Insect Index

A D Acyrthosiphon pisum (A. pisum), 10, 12 Diaphorina citri (D. citri), 108 Aelia, 15 Diceraeus (Dichelops), 5, 15, 17, 18, 49, 54, Amblypelta, 56 66–90, 127, 133, 134, 152, 153, 156, Amorbus, 56 157, 159, 160 Amorbus obscuricornis (A. obscuricornis), 56 Diceraeus (Dichelops) furcatus (D. furcatus), Anasa tristis (A. tristis), 5, 14, 55, 58, 66, 99, 5, 15, 18, 49, 53, 69–71, 85–87, 90, 91, 100, 109, 124 127, 133, 153, 156–160 Anisoscelis, 41 Diceraeus (Dichelops) melacanthus lucorum (A. lucorum), 5, 14, 101, (D. melacanthus), 5, 15, 17, 54, 104–107, 121, 136 67, 70, 78, 83, 84, 127, 134, 152, Arvelius, 15 156, 159 Aulacosternum nigrorubrum Dicyphus hesperus (D. hesperus), 29 (A. nigrorubrum), 56

E B Edessa, 15 Bagrada hilaris (B. hilaris), 53, 125, 137 Edessa meditabunda (E. meditabunda), 5, 15, , 13, 51, 96, 111 16, 49–51, 55, 67, 71–72, 75, 84–88, Blissus insularis (B. insularis), 5, 13, 50, 97, 98, 109, 111, 112, 122, 134, 158, 161 111, 134, 139 Edessa rufomarginata (E. rufomarginata), 51 Blissus occiduus (B. occiduus), 5, 13, 97, Empoasca, 40, 102 111, 134 Empoasca fabae (E. fabae), 55 Engytatus nicotianae (E. nicotianae), 58 fullo (E. fullo), 28–30, 35, 36 C Eurydema rugosa (E. rugosa), 35, 36, 53 Chelinidea, 41 Euschistus, 15, 53 , 15 Euschistus heros (E. heros), 5, 15, 29, 49, 67, Chinavia erythrocnemis 72–75, 84, 85, 87, 89, 111, 134, 137, (C. erythrocnemis), 120 141, 155–158 Chinavia hilaris (C. hilaris), 59, 137 Eutrichopodopsis nitens (E. nitens), 136 Cimex lectularius (C. lectularius), 141 Clavigralla, 41 Creontiades dilutus (C. dilutus), 54 F Cyrtomenus bergi (C. bergi), 53 Frankliniella occidentalis (F. occidentalis), 12

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 163 A. R. Panizzi et al., Electronic Monitoring of Feeding Behavior of Phytophagous True Bugs (), Entomology in Focus 6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64674-5 164 Index

G , 15 Gelonus tasmanicus (G. tasmanicus), 56 Nezara viridula (N. viridula), 5, 12, 15, Graphocephala atropunctata 35, 36, 49, 53, 58, 59, 66, 67, 78–79, (G. atropunctata), 11 84, 89, 121, 122, 134, 136, 137, 141, 158 Nysius huttoni, 53 H Halyomorpha halys (H. halys), 5, 13, 15, 49, 51, 58, 67, 75–78, 84–86, 89, 109, 111, O 112, 134, 137, 139, 141, 142 Ochlerus, 59 Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera), 5, 14 Oebalus, 15 Heliopeltis clavifer (H. clavifer), 35 Oncopeltus fasciatus, 51 Hexacladia, 137 Holymenia, 41 Hygia cliens (H. cliens), 27 P angulosa (P. angulosa), 51 Piesma quadratum (P. quadratum), 58 J Piezodorus, 15 Jadera haematoloma (J. haematoloma), 27 Piezodorus guildinii (P. guildinii), 5, 15, 18, 53, 67, 80–82, 84, 85, 87, 108, 133, 137, 140, 158 L Plautia, 15 Leptocoris tagalicus (L. tagalicus), 27 Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (P. seriatus), 57 Leptoglossus, 27, 41, 56 Pyrrhocoris sibiricus (P. sibiricus), 