Encyclopedic Reference of Genomics and Proteomics in Molecular Medicine DETLEV GANTEN . KLAUS RUCKPAUL (Eds.)
Encyclopedic Reference of Genomics and Proteomics in Molecular Medicine
Volume 1 A-L
With 297 Figures and 112 Tables Professor Dr. Detlev Ganten Professor Em. Dr. Klaus Ruckpaul Charité Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch Campus Charité Mitte Robert-Rössle-Straße 10 Schumannstr. 20/21 13125 Berlin 10117 Berlin Germany [email protected] [email protected]
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The development of molecular medicine is closely linked with the rapidly growing knowledge in molecular biology, molecular genetics and genome research. Research findings in these fields have led to a shift in therapeutic targets. Whilst until recently only gene products such as enzymes and cell receptors represented targets of diagnostic processes, today the information carriers DNA and RNA themselves are evolving into target molecules, or medicinal drugs. Alongside researching into interactive processes on a cellular level – drawn from the biochemical advances made in the past century – mutation and disorders of mechanisms of gene expression are becoming the object of clinical research and of application in diagnosis and therapy. Hence, genomics and proteomics are developing into new fields of research, and their results are substantially influencing the future orientation of the fundamentals for diagnosis and therapy.
These new research fields including molecular biology have generated a huge amount of new terms, abbreviations (acronyms) which need explanation. Therefore these encyclopedic references are aimed at making all those acquainted with selected terms most frequently used in genomics and proteomics in molecular medicine who are not directly involved in those termini by their research.
The theoretical background of molecular medicine is based on the assumption that one or more molecular and/or genetic causes (e.g. changes caused by point mutation, deletions, shift in the reading frame etc.) underlie the outbreak of all diseases. Inversely, however, this does not necessarily imply that every mutated gene leads to a disorder in the sense of genetic determinism. There are forms of mutation that result in a transformed gene product without triggering any disease. For an illness to take shape many other factors besides a changed gene play a role, such as the endogenous disposition (e.g. inherent damage caused by previous illnesses) and exogenous factors (of environmental nature, strain through incompatibility of medication, drinking and smoking etc.). Genomics and proteomics are evolving into key technologies of advances in molecular medicine.
The transfer of molecular biological knowledge into therapeutic treatment is still at the initial stage. So far, results in gene therapy have fallen short of high-flying expectations. Instead, diagnostic methods based on molecular biology have found their way into medical practice.
Molecular medicine is scientifically based both on classical medicine, which is characterized by a phenotypical description of symptoms, and on the specific genotypical characterization of methods employed in molecular biology and genetic engineering. For the first time, this enabled a systematic analysis of the molecular causes of illnesses in a precise and rapid manner hitherto unattained. Molecular biological methods such as high-throughput techniques based on biochips are already being applied in various medical fields, and have significantly improved diagnosis, for instance in the prediction of risk estimation in certain illnesses, or with regard to sensitivity and specificity of treatment. This widens diagnostic scope in areas such as hereditary diseases of monogenetic origin, which until now could only be described phenomenologically, and enables preventive treatment and causal therapy of such diseases in the future. Evidently, even the molecular causes of uninfluenceable pleiotropic diseases are becoming increasingly tangible, moving their therapeutic treatment within reach.
This has a decisive impact on medical work. Nevertheless, molecular medicine, too, will retain its basic character which is precise clinical observation and integral medical care. Without thorough medical examination and detailed phenotypical description neither phenotype-genotype association of any significance can be derived, nor can the possibilities of detailed gene standardisation be fully exploited. The conventional physical examination and the analysis of the gene profile remain of equal importance in the domains of both research as well as medical care.
The spectacular publication on the human genome comprising 3.2 billion base sequences, which appeared simultaneously in the journals “Nature” (International non-commercial project, Head: Francis Collins) and “Science” (Genetic engineering company Celera Genomics, Head: Craig Venter) on the 50th anniversary of the double helix discovery by James Watson and Francis Crick in April 2003, marked a new era in biological basic research and in the knowledge of the components of human life. The successful decoding of the sequence raises the question about its function in the organism. vi Preface
Recent sequencing of the human genome (published in 2004; Nature 431, p.915, p.927, p.933) revealed that (with an accuracy of 99.999%) 2.85 billions of base pairs out of a total of 3.08 billions of base pairs have been determined; thus 99% of the genome which contains the genes have been identified. Consequently, the number of genes had to be corrected to 20,000-25,000 from the estimated 100,000 genes in the 90’s, and 30,000-40,000 in 2001. The genetic information for proteins comprises only 1.5% of the genome. 98.5% of the genome may be assigned to the so-called junk-DNAwith so far largely unknown functions. Such data are erroneous. As parts of the gene expression products, introns, for example, contain regulative sequences for gene expression and sequences that are responsible for correct splicing. These sequences must be allocated to a specific gene as essential constituents and can therefore affect the assessment significantly.
Decoding the entire sequence of the genome is but the first step of a far more complex task: Understanding the functional significance of the sequences. So the determination of the sequences logically entails their functional deciphering as the following step. This field of research is known as “Functional genomics”. It deals with the allocation of parts of the entire sequence to defined gene structures. This also includes the attribution of intron sequences to functions within the regulation process of gene expression that are only partly understood so far, as well as the control of all subsequent steps up to the final protein synthesis.
Alternative splicing is a major cause of transcriptome diversification. A single primary transcript yields different mature RNAs which lead to the production of proteins with various functions. This can be performed by alternative promoters. For 23.245 gene loci in the human genome over 43.000 transcripts are known. The alternative transcripts range from 2 to 40 (for details see Functional genomics).
Comparison with analysed genomes of other organisms are extremely useful in the process of allocating sequence parts to whole gene sequences. In the meantime a number of gene sequences have been fully deciphered, as for example those of prokaryote micro-organisms such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori, and eukaryote microorganisms such as baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of polycellular organisms like the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, or those of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and of different vertebrates: e.g. man, mouse, rat and the green puffer-fish Tetraodon nigroviridis. Also the sequence of the bovine genome is available in a rough sketch with the exact decoding to be expected in 2005. These comparative studies revealed only 1183 species specific genes in the human genome. In all, about 200 genomes of various species have been sequenced and published.
The human chromosomes 21, 22, 14, 7, 6, and Y have been fully analysed and the results were published in 2003. Recently, an academic research team decoded the base sequence of the second smallest human chromosome 22 and made it accessible to the researching public. Chromosome 22 has 33 million base pairs with 545 genes. Defects on this chromosome are likely to be the cause of diseases such as schizophrenia, leukemia, immune deficiencies, bone cancer and brain tumours. Similarly, a German-Japanese research team succeeded in completely decoding the smallest carrier of genetic information in humans (chromosome 21) with 225 genes, some of which play a role in diseases like Alzheimer, ALS (amyotrope lateral sclerosis), myoclonic epilepsy, innate deafness, and Down’s syndrome.
Two further chromosomes whose anomalies cause diseases are chromosomes 5 and 6. Chromosome 6 represents the largest human chromosome with 166.880 million base pairs. It has 1557 functional genes for, inter alia, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), hereditary haemochromatosis with multi-organ dysfunction, juvenile- onset form of Parkinson’s disease, and gene abnormalities are implicated as a contributory cause of schizophrenia, epilepsy, cancer and heart disease. Chromosome 5 has 177.7 million base pairs with 923 protein coding genes including for instance those for protocadherine and the interleukine gene families. In some regions deletion can generate disorders including spinal muscular dystrophy.
After enormous 12 years lasting efforts, recently (2005), the sequence of the human X-chromosome (the determining chromosome for women: XX = female, XY = male) was completely deciphered. It comprises 1098 native genes as compared with only 78 genes of the male Y-chromosome. It is of interest that about 10% of the X-chromosome play an important role in man and do not have any function in women. The X-chromosome contains only 4% of all human genes but is linked with every 10th hereditary monogenetic disease. Preface vii
Recently, American scientists succeeded in introducing a human gene associated with the generation of Parkinson’s disease into the genome of Drosophila, which produced impaired balance and other typical symptoms of nervous disease similar to those of people suffering from Parkinson’s. This example demonstrates the immense significance of model organisms within the framework of functional genomics in the quest of grasping the human genome in its entirety.
So far a functional role could be allocated to specific gene products of about 5,000 genes, accounting for about 20% of the estimated total of 20,000 to 25,000 genes and about 3% of the total stock of human DNA. Thus a large number of genes still needs to be similarly allocated, and their molecular structures to be determined. This is the basic content of proteomics which in analogy to genomics has two complimentary objectives: the functional analysis and localization of gene products and the comprehension of their molecular structure.
