FALL 2016

TechLine INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, SUCCESS STORIES, AND TIPS FOR INVASIVE MANAGERS INVASIVE PLANT NEWS PRAIRIE & EDITION JAMES MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST USDA MILLER, JAMES

IN THIS ISSUE: Landowner-Hunter Partnership Supports Habitat Conservation ... 3

Integrative Management BUGWOOD.ORG ROUTLEDGE, ROB of Sericea Lespedeza in Prairie Restorations ... 6 Managing Sericea Lespedeza with Selective Herbicides ... 9 CHRIS HITZEMAN CHRIS Managing Sweetclover BUGWOOD.ORG UNIV, STATE UTAH DEWEY, STEVE in Natural Areas ... 10 Saint Johnswort Biology, Impact and Management ...12 Celebrating the Centennial: Volunteers Unite in Glacier National Park BioBlitz ... 14 Enter Invasive Plant Photo Contest Until October 14 ...2 COURTESY RONALD MARTIN, WWW.MIDWESTPRAIRIES.COM MARTIN, RONALD COURTESY BRIEFS MEET THE TECHLINE TEAM READER SURVEY

HOW ARE WE DOING? Help TechLine News editors give you the information you need to improve your weed management program! Your feedback is important to us and will help us improve upon sharing information that is accurate, timely, and relevant to CELESTINE DUNCAN MELISSA MUNSON DARBY BRAMBLE you. http://bit.ly/techlinesurvey EDITOR MANAGING EDITOR/ CIRCULATION/ Celestine is editor and CREATIVE OUTREACH VastlanTM Specialty primary author for Melissa is copy-editor, Darby coordinates TechLine. Owner of creative and production subscriptions, customer Herbicide Replaces Weed Management manager for TechLine’s care, and social media Services since 1988, electronic and print relations with our Garlon® 3A Celestine earned her publications. Since audience. With a degree TM BS in Agronomy/ earning her BS in in Environmental Vastlan is a herbicide developed Horticulture from New Biology/Botany from the Studies from Western by Dow AgroSciences for the control Mexico State University University of in University, of woody plant and annual and MS in Agronomy 1996, Melissa has worked Darby has conducted and perennial broadleaf on [Weed Science] from with invasive plant outreach and field-work industrial vegetation management, Montana State University. researchers, educators, for federal, state and non- aquatic, Conservation Reserve Program She also conducts field and managers–as a field profit agencies across the (CRP), range and permanent grass research, environmental biologist, teacher, writer/ West. pastures sites and grasses grown for assessments, and training editor, and designer. hay. Vastlan herbicide is formulated programs throughout the Melissa owns Hibou as a soluble liquid (SL) and contains Northwest on invasive Creative Services in 4 pounds acid equivalent per gallon . Helena, Montana. (lbs ae/ gallon) of triclopyr choline. The choline formulation of triclopyr reduced the signal from “Danger” on Garlon® 3A to “Warning”. This reduced toxicity and higher concentration sets Vastlan Send us your best shots of herbicide apart from its predecessor terrestrial INVASIVE PLANTS and terrestrial Garlon 3A. Grass tolerance and weed invasive plant MANAGEMENT IN ACTION for control spectrum of Vastlan herbicide 2016 is the same as Garlon 3A. Vastlan is TechLine’s 2nd annual photo contest and a registered for use in 47 states, excluding PHOTO chance to win a $200 prize. California, , and Florida. WHEN TO ENTER: August 15 to October 14, 2016 APPLICATION RATE CONVERSION FOR GARLON® CONTEST 3A TO VASTLAN™ SPECIALTY HERBICIDE WHAT TO ENTER: Your original photographs of terrestrial invasive plants or terrestrial invasive plant Garlon 3A has 3 lb acid equivalent per gallon management in action. (ae/gallon) and Vastlan has 4 lb ae/gallon.

WHY ENTER: You’ll win a prize! The winner of each GARLON® 3A VASTLANTM category will receive a gift card to Forestry Suppliers or (3 lb ae/gal) (4 lb ae/gal) REI ($200 value). 2 pints/Acre = 1.5 pints/Acre FIND DETAILS AT 3 pints/Acre = 2.25 pints/Acre http://techlinenews.com/photo-contest 4 pints/Acre = 3 pints/Acre Subscribe at http://techlinenews.com/subscribe/ 6 pints/Acre = 4.5 pints/Acre to receive contest updates. 8 pints/Acre = 6 pints/Acre (4 quarts) (3 quarts)

2 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 LANDOWNER-HUNTER PARTNERSHIP SUPPORTS HABITAT CONSERVATION Controlling Invasive Plants Enhances Diversity By Celestine Duncan CHRIS HITZEMAN CHRIS WETLANDS AND PRAIRIE ARE RESTORED AND PRESERVED AS PART OF THE CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM

MID THE RESTORED PRAIRIE GRASSLAND IN win partnership model between hunters and landowners that is CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA, A GROUP THAT strictly habitat-based. AINCLUDED LANDOWNERS, BIOLOGISTS, AND INVASIVE PLANT SPECIALISTS MET TO OBSERVE Optimizing Habitat CONSERVATION AND HABITAT IMPROVEMENT PRACTICES. Chris Hitzeman, a farmer and owner of U- “Our goal is to provide high quality, fair-chase opportunities to Guide South Dakota Pheasant Hunting, gathered the group to hunters by optimizing habitat for pheasants,” explains Hitze- discuss the challenges and benefits of restoring wildlife habitat. man. “This means maintaining high levels of plant diversity This diverse collection of individuals shares an interest in ex- where birds can rear broods, and find cover and feed, especially panding and improving habitat for wildlife in the prairie region. during winter.” Diverse habitat benefits not only pheasants but “There are many agricultural producers that would like to small and large mammals, insects, song birds, raptors and other do more for pheasants and other wildlife, but the farming and prairie-dependent wildlife. ranching business can be tough,” ex- Hitzeman works closely with Pheas- plains Hitzeman. “Landowners un- ants Forever Farm Bill Biologists, Nat- derstand there are challenges such as ural Resources Conservation Service, noxious weed invasion and potential FARM BILL BIOLOGISTS private industry, and others to develop loss of income when you convert crop- Pheasants Forever and Quail Forever Farm the best seed mix, seeding strategy, and land to permanent grass. There has to Bill Biologists are specialized consultants post-seeding management practices to be financial incentives for them to take in conservation programs and habitat meet his conservation goals. “There land out of agricultural production and planning. The Pheasants Forever and Quail is no substitute for on-ground obser- plant the most critical wildlife habitat Forever mission is tied directly to federal vation,” says Hitzeman. “Spending in South Dakota...food-cover plots for conservation programs, such as the Con- time in the field and watching how the winter survival.” servation Reserve Program (CRP), with au- pheasants interact with various plant- The majority of land owned by thority granted through the Federal Farm ings at different times of the year is Hitzeman is in the Conservation Re- Bill. The purpose of Farm Bill Biologists is critical. We can adapt our management serve Program (CRP) including ripar- to assist landowners in designing, devel- to more effectively meet the needs of ian areas, trees, sloughs and permanent oping, and funding habitat improvements pheasants and other wildlife.” on private lands to meet their personal grass. He spent the past 13 years con- When restoring prairie grassland, habitat and land use goals. verting cropland to habitat for pheas- Hitzeman prefers to seed in early ants and other wildlife through CRP FIND A FARM BILL BIOLOGIST AT programs. His success forged a win- http://bit.ly/farmbillbiologists Continued on page 4...

