DOCSLIB.ORG

623 P-32.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
623 P-32.Pdf EUGENICS By A. E. HAMILTON INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL The bubbling over of Eugenics from laboratory and learned society into the public press has left many of us inquiring, with Rabbi Ben Ezra-" We all surmise, they this thing and I that: whom shall my soul believe? " Chestertonian marriage by the police, Schopenhaurian sterilization of all scoundrels, Nietzschean breeding of supermen to run the human race, and even the popular baby-show are regarded as near of kin to what Conklin calls this "infant industry." Eugenics has been epitomized by Chamberlain ( 6), Field (25), and others, while Davenport (I3), Kellicott (48) and Schuster (86) have presented the subject in greater detail. The volum·e of literature claiming to be eugenic grows daily larger and it is the purpose of this paper to review a part of it. Pre-Galtonian writings of eugenic flavor, such as the Bible with its record of the first wholesale elimination of the unfit in the story of Noah; Plato's Republic advocating a lethal chamber to take the place of Lycurgan rocks; Aristotle's pre­ natal speculations; the song of Theognis of Megara; Cam­ panella's utopian city of Platonic pattern; ante-nuptial inspec­ tions as pictured by Sir Thomas Moore; Malthusian concern for the feeding of the species-all these must be passed by with a mere mention. The present eugenics movement sprang from the great mutation in thought initiated by Darwin's "The Origin of Species" in I859 and had its specific starting point in two articles by Francis Galton in MacMillan's Magazine, June and August, I865. Their thesis, that better men could be bred by conscious selection, was continued in " Hereditary Genius " ( 29) published in I869. This was an elaborate and painstaking study of the biogra­ phies of 977 men who would rank, according to Galton's estimate, as about I in 4,000 of the general population in respect to achievement. The number of families found con­ taining more than one eminent man was 300, divided as fol­ lows: Judges 85, Statesmen 39, Commanders 27, Literary 33, 29 EUGENICS EUGENICS 30 Scientific 43, Poets 20, Artists 28, Divines 25. The strong William McDougal next focused the attention of the Society constellations of interrelated eminence led to the conclusion on Eugenics when, in 19o6, he made "A Practicable Eugenic that heredity played a very important part in achievement Suggestion" (54) in the form of an "Endeavor to introduce and suggested that by selecting from strains that bore emi­ the custom of remunerating the services of every person be­ nence, a superior human stock could be bred. longing to a selected class (of the racially fit) ac­ The attention given to Galton's ideas by Sir Charles Lyell cording to a sliding scale such that his income would be larger in his " Geographical Evidences of the Antiquity of Man" in proportion to the number of his living offspring." He and the welcome they received in Darwin's "The Descent of wished the State would take the initiative so that corporations Man " stimulated eugenic thought and encouraged its leader and philanthropies would follow suit if the measure proved to continue his work. He questioned 180 eminent scientists effective. No satisfactory answer, however, was found to relative to their education, inheritance and relationships, and Benjamin Kidd's inquiry as to what constituted the measure from the data obtained built " English Men of Science: Their of breeding fitness in the intellectually superior. Nature and Nurtur·e" (30) which re-emphasized his conten­ Two years previous to the reading of McDougal's paper tion that heredity played the greater role in achievement. In Galton had founded a Research Fellowship at the University 1883 came Galton's " Inquiries into the Human Faculty and of London to determine, if possible, what the standard of Its Development" (31), a set of evolutionary and anthropo­ fitness was, and in 1905 a Scholarship was added. Mr. Edgar metric essays where the word Eugenics was first used in a Schuster and Miss E. M. Elderton held these posts until 1907, new exposition of the author's views. "Natural Inheritance" when Professor Karl Pearson took charge of the research (32) appeared in 1889, being the cream of various memoirs work and, at the resignation of Mr. Schuster, Dr. David published since " Hereditary Genius," dealing with the gen­ Heron was appointed Fellow. On Galton's death, January 17, eral biological principles underlying the study o~ h~r~dity a~d 1911, it became known that through the terms of his will a continuing the study of resemblances between tndividuals m Professorship was founded and Professor Pearson invited to respect to stature, eye color, artistic faculty and morbid con­ hold it. This corps of workers constitutes the Eugenics ditions. Laboratory staff, whose purpose is pure research. The product Galton watched the slow spread of his idea quietly until of the laboratory is