World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Gulkari et al. World Journal of PharmaceuticalSJIF ImpactResearch Factor 8.084 Volume 9, Issue 6, 1543-1552. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL HERBAL HAIR GEL

Charudatta S. Jog, Dr. Alpana J. Asnani and Dr. Vijay Gulkari*

Priyadarshini J.L. College of Pharmacy, Electronic Zone, Hingna, Nagpur (India).

ABSTRACT Article Received on 24 March 2020, Medicinal have been a major source of cure for human diseases

Revised on 14 April 2020, since time immemorial. It is no wonder that the world‟s one-fourth Accepted on 04 May 2020, population i.e. 1.42 billion people, are dependent on traditional DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20206-17553 medicines for the treatment of various ailments. Murraya koenigii, belongs to the family Rutaceae, Commonly known as curry-leaf tree, *Corresponding Author Carbazole alkaloids, the major constituents of are known to have Dr. Vijay Gulkari cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Priyadarshini J.L. College of Pharmacy, Electronic Zone, The leaves are rich in mono-terpenoids and sesquiterpenoids which Hingna, Nagpur (India). exhibited antimicrobial activities. , also known as Neem, Nimtree and Indian Lilac is a tree in the mahogany family – . Neem contains several fatty acids such as linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acids that nourishes and revitalize rough hair to a smooth silky texture. Curry leaves has antibacterial antifungal and anti- inflammatory properties which fights against dandruff and infections of the scalp.

KEYWORDS: mono-terpenoids and sesquiterpenoids.

INTRODUCTION Recently considerable attention has been paid to utilize eco-friendly and bio- friendly plant based products for the prevention and cure of different human diseases. It is documented that most of the world’s population has taken in traditional medicine, particularly plant drug for the primary health care. Antimicrobial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants were reported based on folklore information and only few reports are available on inhibitory activity against certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1543 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Murraya koenigii, belongs to the family Rutaceae, Commonly known as curry-leaf tree, is a native of India, Sri Lanka and other south Asian countries. It is found almost everywhere in the Indian subcontinent, it shares aromatic nature, more or less deciduous shrub or tree up to 6 m in height and 15-40 cm in diameter with short trunk, thin smooth grey or brown bark and dense shady crown. Murraya koenigii tree leaves are commonly used as spice due to aromatic nature of leaves. The leaves are rich in mono-terpenoids and sesquiterpenoids which exhibited antimicrobial activities.

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): (unranked): Order: Family: Rutaceae Genus: Murraya Species: M.koenigii

Fig. 1: Morphology of Murraya koenigii (A-Whole plant, B-leaves, C-seeds).

Azadirachta indica, also known as Neem, Neem tree and Indian Lilac is a tree in the mahogany family - Meliaceae. It is one of two species of the genus Azadirachta, and is native to India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, growing in tropical and semitropical regions.

The Neem tree has played an important role in Ayurvedic medicines and agriculture since time immemorial. The earliest documentation of Neem mentioned the fruit, seeds, oil, leaves, roots and bark for their medicinal properties. Neem contains several fatty acids such as linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acids that nourishes and revitalize rough hair to a smooth silky texture. Curry leaves has antibacterial antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties which fights against dandruff and infections of the scalp.

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1544 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Meliaceae Genus: Azadirachta Species: A.indica

Fig. 2: Morphology of Neem (A: leaves, B: tree).

Gels are defined as semisolid a system in which liquid phase is trapped within an interlocking three-dimensional polymeric matrix of a natural or synthetic gum. A high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking of the polymer is involved. It only takes from 0.5% to 2.0% of the most commonly used gelants to set up the systems. Some of these systems are as transparent water itself, an aesthetically pleasing state. Others are turbid, as the polymer is present in colloidal aggregates that disperse light.

Advantages • Gels are used to achieve optimal cutaneous and percutaneous drug delivery. • They can avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties caused by gastrointestinal pH • They can substitute for oral administration of medication when the route is unsuitable. • They avoid systemic and portal circulation following gastrointestinal absorption. • Gels are not deactivated by liver enzymes because the liver is bypassed. • They are non-invasive and have patient compliance. • They are applied over skin for slow and prolonged absorption.

Disadvantages • Gels have possibility of allergenic reactions. • Enzyme in epidermis may denature the drugs of gels. • Drugs of larger particle size do not absorb through the skin. • They have poor permeability of some drugs through the skin.