TECHLINENEWS.COM | 3 CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM LAND CP-25 ONE YEAR FOLLOWING A JUNE SPOT TREATMENT WITH MILESTONE® SPECIALTY HERBICIDE AT 5 FL OZ/A TO CONTROL THISTLE (RIGHT)

NEW CP-25 SEEDING IN A FIELD SHOWING THE FIRST MOWING IN JUNE TO REDUCE COMPETITION FROM VELVETLEAF AND OTHER ANNUAL WEEDS (BOTTOM, LEFT) AND THE SAME FIELD TWO GROWING SEASONS AFTER SEEDING SHOWING WELL-ESTABLISHED PRAIRIE FORBS AND GRASSES (BOTTOM, RIGHT). MIKE SCHALLA MIKE CHRIS HITZEMAN CHRIS HITZEMAN CHRIS

... Continued from page 3 food plots for pheasant brood from June bors. We tried mechanical clipping to through August. control weeds on established CRP but spring versus late fall to minimize seed Hitzeman believes the recipe for suc- the method didn’t prove to be a viable loss to winter injury and rodents. Plant- cess is providing a diversity of wildlife control practice on perennial weeds like ing is followed by two mowing events the habitat. This includes warm and cool Canada thistle.” first growing season—one in mid June season grasses, a mix of forbs that bloom Hitzeman compared several different and the second in late July. Mowing at throughout the summer, wetlands, trees, herbicide treatments on grasslands to a height just above desirable seeded spe- food plots, and permanent cover and feed control Canada and musk thistle includ- cies reduces competition for light, nutri- for winter. ing Transline® and Milestone® specialty ents and water from annual and peren- herbicides applied alone or in combina- nial weeds. A flushing bar is mounted on Challenges tion with 2,4-D. He reported that the best the front of the tractor during field work treatment for controlling Canada thistle One of the challenges with CRP is that to move wildlife out of the path of the and maintaining plant diversity was Mile- noxious weeds can invade new plant- mower. stone at 5 fluid ounces per acre (fl oz/A) ings. “Seeding success is often difficult During the second and subsequent plus a non-ionic surfactant. “Milestone is to measure until three years post-seed- growing season, noxious and invasive the most selective herbicide to apply to ing, and every year there are sites where weeds are spot-treated with herbicide. clean up the thistle,” says Hitzeman. Canada thistle and musk thistle need to Fire is also used to stimulate new veg- Thistle is also a problem in young shel- be treated,” explains Hitzeman. “One etative growth and increase plant diver- terbelts. “Trees provide good cover for of our goals is to find a way to control sity, with individual fields burned once nesting birds especially if you plant grass noxious weeds while maintaining a di- every five years in early spring. Thirty- between rows,” says Hitzeman. “It can verse plant community for wildlife, and foot borders around fields are seeded to cost up to about $2,000 per acre to es- to share these successes with our neigh- alfalfa and serve as both a fire break and tablish trees, so it’s important to manage

4 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 CHRIS HITZEMAN CHRIS

WILD PHEASANT HARVEST FROM A CP-37 FIELD CHRIS HITZEMAN CHRIS noxious weeds and reduce competition Sustainable Conservation for water and nutrients. After about five years the shelterbelt shouldn’t require A WIN-WIN Conservation strategies that are habitat- much maintenance.” FOR CONSERVATION based can help landowners diversify their Canada thistle growing within shel- income. Hitzeman explains, “Every year ® terbelts was treated with Transline at AND COMMERCE agricultural commodity prices change— 16 fl oz/A. Tree species included both Chris Hitzeman is a farmer and one year, wheat may bring a high price, deciduous trees (e.g. wild plum [Prunus and a few years later it may be cattle. In sp.]) and conifers (e.g. Rocky Mountain owner of U-Guide South Dakota Pheasant Hunting who forged a our operation we get 40 percent of our juniper [Juniperous scopulorum]). revenue from CRP payments, 40 percent “The four-year-old deciduous trees win-win partnership model between hunters and landowners in the from hunting, and the remainder from showed good tolerance to Transline cash rent on 100 acres of farmland. Opti- when spraying between rows,” says common interest of improving and expanding wildlife habitat. mizing habitat for wildlife and providing Hitzeman. “There was no damage to hunting opportunities on private land is a juniper or other conifers, but some leaf The majority of land owned by Hitzeman is in the Conservation win-win situation for land conservation, curling was observed in deciduous trees hunters and landowners. By viewing that were one year old.” No long-term Reserve Program (CRP) including riparian areas, trees, sloughs sustainable conservation from a profit- damage to trees has been observed; how- ability standpoint it’s possible to change and permanent grass. ever, it is important to understand the landowner acceptance of programs, and tolerance of individual tree species to more agricultural producers will devote various herbicides prior to treatment. CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAMS more of their land to wildlife habitat. The noxious weed management plan IMPLEMENTED BY HITZEMAN The land, water and wildlife ultimately for Hitzeman’s property includes a toler- benefit from these partnerships.” 1. CRP CP-5A: Field windbreak ance level of about 20 percent Canada plantings. thistle cover within patches. Greater 2. CRP-CP12: Wildlife Food Plots. ®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated than 20 percent cover has a significant company of Dow. Milestone is not registered for sale or use in all impact on desirable forbs. Fall applica- 3. CRP-CP21: Filter strips. states. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if tion of Milestone® may be more selec- 4. CRP-CP22: Riparian buffer. a product is registered for sale or use in your state. Label precautions 5. CRP-CP25: Restoration of Rare and apply to forage treated with Milestone and to manure from animals tive on certain forbs and still provide that have consumed treated forage within the last three days. Consult good control of dense Canada thistle. Declining Habitat Program. the label for full details. State restrictions on the sale and use of Trans- Hitzeman suggests that inter-seeding 6. CRP-CP27/28: Farmable Wetlands line apply. Consult the label before purchase or use for full details. Always read and follow label directions. Milestone-tolerant forbs may optimize Program. Active ingredients for herbicide products mentioned in this article: plant diversity for wildlife habitat fol- 7. CRP-CP37: Duck Nesting Habitat Milestone (aminopyralid), Transline (clopyralid). lowing herbicide treatment of dense (wetland restoration). Canada thistle infestations.