embodied mainly in two series of publica­ the year 1901 , when he defended " The Possible Improvement tions, Memoirs and Lectures supplemented by Studies in of the Human Breed under Existing Conditions of Law and National Deterioration published by the Department of Applied Sentiment" (33) before the Anthropological Society. Three Mathematics of Vniversity College. Most of the important years later he read a paper entitled ".Eug~nic s ; i~s Defin~­ studies have appeared in Biometrica, first issued in 1901. The tion, Scope and Aims" (34), to the Socwlogtcal Soctety. His hearty co-operation of physicians all over the United Kingdom program, in brief, was as follows: . has been secured and it is hoped that the Galton laboratory 1. Disseminate knowledge of hereditary laws as far as surely may become an effective clearing house for all authenticated known and promote their further study. material on human heredity that may come to light in the 2. Inquire into birth rates of various. strat.a of society fields of pathology and normality. In 1901, Professor Pear­ (classified according to civic usefulness) m ancient and mod­ son (73) delivered a lecture on national stability as related to ern nations. heredity which attracted wide attention owing to its timeli­ 3· Collect reliable data showing how large and thriving ness, coming as it did when England was appalled at her losses families have most frequently originated. in the South African war, to which she had sent much of 4· Study the influences affecting marriage. her best breeding stock. 5· Persistently set forth the national importance of Eu- A notable discussion of the strictly hereditary aspects of genics. · . Eugenics took place before the Royal Society of Medicine (8) The ye?r following, Galton agam. read before t~e Society in 1908, when Professors Pearson and Bateson upheld re­ (35), suggesting the award <;>f ~ertlficates of q~ahty to the spectively the biometrician and mendelian methods of approach eugenically fit. He also mamtame~ th~t. marnage custom.s to the problem of inheritance. It is regrettable that the con­ which are largely controlled by pubhc opm10n could be modi­ troversy between the two schools has not by this time dwindled fied tor racial welfare through a moulding of public sentiment. to negligible proportions, since they represent the obverse and 31 EUGENICS EUGENICS 32 reverse of the same labor to a common end. Perhaps the day one of the many considerations by which marriages are pro­ will come when the biometrician, dealing with mass values in moted 9r hindered, as they are by social position, adequate the way he is peculiarly fitted by training to do, will be ready fortune, and similarity of creed." to receive, classify, analyze and correlate the data gathered Lester Ward (93) attracted" much attention to Eugenics by the mendelian in his intensive study of individual phe­ through his vigorous opposition to Galton's idea of the nomena. At the same time, the biologist must be called upon supremacy of nature over nurture. Hobhouse ( 42) sees a to give adequate proof that his data are sound and thoroughly mutually cancellatory process in variation of good and bad tested before they shall be so used. and believes progress to be more dependent on the survival To spread such knowledge of Eugenics as might be gathered of the good than on the elimination of the weak. He sees by specialists, the Eugenics Education Society was formed i~ in the writings of Eug·enists no inductive basis for assuming 1908 with Francis Galton as honorary president and a counctl race deterioration and argues that, "It is not human quality of forty to direct its policy. Its official orga~ is the Eug~nics whether original or acquired that differs profoundly from Review, in which papers read before the soctety and a dtgest period to period. It is the turn given to human quality by of all matters of eugenic import appear. Branches of the so,eial structure." He points out that Spencer's law of the Society have been formed in Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, invers.e ratio of fertility and development is no new thing, Haslemere, Liverpool, Manchester, five in New Zealand and and that the race probably always will recruit itself from one in Australia. There is a large membership also in the what are termed the lower strata of society. Not lack of United States. The scope of interest comprises: (a) Biology parental instinct, but consideration for wife and child, he in so far as it concerns hereditary selection, (b) Anthropology holds to be at the root of so called race suicide, and believes as related to race and marriage, (c) Politics, where it bean> education will in due course keep the race from the extremes on parenthood in relation to civic wort~, (d) Ethics in .so f_at of birth limitation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • *Butler, Bailey Elected to Head Council
