Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Humanities Department of Linguistics
‘The Sword Tyrfing’1 translation and analysis
Final assignment for course № 41567: “Structural Elements of Old Norse”
Submi ed to: Larissa Naiditch. Jehuda Ronen.
Jerusalem ∙ Summer 2008
1From ‘Hervarar saga ok Hei reks’, chapter 2, as given in C (1924, §8). General remarks
• I have used C and V (1874) (‘An Icelandic‑English dictionay’) extensively. Many of the Germanic cognates given in this assignment are taken from it. Numbers in【 】indicate references to pages in this dictionary. I also used Z (1910).
• I segmented the text into nine segments (according to the full stops given by ibid.). For each segment I provided a literal (yet under‑ standable) translation, syntactic remarks and finally a lexemic (lex‑ icological, morphological and etymological) analysis. Full analysis is given only in the first occurrence of each word; later occurrences are mentioned briefly or omi ed.
• Legend: ‘♀’ = feminine gender, ‘♂’ = masculine gender, ‘☉’ = neuter gender, ‘∙’ = singular, ‘∙∙’ = dual, ‘∴’ = plural. All other signs and abbreviations are regularly used by linguists.
Text and analysis
• Konungr hét Sigrlami; svá er sagt, at hann væri son Ó ins; hans son hét Svafrlami; hann tók ríki eftir fǫ ur sinn; hann var enn mesti herma r.
(There was) a king (which) was called Sigrlami; so it is said, that he was Óðinn’s son; his son was called Svafrlami; he took the kingdom a er his father; he was the greatest warrior. Syntactic:
Konungr hét Sigrlami — a construction used to introduce a character into narrative and name it. Compare with ‘Angrbo a hét gýgr i Jǫtunheimum’ (C (1924, §8)), ‘Gýmir hét ma r’ (ibid., §9), and ‘Skjǫldr hét sonr Ó ins’ (ibid., §12), which are of a different kind, as they have a different order of elements.
1 svá er sagt, at […] — The use of svá here, as a pro‑form referring to the things said, bears a resemblance to the use of the neuter ♂ ♀ pret III say III=‘it’ : (morphologically: feminine) object in Coptic ⲁ—ϥ—ϫⲟⲟ—ⲥ ϫⲉ ‘he said:’ (lit.: ‘he said it:’). svá er sagt — An impersonal (passive) construction. Used when cit‑ ing prior folk myths.
Lexemic:
konungr — ♂ ∙; king. Sigrlami — PN. The element sigr Etymology common to ‘victory’ is obvious; does all Germanic languages lami mean ‘lame, maimed’ (except Gothic, where 【370】( )? 2 !"#$%&' is used. Yet it svá — so.【607】 is possible it is merely Common to other Ulfila’s choice not to use Germanic languages: konungr the cognate of ): Goth. '*+, O.E. sƿā, Mod‑ O.E. cyning, ModEng. king, Eng. so, Ger. so. Developes O.H.G. chuninc, Ger. könig, into svó in the 14th and the etc. Was contracted into 15th centuries; > svo > so. kóngr since the 14th cen‑ er — III∙ ind. prae. of vera ‘to tury, in a similar manner be’: is.【694̶695】 to Eng. king and Ger. könig. O.E. is, ModEng. is, Germ. ist. s (z) > r because of hét — III∙ ind. pret. of heita (in‑ rhotacism. trans.) ‘to be called’.【252】. sagt segja Goth. (%")%&, O.E. hātan, — pass. part. of ‘to Archaic ModEng. hight, say, to tell’: said, told.【518】 hot (a frozen form), O.H.G. O.E. secgan, ModEng. say. haizan, Germ. heissen. at — that; used in indirect quo‑ 2Compare with Poetic O.N. jó ann and O.E. þēoden.
