Biology of Marine Fungi 20130420 151718.Pdf

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology Series Editors Werner E.G. Mu¨ller Philippe Jeanteur, Robert E. Rhoads, Ðurðica Ugarkovic´, Ma´rcio Reis Custo´dio 53 Volumes Published in the Series Progress in Molecular Subseries: and Subcellular Biology Marine Molecular Biotechnology Volume 36 Volume 37 Viruses and Apoptosis Sponges (Porifera) C. Alonso (Ed.) W.E.G. Mu¨ller (Ed.) Volume 38 Volume 39 Epigenetics and Chromatin Echinodermata Ph. Jeanteur (Ed.) V. Matranga (Ed.) Volume 40 Volume 42 Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Antifouling Compounds Growth N. Fusetani and A.S. Clare (Eds.) A. Macieira-Coelho (Ed.) Volume 43 Volume 41 Molluscs Molecular Basis of Symbiosis G. Cimino and M. Gavagnin (Eds.) J. Overmann (Ed.) Volume 46 Volume 44 Marine Toxins as Research Tools Alternative Splicing and Disease N. Fusetani and W. Kem (Eds.) Ph. Jeanlevr (Ed.) Volume 47 Volume 45 Biosilica in Evolution, Morphogenesis, Asymmetric Cell Division and Nanobiotechnology A. Macieira Coelho (Ed.) W.E.G. Mu¨ller and M.A. Grachev (Eds.) Volume 48 Volume 52 Centromere Molecular Biomineralization Ðurdica- Ugarkovic´ (Ed.) W.E.G. Mu¨ller (Ed.) Volume 49 Volume 53 Aestivation Biology of Marine Fungi C.A. Navas and J.E. Carvalho (Eds.) C. Raghukumar (Ed.) Volume 50 miRNA Regulation of the Translational Machinery R.E. Rhoads (Ed.) Volume 51 Long Non-Coding RNAs Ðurdica- Ugarkovic (Ed.) Chandralata Raghukumar Editor Biology of Marine Fungi Editor Dr. Chandralata Raghukumar National Institute of Oceanography Marine Biotechnology Laboratory Dona Paula 403004 Panjim India [email protected] ISSN 0079-6484 ISBN 978-3-642-23341-8 e-ISBN 978-3-642-23342-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943185 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The late Dr. Stephen Thomas Moss of Portsmouth Polytechnic, UK, edited the book “Biology of Marine Fungi” in the year 1986. The present book, appearing nearly 25 years later, is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Moss, the eminent mycologist who left us prematurely. His expertise covered marine, as well as the trichomycetous fungi and electron microscopy of fungi. None of the authors who have contributed in the present book were authors in the 1986 book, indicating that a new crop of marine mycologists have appeared on the scene, bringing new ideas, techniques and approaches, and having been groomed and guided by the earlier generation in their quest to understand the biology of marine fungi. There have been quite a few books on marine fungi. Johnson and Sparrow’s pioneering monograph in 1961, the book on higher marine fungi by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer in 1979 and in recent times, reviews on diverse topics in marine mycology published as “Fungi in marine environment” by Kevin Hyde in 2002 as a special issue of the journal Fungal Diversity are examples. Several books published as proceedings of the marine mycology symposia containing original research papers have appeared regularly. The present book is aimed to present marine fungal biology in its broad perspective, with several reviews and extensive literature coverage that will help the students and teachers working in this field. With increasing realization of the importance of oceans in our daily lives, the diversity of marine microbes, flora and fauna has attracted the attention of the scientific community. Several exciting papers on marine fungi have appeared in the last two decades. Thus, fungi have been reported from extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, deep-sea trenches, cold methane seeps, deep-sea subsurface, hypersaline, anoxic and suboxic waters. Culture-depen- dent as well as culture-independent approaches are helping in assessing marine fungal diversity. Several new phylotypes have been reported based on these techniques, which may contribute to the hidden diversity of fungi on this planet. This should pave way for developing methods to culture the uncultured fungi. Unraveling the functional diversity of fungi using metagenomics approach is slowly gathering momentum, the first report being that of fungi in coral holobiont. v vi Preface This approach emphasizes the ecological role of fungi present in any niche. With increasing availability of molecular tools, the