29, Leptoglossus brevirostris (L. brevirostris), 27 35, 36 Leptoglossus fulvicornis (L. fulvicornis), 27 Lincus, 51, 59 pabulinus (L. pabulinus), 35, 36 R Lygus, 34, 54, 57, 77, 100–107, 109, 111, 121, Rhodnius prolixus (R. prolixus), 31 128, 134, 155 Lygus hesperus (L. hesperus), 5, 14, 33, 37, 54, 57, 100–103, 105–107, 109, S 125, 127 Scaphoideus titanus (S. titanus), 77 Lygus lineolaris (L. lineolaris), 5, 11, 14, 54, Sinea confusa (S. confusa), 31 101, 103, 106, 122, 125, 134, 137, 140, Stenotus rubrovittatus (S. rubrovittatus), 5, 14, 141, 143 101, 104–107, 124 Lygus pabulinus (Lygus pabulinus), 35 Stephanitis nashi (S. nashi), 29, 30 Stephanitis pyrioides (S. pyrioides), 57 Stephanitis typica (S. typica), 58 M Megacopta cribraria (M. cribaria), 6, 15, 51, 107, 134, 137 T Mictis, 56 Thaumastocoris peregrinus (T. peregrinus), Mictis profana (M. profana), 33, 41, 56 31, 52, 57 Mormidea, 15 Tibraca, 15 Murgantia histrionica (M. histrionica), 53, Tibraca limbativentris (T. limbativentris), 6, 141, 142 15, 67, 82–84, 134 Trichopoda giacomelli (T. giacomelli), 136 Trigonotylus caelestialium (T. caelestialium), N 5, 14, 101, 104–107, 124 alternatus (N. alternatus), 31 Narnia, 41 Nesidiocoris tenuis (N. tenuis), 5, 14, 101, Z 104–107, 136 Zelus renardii (Z. renardii), 31 Subject Index

A B Acacia iteaphylla, 56 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 140 Acanthocephalini, 41 Bacteria, 50, 57–59, 137 Acanthocerini, 41 Bagrada bug, 53 AC-DC monitor, 6, 11, 12, 67, 70, 73, 78, 80, Balloon vine, 27 82, 97, 103–104, 107, 124–126 Barley, 13, 97, 153, 154 AC-DC systems, 11 Bed bugs, 141 AC monitors, 10–12, 107, 124 Berytidae, 32 α-glucosidase, 33, 38, 41, 50 , 5, 13, 50, 51, 95–113, 118, 139 Alydidae, 52 Blissids, 13, 29, 34, 97, 111, 112, 121, 133 Amorbini, 41, 50, 51 Bloodsuckers, 2 Anisoscelini, 41, 52 Boll rot, 58 Ant, 50 Brassica, 53 Antennation, 103, 109, 155 Broad bean, 5 Anthocoridae, 30 Brown marmorated stink bug, 13, 15, 58, 75, Antibiosis, 138, 139 139, 141, 142 Antibiotic plants, 143 Brown-winged stink bug, 15, 71 Antixenosis, 138 Bt-crops, 140 Antixenotic plants, 143 Buffalo gourd, 99, 100 , 4, 7–9, 11, 19, 31, 49, 66, 72, 86, 98, Buffalograss, 5 112, 118, 119, 122–124, 140 Apples, 56 Aradids, 27, 48 C Aradoidea, 52 Cabbage bugs, 53 Artifcial diet, 31, 33, 101, 102, 105–107, 118, Cambium, 48 127, 128 Cappeini, 51 Asopinae, 15, 27, 29 Cardiospermum grandiforum, 27 Auchenorrhyncha, 31, 34, 38, 39, Cassava, 53, 56 48–50, 58 Caulifower, 101, 102 Auchenorrhynchans, 4, 11, 34, 49, 55 Cell laceration, 39–41, 56, 68–71, 73, 75, 79, Australian soapberry bug, 27 82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 105, 106, 110, 111, Avocados, 56 153, 159

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 165 A. R. Panizzi et al., Electronic Monitoring of Feeding Behavior of Phytophagous True Bugs (Heteroptera), Entomology in Focus 6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64674-5 166 Subject Index