2 tations.【28】 noun: his. haf i — III∙ ind. pret. of weak comments about I.E. ety‑ South‑Germanic cognates Svafrlami — Called ‘Sigrlami’ in hafa ‘have’.【228】. mology. have an initial dental, the R version of the Her- Goth. (%4%&, O.E. hab- which was dropped in varar Saga, and his parent‑ ban, ModEng. have, sigr — ∙ of ♂ sigr ‘victory’ (as Scandinavian languages: age was not given there. Germ. haben, Nederl. mentioned above, the r is a Goth. !%)+", O.E. þæt, hebben. See ibid., p. 228 for radical).【527】. tók — III ind. pret. of taka ‘to ModEng. that; Swed. åt, take’: took. Dan. at. ríki — ∙ (non‑ ) of ríki References hann — III ∙ personal pro‑ ‘kingdom’. -ja stem.【499】 C , Richard and V , Gudbrand, An Icelandic‑English Dictio‑ noun: he. Goth. ,+"-", O.E. rīce, nary, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1874). væri — III∙ subj. pret. of vera >ModEng. rich, Germ. re‑ ‘to be’. The subjunctive is ich. C , William Alexander, Easy readings in Old Icelandic: with outlines of used here in a nominalised eftir — prep. + / ; a er. grammar and vocabularies, (Edinburgh: I.B. Hutchen, 1924). (‘subordinated’) clause (as Spelt also eptir (in other Y , Jean I., The Prose Edda: tales from Norse mythology, (Berkeley: Uni‑ it is usual in I.E. lan‑ sources?). versity of California Press, 1954), ISBN 0–520–012321. guages). Goth. %.%,, O.E. æfter, son — ∙ of ♂ sonr. The ModEng. a er. Z , Geir T., A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910). –r drops when suffixed in fǫ ur — ∙ of ♂ fa ir ‘father’. names, e.g. Snorri Sturlu·- -r stem.【137】 son (not sonr). It may seem Goth. .%$%,, O.E. and that the same holds here Early ModEng. fader, Mod‑ (son Ó ins as Ó insson; the Eng. father, Lat. pāter, Gr. former is less grammati‑ πατήρ. calised), although later is sinn — ♂ ∙ (= ∙) of pron. wri en ‘hans son’ (not ‘hans poss. reflx. sinn ‘one’s sonr’).【578】. own’.【529】. Goth. '#&#', O.E. sunu, Goth. '+"&'. ModEng. son. var — III∙ ind. pret. of vera ‘to Ó ins — ∙ of Ó inn (PN). be’: was. Germanic *–s hans — III ∙ personal pro‑ > -r because of rhotacism.
3 16 ‘stroke, blow’.【308】. dyrnar — ♀ dyrr. For a discus‑ Used here in an ‘indepen‑ Heliand (Old Saxon) mikil, kom — III∙ ind. pret. of strong sion on this word’s gen‑ dent’ clause. O.H.G. mihil, Lat. magnus, koma ‘come’.【348】. der, see C and V ‑ enn — Orthographic var. of Gr. μέγας; Goth. 0%"'). (1874, p. 111). ok — adv. also.【466】. def. encl. art. hinn ‘the’. herma r — ♂ ∙ of her- Cogn. with Goth. /%"&', fal — III∙ ind. pret. of strong fela lukusk — III∴ ind. pret. reflx. ma r ‘man of war, war‑ O.E. geond, ModEng. yon, herr ‘hide’.【150】. of strong lúka (+aptr) ‘shut, rior. Comp.: ‘host, close’.【399】. Germ. jener. army, troops’ (among bá a — ♂ of bá ir ‘both’. Scots louk. mesti — suprl. ∙ weak (be‑ other meanings) + ma r 【54】. cause of the preceding enn) ‘man’. eggteina — ∴ of ♂ egg·teinn aptr — (a part of ‘luka aptr’’s va‑ of mikill ‘big, great’. 【423】 Goth. (%,/"', O.E. here, ‘edge‑rim’.【177】. lency.) and【427】. O.H.G. and Heliand heri, víat steininum steinn — since (that), because (of — ∙ def. of Goth. 0"-"1', O.E. mycel, Germ. heer, Nederl. heir. it). ‘stone’. • Ok einn dag, er konungr rei á vei ar, og hann var einn sinna manna, sá • Konungr kalla i sver it Tyrfing, ok bar hann jafnan í orrostum ok ein- hann einn steinn mikinn vi sólarsetr, ok ar hjá dverga tvá; konungr víg i vígjum, ok haf i jafnan sigr. á utan steins me málasaxi; eir beiddu fjǫrlausnar.