    this was one couple's see story on page 15 Vo/, 77, Wo. 49 Tuesday, December 13, 1977 one section ten cents chadwicks opens with gaiety and glamor Cfaadwick*st the plsisb new also Wit esttages for Ms restaurant at Sm& feas Plantatioo, workers and a coHSBlssary-warAouse opeaed formally last vreeksasA witit a next to Piae Maad Scaiad. series of receptions and waits flat IB the late thirties, Eesemond appropriately isiisdneed a r&iwsssA Chadwick's brotber converted the that is eertmn to be an Maud PlaatatiJHi's oosasussary into a fioing fciowcase. room. He woted fee workers* cottages CSiacteiek's is named after Clarence and, lo, a resort was bom. Hie old commissary fireplace is now en- Chadwick, temfer of the Cbe&mi3tett £i who, at tte ftarn of Sie caotury par- soHised la the famiy raem" dinlBg ctsasee tte sarth aai of Sanibel aai dl area of fee present Cfaadwiclrs. of Captiva, taEing tl» ptspaty into a In im fee South Seas Hotel Com- key Mms ^aotatloa. ' pany was formed by five local stoeMjolsfers, The eiffrent owners, Oiadwidt had also lilted to amass a Marina Properties, Inc. purchased the sacoad forteie iy Isf^^stl^ aspra, a resort is W72. aseeaut p'o^wl, hA failed to take into Chadwick's is the first half of a aeeo-ifflt the taagttt af faae it takes to buildiiig ^pansion that will include a 'produce* coconuts. He neglected Ms sheppiag plaza patterned after eitais p»AKts la fa?or of fee Periwinkle Place m Sasibel. pflia Hie interior of the restaurant is separated into four dlaisg areas, each faistome, with a special theme and amMaaee, *butler, bailey elected to head council Mda P.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenics, Pt. 2
    Eugenics, Pt. 2 8.31 Lecture - LPS 60 Review: Eugenicists claim to be supported by which two scientific theories? Scientific theory Application by Eugenicists Natural Selection -----------> Darwinian Morality (“Might makes right”) Hard Heredity ------------> Genetically-determined Social fitness Review: Eugenicists claim to be supported by which two scientific theories? Scientific theory Application by Eugenicists Natural Selection -----------> Darwinian Morality (“Might makes right”) Hard Heredity ------------> Genetically-determined Social fitness 1. Darwinian Morality “One of the effects of civilization is to diminish the rigour of the application of the law of natural selection. It preserves weakly lives that would have perished in barbarous lands.” “The question was then forced upon me: Could not the race of men be similarly improved? Could not the undesirables be got rid of and the desirables multiplied?” - Francis Galton, "Hereditary Talent and Character" in MacMillan's Magazine Vol. XII (May - October 1865). London Poster, 1910s 2. Genetically-determined social fitness The following groups are deemed socially ‘unfit’: epileptics, depressed, poor (paupers), criminals, alcoholics, blind, deformed, deaf, feeble-minded Galton (1869) focuses on intelligence. Laughlin (1922) includes all of these groups and more under the label “socially inadequate”. London Poster, 1910s “Eugenics...is capable of becoming the most sacred ideal of the human race, as a race; one of the supreme religious duties… Once the full implications of evolutionary biology are grasped, eugenics will inevitably become part of the religion of the future” - Julian Huxley, Eugenics Review (28:1), 1936 Huxley was a biology professor at King’s College London & the Royal Institution as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London; he’s said to be the founder of the “modern evolutionary synthesis”.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record-House. 61
    . 1913.. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 61 at hand at that time. I referred to what took place 1n the ness-which has come down to us multiplied a thousandfold in Senate in the Forty-third Congress December 18, 1873. An all that makes a nation great. Impress us, we beseech The.e, epitome of the proceeding is reported in Gilfry's Precedents at with the great responsibility it brings to us as individuals and page 364, and is as follows: as a people, that we may keep inviolate its sacred principles and ' The President pro temp.ore- laid be!ore the Senate the following- reso­ march on to greater attainments. Let Thy spirit brood over lution received this day from the House of Representatives: the deliberations of the Congress now convened; fire the "Resol,,;ed, That when the two Houses adjourn on Friday, the 19th instant, they shall stand adjourned until Monday, the 5th of January hearts of these Representatives with patriotic z:eal and fervor; next." strengthen the hands of the Speaker of this House, that he may Mr. Edmunds objected tb Us consideration this day, and made the guide through all the intricate problems which may arise to point of order that, being objected to under the twenty-sixth rule of the Senate, the resola:tio.n must lie over one day for conslderati-On. the highest and best results, that the frnits of its labors may be The President pro tempore {Matt H. Carpenter) overruled the P?int to the good of all classes and conditions of our people.