Cell rupture, 17, 18, 38–41, 48, 49, 51–54, Dead heart, 18, 82, 83 56–57, 59, 65, 69, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, Digestive enzymes, 7, 17, 30, 33, 96 81, 83, 88, 89, 104–106, 110, 111, 128, Dipsocoromorpha, 28 132, 159 Dipterans, 2 Cell-rupturing feeding strategy, 17, 18, 39, Discocephalinae, 50, 51 69, 88, 132 Discocephalini, 50 Chelinideini, 41 Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), 141, 142 Chemical damage, 132, 143 Chemosensory, 27, 28, 34 Chicory, 158 E Chinch bugs, 13, 51, 55, 77, 96–99, 111, 112, Edessinae, 15, 50, 51 128, 134, 139 Edessini, 50 Chlorenchyma, 41, 52 Egestion, 34, 72, 73, 76, 99, 104 Chloroplasts, 40, 41, 52, 57 Electrical circuit, 4, 6 Chlorosis, 57 Electrical penetration graph (EPG), 2–19, 34, Cibarium, 30, 33–35 35, 39–42, 48–51, 53, 54, 58, 59, Cicadas, 34 66–68, 70–73, 76–80, 82–90, 96–113, , 27–31, 38, 39, 48, 117–128, 131–143, 151–161 96, 110–112 Electrodes, 4, 118 Citrus, 56, 59 Electromotive force, 6, 128 Clavigrallini, 41, 52 Electronic monitoring/measurement Cloresmini, 41, 51 system, 2, 10 Clypeus, 26, 34 Electropenetrography, 4–9, 37, 151 Cocoa, 56 Emf components, 6–12, 16 Coconut, 58, 59 EMIF technique, 12–13 Coffee, 59 Empress trees, 58 Colpurini, 41, 51 Endosperm, 16, 48, 49, 52, 54, 68, 69, 73–75, Conductive glue, 118–120 79–83, 88, 89, 99, 112, 133, 140, 153, Conductive paint, 119 154, 158, 159 Contact insecticides, 135, 143 Endosperm ingestion, 49, 68, 69, 79–81, 133 Control strategies, 2, 90, 134 Endosymbionts, 137, 138, 160 Copper wire, 118 Entomopathogenic agents, 137 , 5, 14, 27, 32, 33, 35, 38, 41, 50, 52, Entomopathogens, 136–138 55, 58, 95–113, 118 Enzymatic maceration, 68, 70, 82, 153, 154 Coreids, 4, 14, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 38, 41, 49, EPG monitor, 4, 10, 18, 103, 105, 109, 118, 51, 56, 66, 96, 99, 111, 133 124, 127, 154 Coreini, 41, 50 EPG techniques, 3–9, 16, 19, 66, 67, 97, 122, , 50, 52 128, 133–135, 139, 143, 161 Coreoids, 52, 54, 59 Eremothecium coryli, 59 Corn, 54, 55, 142 Esophagus, 30, 33, 35 Corn rootworm, 142 Eucalyptus, 31, 41, 56, 57 Cotton, 5, 14, 49, 53, 54, 56–59, 78, 101–103, Euphorbs, 59 105–107, 122, 134, 140, 143, 155 Cry proteins, 140 Crystalline proteins (Cry), 140 F Cucumber, 99, 100 Faba bean, 76, 77, 85, 89, 139 Cucurbit yellow vine disease, 58 Fabaceae, 71, 73, 80, 107 Cucurbits, 5, 14, 58, 66, 99, 100 Feeding behavior, 1–19, 26, 31, 37, 39, 40, 42, Cydnids, 27, 53 52, 55, 65–90, 95–113, 118, 122–126, 128, 134–136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 152–154, 160, 161 D Feeding damages, 2, 37, 40, 136, 143 Dasynini, 41, 50 Feeding events, 106, 122, 123, 125, 136, Data analyses, 118 139, 140 DC monitor, 10–12, 71, 76, 86, 99, 105, 107, 124 Feeding sites, 19, 135, 140, 152 DC systems, 11, 76, 105 Feeding strategies, 37, 39, 40, 136, 140, 161 Subject Index 167