The king called the sword ‘Tyrfing’, and always carried it in ba le And one day, when the king rode a‑hunting, and (he) became seper‑ and combat, and always had victory. ated (lit. alone) from his men; by sunset he saw a great stone, and by Syntactic: it (lit. there‑by) two dwarves; the king put them under a spell outside a stone with an inlaid sword;3 they begged for ransom. Konungr kalla i […], ok bar hann […], ok haf i […]. — The first verb has a noun as its subject, the second one an (independent) per‑ Syntactic: sonal pronoun, and the third only the person indicated in the einn dag — Accusative of time phrases; denotes adverbiality. verb’s inflexion — a ma er of scale? konungr — The use of the definite suffix in this text, and generally in Lexemic: Old Icelandic, is far from being satisfyingly described in gram‑ matical literature. It is clearly of complex nature. In this text kalla i — III∙ ind. pret. of weak bar — III∙ ind. pret. of strong there is no occurrence of konungrinn, but only konungr, even in kalla ‘call’. bera ‘bear, carry’.【58】. situations which are clearly ‘definite’ to Modern Anglocentric
3I guess he had to put them under a spell so they will not hide in the stone, as they do sver it — ∙ (= ∙) def. of ☉ jafnan — adv. constantly, always later in the story. sver ‘sword’.【610】. (varj amnan).【322】.
15 4 or Hebreocentric eyes. Does konungr act here as a proper name? unnin — pass. part. of vinna work, villainy’. Comp.: (cf. English ‘When I am king’). ‘(work), do, make’. ♂ ní ingr ‘villain’ + ☉ verk sinna manna — Genetivus partitivus. Goth. *"&&%&, O.E. ƿinnan. ‘work’.【456】. vera — inf. ‘to be’. A comple‑ ok 【466】 Lexemic: — adv. also. . ment of skulu here. Germ. auch. ok — conj. and.【465-466】. vei ar — ?∴? of ♀ vei r rjú — of card. num. ver a — inf. ‘become, (be)’. C and V ‘hunting, catching’.【690】. ‘three’. (1874, p. 465), following O.H.G. waida, Germ. weide. ní ingsverk — ∴ of ☉ inn — ∙ of ♂ II∙ poss. pron. ní ingsverk ‘dastard’s inn ‘your (possessed: ♂)’. Grimm, suggests a con‑ og — Orth. var. of ok; used in nexion with Goth. /%( and later periods. Goth. #(. • á hjó konungr sver inu til dverganna; hlupu eir í steininn; hǫggit kom var ver a — III∙ ind. pret. of ok í steininn, ok fal bá a eggteina, víat dyrnar lukusk aptr á steininum. einn — ♂ ∙ (= ∙) of einn ‘become, happen, come to Then the king smote the sword towards the dwarves; they leapt into card. num. ‘one’.【122】. pass’.【695】 the stone; the blow came also (/even) into the stone, and hid both Gr. εἷς, ἕν, Lat. ūnus (Early Goth. *%",!%&, O.E. ƿe- edge‑rims4; because (of that) the doors were shut5 on the door. Lat. oinos), Goth. %"&', orðan, Germ. werden. O.E. ān, ModEng. one. Syntactic: einn — alone.【122】. dag — ∙ of ♂ dagr ‘day’.