Brettanomyces Bruxellensis Y Trigonopsis Cantarellii En El Contexto Enológico

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Brettanomyces Bruxellensis Y Trigonopsis Cantarellii En El Contexto Enológico TESIS DOCTORAL Título Detección y caracterización de Brettanomyces bruxellensis y Trigonopsis cantarellii en el contexto enológico Autor/es Cauré Barbosa Portugal Director/es Fernanda Ruiz Larrea Facultad Facultad de Ciencias, Estudios Agroalimentarios e Informática Titulación Departamento Agricultura y Alimentación Curso Académico Detección y caracterización de Brettanomyces bruxellensis y Trigonopsis cantarellii en el contexto enológico, tesis doctoral de Cauré Barbosa Portugal, dirigida por Fernanda Ruiz Larrea (publicada por la Universidad de La Rioja), se difunde bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Unported. Permisos que vayan más allá de lo cubierto por esta licencia pueden solicitarse a los titulares del copyright. © El autor © Universidad de La Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2014 publicaciones.unirioja.es E-mail: [email protected] Detección y caracterización de Brettanomyces bruxellensis y Trigonopsis cantarellii en el contexto enológico Cauré Barbosa Portugal Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular TESIS DOCTORAL DETECCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE BRETTANOMYCES BRUXELLENSIS Y TRIGONOPSIS CANTARELLII EN EL CONTEXTO ENOLÓGICO CAURÉ BARBOSA PORTUGAL LOGROÑO, JULIO DE 2012 DETECCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE BRETTANOMYCES BRUXELLENSIS Y TRIGONOPSIS CANTARELLII EN EL CONTEXTO ENOLÓGICO Memória presentada por Cauré Barbosa Portugal para optar al grado de ‘Doctor Internacional’ por la Universidad de La Rioja LOGROÑO, JULIO DE 2012 Agradecimientos i Quisiera agradecer verdaderamente a las muchas personas que hicieran posible el haber llegado hasta aquí. Agradezco de manera muy especial a la Drª Fernanda Ruiz-Larrea por haber depositado en mí la confianza necesaria durante el camino, por la orientación más que competente, por todos los esfuerzos y por la comprensión en los momentos más difíciles. Agradezco desde el corazón por el apoyo de mi familia, incluso desde la distancia, a lo largo de estos años. A mis padres, por los valores, por la fuerza, por el hacerme avanzar siempre. A mi mujer, Vanessa, por la amistad inigualable y por no dejarme derrumbar a cada instante de nuestra andadura. Mis sinceros agradecimientos a todos los compañeros de laboratorio, los de aquí y los que solamente pasaron, en especial a la amiga Rocío Fernández por la presencia y apoyo en muchos momentos, y a todos los amigos y compañeros del Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación. Mis agradecimientos personales y sinceros a la Drª Dejanira Franceschi de Angelis y a todo el personal del Departamento de Bioquímica y Microbiología de la Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’ (UNESP), campus de Rio Claro (Brasil), por haberme facilitado todo lo necesario y por hacer tan agradable la estancia en su laboratorio. Al Dr. Antonio Tomás Palacios, mi gratitud personal, y a la empresa Excel Ibérica por la colaboración práctica en distintos momentos y circunstancias del trabajo desarrollado. ii A mis padres y a mi familia. A mi mujer y amiga, Vanessa. A mi hija, Oihane. iii ‘Há um tempo em que é preciso abandonar as roupas usadas, que já têm a forma do nosso corpo, E esquecer os nossos caminhos, que nos levam sempre aos mesmos lugares. É o tempo da travessia: e, se não ousarmos fazê-la, teremos ficado, para sempre, à margem de nós mesmos. ’ (Abandonar as velhas roupas usadas. Fernando Pessoa) iv Índice v Tablas ix Figuras xi Abreviaturas xiv Resumen 1 Abstract 4 Objetivos 7 Introducción 9 I. INTRODUCCIÓN 10 1. Brettanomyces/Dekkera 12 1.1. Contexto taxonómico 13 1.2. Fisiología 17 1.3. Contexto ecológico y enológico 19 1.4. Alteraciones organolépticas en vinos 21 1.5. Detección y cuantificación 24 1.5.1. Medios de cultivo 24 1.5.2. Métodos de Biología Molecular 26 1.5.3. Otros métodos 28 1.6. Control microbiológico en enología 30 2. Otras levaduras Saccharomycetales detectadas en ambiente de bodega 35 3. Trigonopsis cantarellii 39 II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 43 Medios de cultivo utilizados 43 1. Detección y cuantificación de Brettanomyces en vinos tintos mediante los métodos de PCR cuantitativa y cultivo en medio específico 45 1.1. Muestras de vino y análisis microbiológicos 45 1.2. Cepas de levaduras y condiciones de cultivo 47 1.3. Preparación de muestras-control 47 1.4. Tratamiento previo de las muestras de vino 48 vi 1.5. Extracción del material genético total 49 1.6. Análisis e identificación de aislados por PCR convencional 52 1.6.1. Extracción del DNA 52 1.6.2. PCR convencional específica para Brettanomyces 52 1.6.3. Análisis por PCR convencional para la identificación de otras levaduras 53 1.6.4. Electroforesis de gel de agarosa de fragmentos de DNA 53 