    [Show full text]
  • County of Monterey
    NEW ISSUE - FULL BOOK ENTRY RATINGS: Fitch: "'AA" S&P: "'AA" (See "'RATINGS" herein) In the opinion of Nixon Peabody LLP, Special Counsel, under existing law and assuming compliance with the tax covenants described herein, and the accuracy of certain representations and certifications made by the County described herein, the interest component of Base Rental, Payments paid by the County under the Lease Agreement and received by the owners of the Certificates is excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes under Section 103 of the Intenial Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code''). Special Counsel is also of the opinion that such interest component is not treated as a preference item in calculating the alternative minimum tax imposed under the Code with respect to individuals and corporations. Special, Counsel is further of the opinion that such interest component is exempt from personal income taxes of the State of California (the "State'') under present State law. See "TAX MATTERS" herein regarding certain other tax considerations. $78,565,000 COUNTY OF MONTEREY CERTIFICATES OF PARTICIPATION (2017 PUBLIC FACILITIES REFUNDING) Dated: Date of Delivery Due: As shown on inside cover page The Certificates evidence direct, fractional undivided interests of the Owners thereof in the Base Rental Payments (which include principal components and interest components) to be made by the County of Monterey, California (the "County") for the use of certain real property (the "Property") pursuant to a Lease Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2017 (the "Lease Agreement"), by and between the County, as lessee, and the County of Monterey Public Improvement Corporation (the "Corporation"), as lessor.
    [Show full text]
  • Minds Made Feeble : the Myth and Legacy of the Kallikaks
    The Myth and Legacy of the Kaffikaks J. David Smith AN ASPEN PUBLICATION ® Aspen Systems Corporation Rockville, Maryland Royal Tunbridge Wells 1985 Deborah at the Sewing Machine. Reprinted from The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness byH.H. Goddard, 1912, New York: Macmillan. Contents Foreword lx A ckn o wledgm en ts xiii Chapter 1—Introduction 1 Chapter 2—The Study 11 Chapter 3—Deborah 21 Chapter 4—The Context 37 Chapter 5—Elizabeth Kite 49 Chapter 6—Acclaim, Criticism, and Defense 61 Chapter 7—Revisiting the Kallikaks 83 Chapter 8—Immigrants, Morons, and Democracy 115 Chapter 9—Eugenics, Sterilization, and the Final Solution 135 Chapter 10—The New Eugenics 169 Epilogue 191 Index 195 vii Foreword It IS STRANGE THAT SO MANY YEARS WENT BY BEFORE SOME- one tried to find out the real name of the Kallikak family, making it possible to test Goddard's descriptions and conclu¬ sions against reality. After all, Goddard's work not only gave rise to considerable scientific controversy, but also had a profound influence in matters of public policy, legislation, institution building, and public education. With each pass¬ ing decade the critiques of Goddard's study multiplied, and even those who were ''hereditarians" agreed that his study was a frail reed to which to tie their arguments. However, it seemed as if we would never know what the ignoble IX X Minds Made Feeble Kallikaks were really like—where and how they lived; the ways they conducted their vocational, personal, and famil¬ ial lives; and how their contemporaries saw them.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine Alumnus, Volume 64, Number 2, March 1983
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine University of Maine Alumni Magazines University of Maine Publications 3-1983 Maine Alumnus, Volume 64, Number 2, March 1983 General Alumni Association, University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/alumni_magazines Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation General Alumni Association, University of Maine, "Maine Alumnus, Volume 64, Number 2, March 1983" (1983). University of Maine Alumni Magazines. 327. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/alumni_magazines/327 This publication is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Maine Alumni Magazines by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. March, 1983, Vol. 64, No. 2 alumnus Publisher page 9 page 11 Lester J. Nadeau ’59 Editor! Catherine M Palmer ’72 Class Noles Editor Faith Hutchins Webster ’60 Photography Jack Walas Al Pelletier i Keith Dresser i Alumni Association Officers Josephine M Profita ’38, President Torrey A. Sylvester ’59, First Vice President William D Johnson ’56, Second Vice President, Chairman, Annual Alumni Fund Richard W Sprague ’51, Treasurer Barbara C Barker ’39, Clerk Lester J Nadeau ’59, Executive Director Alumni Council 9 Hirundo-The Gift 16 Stereotypes in Print Kenneth W Allen ’56G Barbara H Bodwell ’45 of Land by Rosemary Salesi Owen H Bndgham ’68G Margo F Cobb ’52 by Dave Platt As educators examine the Mark H. Cohen ’54 Oliver Larouche donated 356 acres portrayal oj women in textbooks Arthur E Dentremont ’51 and trade books, one UMO F Paul Desmond ’59 of woodland which now atttacts Dana C Devoe ’56 researchers, wildlife and taxes professor sums up our progress.