【94】. sinna — ♂ ∴ of pron. poss. hǫggit kom ok í steininn, ok fal bá a eggteina — Different ‘ok’s in dif‑ dæg Goth. $%2', O.E. , Mod‑ reflx. sinn ‘one’s own’. ferent syntactic positions. Eng. day, Germ. tag. 【529】. Lexemic: er — when.【131‒132】. manna — ♂ ∴ of ma r ‘man’. ModEng. as? –nn– > – – because of dis‑ hjó — III∙ ind. pret. of hǫggva hlaupa.【269】. ‘smite, strike’. Goth. (1%#6%&, O.E. hlēa- rei — III∙ ind. pret. of strong similation of *–nnr (n and r pan, ModEng. leap, O.H.G. rí a ‘ride’: rode. are liquids, while isn’t). sver inu — ∙ def. of ☉ sver hlaufen, Germ. laufen. O.E. rīdan, ModEng. ride, sá — III∙ ind. pret. of strong sjá ‘sword’.【610】. Germ. reiten. ‘see’. dverganna — ∴ def. of strong steininn — ∙ def. of ♂ steinn á — prep. + / ; Goth. '%"*%&, O.E. sēon, ♂ dvergr ‘dwarf’. ‘stone’.【591】. ModEng. see, Germ. sehen. on/towards.【36】. hlupu — III∴ ind. pret. of strong hǫggit — ∙ def. of ☉ hǫgg einn ♂ einn Goth. %&%, O.E. and Mod‑ — ∙ (= ∙) of 4That is, the blade sank was so deep that both edge‑rims were hidden. Eng. on, Germ. an. card. num. ‘one’.【122】. 5In Old Icelandic: in a reflexive manner.
5 14 rjú ní ingsverk; at skal ok ver a inn bani.’ steinn — (? stein?)∙ of ♂ tvá — of ♂ tveir ‘two’. But when Dvalinn stood in the stone‑doors, (then) he said: ‘Thy steinn ‘stone’.【591】. víg i — III∙ pret. of vígja ‘hallow, sword, Svafrlami, will become (lit. ‘becomes’) man’s bane every time O.E. stān, ModEng. stone, put under a spell’. that it is drawn, and with it three villainies; it shall also become your Germ. stein. á — ∴ of ♂ III pers. pron. bane.’ mikinn — ♂ ∙ of mikill ‘big, hann ‘he’: them. great’.【427】. Syntactic: utan — prep. (here: + ) vi — prep. + / ; ( :) (from) outside, ((from) with‑ hvert sinn — Accusative of time phrases; denotes adverbiality. against, with, ( :) by, at, out).【669】. close to.【701‒702】. Lexemic: Goth. #)%&%. Goth. *"!,%, O.E. ƿið, steins — ∙ of ♂ steinn ‘stone’. stó ModEng. with. — III∙ ind. pret. of strong ModEng. bane, O.H.G. 【591】. standa ‘stand’.【587】. bano. sólarsetr — ∙ of ☉ sólarsetr me — prep. + / ; with. Common to I.E. lan‑ hvert — ☉ ∙ (= ∙) of hverr ‘sunset’. Comp.: ∙ of ♀ Goth. 0+!, O.E. mid, guages. sól ‘sun’ + setr ‘set’. ‘each’. Germ. mit. Goth. '%#"1, Poetic O.E. sōl. steinsdurum — ∴ of sinn — ∙ (= ∙) of ☉ sinn málasaxi — ∙ of strong ☉ ar — (followed by a prep.) it, stein(s)dyrr ‘stone‑doors’. ‘time, occasion’.【530】. málasax ‘inlaid sword there‑ as in ‘thereof’, ‘there‑ 【591】. Goth. '"&!. (“seax”, a king of an‑ upon’, etc.【730】. sver — ∙ (= ∙) of ☉ sver er — rel. pron. ‘which, who, cient Germanic sword)’. O.E. ðær-, Archaic or ‘sword’.【610】. that’.【131】. Comp.: mál ‘drawing, in‑ Formal ModEng. there‑, brug it — pass. part. ☉ of laid ornament’ + sax ‘seax’. itt — ∙ of ☉ II∙ poss. pron. Germ. da‑. breg a 【416】. itt strong ‘move ‘your (possessed: ☉)’. hjá — prep. + ; by, beside. swi ly, (of weapons:) Goth. 0+1, 0%1/%&. ver r — III∙ ind. prae. of verda Peculiar to Scandinavian draw’: drawn.