... about trees tolerant to Milestone® specialty herbicide at http://bit.ly/milestonewoodyplants. LEARN ... about forbs tolerant to Milestone® specialty herbicide that are recommended for seeding into sites MORE infested with Canada thistle, musk thistle, and absinth wormwood at http://bit.ly/herbicidesprairie. TECHLINENEWS.COM | 5 Integrative Management of Sericea Lespedeza in Prairie Restorations JAMES MILLER, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG SERVICE, FOREST USDA MILLER, JAMES

EDITORS NOTE: Data summarized in this article are from a thesis authored by Lindsay Shupert as partial fulfillment of a Master of Science degree at Southern University, Carbondale (May 2016). The entire thesis is available online at https:// dx.doi.org/10.6084/9. figshare.3369952.v1 CHRIS EVANS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, BUGWOOD.ORG ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF EVANS, CHRIS

Lindsay Shupert, a graduate student with Dr. David Gibson and Pasturegard HL (triclopyr plus fluroxypyr), which have at Southern Illinois University conducted a research project been shown to provide effective control in reducing sericea les- on sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) in the Crab Orchard pedeza. A native seed mix designed for Conservation Reserve National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is located near Marion, Program lands (Table 3) was seeded in February 2013 to half of Illinois between the Mississippi River and River, in Wil- the August herbicide-treated plots. Plots were hand raked prior liamson County. to seeding to remove litter and allow seed contact with the . The goal of the study was to explore a comprehensive ap- The seed mix was distributed at an approximate density of 300 proach to reducing the abundance of sericea lespedeza. Pri- seeds per square meter. Plots receiving the May herbicide treat- mary objectives of the research were to: (1) Measure the level ments were not seeded. of sericea lespedeza control and forb tolerance to varying rates of Garlon® 4 Ultra specialty herbicide and PastureGard® HL herbicide applied in spring and summer; (2) compare effective- ness of summer-applied to spring-applied herbicide treatments; FIGURE 1. A SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN WAS USED, WHERE HALF OF THE SUMMER HERBICIDE- and (3) determine how supplemental seeding of native grasses TREATED PLOT RECEIVED A SPRING SEEDING OF DESIRABLE PRAIRIE SPECIES, AND THE and forbs enhance restoration success following herbicide treat- OTHER HALF DID NOT RECEIVE SEEDING. EACH “T” REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT HERBICIDE TREATMENT (T6= NON-TREATED CONTROL). ment. The hypothesis was that the combination of herbicides and seeding would allow an increase in native plant diversity and reduce regrowth and reinvasion of sericea lespedeza. Methods Field studies were established at three sites within Crab Or- chard Wildlife Refuge on infestations of sericea lespedeza. A split-plot design was used, where half of the summer herbicide- treated plot received a spring seeding of desirable prairie spe- cies, and the other half did not receive seeding (Figure 1). Two herbicides at multiple rates were applied in August 2012 and two herbicides at one rate each were applied in May 2013 (Tables 1, 2). Herbicides included Garlon 4 Ultra* (triclopyr)

*Remedy Ultra rather than Garlon 4 Ultra should be applied on sites grazed by livestock. 6 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 TABLE 1. HERBICIDES AND RATES THAT WERE APPLIED IN AUGUST (SUMMER) 2012. TABLE 3. LIST OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN SEEDING MIX Treatment Herbicide Active ingredient Application Rate pints/A Scientific Name, Common Name 1 Garlon® 4 Ultra Triclopyr 1 (low rate) Andropogon gerardii big bluestem 2 Garlon 4 Ultra Triclopyr 1.5 (high rate) Bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama 3 Pasturegard® HL Triclopyr plus Fluroxypyr 1.1 (low rate) Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem 4 Pasturegard HL Triclopyr plus Fluroxypyr 1.5 (medium rate) Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass 5 Pasturegard HL Triclopyr plus Fluroxypyr 2.2 (high rate) Chamaecrista fasciculata partridge pea 6 Non-treated (control) 0.0 Dalea candidum white prairie clover Dalea purprea purple prairie clover Desmanthus llinoensis Illinois bundleflower Echinacea pallida pale purple coneflower TABLE 2. HERBICIDES AND RATES THAT WERE APPLIED IN MAY (SPRING) 2013. Lespedeza capitata round-headed bushclover Treatment Herbicide Active ingredient Application Rate pints/A Penstemon digitalis foxglove beardtongue A Garlon® 4 Ultra Triclopyr 1 (low rate) Ratibida pinnata yellow coneflower B Pasturegard® HL Triclopyr plus Fluroxypyr 1.1 (low rate) Rudbeckia hirta -eyed Susan Veronicastrum virginicum Culver’s root

Vegetation was assessed prior to or immediately after herbi- other plant groups. Statistical analysis was performed to assess cide application, and post-application in June and August 2013. community composition response to seeding and herbicide Density of sericea lespedeza were measured using stem counts treatments. to quantify density, and a visual estimation of canopy cover according to the modified Daubenmire scale. Cover and rich- ness of exotic and native plants on the August-treated herbicide Results plots were also measured. These steps allowed for comparison Herbicide treatments applied in August significantly reduced of the effectiveness of herbicides with and without reseeding, sericea lespedeza stem density (Figure 2) and cover compared and applied in spring and in summer. to non-treated plots 10 months after application at all three lo- cations. Evaluations taken 12 months after application showed Sites 1 and 3 responded similarly to herbicide treatments, which Analysis provided effective control of sericea lespedeza; however, only Mixed Model analysis by site was performed to test the effect PastureGard HL at 2.2 pints/acre significantly reduced sericea of herbicide and seeding treatments on sericea lespedeza. The stem density at Site 2 compared to non-treated plots. Site 2 had August herbicide-treated plots were also tested for effects on Continued on page 8...