As in the quest of the genome sequence which united scientists of six different nations to cooperate in a joint project, once again in 2001 a team of international researchers founded the Human Proteome Organisation (HUPO) to investigate into the significance of the enzymes coded by the genes. Proteome stands for the entire protein in a cell. In view of the magnitude of the task it seems quite plausible that the main project was split into 5 individual sub-projects: Human Plasma Proteome Project (HPPP), Sweden, USA; Human Liver Proteome Project (HLPP), Canada, China, France; Proteomics Standard Initiative (PSI), all countries; Human Brain Proteome Project (HBPP), Germany; International Mouse and Rat Proteome Project (MRPP) Canada, Germany.
All projects aim at decoding the functional network of proteins in the human organism, at the characterization and localization of proteins in normal and diseased humans and those of model organisms, and at disseminating knowledge and respective technologies so as to find clues for the treatment of diseases.
The second objective of proteomics is to determine the structure of gene products, a field that is primarily a part of basic research. Any overview of the latest developments in molecular medicine in this encyclopedia would be incomplete if it were restricted to clinical findings alone. The fundamental principles of molecular medicine are essentially based on the knowledge of cellular and molecular biological processes which are introduced into clinical practice through application in diagnosis. Moreover, the application of the whole range of genetic engineering tools resulted in radical changes in biotechnology and medical drug research. The application of genetic engineering in the pharmaceutical industry has led to a notable rationalization of production processes. In some cases the application of the processes made production of certain substances available that had so far been inaccessible for medical treatment. This marked the onset of the therapeutic use of medical drugs which could previously only be produced in chemical synthetic processes, rendering them unsuitable for large scale production.
The forthcoming gain in knowledge in functional genomics and proteomics with regard to very complex processes of growth, cell division and differentiation, and their respective mechanisms of regulation (such as first, second and third messenger, transcription factors and the corresponding cis-elements on the promoters) also pave the way for new strategies in the development of medical drugs.
Transforming these scientific results into useful medical drugs requires the knowledge of the structure of molecules, which is necessary for understanding the functional interaction of nucleic acids, proteins and ligands on a molecular level. This is made possible by ascertaining the molecular structures through X-ray radiation, synchrotrone radiation, nuclear magnetic resonance by super-conducting high performance magnets (up to 900 MHz) or other spectroscopic methods. All these processes complement each other in terms of applicability and significance of the evidence yielded. Another possibility of structure determination is the application of theoretical methods for predictive structure assessment of potential drugs. In this way pharmacological effects can be estimated. These techniques utilize highly sophisticated electronic simulation methods. When linking methods of the combination theory with the knowledge of the topography of bonding points, structure based drug design becomes feasible.
To date (i.e. in 2003) biotechnology and genetical engineering have brought forth approximately 10,800 products world-wide. Of these about 15% have been commercialized, a further 15-20% are in the licensing phase or are on the verge of coming on the market, 30% are in the clinical test phase (Phase III) and the remaining 40% are in the clinical study phase (Phase I and II). The decoding of the human genome and its functional analysis through genomics and proteomics will further enhance this process as a multitude of further molecule structures is viii Preface unravelled, thus considerably widening the range of rational drug development. It was the comprehension of biotechnological methods that made the production of certain therapeutic drugs possible as for example in the case of human insulin, erythropoetin, coagulation factor VIII, and interferon, resulting in their widespread therapeutic application.
Until now, however, only a few drugs have been developed with the help of structure based drug design. Among these are an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease 1 and an inhibitor substance of neuroaminidase of the influenza virus 2. These findings form the fundamental principles of molecular medicine. They enable rationally developed drugs to influence new target structures such as gene regulators (transcription factors), or the gene itself to become the object of therapeutic manipulation, for instance by functioning as a substance-producing drug.
We would like to point out that although substantial efforts were made to compose factually correct and well understandable presentations, there may be places where a definition is incomplete or a phrase in an essay is flawed. All contributors to this encyclopedia will be extremely happy to receive corrections or revised passages for inclusion in future editions of the “Encyclopedic Reference of Genomics and Proteomics in Molecular Medicine”.
This encyclopedia endeavours to accompany current developments and convey the present level in knowledge on molecular causes of illnesses from a practice-oriented point of view. Acknowledged experts from various specialized fields such as human genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry, physics and other bioscience disciplines explain the most important terms, complementing information by topical surveys, numerous figures and tables, and keywords. It is to be hoped that this compendium may contribute to understanding the advances in molecular medicine and may find many interested readers.
Berlin, 2005
DETLEV GANTEN KLAUS RUCKPAUL ix
Editors-in-Chief
PROF.DR.DETLEV GANTEN PROF. EM.DR.KLAUS RUCKPAUL Charité Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) University Medicine Berlin Berlin-Buch Berlin, Germany Berlin, Germany
Field Editors
PROF.DR.WALTER BIRCHMEIER PROF.DR.HANS LEHRACH Cancer Research Program, Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Vertebrate Genomics Invasion, and Metastasis of Epithelial Cell Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, Germany Berlin-Buch Berlin, Germany PROF.DR.HARTMUT OSCHKINAT Department of NMR-Supported Structural Biology PROF.DR.JO¨ RG T. EPPLEN Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Department of Neurogenetics and Behavioural Genetics Berlin-Buch Institute of Human Genetics Berlin, Germany Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany PROF.DR.PATRIZIA RUIZ Division of Molecular Genetics PROF.DR.KLAUS GENSER Center for Cardiovascular Research Department of Proteomics and Molecular Mechanisms of Charité University Medicine Neurodegenerative Diseases Berlin, Germany Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicin (MDC) Berlin-Buch DR.PETER SCHMIEDER Berlin, Germany Department of NMR-Supported Structural Biology Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) DR.MANFRED GOSSEN Berlin-Buch Cancer Research Program, Division of Control of DNA Berlin, Germany Replication Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) PROF.DR.ERICH WANKER Berlin-Buch Department of Proteomics and Molecular Mechanisms of Berlin, Germany Neurodegenerative Diseases Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) DR.BIRGIT KERSTEN Berlin-Buch Department of Proteomics and Molecular Mechanisms of Berlin, Germany Neurodegenerative Diseases Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch Berlin, Germany
Editorial Assistant
DR.CHRISTIANE NOLTE Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch Berlin, Germany List of Contributors
SALIM ABDELILAH-SEYFRIED MARTIN HRABÉ DE ANGELIS Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine GSF Research Center for Environment and Health Berlin Neuherberg Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
TILL ACKER ADAM ANTEBI Edinger Institute, Neuropathology Baylor College of Medicine Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Huffington Center on Aging Frankfurt Houston, TX Germany USA [email protected] [email protected]
DAVID J. ADAMS STYLIANOS E. ANTONARAKIS Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton University Hospital of Geneva The Sanger Institute Geneva Cambridge Switzerland UK [email protected]
UELI AEBI M.E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biozentrum RAJESH ARASADA University of Basel Adolf-Butenandt-Institute/Cell Biology Basel Ludwig-Maximilians-University Switzerland Munich [email protected] Germany
SAIMA AIJAZ HAYLEY ARCHER Division of Cell Biology Institute of Medical Genetics Institute of Ophthalmology University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park University College London Cardiff London UK UK [email protected]
LEILA N. ALBERS HANS-HENNING ARNOLD Department of Chemistry Cell and Molecular Biology University of Minnesota Technical University of Braunschweig Minneapolis, MN Braunschweig USA Germany [email protected] REGINA ALBERT Molecular Genome Analysis KHUSRU ASADULLAH DKFZ Corporate Research Business Area Dermatology Heidelberg Schering AG Germany Berlin Germany THOMAS ALTMANN [email protected] Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University Potsdam Potsdam-Golm MANFRED AUER Germany Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience [email protected] The Rockefeller University, New York NY PETER ANGEL USA Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Division [email protected] of Signal Transduction and Growth Control Heidelberg ANDREAS G. BADER Germany The Scripps Research Institute [email protected] La Jolla, CA [email protected] USA xii List of Contributors