【77】. eir — ∴ of ♂ III pers. pron. ‘become, (be)’.【695】. languages, which have no O.E. bregdan. hann ‘he’: they cognate of O.E. be, Mod‑ manns — ∙ of strong er — III∙ ind. prae. of vera ‘to The origin of Mod‑ Eng. by, Germ. bei. Pos‑ consonant‑stem ♂ ma r be’: is. Germanic *–s > -r be‑ Eng. they. sibly connected to Goth. ‘man’. cause of rhotacism. beiddu — III∴ pret. of bei a heiva (and Lat. cum?). bani — ∙ of weak ♂ bani skulu — III∴ ind. prae. of pret.‑ ‘beg’. dverga — ∴of strong ♂ ‘bane, death’.【51】. prae. modal verb skulu fjǫrlausnar — ☉ o rlausn ‘ran‑ dvergr ‘dwarf’. Goth. 4%&/%, O.E. bana, ‘shall’. som’. O.E. dƿeorg/-h, Mod‑ Eng. dwarf, Germ. zwerg. 13 6 • Konungr mælti: ‘Hvat heiti it?’ Annarr nefndisk Dvalinn, enn annarr enn — conj. but.【127】. steinsins — ∙ def. of steinn Dulinn. er — conj. (temp.) when.【132】. ‘stone’.【591】. The king said: ‘How are you (two) called?’ One named himself ‘Dvalinn’, stefnudagr — ∙ ♂ ‘day of eru — III∴ ind. prae. of vera ‘to and the other ‘Dulinn’. summons, appointed day’ be’. (a law term). Comp.: weak Syntactic: dvergarnir — ∴ def. of ♀ stefna ‘(law:) summons, konungr mælti dvergr ‘dwarf’. — Unmarked speech presentation formula (another citation’ + dagr ‘day’. 【590】 segja 【671】 one is with ). and【94】. úti — adv. out, outdoors. . Goth. #)%. Lexemic: kemr — III∙ ind. prae. of strong koma ‘come’ (var. kømr). fengu — III∴ ind. pret. of mælti — III∙ ind. pret. of mæla (of two), the other’ (cf. He‑ 【348】. strong fá ‘give’ (curiously, 【442】 Goth. 5"0%&, O.E. cuman, it is also translated as אחד קרא‘ in אחד speak’. . brew‘ ,&%)%. .ModEng. come, O.H.G. que- ‘get’). 【145】. Goth לעצמו ”דוואלין“ ואחד ,Goth. 0%!1"%&, O.E. mæðlan ,man, Germ. kommen, Ned‑ O.E. fōn, Heliand fâhan .【21】.(’”דולין“ .madelian, Germ. melden Metathesis. Goth. %&!%,, Mod‑ erl. komen, Lat. venio. Germ. fahen. hvat — of interrog. pron. Eng. other, Germ. andere. á — then.【731】. konungi — ∙ of strong ♂ ko- (☉) hvat ‘what’. nefndisk — III∙ subj. med. (=re‑ Goth. !%&, O.E. þā. nungr ‘king’. O.E. hƿæt, ModEng. what, nefna flx.) of weak ‘to rí r — III∙ ind. prae. of strong Nederl. wat, Germ. was, sver it — ∙ (= ∙) def. of ☉ name’: named oneself. rí a ‘ride’: rides. sver ‘sword’.【610】. Lat. quod. Goth. &%0&/%&, Germ. nen‑ til — prep. + ‘to’.【630】. heiti — III∙/∴ subj. of heita ‘to be nen. et — Var. of ☉ def. art. it (poetic South‑Germanic lan‑ called’.【252】. -æt. Dvalinn — PN. According to guages lost the final –l: it — ∙∙ of II pers. pron. ú Y (1954, p. 41), it Goth. $#, O.E. tō, Mod‑ frí asta — sup. of frí r ‘beauti‑ ‘you’: you two. means ‘One‑lying‑in‑a‑ Eng. to, Nederl. te, toe, ful’: most beautiful.【174】. annarr — ∙ of annarr ‘one trance’. O.H.G. zi, za, zuo, Germ. zu. A Scandinavian word; no Origin of ModEng. till, un‑ cognates in other Ger‑ • Konungr mælti: ‘Af ví at it eru allra dverga hagastir, á skulu it gera til. manic languages. mér sver , sem bezt kunni it; hjǫltin ok me alkaflinn skal vera af gulli;