FIGURE 2. SERICEA LESPEDEZA MEAN STEM DENSITY PER SQUARE METER PRETREATMENT, 10 MONTHS (JUNE 2013) AND 12 MONTHS (AUGUST 2013) AFTER HERBICIDE TREATMENTS (MAT) WERE APPLIED. SITES 1 AND 3 WERE SIMILAR, SO ONLY SITE 3 IS COMPARED TO SITE 2 BELOW. BARS SHARING THE SAME LETTER DO NOT DIFFER STATISTICALLY FROM EACH OTHER (P < 0.05). KEY INDICATES THE HERBICIDE TREATMENT NUMBER USED.

KEY TO TREATMENTS: T1=Garlon® 4 Ultra 1 pint per acre T2=Garlon 4 Ultra 1.5 pint per acre T3=Pasturegard® HL 1.1 pint per acre T4=Pasturegard HL 1.5 pint per acre T5=Pasturegard HL 2.2 pint per acre

TECHLINENEWS.COM | 7 STUDY SITE 2 SHOWING A TREATMENT BLOCK ABOUT THREE WEEKS POST HERBICIDE APPLICATION. DAVID GIBSON DAVID SOUTHERN ILLINOIS GRADUATE STUDENT LINDSAY SHUPERT GUIDES APPLICATOR SCOTT FLYNN, RESEARCH BIOLOGIST WITH DOW AGROSCIENCES, BY POINTING OUT CORNERS OF HER SERICEA LESPEDEZA RESEARCH PLOTS (LEFT).

LINDSAY SHUPERT (BOTTOM, LEFT). DAVID GIBSON DAVID COURTESY OF LINDSAY SHUPERT LINDSAY OF COURTESY

... Continued from page 7 less intensive management than sites 1 and 3, soil compaction, suggest that sericea lespedeza will regrow or reinvade on some and the lowest cover of native species, which may have affected sites and follow-up control will be necessary. herbicide efficacy and regeneration of sericea lespedeza. There There was insufficient evidence to determine if supplemen- was no significant difference in sericea lespedeza stem density tal seeding at the applied rate had an effect on restoration suc- or cover between various herbicide treatments except at Site cess following herbicide application, at least in the short term 2. Supplemental seeding in the August herbicide-treated plots that this study was conducted. Data showed that supplemental did not reduce the abundance of sericea lespedeza consistently seeding of native species did not significantly reduce regrowth across plots or sites. of sericea lespedeza. This poor response of supplemental seed- Both Garlon 4 Ultra and PastureGard HL applied in May ling may be due to the persistent soil seed bank created by seri- (spring) significantly reduced sericea cover three months fol- cea lespedeza, or ecological changes occurring in infested sites lowing application similar to the August treatments. Compari- such as changes in fungal or bacterial communities or allelo- sons between summer and spring treatments were difficult to pathic tendencies of sericea lespedeza. These factors may allow assess since evaluation intervals were only four months for the sericea lespedeza to re-establish faster than the desirable seed- spring application, and 10 to 12 months for the summer ap- lings can establish. In addition, the six-month time period that plication. measurements were taken may have been too short for native Herbicide effects on native plant species were variable, and seedling establishment or the ability of seedlings to compete cover and richness of native plants was not correlated to her- with sericea lespedeza. Native species richness and cover were bicide treatment in the spring plots. Similarly, in the summer not consistently higher in seeded plots compared to non-seeded plots the richness of native plants fluctuated by sampling date, plots suggesting poor establishment of seed mix species. but was not correlated to herbicide treatment.

Conclusions ®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow. State restrictions on the sale and use of Garlon 4 Ultra apply. Consult the label before purchase or use for full details. Always read Good to excellent short-term control of sericea lespedeza was and follow label directions. achieved in both the August (summer) and May (spring) herbi- Active ingredients for products mentioned in this article. Product (active ingredient): cide treated plots. However, data from the herbicide treatments Garlon 4 Ultra (triclopyr), PastureGard HL (triclopyr and fluroxypyr).

8 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 MANAGING SERICEA LESPEDEZA WITH SELECTIVE HERBICIDES READ THE COMPLETE ARTICLE ONLINE AT http://bit.ly/sericeamanagement Controlling Commitment lespedeza. Opensight® herbicide (a invasive combination of metsulfuron and Successful management of sericea aminopyrlid) provides good late season lespedeza requires a long-term control when applied at 3 to 3.3 oz of weeds commitment because of the tenacious product per acre. The use of a non- nature of the plant and high longevity ionic surfactant is recommended for all in the fall of seed viability in the soil seed bank. treatments.

