Nitrous Oxide – N2O
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP Hallucinogenic compounds found in some • Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N- plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from have been used—mostly during religious certain types of mushrooms that are rituals—for centuries. Almost all indigenous to tropical and subtropical hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are regions of South America, Mexico, and classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens the United States. These mushrooms have chemical structures similar to those of typically contain less than 0.5 percent natural neurotransmitters (e.g., psilocybin plus trace amounts of acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine- psilocin, another hallucinogenic like). While the exact mechanisms by which substance. hallucinogens exert their effects remain • PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in unclear, research suggests that these drugs the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. work, at least partially, by temporarily Its use has since been discontinued due interfering with neurotransmitter action or to serious adverse effects. by binding to their receptor sites. This DrugFacts will discuss four common types of How Are Hallucinogens Abused? hallucinogens: The very same characteristics that led to • LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is the incorporation of hallucinogens into one of the most potent mood-changing ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 led to their propagation as drugs of abuse. and is manufactured from lysergic acid, Importantly, and unlike most other drugs, which is found in ergot, a fungus that the effects of hallucinogens are highly grows on rye and other grains. variable and unreliable, producing different • Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in effects in different people at different times. -
Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
Information for Behavioral Health Providers in Primary Care Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP What are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogenic compounds found in some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) have been used— mostly during religious rituals—for centuries. Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens have chemical structures similar to those of natural neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine-like). While the exact mechanisms by which hallucinogens exert their effects remain unclear, research suggests that these drugs work, at least partially, by temporarily interfering with neurotransmitter action or by binding to their receptor sites. This InfoFacts will discuss four common types of hallucinogens: LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in which the principal active ingredient is mescaline. This plant has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of religious ceremonies. Mescaline can also be produced through chemical synthesis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from certain types of mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5 percent psilocybin plus trace amounts of psilocin, another hallucinogenic substance. PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Its use has since been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. How Are Hallucinogens Abused? The very same characteristics that led to the incorporation of hallucinogens into ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also led to their propagation as drugs of abuse. -
Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs
Long-Term Effects of Hallucinogens See page 5. from the director: Research Report Series Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs — which have street names like acid, angel dust, and vitamin K — distort the way a user perceives time, motion, colors, sounds, and self. These drugs can disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate rationally, or even to recognize reality, sometimes resulting in bizarre or dangerous behavior. Hallucinogens such as LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca cause HALLUCINOGENS AND emotions to swing wildly and real-world sensations to appear unreal, sometimes frightening. Dissociative drugs like PCP, DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS ketamine, dextromethorphan, and Salvia divinorum may make a user feel out of Including LSD, Psilocybin, Peyote, DMT, Ayahuasca, control and disconnected from their body PCP, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, and Salvia and environment. In addition to their short-term effects What Are on perception and mood, hallucinogenic Hallucinogens and drugs are associated with psychotic- like episodes that can occur long after Dissociative Drugs? a person has taken the drug, and dissociative drugs can cause respiratory allucinogens are a class of drugs that cause hallucinations—profound distortions depression, heart rate abnormalities, and in a person’s perceptions of reality. Hallucinogens can be found in some plants and a withdrawal syndrome. The good news is mushrooms (or their extracts) or can be man-made, and they are commonly divided that use of hallucinogenic and dissociative Hinto two broad categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such drugs among U.S. high school students, as PCP). When under the influence of either type of drug, people often report rapid, intense in general, has remained relatively low in emotional swings and seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real recent years. -
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens What Are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their thoughts and feelings. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Additionally, dissociative drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and others are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes. Hallucinogens are a Types of Hallucinogens diverse group of drugs Classic Hallucinogens that alter perception, LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind- thoughts, and feelings. altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other Hallucinogens are split grains. into two categories: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain classic hallucinogens and types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South dissociative drugs. America, Mexico, and the United States. Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main People use hallucinogens ingredient. Peyote can also be synthetic. in a wide variety of ways DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. People can also make DMT in a lab. -
