuGUST. The Sexual Question. N. Y., Rebman, 1908. .1.... MoREL, B. A. Traite des degenerescences physique, intellect­ 530 p. ~ uelles, et morales de l'espece humaine. Paris, Balliere, r8S7· 29· GALTON, FRANCIS. Hereditary Genius. Lond., Macmillan, 18g2. 700 p. . . P . M (First Edition I87I). 368 p. 58. MoREAU, J. La psychologte morb1de, etc. ans, v·1ctor asson, 30. ----. English Men of Science. Lond., Macmillan, 1874. I8S9· 575 p. 270 p. 59. MoRROW, P. A. Social Diseases and Marriage. N. Y., Lea Bros., Jt\S1· ----. Inquiries into the Human Faculty. N.Y., Macmillan, I9I4. 400 p. . . . . I88J. 38o p. .J._6o. MoTT, F. W. Heredity and Eugemcs m Relation to Insamty. J2. ----. - . Natural Inheritance. Lon d., Macmillan, I88g. 259 p. London, Problems in Eugenics, Eugenic Educ. Soc., I9I2, 33· -- --. The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed Vol. I, pp. 400-428. . under Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment. Nature, 61. NEARING, ScoTT. Race Suicide vs. Over Population. Pop. SC1. 1901, Vol. 64, pp. 659-665. Mo., I9II, Vol. 78, pp. 8I-8J. J4. ----. Eugenics ; its Definition, Scope and Aims. Amer. 62. NICE, L. B. Comparative Studies of the Effects of Alcohol on Jour. of Social., I904, Vol. IO, pp. 1-6. Reproduction and Growth. Jour. of Exper. Zoo!., 1912, Vol. 35· ----. Restrictions in Marriage and Studies in National 12, pp. I33-IS2. . . Eugenics. Soc. Papers for 190S, Lond., Macmillan, IgOO, 63-69. Numerous Articles in the New York Med1cal Journal dunng pp. I-49. . I9IJ-I9I4. ----. Essays in Eugenics. Lond., Eug. Ed. Soc., 1909. 70. OLIVER, THOS. Diseases of Occupation. Lond., Methuen, I908. 109 p. ...\._ 37· ----. Memories of My Life. Lond., Methuen, 1908. 32 p . 71. ORfJA~SKY J. 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The Inhentance· o f t h e N europat h1c. const .l-· London, Appleton, 19II. 249 p. tution. Journ. Amer. Med. Assn., 19I2, Vol. 58, pp. 1266-1269. 49· KEY, ELLEN. Love and Marriage. N. Y., Putnam, I9II. 399 p. 82. SALEEBY, C. W. Parenthood and Race Culture. N. Y., Cassell, so. ----. The Century of the Child. N. Y., Putnam, I9Q9. 19Q9. 331 p. 339 p. 83. SMITH T. L. Some European Institutions for the Protection of 5I. LAUGHLIN, H. H. The Behavior of the Unit-Like Series. Amer­ Motherhood and the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Ped. ican Breeders' Association Ann. Report, I9I2, Vol. 7, pp. 304- 312. Sem. 1912, Vol. 19, pp. 101-III. 52. ----. Eugenics Record Office. Report No. I. Cold Spring 84. STOCKA~D, CHAS. R. An Experif!!ental Study of Racial Degen­ Harbor, I9IJ. 28 p. eration in Mammals treated w1th Alcohol. Arch. of Internal Medicine, 1912, Vol. 10, pp. 369-398. ~53· McCuLLOCH, 0. C. The Tribe o(. Ishmael. Indianapolis, Char. \ Org. Soc., 18g1. 8 p. 85. SwiFT, M. I. Marriage and Race Death. N. Y., Swift, 1go6. 54· McDoUGAL, WM. A Practical Eugenic Suggestion. Sociological 270 p. Papers. London, Macmillan, 1907, Vol. 3, pp. 53-104. 86. ScHUSTER, EDGAR. Eugenics. Lond., Collins, 19I2. 264 p. ss. Mental Deficiency Bill. London, Wyman and Sons, 1913. 47 p. 87. Treasury of Human Inheritance. Eug. Lab., Lond., 1912. S73 p. 61 EUGENICS

88. THORNDIKE, E. L. Educational Psychology. N. Y., Columbia Univ. Press, 1910. 248 p. "'{.. 89. VAN W AGENEN. Preliminary Report . . . on the Best Prac­ tical Means for Cutting off the Defective Germ Plasm from the Human Population. Problems in Eugenics, Vol. I, pp. 400-479· go. VoN LuNDBORG, H. Medizinisch-biologische Familien; Forschun­ gen innerhalb eines 2232 Kopfigen Bauerngeschlechtes in Schweden. J ena. G. Fischer, 1913. 2 vols. 91. WALLACE, A. R. Social Environment and Moral Progress. Lond., Cassell, 1913. 163 p. -/.92. WALTER, H. E. Genetics. N. Y., Macmillan, 1913. 272 p. 93· WARD, L. F. Applied Sociology. N. Y., Ginn, rgo6. 384 p. 94· WEEKS, D. F. and DAVENPORT, C. B. A First Study in the Inheritance of Epilepsy. Journ, of Nerv. and Ment. Disease, I9II, Vol. 38, pp. 641-670. 95- WEEKS, D. F. The Inheritance of Epilepsy. Prob. in Eug., Vol. I, pp. 62-99. g6. WILcox. The Statistician's Idea of Progress. Internat. Journ. of Ethics, I913, Vol. 23, pp. 275-298 . .J 97. WINSHIP, A. E. Jukes-Edwards. Harrisburgh, Penn., Myers, 1 r 1900. 88 p. 98. WHETHAM, C. & C. D. An Introduction to Eugenics. Lond., Macmillan, I9I2. 66 p. 99. WooDs, F. A. Heredity in Royalty. N. Y., Holt, I906. 3I2 p. 100. ----. The Influence of Monarchs. N. Y., Macmillan, 1913. 421 p. NOTE: An extensive working bibliography of eugenics and the inheritance of mental defect is published by the New York State Board of Charities, Albany.