1.6.5. Secuenciación y comparación de datos con el banco de datos GenBank 54 1.7. Análisis de vinos por PCR cuantitativa (qPCR) 55 1.8. Análisis estadístico 56 2. Susceptibilidad de Brettanomyces bruxellensis a agentes antimicrobianos utilizados en Enología 57 2.1. Cepas de levaduras 57 2.2. Cepas de levaduras y condiciones de cultivo 58 2.3. Compuestos antimicrobianos 59 2.4. Determinación de CMI y CMB 60 2.5. Vinos experimentales 61 2.6. Análisis de fenoles volátiles 62 2.7. Análisis microbiológico 63 2.8. Análisis estadístico 63 3. Detección de levaduras no-Saccharomyces en bodega y caracterización de la levadura vínica Trigonopsis cantarellii 64 3.1. Recolección en bodega y procesamiento de las muestras 64 3.2. Caracterización molecular 65 3.2.1. Identificación específica de aislados 65 3.2.2. Alineamiento de secuencias y obtención de dendrogramas 65 3.2.3. Diseño de primers y desarrollo de PCR convencional específica para T. cantarellii 66 3.3. Determinación de acidogénesis y de producción de fenoles volátiles 69 3.4. Crecimiento de T. cantarellii en medio de cultivo líquido 70 3.5. Susceptibilidad de Trigonopsis cantarellii a agentes antimicrobianos utilizados en Enología 71 III. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 73 1. Detección y cuantificación de Brettanomyces mediante los métodos de PCR cuantitativa y cultivo en medio específico en vinos tintos 74 1.1. Métodos de extracción de DNA y análisis por PCR convencional 74 1.2. Métodos de extracción de DNA y análisis por PCR cuantitativa 76 1.3. Comparación del análisis por qPCR y por cultivo microbiológico 82 vii 1.3.1. Estudio de caso 1: vinos tintos en proceso de crianza 82 1.3.2. Estudio de caso 2: seguimiento durante la elaboración de vinos tintos varietales 87 2. Susceptibilidad de Brettanomyces a agentes antimicrobianos utilizados en Enología 93 2.1. Actividad antimicrobiana del metabisulfito potásico 96 2.2. Actividad antimicrobiana de taninos enológicos 100 2.3. Actividad antimicrobiana del chitosan 103 2.4. Actividad antimicrobiana del dicarbonato de dimetilo (DMDC) 105 2.5. Acción del metabisulfito potásico frente a Brettanomyces en vino 107 3. Detección de levaduras no-Saccharomyces en bodega y caracterización de la levadura vínica Trigonopsis cantarellii 115 3.1. Detección de levaduras no-Saccharomyces en ambiente de bodega 115 3.2. Potencial acidogénico y de producción de aromas alterantes de levaduras no-Saccharomyces 121 3.3. Comparación molecular intra-específica de levaduras no-Saccharomyces 125 3.4. Caracterización genotípica y fenotípica de la levadura T. cantarellii 132 3.4.1. PCR convencional específica para identificación de la levadura vínica Trigonopsis cantarellii 132 3.4.2. Caracterización de aislados de la especie Trigonopsis cantarellii 138 3.4.3. Crecimiento de T. cantarellii con diferentes concentraciones de etanol en el medio de cultivo líquido 144 3.4.4. Crecimiento de T. cantarellii a diferentes valores de pH 149 3.4.5. Susceptibilidad de T. cantarellii a agentes antimicrobianos utilizados en Enología 152 a) Actividad antimicrobiana del metabisulfito potásico 155 b) Actividad antimicrobiana de taninos enológicos 159 c) Actividad antimicrobiana del dicarbonato de dimetilo (DMDC) 161 d) Actividad antimicrobiana del Chitosan 163 CONCLUSIONES 164 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 171 ANEXOS 183 viii Tablas ix Tabla I-1. Sinonimias de la especie Dekkera bruxellensis ................................................................................................................... 13 Tabla I-2. Especies actualmente reconocidas dentro del género Brettanomyces/Dekkera ................................................................ 14 Tabla I-3. Caracteres específicos en el género Dekkera/Brettanomyces ............................................................................................ 15 Tabla I-4. Características bioquímicas de fermentación y asimilación para Brettanomyces bruxellensis ........................................... 17 Tabla I-5. Taxonomía de otras levaduras Saccharomycetales identificadas en esta tesis .................................................................. 36 Tabla I-6. Producción de etilfenol y origen de otras levaduras Saccharomycetales identificadas en esta tesis ................................. 38 Tabla I-7. Especies actualmente reconocidas dentro del género Trigonopsis .................................................................................... 39 Tabla I-8. Sinonimias de la especie Trigonopsis cantarellii ................................................................................................................. 40 Tabla II-1. Especies y cepas de levaduras utilizadas ........................................................................................................................... 57 Tabla II-2. Cepas de levaduras utilizadas para puesta a punto de PCR convencional específica
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