MDMA, Cannabis, and Cocaine Produce Acute Dissociative Symptoms
Psychiatry Research 228 (2015) 907–912 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychiatry Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychres MDMA, cannabis, and cocaine produce acute dissociative symptoms Dalena van Heugten-Van der Kloet a,b,n, Timo Giesbrecht a, Janelle van Wel a, Wendy M Bosker a,1, Kim PC Kuypers a, Eef L Theunissen a, Desirée B Spronk c,d, Robbert Jan Verkes c,d, Harald Merckelbach a, Johannes G Ramaekers a a Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands b Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom c Department of Psychiatry (966), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: Some drugs of abuse may produce dissociative symptoms, but this aspect has been understudied. We Received 4 April 2014 explored the dissociative potential of three recreational drugs (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine Received in revised form (MDMA), cannabis, and cocaine) during intoxication and compared their effects to literature reports of 31 March 2015 dissociative states in various samples. Two placebo-controlled studies were conducted. In Study 1 (N¼16), Accepted 18 April 2015 participants received single doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg of MDMA, and placebo. In Study 2 (N¼21), cannabis Available online 30 April 2015 (THC 300 mg/kg), cocaine (HCl 300 mg), and placebo were administered. Dissociative symptoms as measured Keywords: with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS) significantly increased under the influence Dissociative symptoms of MDMA and cannabis. -
MDMA-Induced Dissociative State Not Mediated by the 5-HT2A Receptor
fphar-08-00455 July 11, 2017 Time: 12:7 # 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 July 2017 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00455 MDMA-Induced Dissociative State not Mediated by the 5-HT2A Receptor Drew J. Puxty1, Johannes G. Ramaekers1, Rafael de la Torre2,3,4, Magí Farré2,5,6, Neus Pizarro2,5, Mitona Pujadas2,3 and Kim P. C. Kuypers1* 1 Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, 2 Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain, 3 Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 4 Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, 5 Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 6 Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Clinical Pharmacology, Badalona, Spain Previous research has shown that a single dose of MDMA induce a dissociative state, by elevating feelings of depersonalization and derealization. Typically, it is assumed that action on the 5-HT2A receptor is the mechanism underlying these psychedelic experiences. In addition, other studies have shown associations between dissociative states and biological parameters (heart rate, cortisol), which are elevated by MDMA. In order to investigate the role of the 5-HT2 receptor in the MDMA-induced dissociative state and the association with biological parameters, a placebo-controlled within- Edited by: subject study was conducted including a single oral dose of MDMA (75 mg), combined Andrew Robert Gallimore, with placebo or a single oral dose of the 5-HT2 receptor blocker ketanserin (40 mg). -
From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy
From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy: The History and Re-Emergence of Psychedelics in Medicine By Dr. Ben Sessa ‘The rejection of any source of evidence is always treason to that ultimate rationalism which urges forward science and philosophy alike’ - Alfred North Whitehead Introduction: What exactly is it that fascinates people about the psychedelic drugs? And how can we best define them? 1. Most psychiatrists will define psychedelics as those drugs that cause an acute confusional state. They bring about profound alterations in consciousness and may induce perceptual distortions as part of an organic psychosis. 2. Another definition for these substances may come from the cross-cultural dimension. In this context psychedelic drugs may be recognised as ceremonial religious tools, used by some non-Western cultures in order to communicate with the spiritual world. 3. For many lay people the psychedelic drugs are little more than illegal and dangerous drugs of abuse – addictive compounds, not to be distinguished from cocaine and heroin, which are only understood to be destructive - the cause of an individual, if not society’s, destruction. 4. But two final definitions for psychedelic drugs – and those that I would like the reader to have considered by the end of this article – is that the class of drugs defined as psychedelic, can be: a) Useful and safe medical treatments. Tools that as adjuncts to psychotherapy can be used to alleviate the symptoms and course of many mental illnesses, and 1 b) Vital research tools with which to better our understanding of the brain and the nature of consciousness. Classifying psychedelic drugs: 1,2 The drugs that are often described as the ‘classical’ psychedelics include LSD-25 (Lysergic Diethylamide), Mescaline (3,4,5- trimethoxyphenylathylamine), Psilocybin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and DMT (dimethyltryptamine). -
MDMA Get 24/7 Help Now!
MDMA Illicit substances can be categorized into one of three major drug types: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants consist of substances that slow or “depress” the body’s normal functions. In contrast, stimulants do the opposite: they jump-start the central nervous system, increasing the user’s heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and body temperature. Hallucinogens are unlike either of the other illicit drug groups; as the name suggests, these are drugs that cause hallucinations, whether visual or auditory. Sometimes, illicit drugs can fall into two of these three categories. Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, more commonly called MDMA, is one such example. It falls into two categories: stimulant and hallucinogen. MDMA drug addiction is one type of addiction treatment available through the Wellness Retreat Recovery program. Get 24/7 help now! All calls are free and confidential! 888-821-0238 MDMA About MDMA Like any other stimulant, MDMA increases the user’s energy, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. Still, MDMA stands apart from other stimulant drugs because it triggers a number of effects that are more common among hallucinogens. In fact, MDMA is most well-known for being the active ingredient in Ecstasy, a “club drug” that distorts the user’s senses and evokes uninhibited feelings of sensuality. Other effects include: increased sensory reception (i.e. fabric seems softer, drinks taste stronger, etc.) increased sensitivity to light emotional exacerbation sexual arousal Overall, MDMA has been known to intensity users’ emotional and physical experiences. However, this does not make MDMA a “safe” drug as many users might argue. The Effects of MDMA on the Brain Just like with any other illicit substance, continued use of MDMA can lead to addiction. -
