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CHAPTER FOUR Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone

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CHAPTER FOUR Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone CHAPTER FOUR Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone Introduction 1. Sierra Leone is one of the smallest countries on the African continent, but also one of the most richly endowed. Seasonal rainfalls make the terrain of its hinterland lush and green; its inland perimeter is characterised by rolling mountains and dense forests; and its coastline is dotted with idyllic beaches. Several parts of Sierra Leone boast rich seams of mineral resources, including gold, bauxite, titanium ore and, famously, diamonds in the east and southeast. 2. The abundant potential of Sierra Leone’s natural landscape is mirrored in its population of just 4.5 million people. The inhabitants of the Provinces represent a culturally and demographically diverse heritage, with seventeen indigenous ethnic groups spread across 149 chiefdoms. The capital city, Freetown, originally a settlement for emancipated slaves, hosts the oldest university in the region and gained a reputation as the “Athens of West Africa”. Most important of all, despite the trials and tribulations of history, Sierra Leoneans are resilient and resourceful, such that each new generation of children of Sierra Leone brings with it fresh hope, fresh direction and fresh human resources for the country. 3. British colonial rule in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries divided Sierra Leone into two entities: the Colony, which was the name assigned to Freetown and its environs; and the Protectorate, which encompassed all the Provinces in the interior. There was a degree of unease in relations between the inhabitants of these two entities, partly premised on the stark inequalities in access to education, social services and economic resources that British rule had created in favour of the Freetown-based Krios. As independence was attained on 27 April 1961, however, political disagreements soon became the main reason for rivalries. Within little more than a decade of self-rule, Sierra Leone had seen fiercely controversial elections, poisonous “personality politics” and various successful and unsuccessful military coups. 4. The country’s longest-serving Head of State, Siaka Stevens of the All Peoples’ Congress (APC) party, epitomised bad governance during his 17 years at the helm, from 1968 to 1985. Stevens entrenched his own executive power in a one-party state and suppressed opposition from any quarter. The entire political elite played a part in the desperate decline of Sierra Leone, seeking personal patronage and profit rather than advancement in the common national interest. It was during the 30 years immediately after independence that Sierra Leone sunk to being one of the least developed countries in the world. 5. After a handful of violent flashpoints in the 1970s and 1980s, arising out of elections, anti-government demonstrations and local uprisings, conflict finally Vol Three B Chapter Four Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone Page 233 broke out in Sierra Leone in March 1991. The eleven years of brutal war that followed saw this beautiful country and its people torn apart. 6. At the onset of the conflict in 1991, Sierra Leone was quite literally a nation of children. The graph at Figure 1, below, illustrates that approximately half of the estimated 4.5 million population was composed of children, i.e. males and females under 19 years of age. The graph shows a considerable “tapering off” in the size of the adult population between the ages of 29 and 79, which reflects the high adult mortality rate and results in astonishingly low average life expectancy. When war began in Sierra Leone, children formed the largest category of people in the population, while adults constituted a minority.1 Figure 1: Population of Sierra Leone in 1991 (in thousands) divided according to age category and sex 80+ Males Females 75 79 70 74 65 69 60 64 55 59 50 54 45 49 40 44 35 39 30 34 Age category 25 29 20 24 15 19 10 14 59 04 400 200 0 200 400 Source for Figure 1: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, available at the following website: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html. 7. The conflict in Sierra Leone impacted heavily on children, as their rights were systematically violated by all of the armed factions. Children suffered abduction, forced recruitment, sexual slavery and rape, amputation, mutilation, displacement and torture. They were also forced to become perpetrators and carry out aberrations violating the rights of other civilians. In assessing the experiences of children in the conflict in Sierra Leone, the United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, submitted as follows: “Particularly vulnerable to abuse were children, as they were violated in deep and lasting ways, some too awful to be adequately 1 The statistics used in Figure 1 emerge from population estimates maintained by the United States Bureau of the Census. The Bureau uses existing censuses along with health and other data collected by international NGOs. See the website: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html. Vol Three B Chapter Four Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone Page 234 described… In some ways, it is as if a new level of cruelty has been attained in this war, setting the bar lower than ever imagined…”2 2 See the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Submission to the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the occasion of TRC Thematic Hearings on Children, 17 June 2003 (hereinafter “UNICEF submission to TRC”), at page 2. Vol Three B Chapter Four Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone Page 235 8. Children themselves made the following statement to the Commission: “… Concerns amongst us children in Sierra Leone are that the war was targeted at us. A brutal conflict which we did nothing to bring about but suffered and lost everything in it.”3 9. There are no accurate statistics to determine the number of children associated with the fighting forces, either as child soldiers or utilised in other capacities. According to a local NGO, Caritas Makeni, more than 5,000 children under the age of 18, of both sexes and with some as young as five years old, were combatants in the conflict.4 The United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) puts the number at 10,000 who were associated with the fighting forces in one form or the other.5 The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimated that more than 6,000 children were conscripted into the fighting forces over the years.6 The discrepancies in these numbers are probably explained by the different criteria used by these organisations in arriving at their figures.7 The National Committee for Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (NCDDR) confirmed in its submission to the Commission that more than 6,774 children entered the DDR programme.8 10. While the total number of children associated with the fighting forces will in all probability never be completely accurate, the submissions of the various agencies to the Commission attest to the widespread use of children in this conflict, in total contravention of the rules applicable to conventional warfare. 11. The parties to the peace talks at Lomé in 1999 recognised that the children of Sierra Leone were vulnerable as a result of the armed conflict. Accordingly the Lomé Peace Agreement declared that children are entitled to special care and that their rights to life, survival and development are in need of protection in accordance with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.9 12. The Lomé Peace Agreement laid the foundations for the Act establishing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (“TRC” or “the Commission”). Article 30 of the Lomé Peace Agreement explicitly provides that the Government of Sierra Leone shall accord particular attention to the issue of child soldiers and that the special needs of children should be addressed in the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration process. The TRC Act 2000 provided that the Commission would be required to give special attention to the experiences of children within the armed conflict.10 The Sierra Leone TRC is the first truth commission that has been required explicitly to do so. 3 See Children’s Forum Network (CFN) Sierra Leone; Submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the occasion of TRC Thematic Hearings on Children, 16 June 2003 (hereinafter “Children’s Forum Network submission to TRC”), at page 1. 4 See Caritas Makeni; Submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the occasion of TRC Thematic Hearings on Children, 16 June 2003, at page 3. 5 See the United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), Submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the occasion of TRC Thematic Hearings on Children, 16 June 2003, at page 5. 6 See UNICEF; Child Protection Programme Report, February 2003, at page 2. 7 Some of these organisations estimated only on the basis of children who were actual combatants, while others added all the children associated with the fighting forces in various capacities such as cooks, porters, spies, sex slaves, manual labourers and others. 8 See the National Committee for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (NCDDR); submission to the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 4 August 2003, at page 3. 9 See the Preamble to the Lomé Peace Agreement of 7 July 1999. 10 See the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act 2000, at Section 6(2)(b). Vol Three B Chapter Four Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone Page 236 13. This chapter will examine the traditional place of children in Sierra Leone and explore their status before and since the war in all the major spheres that affect them, such as education and health, as well as economic, legal and socio-cultural issues.
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