MARIA S. BALDA MARK T. BEDFORD Division of Cell Biology The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Institute of Ophthalmology Science Park – Research Division University College London Smithville, MO London USA UK [email protected] [email protected] DAVID J. BEEBE MELISA J. BAPTISTA Biomedical Engineering National Institute on Aging and National Institute of University of Wisconsin Neurological Diseases and Stroke Madison, WI National Institutes of Health USA Bethesda, MD [email protected] USA [email protected] CHRISTIAN BEHL Department of Pathobiochemistry RALF BARGOU Johannes Gutenberg University Department of Hematology, Oncology Mainz and Tumor Immunology Germany Robert Rössle Clinic at the HELIOS [email protected] Clinical Center Berlin-Buch Charité DIETRICH BEHNE Berlin Department of Molecular Trace Element Research Germany in the Life Sciences Hahn Meitner Institute Berlin OLIVER BARTSCH Berlin Institute of Human Genetics Germany Mainz University School of Medicine [email protected] Mainz Germany JÜRGEN BEHRENS [email protected] Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine University Erlangen-Nürnberg AMANDA E. BASS Erlangen Departments of Pathology, Dermatology, and the Germany Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center [email protected] Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL USA SAV ER I O BELLUSCI [email protected] Developmental Biology Program, Department of Surgery USC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban INGO BECHMANN Experimental Neuroimmunology, Institute of Anatomy, Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Cell and Neurobiology Los Angeles, CA University Hospital Charité USA Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] OLIVIER BENSAUDE Régulation de l'Expression Génétique STEPHANIE BECHTEL Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Department of Molecular Genome Analysis Paris German Cancer Research Center France Heidelberg [email protected] Germany [email protected] LEE BERGMAN Department of Molecular Genome Analysis JOHANNES BECKERS German Cancer Research Center GSF Research Center for Environment and Health Heidelberg Neuherberg Germany Germany ERNEST BEUTLER ROLAND BECKMANN The Scripps Research Institute Institute for Biochemistry Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine Charité University Medicine Berlin La Jolla, CA Germany USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xiii
MARTIN BEUTLER DONALD W. BOWDEN Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics Center for Human Genomics King’s College Wake Forest University School of Medicine London Winston-Salem, NC UK USA [email protected] [email protected]
GIUSEPPE BIAMONTI ALAN BRADLEY Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton Pavia The Sanger Institute Italy Cambridge [email protected] UK [email protected]
ETHAN BIER UCSD, and The Burnham Institute OLE BRANDT La Jolla, CA Functional Genome Analysis USA Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg Germany WALTER BIRCHMEIER Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin SUSANNE BRAUN Germany Department of Biology [email protected] Institute of Cell Biology ETH Zurich, Zurich MARIEL BIRNBAUMER Switzerland Receptor Regulation Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction THOMAS BRAUN National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences M.E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biocenter Research Triangle Park, NC University of Basel USA Basel [email protected] Switzerland
CAROLINE BODEN ALVIS BRAZMA Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine European Bioinformatics Institute Berlin European Molecular Biology Laboratory Germany Outstation-Hinxton Cambridge ROLF BODMER UK UCSD, and The Burnham Institute [email protected] La Jolla, CA USA MICHAEL BREITENBACH Department of Cell Biology JUDITH M. BOER University of Salzburg Center for Human and Clinical Genetics Salzburg Leiden University Medical Center Austria Leiden [email protected] The Netherlands [email protected] KENNETH J. BRESLAUER Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers KENNETH R. BOHELER State University of New Jersey Kenneth R. Boheler, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science Piscataway, NJ NIA/NIH USA Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA [email protected] WILLIAM R. BRINKLEY Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology GUILLAUME BOSSIS Baylor College of Medicine University of Göttingen Houston, TX Göttingen USA Germany [email protected] xiv List of Contributors
STEFAN BRITSCH ANNA MARIA CALELLA Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) European Molecular Biology Laboratory Berlin-Buch Mouse Biology Unit Berlin Monterotondo Germany Italy [email protected]
M. CRISTINA CARDOSO M. JULIA BROSNAN BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine University of Glasgow Berlin Scotland Germany UK [email protected] [email protected] MICAELA CASERTA SHIRLEY R. BRUCE Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari Department of Immunology CNR The University of Texas Rome MD Anderson Cancer Center Italy Houston, TX [email protected] USA
CHRISTIAN BUCHHOLZ GIUSEPPE CASTALDO – Paul-Ehrlich-Institute CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, scarl and Dipartimento Division of Medical Biotechnology di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche “ ” Langen University of Napoli Federico II Germany Napoli Italy MALTE BUCHHOLZ Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali Department of Internal Medicine I Univeristy of Molise University of Ulm Isernia Ulm Italy Germany [email protected] ANDREW C.B. CATO MARGARET E. BUCKINGHAM Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Department of Developmental Biology Institute of Toxicology and Genetics CNRS, Pasteur Institute Karlsruhe Paris Germany France [email protected] [email protected] DORA CAVALLO-MEDVED HEIKE BUDDE Department of Pharmacology MOLISA GmbH Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Mageburg Cancer Institute Germany Detroit, MI USA JEAN-MARIE BUERSTEDDE Institute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSF Neuherberg FLORENCE CHAINIAUX Germany University of Namur [email protected] Namur Belgium ALEXANDER BÜRKLE Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology SANG YUN CHO University Konstanz Yonsei Proteome Research Center Konstanz Biomedical Proteome Research Center Germany Seoul [email protected] Korea
KONRAD BÜSSOW Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics ALINE CHRÉTIEN Berlin University of Namur Germany Namur [email protected] Belgium List of Contributors xv
MARKUS CHRISTMANN PIERRE COLAS Department of Toxicology Aptanomics University of Mainz Lyon Mainz France Germany [email protected]
RICHARD I. CHRISTOPHERSON ALASTAIR COMPSTON School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences University of Cambridge Neurology Unit University of Sydney Cambridge Sydney, NSW UK Australia [email protected] [email protected] KATJA CONRATH Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vlaams GEORGE P. C HROUSOS Inter-University Institute of Biotechnology National Institute of Child Health and Free University of Brussels Human Development Brussels Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch Belgium Bethesda, MD USA MARK R. COOKSON [email protected] National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke ELENA CIBRIAN-UHALTE National Institutes of Health Max Delbrück Center Bethesda, MD Berlin USA Germany KEITH D. COON SVEN CICHON The Translational Genomics Research Institute Department of Medical Genetics Phoenix, AZ University of Antwerp USA Belgium DAVID N. COOPER Institute of Human Genetics Institute of Medical Genetics University of Bonn University of Wales Germany College of Medicine [email protected] Cardiff UK KLAUS CICHUTEK [email protected] Paul-Ehrlich-Institute Division of Medical Biotechnology RICHARD D. CUMMINGS Langen University of Oklahoma Health Services Center Germany Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [email protected] Oklahoma City Oklahoma, OK ANGUS J. CLARKE USA Institute of Medical Genetics [email protected] University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park Cardiff KERSTIN DANKER UK Institute for Biochemistry und Molecular [email protected] Biology, Campus Benjamin Franklin Charité-University Medicine Berlin Berlin JAMES E. CLEAVER Germany Auerback Melanoma Laboratory, UCSF Cancer Center [email protected] University of California San Francisco, CA PHILIPPE DAUBAS USA Department of Developmental Biology [email protected] CNRS, Pasteur Institute Paris JOHN M. COFFIN France Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology Tufts University EDOUARD DELAIVE Boston, MA University of Namur USA Namur [email protected] Belgium xvi List of Contributors
SAMUEL DEUTSCH ELAINE DZIERZAK Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Department of Cell Biology and Genetics University of Geneva Medical School Erasmus University Medical Center Geneva Rotterdam Switzerland The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected]
JEAN-FRANÇOIS DIERICK CLAUDIA EDER Biovallee Institute of Physiology Gosselies Medical Faculty Charité Belgium Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] MARTIN DIGWEED Institute of Human Genetics ANN EHRENHOFER-MURRAY Charité University Medicine Berlin Otto-Warburg-Laboratories Berlin Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics Germany Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] MARK D. DISTEFANO Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota MICHEL EICHELBAUM Minneapolis, MN Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical USA Pharmacology [email protected] Stuttgart Germany [email protected] OLIVER DISTLER Center of Experimental Rheumatology University Hospital Zurich PETER EKBLOM Zurich Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Switzerland Lund University [email protected] Lund Sweden GUNNAR DITTMAR [email protected] Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin JAMES ELLIS Germany Developmental Biology Program Hospital for Sick Children ANNA F. DOMINICZAK Toronto, ON BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre Canada University of Glasgow [email protected] Scotland UK [email protected] NATHAN A. ELLIS Department of Medicine University of Chicago ANJA DRÖGE Chicago, IL Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) USA Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] ANDREAS ENGEL RAINER DUDEN M.E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biocenter School of Biological Sciences University of Basel Royal Holloway University of London Basel Egham, Surray Switzerland UK [email protected] [email protected] MARTIN ENGELHARD TRAVIS DUNCKLEY Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology The Translational Genomics Research Institute Dortmund Phoenix, AZ Germany USA [email protected] List of Contributors xvii