Feeding tactics, 39, 40, 161 Insecticides contact, see Contact insecticides; Flanges, 18, 30–32, 35, 38, 39, 79, 98 Systemic insecticides Food canal, 7, 26, 28, 30, 33–35, 54 Integrated pest management (IPM), 160 Food meatus, 33 Food regurgitate (saliva regurgitate), 157, 158 J Foregut, 33–35 Juga, 28 Froghoppers, 49 Fungi, 137 K Kudzu bug, 15, 51, 107, 108 G Gelling saliva, 7, 16, 18, 30–32, 35, 38, 39, 42, 48, 55, 68, 71, 74, 77, 79–81, 84, 96, L 98, 103, 110, 142, 152 Labial dabbing, 27–28, 34, 35, 76, 78, 79, 84, Gene silencing, 133, 141–143, 160 100, 109 Genetically modifed (GM) plants, 140, 143 Labial tapping, 84 Geocoridae, 29 Labium, 26, 27, 31, 34–37, 39, 71, 73, 76, 80, Gerromorpha, 28 81, 84, 109, 157 Giga-8, 71, 76, 105, 124 Labrum, 26, 35–37 Gold wire, 4, 13, 118–121 Lace bug, 58 Grapes, 36 Lacerate-and-fush, 38–40, 52, 69, 96 Green beans, 5, 13, 14, 59, 101, 136, 142 Larch, 48 Green-belly stink bug(s), 15, 67, 70, 141 Largidae, 52 Green vegetable bug, 15, 78 Largids, 29, 30 Guava, 56 -footed bug(s), 14 Leafhoppers, 3, 11, 35, 40, 49, 66, 77, 102, 119 H Legumes, 14, 15, 29, 41, 52, 56, 59, 73, 80 Harlequin bugs, 53, 141, 142 Lesions, 17, 38, 40, 41, 50, 53, 54, 56 Hartrot, 59 Lettuce, 158 Head stage amplifers, 4 Lygaeidae, 13, 32, 34, 39, 50, 52 , 2, 19, 26, 33–35, 38, 139 Lygaeids, 32, 33, 39, 51, 53 Heteroptera, 2, 14, 15, 26, 28–30, 32–34, Lygaeoidea, 50, 52 37–39, 41, 42, 48–50, 57–59, 66, 100, 117–128, 141 Heteropterans, 2, 4–6, 9, 11, 14–17, 19, 26, M 28–30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 48, 50, Macerate-and-fush, 38–40, 52, 53, 56, 57, 96 57–59, 66, 77, 96, 98, 99, 104, 109, Magnolia bug, 27 112, 118, 124, 132–134, 136, 137, 139, Maize, 5, 13, 17, 54, 70, 71, 78, 83, 84, 140, 142, 143, 161 142, 152, 156, 158 Histological slides, 126 Mandibles, 2, 26, 28–31, 132 Honeydew, 41, 50, 51, 108 Mandibular stylets, 26, 28–29 Hopperburn, 38, 55 Mandibular teeth, 29 Host plant resistance, 138, 139, 160 Maxilla, 28, 30 Hypopharynx, 28, 30, 33 Maxillary plates, 28 Maxillary ridges, 28 Maxillary stylets, 7, 26, 28–30, 126 I Mealybug(s), 3 Impedances, 8–12, 67, 74, 85, 86, 88, 99, 104, Mechanical damage, 143 107, 109, 111, 118, 124–126, 155–157 Mechanosensory sensilla, 26, 28 Ingestion, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 16, 17, 26, 28, 32, Mesophyll parenchyma, 77, 133, 134 34, 35, 39, 48–51, 53, 54, 57–59, Messenger RNA (mRNA), 141 68–73, 75, 77–90, 96, 98–112, 118, Microtome, 126, 127 122, 125–127, 133, 134, 139, 140, 142, Mictini, 41, 50 153, 158, 159 Midgut, 35, 58, 141, 142 168 Subject Index