metagenomics of fungi in various marine environments will become a popular approach in future. In this book, I have tried to include reviews on some of the recent advances made in different topics. The role of unicellular thraustochytrids, although not strictly fungi, but eukaryotic osmoheterotrophs, in marine food web is discussed by Bongiorni in the first chapter. The oomycetous pathogens of marine fisheries and shell fisheries with their descriptions and symptoms are illustrated by Hattai. The chapter on fungal endosymbionts of algae highlights their diversity and metabolites. The diversity and ecology of planktonic fungi in the world’s oceans and their significance in ocean carbon and nutrient cycling is reviewed by Wang. Fungi associated with sponges and corals and their secondary metabolites have enthused interest of pharma companies. In light of this, one chapter discusses the ecology of fungi in corals and their role in coral ecosystem. Dead Sea with its extremely high salt content is an extremophilic environment. A chapter is devoted to fungi in this environment. Another chapter discusses diversity and adaptation of fungi growing in hypersaline environment of salterns. Sumathi et al. have reviewed molecular diversity of fungi in oxygen-deficient environment from world oceans. Nagano and Nagahama discuss the cultured and uncultured fungal diversity in deep-sea sedi- ments. This chapter highlights the presence of novel fungal lineages, their adapta- tions and ecological role in extreme environments. Pang et al. discuss fine tuning of identification of marine ascomycetes by classical morphological taxonomy using several new criteria. Sridhar et al. provide new data on diversity of marine fungi from beaches of Portugal. A chapter is devoted to describe marine genera of Xylariaceae of the phylum Ascomycota. Sarma has compiled information on diversity of marine fungi occurring on the mangrove plant Rhizophora in 18 different sites world over. Finally, two chapters describe biotechnological poten- tials of marine fungi in various fields of industrial enzymes, secondary metabolites and bioremediation. The untapped potential of oceanic resources is being increasingly realized. These resources are in the field of bioactive molecules, enzymes, nutraceuticals, antibiotics, energy, aquaculture, source of gene pool and biodiversity. Most papers contributed in this book have tried to address the current global understanding of the biology, role and biotechnological potential of fungi in the oceans. I thank all the authors who readily agreed to contribute to this. I acknowledge various reviewers for critically reading the manuscripts. My special thanks to Dr. VVR Sarma who persuaded me to edit this book. I am thankful to the Director of NIO, Dr. Shetye for the support and to Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for the financial assistance. Dr. Steve Moss: An Appreciation of an Outstanding Mycologist and Friend Dr. Steve Moss (General Secretary and President Elect) and Professor Tony Whalley (Honorary Treasurer) preparing for the AGM of the British Mycological Society in 2000 Stephen (Steve) Thomas Moss was born in Buxton, Derbyshire, but was very much a Norfolk man. In his youth, he was an outstanding swimmer at county level, a fact which he kept modestly to himself, and this is not surprising because those who knew Steve will remember his gentle and unassuming nature. I first met Steve in Florida, USA, at the International Mycological Congress (IMC2) in 1977 and it was clear then that he was a very talented individual but was also warm and friendly. In future years, we became close friends through the British Mycological Society and working together in Malaysia, China, and Thailand. Steve was an outstanding communicator with endless patience as a teacher and at the same time inspirational. Many will remember his operation of a scanning electron microscope at the 100th anniversary exhibition of the British Mycological Society vii viii Dr. Steve Moss: An Appreciation of an Outstanding Mycologist and Friend in London in September 1996. He captivated school children, members of the public, and members of parliament over the 3-day event and did a wonderful job in bringing mycology alive. His ability to enthuse his audience was exceptional and his

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