at skal svá bíta járn sem klæ i, ok aldri ry r á festask; ví skal fylgja sigr • Enn er Dvalinn stó í steinsdurum, á mælti hann: ‘Sver itt, Svafrlami, í orrostum ok einvígjum, hverjum er berr.’ ver r manns bani hvert sinn er brug it er, ok me ví skulu unnin vera
7 12 Syntactic: The king said: ‘Because you are the most skillful of all dwarves, you shall make me a sword, as good as you can; the pommel(, the guard) essu játta eir, konungr rí r heim — Praesens historicum. The use of and the middle‑piece shall be of gold; it shall, so, cut iron like cloth, Old Icelandic narrative tenses is far from simple. and rust (shall) never stick (to it); by it victory shall follow in ba le essu játta eir — A curious word‑order. and combat, to anyone who bears (it).’ essu játta — Is seems that there are two ‘ját(t)a’, with two valency Syntactic: models: ours gets a complement, and the other an one. af ví at — Together form a conj. ‘because, for’; lit. ‘from it (/that) Lexemic: .’מזה ש-‘ ,’that
essu — ∙ of ☉ demon. pron. (cf. Lat. domum). Morpho‑ Lexemic: etta ‘this’. logically, ∙ of strong ♂ af — prep. + / ; off.【3】 á — then (used is in a condi‑ játta — III∴ ind. prae. of ját(t)a heimr ‘home’. 【249】 and Goth. %., ModEng. of(f), tion: since X, then Y ). ‘agree, consent’.【325】. 【251】. Germ. ab, Gr. ἀπό, Lat. a, Mid.H.G. jaze. Goth. (+"03' (♀∴), skulu — shall. It is not the nor‑ ab. rí r — III∙ prae. of strong rí a O.E. hām, ModEng. home (‑ mal ‘skulu ’, because of an ‘ride’: rides. ham in toponyms), O.H.G. ví — ∙ of ☉ pers. pron. at assimilation ‘skulu it’ > haim, Germ. heim. heim — adv. home, homewards ‘it’. ‘skulu it’. it — ∙∙ of II pers. pron. ú gera — inf. ‘to do, to make’ (var. • Enn er stefnudagr kemr, á rí r konungr til steinsins; eru á dvergarnir ‘you’: you two. g(i)ørva, geyra, giora,…). úti, ok fengu konungi sver it, ok var et frí asta. 【223ff.】 eru — II∴ ind. prae. of vera ‘to But when the appointed day comes, then the kings rides to the stone; For etymology see be’: (you) are. the dwarves were outside, and gave the sword to the king, and it was C and V allra allr 【16】 the fairest. — ∴ of ‘all’. . (1874, p. 224). Goth. %11', O.E. eall, Mod‑ Syntactic: mér — ∙ of I pers. pron. ek Eng. all, Germ. all. ‘I’. á rí r konungr til steinsins — á seems to play a minor part in the dverga — ∴ of strong ♂ Goth. 0"', Germ. mir. þā narrative system in comparison to O.E. . dvergr ‘dwarf’. sver — ∙ (= ∙) of ☉ sver Lexemic: hagastir — ∴ of hagastr, ‘sword’.【610】. suprl. of hagr ‘skillful’; O.E. sƿeord, Mod‑ most skillful (ones).【232】. Eng. sword, Germ. schwert,