RICHARD A. ENGH MONICA FEDELE Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale Martinsried University “Federico II” Germany Naples [email protected] Italy
MARKUS ENZELBERGER MorphoSys AG MARC FELDMANN Martinsried The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division Germany Faculty of Medicine [email protected] Imperial College London London UK JÖRG T. EPPLEN Department of Human Genetics [email protected] Ruhr University Bochum Germany DIRK FELDMEYER [email protected] Institute of Medicine Research Centre Jülich ELISABETH ERHARDTSEN Jülich Novo Nordisk A/S Germany Bagsværd [email protected] Denmark [email protected] OLIVER FIEHN W. HOWARD EVANS UC Davis Genome Center Medical Biochemistry and Immunology Davis, CA Cardiff University School of Medicine USA Cardiff, Wales [email protected] UK [email protected] ULRICH FINCKH Laboratory Medicine Dortmund, Dr. Eberhard & Partner TIMOTHY M. EVA NS Dortmund The Institute for Molecular Bioscience Germany The University of Queensland [email protected] St Lucia, QLD Australia VÉRONIQUE FLAMENT BIRTHE FAHRENKROG University of Namur M.E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biozentrum Namur University of Basel Belgium Basel Switzerland BERNHARD FLECKENSTEIN [email protected] Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology Erlangen ARTURO FALASCHI Germany International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Trieste BERND K. FLEISCHMANN Italy Institute of Physiology I [email protected] University of Bonn Bonn PHILIP FARABAUGH Germany Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County LEOPOLD FLOHÉ Baltimore, MD MOLISA GmbH USA Mageburg [email protected] Germany [email protected] DIANE FATKIN Sr Bernice Research Program in Inherited Heart Diseases Molecular Cardiology Unit EGBERT FLORY Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Paul-Ehrlich-Institute Darlinghurst NSW Division of Medical Biotechnology Australia Langen [email protected] Germany xviii List of Contributors
CLEMENS FRANZ YASUYUKI FUJITA Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and University College School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology Unit, and Department of Biology Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University College University College London London London UK UK [email protected]
CHRISTIAN FREUND YASUHIRO FURUICHI Freie Universität Berlin and Institute for Molecular GeneCare Research Institute Pharmacology Kamakura Berlin Japan Germany [email protected] [email protected] ALFREDO FUSCO Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale JEAN-NOËL FREUND University “Federico II” INSERM U682 Naples Strasbourg Italy France [email protected]
MATI FRIDKIN GIULIO GABBANI Departments of Biological Chemistry and Department of Pathology Organic Chemistry CMU-University of Geneva Weizmann Institute of Science Geneva Rehovot Switzerland Israel [email protected] [email protected]
UDO S. GAIPL EVELYNE FRIEDERICH Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genetic Analysis Department of Internal Medicine III and Modelling Friedrich-Alexander University of Public Research Center for Health Erlangen-Nuernberg Luxembourg Erlangen [email protected] Germany
MATTHIAS G. FRIEDRICH NIELS H. GEHRING Department of Cardiac Sciences University Clinic Heidelberg University of Calgary Children’s Hospital Calgary, AB Heidelberg Canada Germany [email protected] [email protected]
ROBERT GERLAI GERHARD FRITZ Psychology Department Division of Applied Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology University of Toronto at Mississauga University of Mainz Mississauga, ON Mainz Canada Germany [email protected]
CORNELIUS FRÖMMEL PHILIP F. GIAMPIETRO Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Genetic Services Georg August University Marshfield Clinic Göttingen Marshfield, WI Germany USA [email protected] [email protected]
MASATOSHI FUJITA MARK H. GINSBERG Virology Division Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology National Cancer Center Research Institute University of California Chuohku, Tokyo San Diego, La Jolla, CA Japan USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xix
ANTON GLIEDER KATHLEEN J. GREEN Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Institute of Departments of Pathology, Dermatology, and the Robert H. Molecular Biotechnology Lurie Cancer Center Graz University of Technology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Austria Chicago, IL [email protected] USA [email protected] JÖRN GLÖKLER Department of Vertebrate Genomics THOMAS M. GRESS Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics Department of Internal Medicine I Berlin University of Ulm Germany Ulm RiNA GmbH Germany Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] ULRICH GROSS Veterinary Clinics Dr. Schäfer Bad Nauheim JOHAN GOBOM Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Germany Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] KATJA S. GROSSMANN Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine WOLFGANG GOEDECKE Berlin Institute for Genetics Germany University of Essen Essen MATTHEW W. GROW Germany Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, [email protected] Indiana University School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research and Training Center LAWRENCE E. GOLDFINGER Indianapolis, IN Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology USA University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA ALEXANDER GRUNDT USA University Clinic Heidelberg Inner Medicine III SARAH J. GOODFELLOW Heidelberg Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences Germany University of Glasgow Glasgow THOMAS GUDERMANN UK Phillips-University Marburg Marburg STEVEN GOODRICK Germany Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology [email protected] University College London London VILMUNDUR GUDNASON UK Icelandic Heart Association Heart Preventive Clinic and Research Institute ERYNN S. GORDON Kopavogur Children’s National Medical Center Iceland Washington, DC [email protected] USA KATRINA GWINN-HARDY MICHAEL GOTTHARDT National Institute on Aging and National Institute of MDC Neurological Diseases and Stroke Berlin National Institutes of Health Germany Bethesda, MD [email protected] USA
RALPH GRASSMANN VOLKER HAGEN Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology Erlangen Berlin Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] xx List of Contributors
WILLIAM C. HAHN RAINER HEINTZMANN Department of Medical Oncology Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics Dana-Farber Cancer Institute King’s College Boston, MA London USA UK [email protected] [email protected]
HIROSHI HANDA CARL-HENRIK HELDIN Tokyo Institute of Technology Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Uppsala Midori-ku Sweden Yokohama [email protected] Japan [email protected] FRITJOF HELMCHEN Brain Research Institute CHRISTINE HARTMANN University of Zurich Research Institute for Molecular Pathology Switzerland Vienna [email protected] Austria [email protected] VOLKHARD HELMS FRANZ HARTNER Center for Bioinformatics Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Institute of Saarland University Molecular Biotechnology Saarbrücken Graz University of Technology Germany Austria [email protected]
VOLKER HAUCKE GEOFFREY N. HENDY Institute for Chemistry-Biochemistry Calcium Research Laboratory, Free University Royal Victoria Hospital Berlin and Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Germany Human Genetics [email protected] McGill University Montreal, QC THOMAS HÄUPL Canada Department of Rheumatology, Charité [email protected] Humboldt-University Berlin LUDGER HENGST Germany Biocenter-Insbruck Medical University [email protected] Innsbruck Austria JIAN-QING HE [email protected] University of British Columbia McDonald Research Laboratories / iCAPTURE Center STEFFEN HENNIG Vancouver, BC RZPD - Deutsches Ressourcenzentrum Canada für Genomforschung [email protected] Berlin Germany MARGARETE M.S. HECK [email protected] Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh ANDREAS HERRMANN UK Institute of Biology, and Center of Biophysics and [email protected] Bioinformatics Humboldt University Berlin ULF HEDIN Berlin Department of Surgical Sciences Germany Karolinska Hospital [email protected] [email protected] BERNHARD G. HERRMANN UDO HEINEMANN Department of Developmental Genetics Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Berlin Berlin Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xxi
MARTIN HERRMANN CATHERINE HOGAN Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Internal Medicine III Cell Biology Unit, and Department of Biology Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg University College Erlangen London Germany UK
JÜRGEN HESCHELER JÖRG D. HOHEISEL Institute of Neurophysiology Functional Genome Analysis University of Cologne Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Cologne Heidelberg Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
MASAHIKO HIBI MATTHIAS HOHL Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKEN Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory for Vertebrate Axis Formation Molecular Biology Hyogo University of Saarland Medical Center Japan Homburg [email protected] Germany
MARC HILD Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research MARTIN HOLČÍK Cambridge, MA Apoptosis Research Center USA Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute [email protected] Ottawa, ON Canada [email protected] HANS-JÜRGEN HINZ Institute for Physical Chemistry WWU Münster HELMUT HOLTMANN Münster Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Germany Hannover [email protected] Germany [email protected] MICHIO HIRANO Department of Neurology BERNHARD HORSTHEMKE Columbia University College Institute for Human Genetics of Physicians and Surgeons University Clinic Essen New York, NY Essen USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