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1545 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

• Selection of area to be examined carefully during application of gels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of plant material The plant Murraya koenigii & Azadirachta indica was collected from the P.J.L.C.P., campus, Nagpur. The fresh leaves were separated from the plant and used for extraction.

Preparation of leaves extract of Murraya koenigii & Azadirachta indica The collected fresh leaves of Murraya koenigii & Azadirachta indica were washed with water and dried in shade. After drying plant leaves were coarsely powdered and kept in well closed container. 50gm of each plant’s coarse powder leaf was weighed and soaked in 500ml of water and left for maceration for about 4-5 days. After maceration the extract was concentrated and used for further formulations.

Formulation of herbal gel formulation Five different herbal hair gel formulations were prepared by simple gel formulation preparation method with carbopol gel base. The gel formula contains methyl paraben, glycerine, polyethylene glycol (PEG), carbopol 934, and triethanolamine. Carbopol 934 two grams and measured quantity of extracts was dispersed in 80ml of distilled water and mixed by stirring continuously in magnetic stirrer at 800rpm for 1h or by manually. Glycerin 3ml was added to the mixture under continuous stirring. The mixture was neutralized by drop wise addition of triethanolamine. Mixing was continued until a transparent gel was formed. Various concentrations as shown in Table 1. were incorporated in carbopol base gel and prepared herbal hair gel formulations.

Table 1: General formula for herbal hair gels. Ingredients Quantity Carbopol 934 2.0gm PEG 10ml Methyl Paraben 0.2ml Propyl Paraben 0.1ml Triethanolamine (to maintain pH) q.s. Glycerine 1ml Distilled Water 100ml

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1546 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Table 2: Development of herbal hair gel formulations. Ingredients F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Murraya koenigii extract 0.5ml 1.0ml 1.5ml 2.5ml 3.0ml Azardichta indica extract 0.5ml 1.0ml 1.5ml 2.5ml 3.0ml Carbopol 934 2.0gm 2.0gm 2.0gm 2.0gm 2.0gm PEG 10ml 10ml 10ml 10ml 10ml Methyl paraben 0.2ml 0.2ml 0.2ml 0.2ml 0.2ml Propyl paraben 0.1ml 0.1ml 0.1ml 0.1ml 0.1ml Glycerine 1ml 1ml 1ml 1ml 1ml Triethanolamine q.s. q.s q.s. q.s. q.s. Distilled water 100ml 100ml 100ml 100ml 100ml

Fig. 3: Different herbal hair gel formulations.

Evaluation of herbal gels Physical Examination All the formulated herbal gels were checked for colour and homogeneity by visual observation.

pH The pH of all the formulated herbal gels was measured by using digital pH meter.

Viscosity Viscosity of herbal gels was determined by using Brookfield rotational viscometer at 100rpm using spindle no. 64.

Spreadability The spreadbility of gel formulation was determined by measuring the spreading diameter of 1gm of gel between two horizontal plates.

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1547 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Procedure 1. For the determination of spreadability excess of sample was applied in between two glass slides and was compressed to uniform thickness by placing 1000 gm weight for 5 min. 2. Weight (240gm) was added to the pan. 3. The time required separating the two slides, i.e. the time in which the upper glass slide moves over the lower plate was taken as measure of spreadibility (s). S = m * l / t

Where m = weight tide to upper slide l = length moved on the glass slide t = time taken.

Antifungal activity The antifungal activity of herbal gels was done by cup plate method. The gels were tested against Candida albicans. A loopful of the pure fungal culture was suspended in nutrient broth and incubated for 24 hours. Nutrient agar media was sterilized, inouculated with C.albicans and poured into petri plates. After solidification, bore was made with the help of borer and different concentrations of herbal gels were added. A marketed preparation acts as control. Later, the zone of inhibition around the bore was measured and recorded.

Fig. 4: Antifungal activity of different concentrations of herbal gels.

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1548 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Fig. 5: Comparison between marketed preparation and different concentrations of herbal gel.

Fig. 6: Herbal hair gel formulation (F3).

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All the formulations of herbal hair gels were studied for colour, homogeneity, pH, viscosity and spreadability. The results are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Results of physical parameters of all formulated herbal gels. Formulation Viscosity Spreadability Colour Homogeneity pH Code (cp) (mm) F1 Light green Good 6.6 25120 36 F2 Light green Good 6.8 26110 38 F3 Light green Good 7.1 31810 40 F4 Greenish Good 6.8 30221 34 F5 Greenish Good 6.9 29654 36

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1549 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

The antifungal activity of formulated herbal hair gels were studied and compared with marketed sample. The results are given in the Table 4.