11 8 Nederl. zwaard. ‘piece, bit’.【420】and【328】. O.H.G. chleit, Germ. kleid, O.H.G. sigu, Germ. sieg, sem — conj. as. skal — III∙ of pret.prae. modal Nederl. kleed. Nederl. sege, O.E. sigor and verb skulu ‘shall’. aldri — never, nunquam.【12】. sige (like O.N. sigr and sig). bezt — ☉ ∙ of beztr ‘best’, O.E. sceal, ModEng. shall, suprl. of gó r ‘good’. ry r — ∙ of ♂ ry r; under í — prep. + / ( signify Nederl. zal, Germ. soll. Goth. 23!', O.E. gōd, ☉ ry in ibid., p. 504 — location, while signify ModEng. good, O.H.G. got, vera — inf. ‘to be’. A comple‑ are they in opposition (in direction); in. Germ. gut, Nederl. goed. ment of skal here. one corpus or in the writ‑ Lat. in, Goth. "&, and so ings of one author)? In (in) in other Germanic lan‑ kunni — subj. of pret.‑prae. gulli — ∙ of strong ☉ gull case they are, what is the guages. modal verb kunna ‘able, ‘gold’.【220】. valeur?.【504】. can, (know)’. Goth. 2#1!, O.E., Mod‑ orrostum — ∴ of weak ♀ or- á — As above (?). Goth. -#&&%&, O.E. cunnan, Eng. and Germ. gold. rosta ‘ba le’.【469】. O.H.G. kunnan, Germ. ken‑ at — ∙ (= ∙) of ☉ pers. festask — inf. med. (=reflx.) of O.E. eornest, O.H.G. ernust. festa ‘to fasten, (fastask:) nen/können. pron. at ‘it’. einvígjum — ∴ of ☉ einvígi stick fast to, grow to’. hjǫltin — ∴ (= ∴) def. bíta — inf. ‘bite, (of weapons:) ‘a single combat’. Comp.: 【152】. of ☉ hjalt ‘(hilt), the boss cut’.【64】. einn ‘one’ + víg(i).【123】. Cognates of fastr: O.E. fæst, or knob at the end of Goth. 4+")%&, Mod‑ O.E. ānƿig. Eng. bite, Germ. beizen. ModEng. fast, O.H.G. fasti, a sword’s hilt’; see ibid., hverjum — ∴ of pron. hverr Here: a complement of Germ. fest. p. 265 for details about ‘…, quisque, every one, skal. fylgja — inf. ‘follow’.【179】. the names of the parts whoever’.【300】. folgian of (Norse) swords. The járn — ∙ of ☉ járn ‘iron’. O.E. , ModEng. fol‑ er — rel. pron. ‘which, who, use of plural denotes both 【325】. low, Germ. folgen. that’.【131】. ‘hjǫlt’: the eptra hjalt and Goth. +"'%,&, O.E. īren, sigr — ∙ of ♂ sigr ‘victory’. the fremra hjǫlt.【265】. īse(r)n, ModEng. iron, Also sig; the r in sigr is a berr — III∙ ind. prae. of strong O.E. hilt(e), ModEng. hilt. O.H.G. îsen, Heliand îsarn, radical: I guess this is be‑ bera ‘bear, carry’.【58】. cause of a reanalysis of the Goth. 4%",%&, O.E. beran, me alkaflinn — ∙ def. of ♂ Germ. eisen. Probably of -r ♂ 【527】 me alkafli ‘the “middle‑ Celtic origin; cf. Welsh ∙ suffix. . ModEng. bear, Gr. φέρειν, sigi ferre piece”, the ha of a sword haearn and Irish iarann. Goth. '"2"', Heliand , Lat. . between the two hjalt’. klæ i — ∙ (= ∙) klæ i • essu játta eir, konungr rí r heim. Comp.: me al ‘middle‑, ‘cloth’.【344】. between‑’ + weak ♂ kafli O.E. clāþ, ModEng. cloth, They agreed to this, the king rides home.
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