The management goal should be to BUGWOOD.ORG ADMINISTRATION, PHYTOSANITARY SAMANEK, JAN control the plants and prevent seed Application Fall rain and cooler temperatures production until the seed in the soil provide good conditions for extending are no longer viable. Infested areas BROADCAST APPLICATION the herbicide application season. should be monitored each year and Adequate coverage is a key component The following species and many new plants controlled. Establishing and of control for sericea lespedeza. For others can be effectively controlled maintaining a thick cover of desirable best results, apply 3 or more gallons in the fall. Follow the links for control grasses through proper grazing per acre total spray volume by air or recommendations for each species. management helps discourage new 10 to 20 gallons per acre total spray plant establishment and site invasion. volume by ground equipment. Use of SPOTTED & DIFFUSE KNAPWEED a nonionic surfactant at 1 to 2 quarts http://bit.ly/spottedknapweed per 100 gallons of spray solution is Herbicide Application Timing CANADA THISTLE recommended for all sericea lespedeza http://bit.ly/canadathistle EARLY SUMMER treatments. Begin treatment when sericea LEAFY SPURGE lespedeza is a minimum of 8 inches SPOT APPLICATION http://bit.ly/leafyspurge tall (May to June). Treatment may Mix 3 pints PastureGard HL or 4 to 6 BIENNIAL THISTLES continue as long as plants are not quarts Remedy Ultra per 100 gallons http://bit.ly/biennialthistle stressed through the summer. Use the of water (0.5 fl oz PastureGard HL or higher labeled rate when the plants are 1.5 to 2 fl oz Remedy Ultra per gallon CROWN VETCH larger than 18 inches. of water). Apply the spray uniformly http://bit.ly/crownvetch and thoroughly wet the Sericea BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL EARLY FALL lespedeza foliage. Tank mixing of http://bit.ly/birdsfoottrefoil Treatment may continue through PastureGard HL with other herbicides September when plants are actively is not required to control Sericea. SWEETCLOVER growing. The higher labeled rate When using a backpack sprayer to http://bit.ly/sweetclover herbicides should be used late in the (and see page 10) season due to the advanced growth treat small patches, adjust the spray tip stage of the plant. to produce a higher volume spray, or TEASEL install a flat spray tip such as a Teejet http://bit.ly/teasel2014 Herbicides 2503 or 4004E. Backpack spraying is efficient for minor infestations and WOODY PLANTS ® PastureGard HL (combination of follow-up spot treatments. When Foliar herbicide application to woody plants can be made in fall until the first triclopyr and fluroxypyr) at 0.75 to treating by hand, be sure to spray all 1 pint per acre and Remedy® Ultra sign of color change in the leaves. of the plants’ growing tips, spraying to http://bit.ly/woodyplantcontrol (triclopyr) at 1 to 1.5 pints per acre wet at least 80 percent of the foliage. provides the most consistent control of sericea lespedeza across multiple SOME SPECIES ARE NOT EFFECTIVELY application timings. The higher label ®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated CONTROLLED IN FALL. For example: rates tend to be more consistent than company of Dow. State restrictions on the sale and use of Opensight and Remedy Hawkweeds ( spp.), and lower rates especially at August and Ultra apply. Consult the label before purchase or use for full details. annual weeds such as pigweeds September applications. Metsulfuron Always read and follow label directions. (Amaranthus spp.), buffalobur applied at later application timing (Solanum rostratum), and kochia provides good control of sericea (Kochia scoparia).

TECHLINENEWS.COM | 9 Managing STEVE DEWEY, BUGWOOD.ORG DEWEY, STEVE Sweetclover in Natural Areas

By Celestine Duncan STEVE DEWEY, BUGWOOD.ORG DEWEY, STEVE BUGWOOD.ORG ROUTLEDGE, ROB

ellow (Melilotus officinalis) and white (M. alba) sweetclover are herbaceous, non-native legumes that are widely distributed in the . A native to , sweetclover was introduced to by the mid-1600s. Spread of the plant was likely facili- Ytated by beekeepers and agriculturalists. Sweetclover is considered both a beneficial plant BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY and a problematic weed. Although cultivated for wildlife and livestock forage, soil stabilization, as a Yellow and white sweetclover are considered bien- nitrogen-fixer, and as a bee plant, both white and nials and rarely annuals or short-lived perennials. yellow sweetclover are now classified in the United Plants grow vegetatively the first year, developing States as invasive in some midwestern states and a deep tap-root system. During the second grow- Alaska. Sweetclover is known to degrade grasslands ing season, sweetclover stems will grow up to 6 ½ in prairie and natural areas by overtopping and feet in height with spreading branches. Flowering shading native plants thereby reducing diversity. takes place from April through September. Small, The success of prairie restorations is often hindered yellow (or white), sweetly fragrant, pea-like flowers by sweetclover invasion (Figure 1). These clovers cluster along the end of each flowering stem and readily occupy open habitats and have successfully in leaf axils creating slender flower heads (Figure exploited many native prairies and open, mesic 2). Yellow sweetclover may bloom two to four plant communities in the Midwest (U.S.). weeks earlier than white sweetclover. Each flower produces one or two small seeds with hard seed coats. Although plants die after pro- ducing seed, long-term seed viability (81 years) allows infestations to per- sist for years until the soil seed bank is depleted.

FIGURE 1. COMPARISON OF 0 AND 25 PERCENT SWEETCLOVER COVER ON THE PLANT COMMUNITY ONE YEAR AFTER BURNING AND INTER-SEEDING IN WESTERN . SWEETCLOVER REDUCED ESTABLISHMENT OF SEEDED FORBS (% FORB COVER IN PINK).

10 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 MANAGEMENT Field trials conducted by Renz in Middleton, in 2012 indicate that Milestone at Herbicides, physical, cultural (grazing, fire and 5 fl oz/A and Transline® specialty herbicide at competition), and mechanical methods have 1 pint/A applied in fall provide similar control been used for managing white and yellow sweet- of sweetclover the spring following treatment. clover. An important consideration in controlling Winterkill of sweetclover at Middleton may have this species is long-term viability of seeds in soil; influenced control (Renz unpublished data). thus management practices that stop flowering

HERBICIDE APPLICATION TIMING BUGWOOD.ORG DEWEY, STEVE are important for seed bank depletion. Although Sweetclover is capable of germinating throughout physical, cultural, and mechanical methods can FIGURE 2. LEAVES ARE provide some control of sweetclover, this article the growing season into fall. Herbicides applied FULLY DIVIDED INTO focuses on use of selective broadleaf herbicides. in fall will control first year plants that haven’t THREE LEAFLETS, LIKE flowered. However, soil residual properties of ALFALFA. LEAFLETS ARE Field trials were conducted in western Min- the herbicide are important to prevent seedling EGG SHAPED TO OBLONG nesota near Ortonville to study plant commu- germination the following spring and summer. AND MOSTLY 0.4 TO 1 INCH (1–2.5 CM) LONG. nity response to various herbicide treatments Milestone, Tordon® 22K or Transline specialty in a prairie restoration. Pre- and post-treatment THE MIDDLE LEAFLET herbicides applied in spring or early summer may HAS A SHORT STALK. plant cover data were collected from 200 subplots control both bolting plants (second year growth) LEAVES ARE ALTERNATE within plots. In the plots where sweetclover was and seedlings that can germinate throughout the TO ONE ANOTHER present, mean cover was about 25 percent prior summer into fall. In prairie plantings, Milestone ALONG THE STEM. to herbicide application. Results one year follow- and Transline would provide more selective con- ing application indicated that sweetclover cover trol of sweetclover than Tordon 22K. Design REFERENCES declined to about 0.1 percent post-herbicide herbicide selection and application timing to application with Milestone® specialty herbicide Gucker CL. 2009. Melilotus meet management objectives for other desirable alba, M. officinalis. In: Fire at 5 fluid ounces per acre (fl oz/A), equivalent to broadleaf species on the site and minimize non- Effects Information System, 99 percent control. On adjacent non-treated plots target damage. [Online]. U.S. Department of sweetclover cover increased to 36 percent during Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research the same time period (Figure 3). INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT Station, Fire Sciences Studies conducted by Mark Renz with the Sweetclover abundance can be reduced through Laboratory (Producer). integrated management strategies that are Available: http://www.fs.fed. University of Wisconsin produced similar results designed to encourage native vegetation and limit us/database/feis/ [2014, (http://techlinenews.com/s/sweetcloverrenz.pdf). May 5]. sweetclover growth and reproduction. Integrat- Renz reports that either Milestone at 7 fl oz/A Panke B and M Renz. 2013. ing late spring to early fall burns, seeding desir- or Grazon® P+D herbicide at 32 fl oz/A provide Management of invasive the most effective sweetclover control the season able species, mowing and herbicides will help plants in Wisconsin: reduce the competitive ability of sweetclover. Sweetclovers. University of treatment and one year following treatment of Wisconsin Cooperative compared to other selective broadleaf herbicides. Extension A3924-24. 4p.