Milkweed, 51 Pentatomids, 4, 15–18, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34–37, , 5, 14, 30, 32, 34, 38–40, 58, 39, 40, 49–51, 53–56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 95–113, 122 71, 74, 75, 78–80, 82–88, 90, 96, 98, Mirid bug, 14, 136, 140 109–112, 119, 120, 122, 125, 127, Miroidea, 31 128, 133, 134, 136, 137, 152, Missouri monitor, 10, 100, 101, 124 157–159 Mites, 2, 14 , 15, 51 Mosquitoes, 2 , 50, 52 Mouthparts, 2, 17, 25–42, 68, 100, 158 , 27–35, 39, 48, 52, 57, Muskmelon, 99, 100 96, 110–112 Pericarp, 29, 48, 52, 54 Pharynx, 33, 35 N Phloeidae, 29 , 29–31 Phloem, 16, 27, 32, 37–39, 41, 42, 48, 50–51, Nabids, 31, 32 55, 56, 58, 59, 71, 72, 75, 77, 83, Nematopodini, 41 85–88, 96, 98–100, 104, 108, 111, 112, Neotropical brown stink bug, 15, 141 123, 127, 128, 133, 134, 139, 158 Nezarini, 51 Phloem activities, 72, 76, 86, 87, 108 Non-feeding phase Phloem necrosis, 59 waveforms, 78, 103 Phloem sap, 51, 72, 75–77, 85, 127, 128 Number of waveform events per insect Physical damage, 52, 55 (NWEI), 123 Physiological damage, 17, 55 Phytomonas, 59 Phytoplasmas, 58 O Piercing-sucking, 2, 3, 18, 26, 37, 55, 58, 122, Ochlerini, 50, 51 126, 127, 135, 139, 140, 160 Oil palms, 59 Piesmatidae, 50, 58 Okra, 101 Piesmids, 51 Opuntia, 41 Pine, 48 Oranges, 36 Pistachio, 59 Osmotic pump, 38, 41–42, 50, 51, 56, Plant bugs, 14, 101, 141, 155, 161 59, 96, 99 Plant damage, 33, 40, 48, 55, 90, Osmotic pump-feeder, 38, 39, 41, 48, 50, 105, 158–160 56, 96, 99 Plant sap, 50 Planthoppers, 3, 140 Plataspidae, 6, 15, 50, 51, 55, 95–113 P Plataspids, 15, 27, 29, 51, 111, 112, Pantoea agglomerans, 58 134, 137 Paraclypeus, 28 Poaceae, 13, 96 Parasitoids, 136, 160 Pomegranate, 56 Parenchyma ingestion, 52–54 , 55, 158 Parenchyma tissue, 16, 53, 54, 56, 69, 83, 88, Potential drop, 7, 8 89, 127, 134, 159 Precibarium, 27, 30, 33–35 Pathogens, 50, 57–59, 137, 140, 160 Predators, 28, 51, 100, 136–138 Pathway activities, 10, 16, 84, 100, 110 Probes, 4, 28, 32, 35, 68, 100, Pathway-phase, 68, 69, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 123, 139 97–99, 110 Pronotum, 119–121 Paulownia witches’-broom disease, 58 Protractor muscles, 28, 35, 36 Pea , 10, 12 Psyllids, 11, 108, 122, 124 Peaches, 56 Pumpkin, 99, 100 Pears, 36, 56 Puncture-and-suck, 38, 39, 41, 52, Pecan(s), 32, 53 53, 57 Pectinase, 33, 38, 40, 41, 53 Pyrrhocoridae, 32, 34, 39, 52, 58 , 4, 5, 15, 27–29, 32, 35, 39, Pyrrhocorids, 29, 30, 35, 59 49–53, 58, 59, 65–90, 96, 107, 120, 132 Pyrrhocoroidea, 52 Subject Index 169

R Sieve element, 16, 39, 42, 50, 51, 58, 59, 72, R components, 6, 7, 9–11 77, 86, 97, 98 Recording times, 118, 122, 125, 153, 154, 159 Sieve tube, 50, 51, 58, 72 Red-banded stink bug, 15, 140 Silver glue, 4, 119, 120 Reduviidae, 29, 31 Silver paint, 4, 119 Reduviids, 27, 32 Soapberry bug, 27 Regurgitation, 73, 109, 157 Sorghum, 55, 97 Re-ingestion, 73, 109, 157, 158 Sorghum plant bug, 14 Resting waveform, 156 Southern chinch bug, 13, 96 Retractor muscles, 28 Southern green stink bug, 15, 78, 121, Rhopalidae, 27, 32, 52 136, 141 Rice, 6, 13–15, 59, 82, 83, 105, 140 Soybeans, 5, 6, 15, 18, 49, 50, 53, 55, 67, Rice leaf bug, 14 70–75, 78–81, 