ERIC P. H OFFMAN RÜDIGER HORSTKORTE Children’s National Medical Center Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Washington, DC Charité USA Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] SABINE HOFFJAN Department of Human Genetics Ruhr-University of Bochum RICHARD HORUK Bochum Department of Immunology Germany Berlex Biosciences [email protected] Richmond, CA USA [email protected] KLAUS PETER HOFMANN Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité, and Center of Biophysics LARS C. HUBER Humboldt University Center of Experimental Rheumatology Berlin University Hospital Zurich Germany Zurich [email protected] Switzerland xxii List of Contributors
NORBERT HÜBNER WOLFGANG JAHNKE Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Berlin Pharma AG Germany Discovery Technologies [email protected] Basel Switzerland ULRICH HÜBSCHER [email protected] Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Zürich MICHAL JANITZ Zürich Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Switzerland Department Vertebrate Genomics [email protected] Berlin Germany JOERG HUELSKEN [email protected] Epithelial Stem Cell Biology ISREC DIETER E. JENNE Epalinges Dieter E. Jenne, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology Switzerland Martinsried [email protected] Germany [email protected] TAKUYA IMAMURA Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes HENRICK K. JENSEN Evry Department of Cardiology France Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Hospital Aarhus BEAT A. IMHOF Denmark Department of Pathology and Immunology and [email protected] Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism University of Geneva MATTHEW C. JONES Geneva The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Switzerland Genome Campus [email protected] Hinxton Cambridgeshire AKIHIRO INAZU UK Molecular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [email protected] Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University PETER R. JUNGBLUT Kanazawa Max Planck Institute for Infectious Diseases, Protein Japan Analysis [email protected] Berlin Germany ZOLTÁN IVICS [email protected] Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin JERZY JURKA Germany Genetic Information Research Institute [email protected] Mountain View, CA USA ZSUZSANNA IZSVÁK [email protected] Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin KLAUS H. KAESTNER Germany Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Pennsylvania ANETTE JACOB Philadelphia, PA Functional Genome Analysis USA Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [email protected] Heidelberg Germany BERND KAINA Division of Applied Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology TIMO JAEGER University of Mainz MOLISA GmbH Mainz Magdeburg Germany Germany [email protected] List of Contributors xxiii
BERND KAINA AJAMETE KAYKAS Department of Toxicology Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes University of Mainz Medical Institute Mainz University of Washington School of Medicine Germany Seattle, WA USA CHAYA KALCHEIM Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology MICHÈLE KEDINGER Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School INSERM U682 Jerusalem Strasbourg Israel France [email protected] [email protected]
JOACHIM R. KALDEN Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, GERD KEMPERMANN Department of Internal Medicine III Gerd Kempermann, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch Erlangen Berlin Germany Germany [email protected] WOLFGANG E. KAMINSKI Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine BIRGIT KERSTEN University Regensburg Department of Neuroproteomics Regensburg Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Germany Medicine Berlin-Buch [email protected] Berlin Germany VLADIMIR V. K APITONOV [email protected] Genetic Information Research Institute Mountain View, CA TOMOSHIGE KINO USA National Institute of Child Health and Human Development MARIA KARTALOU Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch Division of Biological Engineering and Center for Bethesda, MD Environmental Health Sciences USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] Cambridge, MA USA FRANK KIRCHHOFF TACIANA KASCIUKOVIC Department of Neurogenetics Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, Wellcome Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Trust Biocentre Göttingen University of Dundee Germany UK [email protected]
RONI KASHER FRANK KIRCHHOFF Departments of Biological Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Weizmann Institute of Science Göttingen Rehovot Germany Israel [email protected] GERHARD KLEBE Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIR Departments of Biological Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Philipps-University Weizmann Institute of Science Marburg Rehovot Germany Israel [email protected] [email protected] CHRISTOPH A. KLEIN THOMAS C. KAUFMANN Institute of Immunology M.E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biocenter Ludwig Maximilian University University of Basel Munich Basel Germany Switzerland [email protected] xxiv List of Contributors
THOMAS KLEIN ACHIM KRAMER Institute for Genetics Institute for Medical Immunology, Laboratory of University of Cologne Chronobiology Cologne Charité University Medicine Germany Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected]
MICHAEL W. KLYMKOWSKY Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology DANIEL KRAPPMANN University of Colorado Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Boulder, CO Berlin USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
EBERHARD KRAUSE KARL-WILHELM KOCH Institute for Molecular Pharmacology Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Berlin Environmental Sciences Germany Carl von Ossietzky University [email protected] Oldenburg Germany [email protected] MICHAEL KRAUSS Institute for Chemistry-Biochemistry Free University ZOLTÁN KONTHUR Berlin Department of Vertebrate Genomics Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics Berlin MICHAEL KRAWCZAK Germany Institute for Medical Informatics und Statistics [email protected] Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Kiel JOACHIM KOPKA Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology [email protected] Golm Germany HANS A. KRETZSCHMAR [email protected] Institute for Neuropathology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich PETER KOPP Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Germany Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine [email protected] Northwestern University Chicago, IL ULRICH KUBITSCHECK USA Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry [email protected] Bonn Germany [email protected] ULRIKE KORF Molecular Genome Analysis, DKFZ RONALD KÜHNE Heidelberg Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology Germany Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] BERNHARD KORN RZPD RYOKO KURIYAMA Deutsches Ressourcenzentrum für Genomforschung GmbH Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development Heidelberg University of Minnesota, MN Germany USA [email protected] [email protected]
MICHAEL KRACHT DAVID J. KWIATKOWSKI Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Brigham & Woman’s Hospital Hannover Boston, MA Germany USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xxv
MIN-SEOK KWON STIJW PDE LANGHE Yonsei Proteome Research Center Developmental Biology Program, Department of Surgery Biomedical Proteome Research Center USC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban Research Seoul Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Korea Los Angeles, CA USA Department of Biochemistry Yonsei University CLAUDIA LANGLAIS Seoul RZPD Korea Deutsches Ressourcenzentrum für Genomforschung GmbH ANTONIOS KYRIAKOPOULOS Heidelberg Department of Molecular Trace Element Research Germany in the Life Sciences [email protected] Hahn Meitner Institute Berlin Berlin NILS-GÖRAN LARSSON Germany Karolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NOVUM Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge PATRICIA A. LABOSKY Stockholm Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Sweden University of Pennsylvania [email protected] Philadelphia, PA USA PETER LAUN [email protected] Department of Cell Biology University of Salzburg Austria APARNA LAKKARAJU Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute and JEANNIE T. LEE Departments of Cell Biology and Ophthalmology Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University Department of Molecular Biology, New York, NY Massachusetts General Hospital, USA Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston, MA SEAN LAL USA Muscle Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical Research [email protected] University of Sydney Sydney, NSW JEAN LEHMANN Australia Theoretical Biophysics, Department of Physics [email protected] Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden VICTOR S. LAMZIN European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), [email protected] Hamburg c/o DESY Hamburg HANS LEHRACH Germany Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics [email protected] Berlin Germany [email protected] E. BIRGITTE LANE Division of Cell & Developmental Biology TROND P. L EREN University of Dundee School of Life Sciences Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Medical MSI/WTB Complex Genetics Dundee Rikshospitalet University Hospital UK Oslo [email protected] Norway [email protected]
ULRICH LANGENBECK ANCY LEROY Institute of Human Genetics Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology University Hospital Ghent University Hospital Frankfurt/Main Ghent Germany Belgium [email protected] [email protected] xxvi List of Contributors
JEFFREY M. LEVSKY FELIX LOOSLI Anatomy & Structural Biology Developmental Biology Programme Albert Einstein College of Medicine European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Bronx, New York, NY Heidelberg USA Germany [email protected]