Psilocybin Mushrooms Fact Sheet
Psilocybin Mushrooms Fact Sheet January 2017 What are psilocybin, or “magic,” mushrooms? For the next two decades thousands of doses of psilocybin were administered in clinical experiments. Psilocybin is the main ingredient found in several types Psychiatrists, scientists and mental health of psychoactive mushrooms, making it perhaps the professionals considered psychedelics like psilocybin i best-known naturally-occurring psychedelic drug. to be promising treatments as an aid to therapy for a Although psilocybin is considered active at doses broad range of psychiatric diagnoses, including around 3-4 mg, a common dose used in clinical alcoholism, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, ii,iii,iv research settings ranges from 14-30 mg. Its obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression.xiii effects on the brain are attributed to its active Many more people were also introduced to psilocybin metabolite, psilocin. Psilocybin is most commonly mushrooms and other psychedelics as part of various found in wild or homegrown mushrooms and sold religious or spiritual practices, for mental and either fresh or dried. The most popular species of emotional exploration, or to enhance wellness and psilocybin mushrooms is Psilocybe cubensis, which is creativity.xiv usually taken orally either by eating dried caps and stems or steeped in hot water and drunk as a tea, with Despite this long history and ongoing research into its v a common dose around 1-2.5 grams. therapeutic and medical benefits,xv since 1970 psilocybin and psilocin have been listed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the most heavily Scientists and mental health professionals criminalized category for drugs considered to have a consider psychedelics like psilocybin to be “high potential for abuse” and no currently accepted promising treatments as an aid to therapy for a medical use – though when it comes to psilocybin broad range of psychiatric diagnoses. -
Cavendish the Experimental Life
Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün. The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach Studies 7 Studies 7 Communicated by Jed Z. Buchwald Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Bendix Düker, Caroline Frank, Beatrice Hermann, Beatrice Hilke Image Processing: Digitization Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover Image: Chemical Laboratory. -
A Review of the Use of Inhalation Sedation in General Dental Practice
1 A Review of the Use of Inhalation Sedation in General Dental Practice By Chetan Kaher BDS BSc (Hons) MFDS 2 Abstract Within dentistry, nitrous oxide inhalation sedation is the safest form of sedation used. It is particularly useful in anxious but co-operative children. One of problems associated with the use of nitrous oxide is the occupational exposure which has been linked to decreased psychomotor performance, haematological disorders, spontaneous abortion and reduced fertility. This article reviews the history, use and safety issues surrounding occupational exposure to nitrous oxide and offers guidance on the use of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation in general dental practice. 3 Introduction Since 1844 nitrous oxide (N2O) has been widely used for sedation to manage pain and anxiety in patients. Sedation is used to calm a nervous, apprehensive patient through the use of drugs without inducing the loss of consciousness. By definition, verbal contact with the patient is maintained, their protective reflexes remain intact and the patient is able to understand and respond to verbal commands. Nitrous oxide causes mental/muscular relaxation, decreases the fear for future dental treatment and has analgesic properties. It has an excellent clinical record with few side effects and has reduced the need for general anaesthetic in the anxious patients. Whilst a valuable tool in managing patients, chronic exposure in dental professionals has been linked to decreased psychomotor performance, spontaneous abortion, reduced fertility, malignancy and congenital abnormalities1. It is now legally incumbent on all organisations using nitrous oxide, to control the occupational exposure to this gas to below 100ppm over a time-weighted average (TWA) period of eight hours, under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 2,3,4. -
Committee Report CONSENT CALENDAR
Committee Report CONSENT CALENDAR February 22, 2018 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPORT OF COMMITTEE The Committee on Health, Human Services and Elderly Affairs to which was referred HB 1577, AN ACT relative to the administration of anesthesia by dentists. Having considered the same, report the same with the following amendment, and the recommendation that the bill OUGHT TO PASS WITH AMENDMENT. FOR THE COMMITTEE Original: House Clerk Cc: Committee Bill File COMMITTEE REPORT Committee: Health, Human Services and Elderly Affairs Bill Number: HB 1577 Title: relative to the administration of anesthesia by dentists. Date: February 22, 2018 Consent Calendar: CONSENT Recommendation: OUGHT TO PASS WITH AMENDMENT 2018-0736h eitd-e-ii Le_ STATEMENT OF INTENT This bill brings the standards for anesthesia provided in dental offices up to the same level as hospitals and surgery centers. It adds to the Grounds for Professional Misconduct to permit the Board of Dentistry to enforce these standards. It also creates a procedure for root cause analysis of adverse events similar to hospitals and surgery centers. Amendment 0736h is based on conversations with the various dental groups to create a bill that addresses all concerns. Vote 18-1. Rep. William Marsh FOR THE COMMITTEE Original: House Clerk Cc: Committee Bill File COMMITTEE REPORT Committee: Health, Human Services and Elderly Affairs Bill Number HB 1577 Title: relative to the administration of anesthesia by dentists. Date: February 22, 2018 Consent Calendar: CONSENT Recommendation: OUGHT TO PASS WITH AMENDMENT 2018-0736h STATEMENT OF INTENT This bill brings the standards for anesthesia provided in dental offices up to the same level as hospitals and surgery centers.