83–85, 88, 89, 107, 108, Rice stalk stink bug, 15, 82 111, 120, 138–141, 153–158 Ri levels, 8, 9, 11, 12, 68, 70, 96, 103, Spring cereals, 67, 83, 88 110, 125 Squash, 55, 99, 100 RNA interference (RNAi), 133, 141–143 Squash bugs, 14, 58, 99 Rostrum, 13 St. Augustine grass, 5, 50 Royal palm bugs, 53 Staminal column, 54, 57, 106 Staminal tissues, 57, 106 Starvation, 49, 86, 118, 122, 126 S Sternorrhyncha, 31, 39, 48–50 Saliva, 7, 10, 17, 26, 27, 30–33, 37, 38, 40, 41, Sternorrhynchans, 11, 128 48, 51, 56, 73, 96, 101, 102, 104, Stink bugs, 4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 52, 58, 66, 67, 70, 142, 157 71, 73, 78, 80–88, 90, 111, 112, 118, Salivation, 2, 4, 16, 53–55, 68, 70, 72, 77, 80, 119, 121, 125, 127, 132, 134, 136–139, 82, 83, 86–88, 90, 98, 99, 103, 104, 141, 153, 155–158, 160 106, 112, 118, 127, 142 Stomata, 48, 57 Salivary enzymes, 26, 41, 48, 53, 54, 56, 143 Stomodeum, 33, 35 Salivary glands, 17, 30, 32, 33, 40, 58, 59, 139 Stylet action, 17 Salivary sheath, 7, 10, 16, 17, 30–32, 38, 39, Stylet bundle, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33–37, 57 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, Stylet penetration, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 27, 35, 68–74, 76–84, 96, 98–100, 103, 104, 36, 51, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78–85, 108, 110, 111, 118, 124, 126–128, 158 98, 99, 101, 106, 108, 123 Salivary sheath secretion, 16, 68, 70, 72, 76, Stylet sheath, 18, 30, 32, 38, 152 82, 84, 127 Stylet tip(s), 17, 29, 38, 50, 69, 75, 81, 102, Salivary canal, 4, 7, 9, 28, 30, 33, 35 105, 126, 127, 134 Salivary interruptions, 74 Stylet withdrawal, 10, 73, 76, 153 Salivation ingestion phase, 69, 75, 77, 78, 83, Stylets, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16–18, 26–42, 48, 86, 88, 100, 104, 108 50–55, 57, 58, 68–72, 74, 75, 77–86, Sandpapering, 119–121 89, 96, 98, 99, 101–103, 105–111, 118, Sarria program, 123 123, 125–128, 132–134, 139, 140, 142, Scratch-and-suck, 37–40 152, 153 Seed endosperm, 48, 49, 68, 69, 74, 75, 79–83, Sucking pump, 30, 33, 34 88, 89, 99, 133, 140, 153, 154, 158, 159 Sudden wilt, 59 Seed feeding, 48, 49, 68, 74, 79, 99, 133, 154 Sustained ingestion, 72, 85, 98, 103, 104, 139 Seedlings, 17, 18, 53–55, 67, 70, 71, 78, Sweet potato, 56 82–84, 89, 105, 142, 156, 158, 159 Systemic insecticides, 134–136, 143 Sensilla, 28, 34 Sensilla basiconica, 28 Sensilla trichodea, 28 T Serratia marcescens, 58 Tachinid, 136 Severed stylet tips, 126 Tannins, 57 Sharpshooters, 11, 34, 35, 49, 72, 85, 87, 98, Tarnished plant bugs, 14, 141 111, 119 Thaumastocoridae, 31, 52, 53 170 Subject Index