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust DANIEL LOUVARD Genome Campus Subcellular structure and cellular dynamics, UMR 144 Hinxton CNRS/IC Cambridgeshire, UK Institute Curie – Research Division [email protected] Paris France [email protected] CHIN LI Institute of Biomedical Sciences JOACHIM LÜBKE Academia Sinica Institute of Medicine Taipei Research Centre Jülich Taiwan Jülich Germany MICHAEL LIETZ [email protected] Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology WOLF-DIETER LUDWIG University of Saarland Medical Center Department of Hematology, Oncology and Homburg Tumor Immunology Germany Robert Rössle Clinic at the HELIOS Clinical Center Berlin-Buch Charité, Berlin CHOONG-CHIN LIEW Germany Harvard Medical School [email protected] Boston, MA USA FRIEDRICH C. LUFT [email protected] Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Clinical Center Berlin Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Charité DIETER LINK Berlin Department Robotics & Screening Germany Xantos Biomedicine AG [email protected] Munich Germany RODNEY LUI [email protected] Muscle Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical Research University of Sydney Sydney, NSW SANDY H.M. LITJENS Division of Cell Biology Australia [email protected] The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam ALBERTO LUINI The Netherlands Department of Cell Biology and Oncology [email protected] Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti) EVELINE S. LITSCHER Italy Brookdale Department of Molecular [email protected] Cell & Developmental Biology Mount Sinai School of Medicine JAMES R. LUPSKI New York, NY Department of Molecular and Human Genetics USA Baylor College of Medicine [email protected] Houston, TX USA [email protected] ESTHER LIZANO Institute for Biochemistry BARBARA LUSTIG University of Leipzig Clinic for Abdominal, Endocrine and Thoracic Surgery Leipzig Clinical Center Nürnberg Germany Nürnberg [email protected] Germany List of Contributors xxvii
HIROSHI MABUCHI KARYN MÉGY Molecular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Sygen International plc, Department of Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences University of Cambridge Kanazawa University Cambridge Kanazawa UK Japan [email protected]
ARNAUD A. MAILLEUX FRAUKE MELCHIOR Developmental Biology Program, Department of Surgery University of Göttingen USC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban Research Göttingen Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Germany Los Angeles, CA [email protected] USA DIETER K. MEYER MARY L. MARAZITA Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine Toxicology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Albert Ludwig University Freiburg PA Freiburg USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
MARC MAREEL BURKHARD MICHEEL Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology Ghent University Hospital Department of Biotechnology Ghent University of Potsdam Belgium Germany [email protected] FLORIAN MARKOWETZ Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics ERIC MILOT Berlin Center for Genome Based Bioinformatics Centre de Recherche Guy-Bernier Berlin Hopital Maissoneuve-Rosemont Germany Montreal, QC Canada KENKICHI MASUTOMI ericmilot.hmr @ssss.gouv.qc.ca Department of Medical Oncology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute LILIANA MINICHIELLO Boston, MA European Molecular Biology Laboratory USA Mouse Biology Unit Monterotondo KARL MATTER Italy Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology [email protected] University College London London ALEXANDER A. MIRONOV UK Department of Cell Biology and Oncology Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology MATTHIAS P. M AYER S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti) Center for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH) Italy Heidelberg Germany CHANDRA MOHAN [email protected] Simmons Arthritis Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology NAYEF A. MAZLOUM The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Weill College of Medicine Center at Dallas Cornell University Dallas, TX New York, NY USA USA [email protected]
KIRSTEN E. MCLAY ROLAND MOLL The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Institute of Pathology Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Philipp University Hinxton Marburg Cambridgeshire, UK Germany [email protected] [email protected] xxviii List of Contributors
ALESSANDRA MONTECUCCO CHRISTOPH W. MÜLLER Istituto di Genetica Molecolare EMBL CNR, Pavia Grenoble Outstation and University Hospital Italy Grenoble [email protected] France [email protected] RANDALL T. MOON Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes EVA -CHRISTINA MÜLLER Medical Institute Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Berlin Seattle, WA Germany USA [email protected] [email protected]
KEVIN L. MOORE JÜRGEN J. MÜLLER Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Oklahoma City, OK Berlin USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
JAISREE MOORTHY THOMAS MÜLLER Biomedical Engineering Department of Medical Genetics University of Wisconsin Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Madison, WI Berlin USA Germany [email protected] PETRA MOOSMAYER Molecular Genome Analysis DKFZ JOCHEN MUELLER-DIECKMANN Heidelberg EMBL Hamburg Outstation Germany c/o DESY Hamburg PATRICE MORAND Germany EMBL [email protected] Grenoble Outstation and University Hospital Grenoble STEFAN MUNDLOS France Institute for Medical Genetics Charité-University Medicine Berlin INGO MORANO Berlin Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Department Germany of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Berlin and, University [email protected] Medicine Berlin (Charité) Johannes-Müller Institute for Physiology Berlin THOMAS MURRAY-RUST Germany The Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and [email protected] The Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford MARIO MÖRL UK Institute for Biochemistry [email protected] University of Leipzig Leipzig SERGE MUYLDERMANS Germany Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vlaams [email protected] Inter-University Institute of Biotechnology Free University of Brussels ARISTIDIS MOUSTAKAS Brussels Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Belgium Uppsala [email protected] Sweden
MARTINA MUCKENTHALER OWEN W. NADEAU Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Heidelberg Kansas University Medical Center Heidelberg Kansas City, KS Germany USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xxix
AKIRA NAGAFUCHI WALTER NEUPERT Department of Cellular Interactions Department of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich University Munich Kumamoto Germany Japan [email protected] [email protected] ALISTAIR E.T. NEWALL FRANÇOIS LE NAOUR Human Cytogenetics Laboratory INSERM U602 Cancer Research UK Hospital Paul Brousse London Research Institute Villejuif London France UK [email protected]
ERICH A. NIGG MAHESH NARAYAN Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Martinsried Cornell University Germany Ithaca, NY [email protected] USA
MICHAEL NILGES V. N ARRY KIM Unité de Bio–Informatique Structurale School of Biological Sciences and Institute Institute Pasteur of Molecular Biology and Genetics Paris Seoul National University France Seoul [email protected] Korea [email protected] JOHN L. NITISS HEINZ-PETER NASHEUER Department of Molecular Pharmacology ’ Department of Biochemistry St. Jude Children s Research Hospital National University of Ireland Memphis, TN Galway USA Ireland [email protected] [email protected] NADINE NORTON KLAUS-ARMIN NAVE Department of Psychological Medicine, Wales School of Department of Neurogenetics Medicine Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Cardiff University Goettingen Cardiff Germany UK [email protected] [email protected]
LORENZ NEIDHARDT MARKUS M. NÖTHEN Department of Developmental Genetics Department of Medical Genetics Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics University of Antwerp Berlin Belgium Germany Department of Genomics [email protected] Live and Brain Center Universitry of Bonn EVA NELIS Germany University of Antwerpen, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Peripheral Neuropathy Group Institute of Human Genetics Antwerpen University of Bonn Belgium Germany [email protected] [email protected]
ALAIN NEPVEU FILIPP OESTERHELT Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology Institute for Physical Chemistry II, AG Nanoanalytics McGill University Heinrich-Heine University Montreal, QC Düsseldorf Canada Germany [email protected] [email protected] xxx List of Contributors
SHUJI OGINO ANJA PANNEK Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Department of Medical Oncology Berlin Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Germany Harvard Medical School Boston, MA ELS PARDON USA Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vlaams [email protected] Inter-University Institute of Biotechnology Free University of Brussels MARIA JOSÉ OLIVEIRA Brussels Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology Belgium Ghent University Hospital Ghent RENATO PARO Belgium ZMBH IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and University of Heidelberg Immunology Heidelberg University of Port Germany Porto [email protected] Portugal EBERHARD PASSARGE CLAUDIA ORELIO Institute of Human Genetics Department of Cell Biology and Genetics University Clinic Essen Erasmus University Medical Center Essen Rotterdam Germany The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ALBERT PASTINK MICHAEL J. OWEN Department of Toxicogenetics Department of Psychological Medicine LUMC Wales School of Medicine Leiden Cardiff University The Netherlands Cardiff [email protected] UK [email protected] ADAM PAVLICEK Genetic Information Research Institute YOUNG-KI PAIK Yonsei Proteome Research Center Mountain View, CA Biomedical Proteome Research Center USA Seoul Korea MIREILLE PELLIS Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vlaams Department of Biochemistry Inter-University Institute of Biotechnology Yonsei University Free University of Brussels Seoul Brussels Korea Belgium [email protected]
PÄIVI PELTOMÄKI BENOÎT PALANCADE Department of Medical Genetics Régulation de l'Expression Génétique University of Helsinki Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Helsinki Paris Finland France [email protected]
ANDRAS PALDI Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes MARCO PETRELLA Evry McGill UniversityAIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for France Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital [email protected] Montreal, QC Canada IGNACIO PALMERO Institute of Biomedical Research CHRISTOPH PLASS CSIC-UAM The Ohio State University Madrid Columbus, OH Spain USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xxxi