    [Show full text]
  • EXHIBITION of AMERICAN ART LEAVES for PARIS April
    38418 - 17 THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART F0R 14 WEST 49TH STREET, NEW YORK IMMEDIATE RELEASE TELEPHONE: CIRCLE 7-MKE TO EDITORS OUTSIDE NEW YORK CITY: Artists and lenders of paintings and sculptures here listed are natives or residents in various cities and towns throughout the country. Localities are given in every instance. Today, April 20, the large Exhibition of American Art 1609-1938, which the Museum of Modern Art has assembled for Paris,, will leave New York for France on the S.S. Lafayette. More than one thousand items are included in the exhibition which will be held at the Jeu de Paume, Paris, from May 24 to July 13. For more than a year, at the invitation of the French Government, the Museum has been assembling the exhibition. The largest section includes approximately 200 oils and watercolors, 40 sculptures, and 80 prints, the work of artists in all parts of the United States during the past three centuries. The exhibits shown in this section have been selected by Mr. A. Conger Goodyear, President of the Museum, assisted by Mr. Alfred H. Barr, Jr., Director, and Miss Dorothy C. Miller, Assistant Curator of Painting and Sculpture. Mr. Barr is sailing this week to supervise the in­ stallation of the exhibition in Paris. The following pieces of sculpture and contemporary paintings will be shown in the exhibition: CONTEMPORARY PAINTINGS: GIFFORD BEAL, b. 1879, New York. Lives in New York. "Horse Tent" (1937) Lent by the Artist GEORGE WESLEY BELLOWS, b. 1882, Columbus, Ohio; d. 1925 "Stag at Sharkey's" (1909) Lent by the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio .
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenics and Malaga Island
    Eugenics and Malaga Island The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Davenport, Melissa. 2020. Eugenics and Malaga Island. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37365642 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Eugenics and Malaga Island Melissa Davenport A Thesis in the Field of Legal Studies for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2020 Copyright 2020 [Melissa Davenport] Abstract In 1912, the state of Maine removed a multi-race community from Malaga, a tiny island off its coast. The state paid some islanders to leave their homes, and institutionalized others. Contemporary researchers cite eugenics as a factor in the eviction. In 1925, Maine passed a eugenic law that allowed forced sterilization, nearly 13 years after the Malaga eviction. What happened before 1925 that would give eugenics, manifested in this extreme policy, a foothold in the state? My research focused on primary, historical sources in law, medicine, and media. Maine poverty law, carried over from Elizabethan Poor Law, emphasized local town responsibility for the poor through legal settlement, which directly affected the Malaga Island eviction. Maine law regarding people with developmental disabilities emphasized state responsibility and made provisions for expansion of institutional care at the state level.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Eugenics
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE OPINION ARTICLE published: 20provided October by 2014 Frontiers - Publisher Connector PUBLIC HEALTH doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00201 Intellectual and developmental disabilities: eugenics 1 2 Ingrid Grenon and Joav Merrick * 1 Formerly affiliated with Wrentham Developmental Center, Massachusetts Department of Developmental Services, Wrentham, MA, USA 2 Division for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services, Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Frederick Robert Carrick, Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies, USA Reviewed by: Susan Elizabeth Esposito, Life University, USA Linda Mullin Elkins, Life University, USA Matthew M. Antonucci, Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies, USA Keywords: intellectual disability, eugenics, developmental disabilities, history, social darwinism INTRODUCTION and human betterment became prevalent. This work portrays, according to God- Those working today with individuals with Unbelievably, the US was a hotbed of racial dard, an actual case study of the family of intellectual and developmental disabilities purists striving to protect their master race one of the feeble-minded residents under (IDD) are often not aware of the dark side at the time. his care at the Training School. He gives of our history concerning the treatment of All of this coincided nicely with French her a fictional name, Deborah Kallikak, this population and why we,some 150 years psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911) and and goes on to trace her family back to ago, made institutions or state schools for his test to measure intelligence, first pub- her great–great–great grandfather Martin them (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Official U. S. Bulletin