Label precautions apply to forage treated with Milestone and to manure from animals that have consumed treated forage within the last three days. Consult the label for full details. ®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow. Milestone is not registered for sale or use in all states. Contact your state pesticide FIGURE 3. PERCENT SWEETCLOVER COVER regulatory agency to determine if (Y-AXIS) IN PRAIRIE RESTORATION PLOTS a product is registered for sale or PRE-APPLICATION AND ONE YEAR POST- use in your state. Grazon P+D is a APPLICATION WITH MILESTONE® SPECIALTY federally Restricted Use Pesticide. HERBICIDE AT 5 FLUID OUNCES PER ACRE State restrictions on the sale and (FL OZ/A) COMPARED TO NON-TREATED use of Transline apply. Consult the CONTROL PLOTS IN WESTERN MINNESOTA. label before purchase or use for full details. Tordon 22K is a federally Restricted Use Pesticide. Always read and follow label directions.

TECHLINENEWS.COM | 11 Saint Johnswort Biology, Impact and Management

By Celestine Duncan STEVE DEWEY, RETIRED, UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY. BUGWOOD.ORG UNIVERSITY. STATE UTAH RETIRED, DEWEY, STEVE

aint (St.) Johnswort (Hypericum of swelling and soreness of the mouth , humans, and water. Seeds can re- perforatum L.), also known as following an episode of hypericism. St. main dormant in soil for ten years. Klamath weed or goatweed, was Johnswort also forms monocultures, re- Sintroduced to the United States ducing native plant diversity and impact- Management as an ornamental and for medicinal pur- ing wildlife habitat and livestock carrying poses. The weed readily escapes cultiva- capacity on rangeland and natural areas. Early detection and treatment of newly tion, and has spread to infest natural ar- invading plants, minimizing disturbance, eas, pastures and rangeland throughout and establishing desirable competitive most of the United States (Figure 1). St. Identification vegetation will reduce the ability of St. Johnswort is listed as a noxious weed in St. Johnswort is a taprooted perennial Johnswort to establish and spread. eight western states (CA, CO, MT, OR, weed that reproduces from seed and lat- On small, isolated infestations, hand NV, SD, WA and WY) (USDA, NRCS eral roots. Plants grow from one to five pulling or digging young plants may be 2016) and is on the noxious weed list for feet tall with numerous stems that are effective. Repeated pulling or digging is the North American Weed Free Forage woody at the base. In autumn, infesta- necessary because lateral roots of older Program (NAISMA 2016). tions are easily visible because of the up- plants can give rise to new plants. Ex- right, rust-colored stems. tracted plants should be removed from Leaves are opposite, sessile, entire, el- the area and burned to prevent vegetative Impact liptic to oblong, and generally not more regrowth and/or seed dissemination. St. Johnswort contains the pigment hy- than one inch long. A diagnostic charac- Mowing is ineffective as a manage- pericin, which causes photosensitiza- teristic of St. Johnswort is the presence ment tool but may reduce spread of the tion when ingested by grazing animals. of tiny, transparent perforations on the plant if done before seeds form. Mowing Livestock will consume the weed when leaves that are visible when the leaf is may also negatively impact desirable veg- more desirable forage is scarce. Weakly held up to a light source (Figure 2). A etation that can compete with St. John- pigmented parts of the grazing animal’s mature plant may produce up to 30 flow- swort. Burning may increase the density body such as the mouth, nose, ears and ering stems annually. and vigor of St. Johnswort infestations. udders become light sensitive. Sheep, Flowers are clustered in terminal HERBICIDE cattle, horses and goats are susceptible, cymes and each flower has five sepals but goats are more resistant than other and five petals (Figure 3). Petals are typi- Field trials conducted in Washington animals. Symptoms include blistering cally twice as long as sepals with black and Montana show that Milestone® spe- skin, hair loss, high body temperature, glands along the margins. The seed cap- cialty herbicide at 5 to 7 fluid ounces per rapid pulse and respiration rates, saliva- sule bursts at maturity (Figure 4). A sin- acre (fl oz/A) provides excellent control tion and diarrhea. Affected animals may gle plant can produce about 30,000 seeds (>95%) of St. Johnswort one year after die of dehydration or starvation because that are easily transported by animals, treatment (Table 1). Applications should

TABLE 1. ST. JOHNSWORT CONTROL WITH VARIOUS HERBICIDES ONE YEAR AFTER TREATMENT (YAT) WITH SPRING APPLICATIONS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES.