KARL H. PLATE SALLY RADOVICK Neurological Institute, Clinical Center of the Section of Pediatric Endocrinology Johann Wolfgang Goethe University The University of Chicago Frankfurt Chicago, IL Germany USA [email protected] [email protected]
G. ERIC PLUM TIM W. RATZLAFF Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Neurology Rutgers State University of New Jersey University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Piscataway, NJ Philadelphia, PA USA USA IBET, Inc., Columbus, OH BERND RAUTENSTRAUß USA Friedrich-Alexander-University, Institute of Human Genetics Erlangen ROMAN S. POLISHCHUK Germany Department of Cell Biology and Oncology [email protected] Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti) GURU REDDY Italy Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. Fremont, CA 94555 THOMAS POLLMÄCHER USA Center of Mental Health Clinical Center Ingolstadt WESTLEY H. REEVES Ingolstadt Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Center Germany for Autoimmune Diseases [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville FL THOMAS POMORSKI USA Institute of Biology, and Center of Biophysics [email protected] and Bioinformatics Humboldt University Berlin ANDREAS S. REICHERT Berlin Department of Physiological Chemistry Germany Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich [email protected] Munich Germany HELMUT POSPIECH [email protected] Department of Biochemistry National University of Ireland EVAN REID Galway Department of Medical Genetics Ireland University of Cambridge Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry Cambridge University of Oulu UK Oulu [email protected] Finland JÖRG REIMANN THOMAS PREISS Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute University of Ulm Molecular Genetics Program Ulm Darlinghurst/Sydney, NSW Germany Australia [email protected] T. REINISCH Institute for Physical Chemistry GABRIELE PROETZEL WWU Münster The Jackson Laboratory Münster Maine, ME Germany USA [email protected] CRISTOBAL G. DOS REMEDIOS Muscle Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical Research KATY RADDATZ University of Sydney MDC Sydney, NSW Berlin Australia Germany [email protected] xxxii List of Contributors
HERVÉ-W. RÉMIGY ELIZABETH A. ROCHOWICZ M.E. Müller Institute for Structural Biology, Biocenter Section of Pediatric Endocrinology University of Basel The University of Chicago Basel Chicago, IL Switzerland USA
RAINER RENKAWITZ MARINA V. R ODNINA Institute for Genetics Institutes of Molecular Biology and Justus-Liebig-University Physical Biochemistry Giessen University of Witten/Herdecke Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
ALEXANDRE REYMOND ENRIQUE RODRIGUEZ-BOULAN Center for Integrative Genomics Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute and University of Lausanne Departments of Cell Biology and Ophthalmology Lausanne Weill Medical College of Cornell University Switzerland New York, NY [email protected] USA [email protected] GABRIELE RICHARD Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, and STEPHANE ROMBAUTS Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine Department of Plant Systems Biology Thomas Jefferson University University of Ghent Philadelphia, PA Ghent USA Belgium
ISABELLE RICHARD JÖRG RÖSGEN Généthon CNRS Institute of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics Evry University of Texas Medical Branch France Galveston, TX [email protected] USA
ANNE RIDLEY Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and ROSSELLA ROSSI University College School of Medicine, Department of Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CNR, Pavia University College London Italy London UK WOLFGANG ROTTBAUER [email protected] University Clinic Heidelberg Inner Medicine III MARCELLA RIETSCHEL Heidelberg Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Germany Central Institute of Mental Health [email protected] Mannheim Germany PIERRE ROUZÉ [email protected] Department of Plant Systems Biology University of Ghent LEONIE RINGROSE Ghent Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) Belgium University of Heidelberg [email protected] Germany [email protected] ANANDA L. ROY Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, Programs in SILVANO RIVA Immunology and Genetics Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR Tufts University School of Medicine Pavia Boston, MA Italy USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xxxiii
JOY ROY ANDREW SANDFORD Department of Surgery University of British Columbia McDonald Research St Gorans Hospital Laboratories / iCAPTURE Center Stockholm Vancouver, BC Sweden Canada [email protected] [email protected]
RICHARD RUBIN ROZANNE M. SANDRI-GOLDIN Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Fremont, CA 94555 University of California USA Irvine, CA USA THOMAS VON RÜDEN [email protected] MorphoSys AG Martinsried Germany MASAYUKI SANO [email protected] Gene Function Research Center National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) PATRICIA RUIZ Tsukuba Science City Center for Cardiovascular Research Japan Charité University Medicine Berlin and Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Berlin HANS MARTIN SASS Germany Kennedy Institute of Ethics [email protected] Georgetown University Washington DC LAURA J. RUSH USA The Ohio State University [email protected] Columbus, OH USA BRIAN SAUER [email protected] Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City MO DIRK SAERENS USA Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vlaams [email protected] Inter-University Institute of Biotechnology Free University of Brussels Brussels SASCHA SAUER Belgium Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics Berlin Germany FREDERIC SALA [email protected] Developmental Biology Program, Department of Surgery USC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles CAROLINE O.S. SAVAGE Los Angeles, CA Renal Immunobiology, The Medical School USA University of Birmingham Birmingham FRANCESCO SALVATORE UK CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate, scarl and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche University of Napoli “Federico II” ELLADA SAV VI D OU Napoli Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology Italy University of Edinburgh [email protected] Edinburgh UK [email protected] LEONA D. SAMSON Division of Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences UTE SCHAEPER Massachusetts Institute of Technology Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine MA Berlin USA Germany [email protected] [email protected] xxxiv List of Contributors
REINHOLD SCHÄFER MICHAEL SCHLEICHER Laboratories of Molecular Tumour Pathology and of Adolf-Butenandt-Institute / Cell Biology Functional Genomics, Charité Ludwig-Maximilians-University University Medicine Berlin Munich Berlin Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
KARIN SCHLEINKOFER WALTER SCHAFFNER Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter Institute of Molecular Biology University of Würzburg Zurich University Würzburg Zurich Germany Switzerland [email protected] MANFRED SCHLIWA Institute for Cell Biology LEONARD C. SCHALKWYK University of Munich Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Munich Institute of Psychiatry Germany London [email protected] UK [email protected] CHRISTINE SCHMÄL Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry CLAUS SCHEIDEREIT Central Institute of Mental Health Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Mannheim Berlin Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
MICHAEL F.G. SCHMIDT HAROLD A. SCHERAGA Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Free University Ithaca, NY Berlin USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
CORDELIA SCHIENE-FISCHER ANDREA SCHMIDT Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Folding Hamburg c/o DESY Halle Hamburg Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
REINHOLD SCHIRMBECK JÖRG SCHMIDTKE Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Human Genetics University of Ulm Hannover Medical School Ulm Hannover Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
NIKOLAUS L. SCHLAICH PETER SCHMIEDER Institute Bio III (Plant Physiology) FMP, Institute for Molecular Pharmacology RWTH Aachen Berlin Aachen Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]
GERD SCHMITZ MARTIN SCHLEEF Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology University Regensburg University of Ulm Regensburg Ulm Germany Germany [email protected] List of Contributors xxxv
CHRISTOPHER SCHOFIELD ANNEMARIE SCHWAN The Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and Human Genetics The Chemistry Research Laboratory Ruhr-University Bochum Oxford Bochum UK Germany [email protected] MATTHIAS SCHWEIZER Paul-Ehrlich-Institute MARINA SCHORPP-KISTNER Division of Medical Biotechnology Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Division of Signal Langen Transduction and Growth Control Germany Heidelberg Germany PETRA SCHWILLE [email protected] Institute for Biophysics/BioTec Dresden University of Technology ANJA SCHRAMME Dresden Laboratories of Molecular Tumour Pathology and of Germany Functional Genomics, Charité [email protected] University Medicine Berlin Berlin EVA SEEMANOVÁ Germany Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics 2nd Medical School, Charles University Prague STEFAN SCHREIBER Czech Republic Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Department of [email protected] General Internal Medicine Christian-Albrechts-University AARON J. SHATKIN Kiel Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine Germany Piscataway, NY [email protected] USA [email protected]
PETER SCHUCK LIUBOV SHATKINA Division of Bioengineering and Physical Science, OD Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe National Institutes of Health Institute of Toxicology and Genetics Bethesda, MD Karlsruhe USA Germany [email protected]
DENISE SHEER JÖRG SCHULTZ Human Cytogenetics Laboratory Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter Cancer Research UK London Research Institute Würzburg University London Würzburg UK Germany [email protected] [email protected] AHMED SHERIFF Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, INGO SCHUPP Department of Internal Medicine III Molecular Genome Analysis Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg DKFZ Erlangen Heidelberg Germany Germany [email protected]