Table 4: Antifungal activity of herbal gels. Micro-organism culture Zone of inhibition (mm) Marketed F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 sample Candida albicans 28 18 22 26 25 24

The colour of all the formulated herbal gels was light greenish to greenish and all the herbal gels were good in homogeneity. The pH of all the formulated gels was in the range of 6.6- 7.1 matching with skin pH range. Viscosity of all the herbal gels was ranging from 25120-31810 cp at 2 rpm measured with Brookfield viscometer. The spreadability of all herbal gels was in the range of 36-40 mm. The antifungal activity of all the formulated herbal gels showed good results of zone of inhibition against pathogens. The formulation F3, F4 and F5 showed significant activity as compared to marketed sample. The F3 formulation was the best formulation.

Fig. 7: Antifungal activity of herbal hair gels.

CONCLUSION From the present investigation, it has been revealed that herbal gels of plant Murraya koenigii and Azadirachta indica leaves extract can be formulated using carbopol 934 as polymer with other ingredients and the evaluation of physical parameters shown satisfactory results. From

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1550 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

the antifungal activity it was found that prepared herbal gels of Murraya koenigii and Azadirachta indica leaves extract were significantly active against tested pathogens which was comparable with marketed sample. Hence, from the overall results, finally it was concluded that the formulated herbal gels have significant antifungal properties and hence will be better, safe and effective than allopathic medications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank authorities of Priyadarshini J.L. College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj, Nagpur University, Nagpur for providing necessary facilities and support for carrying out this project work.

REFERENCES 1. Sandeep D. S*, Prashant Nayak, Jobin Jose, Rishal Relita M, Sumana D. R. Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial herbal gels of Murraya koenigii leaves extract. Res J Pharm Tech., 2017; 10(6): 1-2. 2. Sandeep DS, Narayana CR, Prashant N, Aliss M. Formulations of antimicrobial polyherbal hand wash. Res J Pharm Tech., 2016; 9(7): 864-866. 3. Shivanand Nayak. Influence of ethanol extract of vinca rosea on wound healing in diabetic rats. J Biologi Sci., 2006; 6(2): 51-55. 4. Kaur K, Aravind Kumar G, Sayyed Ahmad. Pharmacognostic studies on bark of Murraya koenigii spreng. Int J Res Pharma Biomedical Sci., 2011; 10(1): 1-4. 5. Harish KH, Anup P, Shruthi SD. A review on Murraya koenigii: Multipotential medicinal plant. Asian J Pharm Clini Res., 2012; 5(4): 5-14. 6. Baskaran C, Rathabai V, Kanimozhi D. Screening for antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of various leaf extract of Murraya koenigii. Int J Res Ayur Pharm., 2011; 2(6): 1807-1810. 7. Malwal M, Sarin R. Antimicrobial efficacy of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) spreng root extracts. Ind J Nat Produ Resour, 2011; 2(1): 48-51. 8. Rajesh B, Saumya D, Dhramjit P, Pavani M. Formulation design and optimization of herbal gel containing Albizia lebback bark extract. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci., 2014; 6(1): 111-114. 9. Jadhav VD, Talele SG, Bakliwal AA, Chaudhari GN. Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel containing Tridax procumbens. J Pharma Bio Sci., 2015; 3(2): 165-172. 10. Deepak PA, Prashanth BS. Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel containing Lanata

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1551 Gulkari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

camara leaves extract. Asian J Pharm Clini Res., 2013; 6(3): 122-124. 11. Ajinkya MB, Manjusha ND. Formulation and evaluation of herbal antimicrobial gel containing Musa acuminata leaves extract. J Pharamcog Phytochem, 2016; 5(1): 1-3. 12. Vidya V, Aleykutty NA, Jayakar B, Subin MZ. Development and evaluation of antimicrobial herbal formulations containing the methanolic extract of Samadera indica for skin diseases. J Adv Pharm Technol Res., 2012; 3(2): 106-111. 13. T Regupathi1*, K Chitra2, K Ruckmani3, KG Lalitha4 and Mohan Kumar, Formulation and evaluation of herbal hair gel for hair growth potential. J of Pharmacol & Clin Res, 2017: 2-3.

: Herbal hair gel formulation (F3)

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 1552