    xaiSff' JN* WiM FIRST PATRIOTIC DUTY-BUY A LIBERTY LOAN BOND w must exert all our power and employ all our resources to bring the Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war,"- WOODROW WILSON, President. & GMftrial Sutout PUBLISHED DAILY UNDER ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT BY THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION GEORGE CREEL. CHAIRMAN Vol. 1. WASHINGTON, MONDAY, JUNE 11, 1917 No. 27. FOREIGN SCIENTISTS MEET MISSION FROM SWITZERLAND. BELLS TO RING OUT CALL FOR NAVAL CONSULTING BOARD Special Embassy to Accompany New UBERTY LOAN SUBSCRIPTIONS Minister to United States. The members of the French and British The Department of State issues the fol The Treasury Department issues the scientific missions to the United States lowing : following: and Commander Guglielmo Marconi, of The Department of State is informed The pendulum of time is to swing back the Italian mission, held an Important that a special mission will accompany to 1776 and once again the inscription on conference Saturday with the Naval Con Mr. Sulzer, the new minister of Switzer the old liberty bell : " Proclaim liberty sulting Board, at which the submarine land to the United States. They come for throughout all the land, unto the inhab situation was discussed. Addresses were the purpose of explaining Switzerland's itants thereof," is to call Americans to delivered by Sir Ernest Rutherford and economic position. service in the cause of freedom. Commander Bridge, Royal Navy, of the The mission is composed of Federal In every city, town, village, and hamlet British mission; Prof. Charles Fabry, of Councilor Syz, president of the Swiss " from every mountain side," the sum the French mission ; Commander Marconi ; Chamber of Commerce; William Rappard, professor of political economy in Geneva mons to every American will ring.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeble-Minded”, 1890-1931
    INSTITUTIONALIZING EUGENICS: CUSTODY, CLASS, GENDER AND EDUCATION IN NOVA SCOTIA’S RESPONSE TO THE “FEEBLE-MINDED”, 1890-1931 A Thesis Submitted to the College Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of History University of Saskatchewan By Leslie Elaine Baker © Leslie E. Baker, February 2015. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctoral degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my dissertation work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis whole or in part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of History Room 522, Arts Building 9 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 Canada i Abstract Between 1890 and 1927 hundreds of Nova Scotian children and adults were identified as either feeble-minded or mentally deficient through investigations conducted by physicians and philanthropists in the province.
    [Show full text]
  • Sixty-Third Congress March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1915
    SIXTY-THIRD CONGRESS MARCH 4, 1913, TO MARCH 3, 1915 FIRST SESSION—April 7, 1913, to December 1, 1913 SECOND SESSION—December 1, 1913, to October 24, 1914 THIRD SESSION—December 7, 1914, to March 3, 1915 SPECIAL SESSION OF THE SENATE—March 4, 1913, to March 17, 1913 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—THOMAS R. MARSHALL, of Indiana PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—JAMES P. CLARKE, 1 of Arkansas SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—CHARLES G. BENNETT, of New York; JAMES M. BAKER, 2 of South Carolina SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—EDGAR LIVINGSTONE CORNELIUS, of Maryland; CHARLES P. HIGGINS, 3 of Missouri SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—CHAMP CLARK, 4 of Missouri CLERK OF THE HOUSE—SOUTH TRIMBLE, 5 of Kentucky SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—CHARLES F. RIDDELL, of Indiana; ROBERT B. GORDON, 6 of Ohio DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—JOSEPH J. SINNOTT, of Virginia POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE—WILLIAM M. DUNBAR ALABAMA Marcus A. Smith, Tucson John E. Raker, Alturas SENATORS REPRESENTATIVE AT LARGE Charles F. Curry, Sacramento John H. Bankhead, Jasper Carl Hayden, Phoenix Julius Kahn, San Francisco Joseph F. Johnston, 7 Birmingham John I. Nolan, San Francisco Frank S. White, 8 Birmingham ARKANSAS Joseph R. Knowland, Alameda SENATORS Denver S. Church, Fresno REPRESENTATIVES Everis A. Hayes, San Jose George W. Taylor, Demopolis James P. Clarke, Little Rock Joseph T. Robinson, Little Rock Charles W. Bell, Pasadena S. Hubert Dent, Jr., Montgomery William D. Stephens, Los Angeles 9 REPRESENTATIVES Henry D. Clayton, Eufaula William Kettner, San Diego William O. Mulkey, 10 Geneva Thaddeus H.
    [Show full text]