Herbicide Rate (product/A) % control 1 YAT Milestone® specialty herbicide 5 -7 fluid ounces 97 to 99 FIGURE 1. CURRENT Milestone + metsulfuron 5 fluid ounces + 1 ounce 99 DISTRIBUTION OF COMMON ST. GrazonNext® HL herbicide 1.5 pints 98 EDDMAPS 2016 EDDMAPS JOHNSWORT IN THE 2,4-D 1 qt 15 UNITED STATES 12 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 STEVE DEWEY, RETIRED, UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY. BUGWOOD.ORG UNIVERSITY. STATE UTAH RETIRED, DEWEY, STEVE BUGWOOD.ORG UNIVERSITY, STATE OHIO CHAMBERLAIN, KEN STEVE DEWEY, RETIRED, UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY. BUGWOOD.ORG UNIVERSITY. STATE UTAH RETIRED, DEWEY, STEVE FIGURE 2. ST. JOHNSWORT LEAVES WITH TRANSPARENT FIGURE 3. FLOWERS ARE CLUSTERED IN TERMINAL FIGURE 4. THE SEED CAPSULE BURSTS AT MATURITY. PERFORATIONS. CYMES AND EACH FLOWER HAS FIVE SEPALS AND FIVE A SINGLE PLANT CAN PRODUCE ABOUT 30,000 SEEDS PETALS. PETALS ARE TYPICALLY TWICE AS LONG AS THAT ARE EASILY TRANSPORTED BY ANIMALS, WIND, SEPALS WITH BLACK GLANDS ALONG THE MARGINS. HUMANS, AND WATER. SEEDS CAN REMAIN DORMANT IN SOIL FOR TEN YEARS. be made when the weed is actively grow- to control St. Johnswort. The insect ef- out of direct sunlight, and extracts may ing in late spring, early summer, and in fectively reduced St. Johnswort to about also have negative interaction with other fall when basal regrowth occurs. Open- one percent of its former acreage in that drugs. sight® specialty herbicide at 2.5 to 3.3 state. The flea beetle and three additional ounces of product per acre provides agents are currently impacting St. John- similar control as Milestone. In Wash- swort: Chrysolina hyperici, a foliage feed- References ington, late fall (November) application ing beetle; Aplocera plagiata, a foliage and Dow AgroSciences Internal Field Data Reports. Accessed January 2016. of Milestone at either 5 or 7 fl oz/A pro- flower feeding moth; Agrilus hyperici, a EDDMapS. 2016. Early Detection & Distribution vided greater than 95 percent control 27 root-boring beetle. Chrysolina hyperici is Mapping System. The University of months following treatment (Figure 5). better suited for wet sites than C. quadrige- - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Neither metsulfuron (Escort) at 1 ounce mina. The success and population stabil- Health. Available online at http://www. eddmaps.org/. Accessed March 2, 2016. of product per acre, nor 2,4-D provide ity of biological control agents depends Krueger J and R Sheley. 2002. St. Johnswort acceptable control of St. Johnswort. on the fluctuations of St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum). Montana State Control of large infestations should populations and site conditions including University Bulletin No. MT199810 AG. integrate herbicide application with bio- cold temperature. North American Invasive Species Management Association (NAISMA), Weed Free Forage logical control agents. Herbicides can be Standards. Avialable online at http://www. used on the perimeter of large infesta- naisma.org/images/Updated_NAISMA_WFF_ tions and on satellite patches, and bio- Medicinal Properties Standards_02-01-16.pdf control agents can be used in the core of St. Johnswort has been promoted as a USDA, ARS Poisonous Plant Research Lab. St. natural anti-depression compound and is Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum). Online www. the infestation. Efforts should be focused ars.usda.gov. Accessed March 2016. on management techniques that stop sometimes used to treat other conditions USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database seed production and maintain a healthy that accompany depression such as anxi- (http://plants.usda.gov, 23 February 2016). plant community that reduces establish- ety, tiredness, loss of appetite and trouble National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC sleeping. In some areas of the country, 27401-4901 USA. ment of St. Johnswort. WebMD. St. Johnswort - Uses and side effects. the plant is cultivated and harvested for BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Available online www.wedmd.com. Accessed use in multiple health products. St. John- March 2016. The flea beetle Chrysolina quadrigemina swort extracts can cause serious sensi- ______was introduced into California in 1945 tivity to sunlight in humans. Products ®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated containing the plant will company of Dow. Milestone and GrazonNext HL are not registered for describe warnings to stay sale or use in all states. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if a product is registered for sale or use in your state. Milestone and Opensight: When treating areas in and around roadside or utility rights-of-way that are or will be grazed, hayed or planted to FIGURE 5. ST. JOHNSWORT forage, important label precautions apply regarding harvesting hay CONTROL WITH MILESTONE® from treated sites, using manure from animals grazing on treated areas or rotating the treated area to sensitive crops. See the product SPECIALTY HERBICIDE AT 7 FLUID label for details. OUNCES PER ACRE 27 MONTHS State restrictions on the sale and use of Milestone and Opensight AFTER TREATMENT NOTE THE apply. Consult the label before purchase or use for full details. NONTREATED BUFFERS OF Always read and follow label directions. UNCONTROLLED ST. JOHNSWORT Active ingredients for products mentioned in this article. Product (FALL = BROWN STEMS). (active ingredient): Milestone (aminopyralid), Opensight (aminopy-

VANELLE PETERSON, DOW AGROSCIENCES DOW PETERSON, VANELLE ralid + metsulfuron. TECHLINENEWS.COM | 13 Celebrating the Centennial:

VOLUNTEERS UNITE IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK WEED BIOBLITZ By Celestine Duncan CELESTINE DUNCAN CELESTINE

ore than 90 volunteers Centennial. “This is a great opportunity values. With only four invasive plant gathered in July to be to learn more about the biodiversity of managers on the summer work crew we trained on noxious weed a park, and engage youth and adults in need all the help we can get.” Midentification, monitoring hands-on resource stewardship,” says Ter- The Weed Blitz is a day-long event with and control in Glacier National Park as ry Peterson, Citizen Science Coordinator volunteers attending an indoor training part of the Weed BioBlitz. Participants for the Crown of the Continent Research program on weed identification, impacts included volunteer youth and adults from Learning Center. and monitoring presented by LaFleur. In Montana, and . See Box 1. Glacier National Park hosts over 1,000 the afternoon, volunteers separate into The Weed BioBlitz is part of a larger different species of plants including 126 groups to search for and pull priority in- effort coordinated by the National Park non-native species, about 20 of which vasive plants in high public use areas. Service (NPS) to celebrate the NPS are noxious or invasive weeds. Although “Our main objective in the afternoon most invasive plants in the park are close- is to get people familiar with five key ly associated with disturbed areas such as target weeds, and hand pulling is a good BOX 1. PARTICIPANTS recreational, roadside and construction way to do that,” explains Tyler Jack, a IN WEED BIOBLITZ sites, the 700 miles of backcountry trails group leader and member of the NPS Ex- also provide a corridor for invasive plants otic Plant Management Team. Volunteers AmeriCorps to spread into natural areas. also pulled a lot of weeds, with a total of Montana Youth Conservation Corp “Monitoring these backcountry trails 48 bags containing about 630 pounds of Boy Scouts of America is often difficult and time consuming, weeds removed from high public use ar- leaders and members and we have limited field staff,” explains eas. Boys and Girls Club Dawn LaFleur, restoration biologist and The training approach seems to be work- leaders and members lead for the invasive plant management ing! Mac McPherson, scout master with program in Glacier National Park. “Our Troup 104 from Westmond, Idaho said Xanterra employees goal is to keep noxious weeds out of that service projects are great for scouts, Citizen volunteers backcountry areas, so it’s important to and hands-on is the best way for them to National Geographic representative find and control these plants as early as learn. “These scouts will always be able to Glacier National Park possible to minimize their impact on na- identify oxeye daisy and the other weeds employees and volunteers tive vegetation and other natural resource they are pulling during the BioBlitz.”