Thaumastocorids, 31, 40, 41, 48, 52 CR, 103–105, 125 Thaumastocorinae, 31, 52, 53 D, 101, 102, 105, 108 Thrips, 12, 37, 39–41, 124 Df1a, 67, 68, 153 Ticks, 3 Df1b, 67, 68, 85, 153 Time budget, 153, 154 Df2, 67–69, 153, 154 Tingid(s), 27–29, 31, 37, 39–41, 48, 52, Df3a, 67–69 53, 57, 58 Df3b, 67–69 Tingidae, 30, 32, 38 Df4a, 67–69, 153, 154 Tolerance, 138, 139 Df4b, 67–69, 153, 154 Tolerant plants, 143 Dm1, 70 Tomato, 5, 14, 59, 101, 105, 106, 136 Dm2, 70 Tomato bug, 14 Dm3a, 70, 71, 78 Total waveform duration (TWD), 123, 153 Dm3b, 70, 71 Transition waveform, 85, 98, 104, 107, 111 Dw1, 73 Transgenic Bt-crops, 140 Dw2, 73 Transgenic plants, 19, 124, 128, 134, E, 99, 101, 102, 123 140–142, 160 Eh1a, 73, 74 Trophobiosis, 50 Eh1b, 73, 74 True bugs, 2, 4, 16, 28, 30, 41, 48, 50, 52–55, Eh1c, 73–75, 85 58, 59, 66, 77, 85, 96, 107, 109–112, Eh1w, 73–75 117–128, 132–137, 139–141, 143, 152, Eh2, 73–75 153, 156, 158–161 Eh3a, 73, 75 Trypanosomatids, 55, 59 Eh3b, 73, 75 Trypanosome, 51 Em1, 16, 71, 72, 85 Em2, 71, 72 Em3, 71, 72, 75, 85, 88 U Em4, 71, 72 Urostylidae, 30 Em5, 71, 72 F, 101, 102 G, 97, 107, 108 V G1, 16, 97 Vascular bundle, 41, 51, 84, 97, 105 G2, 16, 97, 98 Vascular system, 10, 13, 26, 39, 142 H, 97, 98, 107, 108 Vascular tissues, 10, 32, 38, 39, 41, 48, 51, 54, Hh1, 76 55, 71, 72, 75, 79, 86–88, 96, 99, 100, Hh2, 76, 77, 85 108, 111, 112, 122, 133, 136, 158 Hh3a-1, 76, 77 Velvet tobacco mottle, 58 Hh3a-2, 76, 77 Vessels, 32, 39, 55, 81, 83, 86, 98, 100, 108, Hh3b, 76, 77 133, 157, 158 Hh4a, 76, 77 Video recordings, 101, 102, 109, 113, 128, Hh4b, 76, 77 152, 154, 158 Hh5, 76, 77 Virus, 50, 58 H-I1, 97, 98 H-I2, 97, 98 I, 68, 70, 72, 98, 103–105, 107, 108, 125 W Ig, 105, 106 Watermelon, 99, 100 Is, 105, 106 Watery saliva, 7, 27, 28, 30–35, 37, 38, 40–42, J-I1, 98 48–50, 52, 55, 75, 76, 81, 84, 96, 103, J-I2, 97, 98 105, 110 N, 72, 73, 97, 98 Waveform NI, 105, 106 A, 101–103 Np, 16, 67, 68, 70–73, 75, 76, 80, 82, B, 99–102 105, 153 C1, 101, 102, 104 Nv1a, 78, 79 C2, 101, 102, 104 Nv1b, 78 Subject Index 171

Nv2, 78, 79 Z1, 78, 101–103, 107 Nv3, 78, 79 Z2, 78, 101–103, 107 O, 70, 156 Z3, 78, 107, 108 P, 99, 100 Waveform duration per insect (WDI), 123 Pg1a, 80, 81 Waveform duration per probe per insect Pg1b, 80, 81 (WDPI), 123 Pg1c, 80, 81 Western chinch bug, 13, 97 Pg1d, 80, 81, 85 Wheat, 5, 13, 14, 18, 53, 67–70, 85, 89, 97, Pg2, 80, 81 101, 105, 153, 154, 157–160 Pg3a, 80, 81 White seed head, 67, 159 Pg3b, 80, 81 Whitefies, 7, 11 Pg4, 80, 81 Wiring stub, 104, 118 R, 80, 81, 108, 109 Wiring technique, 102, 128 S, 103 T, 103–105 T1, 103, 104 X T2, 103, 104 X-wave, 34, 72, 77, 83, 85, 86, 98, 99, T3, 103, 104 104, 111 Tl1, 82 X-wave phase, 77, 85 Tl2, 82, 83 Xylastodorinae, 53 Tl3a, 82, 83 Xylem, 7, 16, 32, 37–39, 41, 49–51, 53, 55, Tl3b, 82, 83 59, 68–75, 77, 79–83, 85–88, 98–100, W, 103, 105, 106 104, 108, 109, 111, 112, 122, 126–128, Wa, 99, 100 133, 139, 140, 153, 157, 158 Wb, 99, 100 Xylem sap ingestion, 68–70, 72, 73, 75–77, Wc, 99, 100 79, 80, 82, 83, 153 X, 34, 71, 72, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86, 98, 99, 104, 107, 111 Z, 67, 68, 70–76, 79–82, 100, 108, Y 153, 156 Yeast, 59