BOX 2. HISTORY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

1895 MAY 11, 1910 1932 1974 1995 Waterton Lakes National Glacer National Park Established as Waterton- Established as an Established as Waterton- Park established. established. Glacier International Peace International Biosphere Glacier International Peace Park. Going- to- the-Sun Reserve. Park World Heritage Site Road completed.

14 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016 CELESTINE DUNCAN CELESTINE

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP, LEFT:

CELESTINE DUNCAN CELESTINE DAWN LAFLEUR, RESTORATION BIOLOGIST IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK AND TWO VOLUNTEER SCOUTS SHOW HOW FAR LEAFY SPURGE ROOTS CAN SPREAD AS PART OF THE BIOBLITZ TRAINING (TOP, LEFT). TYLER JACK, MEMBER OF THE NPS EXOTIC PLANT MANAGEMENT TEAM PULLS OXEYE DAISY WITH A VOLUNTEER DURING THE WEED BIOBLITZ TRAINING (TOP, RIGHT). MORE THAN 90 VOLUNTEERS GATHERED FOR THE WEED BIOBLITZ IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK (BOTTOM, LEFT). MELISSA SLADEK MELISSA

Once volunteers complete the train- vistas, glaciers, and unique biodiversity. vasive plants is critical to protecting the ing they can be part of the Invasive Plant As visitation increases, the risk of intro- unique biodiversity of Glacier National Citizen Scientist Project in the park. “The duction and spread of non-native species Park. For citizen scientists, the rewards citizen scientists find and report the loca- also escalates, making management a are a sense of stewardship, a greater tion of high priority invasive plants in the critical priority in the park. awareness of the park’s resource issues, backcountry,” says LaFleur. “This way Although the National Park Service and an expanded insight in ecological re- we can send crews directly to the site to recognizes the spread of invasive plants search and management methods. control the weeds, saving us a lot of time as a major factor contributing to ecosys- and allowing us to expand what we can tem change and instability, funding for accomplish.” the program in Glacier National Park Species targeted by the program are has declined over the last several years. BOX 3. NEW INVADERS spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), ox- According to LaFleur, adequate funding THREATENING GLACIER NATIONAL PARK ARE eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), hound- is always a struggle and managers at the A PRIORITY FOR CONTROL IN BOTH HIGH stongue, (Cynoglossum officinale), St. John- national level needs to recognize and ad- PUBLIC USE SITES AND BACKCOUNTRY AREAS swort (Hypericum perforatum) and yellow equately fund invasive plant management toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). “These nox- programs. Orange hawkweed ious weeds are well established in Glacier “We try to be as efficient as we can and (Hieracium aurantiacum/ National Park high public use areas and our volunteer program really helps, but aurantiaca) are transported into backcountry areas by there is no way we can adequately protect recreationists, wildlife, wind and water,” the park from invasive plants with only hawkweed complex (Hieracium caespitosum, H. explains LaFleur. There are also four new four employees spread over one million praealturm, H. floridundum, and invaders on the high priority list for moni- acres,” LaFleur explains. Pilosella caespitosa) toring since they are recently established The volunteer Invasive Plant Citizen Blueweed within the park or occur just outside park Science Program is one way that con- (Echium vulgare) boundaries.See Box 3. cerned public can help support Glacier Each year more than two million visi- National Park’s invasive plant program. Yellow starthistle tors come to Glacier National Park from Strengthening these partnerships and in- (Centaurea solstitialis) all over the world for the scenic mountain creasing financial resources to control in- MTWEED.ORG PHOTOS MTWEED.ORG

BOX 4. CITIZEN SCIENCE PROGRAM

The Glacier National Park Citizen Science Program engages park visitors, students, and staff in collection of scientific information that would otherwise be unavailable to resource managers and researchers. Since 2005, the Citizen Science Program has invited members of the public to assist in biological research while recreating in the park. The program is coordinated by the Crown of the Continent Research Learning Center (CCRLC), based in Glacier National Park. For more information go to https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/ccrlc.htm

TECHLINENEWS.COM | 15 TechLine Invasive Plant News Presort Standard c/o Weed Management Services U.S. Postage PO Box 1385 PAID Helena, MT 59624 Helena, MT 59601 Permit No. 221

POPULAR PUBLICATIONS FROM TECHLINENEWS.COM ABOUT TECHLINE Explore the “PUBLICATIONS” tab at http://techlinenews.com for back issues of this magazine, monthly e-newsletter, and other TechLine publications. TechLine Invasive Plant News aims to provide an objective communication PRAIRIE AND GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT is a guide tool for on-the-ground natural that provides a suite of resources to natural resource managers so resource managers who face they can better understand how and when to integrate herbicides common management challenges into prairie and grassland management programs. The guide so they may share the successes of includes information on herbicide use rates, herbicide selectivity their programs and learn from one on desirable forbs and grasses, seeding options and guidelines, another. invasive woody and herbaceous plant control, and other useful tips. Available online at: http://techlinenews.com/prairieguide Print newsletters are published twice per year and delivered free of charge. This and past issues can be INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT GUIDE downloaded from This guide provides information on selective herbicides as one tool www.techlinenews.com. for invasive plant management on rangeland, pastures, and natural areas. Information on herbicide use rates, herbicide selectivity Editor, Celestine Duncan on non-target plants, sprayer calibration, seeding guidelines, Copy Editor/Design, Melissa Munson environmental considerations, and other useful tips are provided in Circulation, Darby Bramble this document. http://techlinenews.com/management-guide/ Learn more: www.techlinenews.com Contact: [email protected] MONTHLY E-NEWSLETTER Timely articles specific to your geographic region delivered to your © TechLine Invasive Plant News, 2016 email inbox.Explore back issues and subscribe at Sponsored by DowAgroSciences, LLC http://techlinenews.com/e-news/

V27-000-002 16 | PRAIRIE & GRASSLANDS EDITION. FALL 2016