IGOR SHEVELEV MATTHIAS SCHWAB Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Pharmacology University of Zürich Stuttgart Zürich Germany Switzerland
SEBASTIAN M. SHIMELD MANFRED SCHWAB Department of Zoology DKFZ University of Oxford Heidelberg Oxford Germany UK [email protected] [email protected] xxxvi List of Contributors
HANS-UWE SIMON THOMAS SOMMER Department of Pharmacology Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine University of Bern Berlin Bern Germany Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] RALF J. SOMMER Max Planck Institute for Developmental JEREMY C. SIMPSON Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology Cell Biology and Biophysics Programme, European Tübingen Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Germany Heidelberg [email protected] Germany [email protected] ARNOUD SONNENBERG Division of Cell Biology ROBERT H. SINGER The Netherlands Cancer Institute Anatomy & Structural Biology Amsterdam Albert Einstein College of Medicine The Netherlands Bronx, New York, NY [email protected] USA [email protected] LENE SÖRENSEN Karolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NOVUM KARL SKRINER Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Stockholm Charité University Medicine Berlin Sweden Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] NATALIA SOSHNIKOVA Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine SCOTT SLATTERY Berlin Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Germany Baylor College of Medicine [email protected] Houston, Texas USA CLAUDIO SOTO Department of Neurology University of Texas Medical Branch BONNIE F. SLOANE TX Department of Pharmacology USA Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos [email protected] Cancer Institute, Detroit MI CHRISTOPH A. SOTRIFFER USA Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry [email protected] Philipps-University Marburg ALAN J. SLUSARENKO Germany Institute Bio III (Plant Physiology) [email protected] RWTH Aachen Aachen SERHIY SOUCHELNYTSKYI Germany Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research [email protected] Uppsala Sweden
ERIK LEE SNAPP RAINER SPANG Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Albert Einstein College of Medicine Berlin Center for Genome Based Bioinformatics Bronx, NY Berlin USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
DIAN SOEWARTO JAGAN SRINIVASAN GSF Research Center for Environment and Health Max Planck Institute for Developmental Neuherberg Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology Germany Tübingen [email protected] Germany List of Contributors xxxvii
KATRIN STADE BRYAN K. SUN Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berlin Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Germany Hospital, Department [email protected] of Genetics Harvard Medical School IGOR STAGLJAR Boston, MA Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and USA Molecular Biology [email protected] University of Zurich Zurich ZHEN-YU J. SUN Switzerland Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular [email protected] Pharmacology Harvard Medical School STEFAN STAMM Boston, MA Institute of Biochemistry USA Erlangen [email protected] Germany [email protected] MICHAEL SUTTERS Division of Renal Medicine ULRIKE STEIN Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine Baltimore, MD Berlin USA Germany [email protected] [email protected] JUHANI SYVÄOJA PETER STEINBACH Department of Biochemistry Department of Human Genetics National University of Ireland University of Ulm Galway Ulm Ireland Germany [email protected] Department of Biology University of Joensuu ALEXANDER STEPANOV Joensuu Department of Molecular Pharmacology Finland St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Memphis, TN KAZUNARI TAIRA USA Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering DIETRICH A. STEPHAN University of Tokyo The Translational Genomics Research Institute Tokyo Phoenix, AZ Japan USA [email protected] [email protected] HIROYUKI TAKEDA WOLFRAM STERRY Department of Biological Sciences Department for Dermatology and Graduate School of Science Allergology, Medical School Charité University of Tokyo Humboldt University Berlin Tokyo Berlin Japan Germany [email protected]
RANDY STRICH MASATOSHI TAKEICHI Fox Chase Cancer Center RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Philadelphia, PA Chuo-ku, Kobe USA JAPAN [email protected] [email protected]
MILTON T. STUBBS II JAN F. TALTS Institute for Biotechnology Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Halle (Saale) Frederiksberg Germany Denmark [email protected] [email protected] xxxviii List of Contributors
HENGLI TANG IAN TOMLINSON Department of Biological Science London Research Institute Florida State University Cancer Research UK Tallahassee, FL London USA UK [email protected] [email protected]
WOAN-YUH TARN NIELS TOMMERUP Institute of Biomedical Sciences Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Wilhelm Academia Sinica Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research Taipei University of Copenhagen Taiwan Copenhagen [email protected] Denmark [email protected] J. PAUL TAYLOR Department of Neurology OLIVIER TOUSSAINT University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine University of Namur Philadelphia, AZ Namur USA Belgium [email protected] [email protected]
PETER C. TAYLOR MARY TRUSCOTT The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Oncology of Medicine McGill University Imperial College London Montreal, QC London Canada UK [email protected] JACK UETRECHT Pharmacy and Medicine CHARLES TEASE University of Toronto Department of Biological Sciences Toronto, ON University of Warwick Canada Coventry [email protected] UK [email protected] PETER UETZ Institute for Genetics HEINRICH TERLAU Institute of Experimental and Clinical Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Pharmacology and Toxicology Karlsruhe University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck Germany Lübeck [email protected] Germany [email protected] JOUNI UITTO Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, and KAY TERPE Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine Proteins and Nucleic Acids Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia IBA GmbH Pennsylvania, MA Göttingen USA Germany [email protected] [email protected] MEENA UPADHYAYA GERALD THIEL Institute of Medical Genetics Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Wales College of Medicine University of Saarland Medical Center Cardiff Homburg UK Germany [email protected] [email protected] SEPPO J. VAINIO KATSUSHI TOKUNAGA Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, Linnanmaa, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculties of Science and Medicine Department Of Human Genetics University of Oulu Tokyo Oulu Japan Finland [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xxxix
Y. VAN DE PEER RUDOLF VOLKMER-ENGERT Department of Plant Systems Biology Molecular Libraries, Institute for Medical Immunology University of Ghent Charite – University Clinical Center Berlin Ghent Berlin Belgium [email protected]
J. VA N DE N HOFF REINHARD E. VOLL PET Center Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Department of Internal Medicine III Chemistry, Research Center Rossendorf Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg Dresden Erlangen Germany Germany [email protected]
DOMINIQUE VANHECKE CAROLINA S. VOLLERT Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Institute for Genetics Vertebrate Genomics Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Berlin Karlsruhe Germany Germany [email protected]
ANNEMIEKE DE VRIES MICHAEL VEIT National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty Laboratory of Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics of Veterinary Medicine Bilthoven Free University The Netherlands Berlin [email protected] Germany [email protected] STEPHEN S. WACHTEL LOREDANA VERDONE Reproductive Genetics Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare University of Tennessee University La Sapienza Memphis, TN Rome USA Italy [email protected]
CÉCILE VINCKE TADASHI WADA Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vlaams Tokyo Institute of Technology Inter-University Institute of Biotechnology Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Free University of Brussels Midori-ku Brussels Yokohama Belgium Japan
MARTIN VINGRON Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics REBECCA C. WADE Berlin Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group Germany EML Research gGmbH [email protected] Heidelberg Germany [email protected] PETER K. VOGT The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA SIBYLLE WAGNER USA GSF Research Center for Environment and Health [email protected] Neuherberg Germany JENS VÖLKER Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers GERHARD WAGNER State University of New Jersey Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Piscataway, NJ Pharmacology USA Harvard Medical School IBET, Inc. Boston, MA Columbus, OH USA USA [email protected] xl List of Contributors
ELMAR WAHLE PAUL M. WASSARMAN Institute for Biochemistry Brookdale Department of Molecular Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Cell & Developmental Biology Halle Mount Sinai School of Medicine Germany New York, NY [email protected] USA [email protected]
MARK A. WAINBERG WOLFRAM WECKWERTH McGill UniversityAIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital Golm/Potsdam Montreal, QC Germany Canada [email protected] BERHARD WEHRLE-HALLER Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism HARALD WAJANT University of Geneva Department of Molecular Internal Medicine Geneva Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II Switzerland Würzburg Germany SCOT WEINBERGER [email protected] Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. Fremont, CA 94555 OLIVER WALISKO USA Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine [email protected] Berlin Germany ROLAND WEIS Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology RONALD J.A. WANDERS Graz University of Technology Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry Austria University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam MANFRED S. WEISS The Netherlands EMBL Hamburg Outstation [email protected] c/o DESY Hamburg Germany JAYSON WANG [email protected] Human Cytogenetics Laboratory Cancer Research UK London Research Institute ERVIN WELKER London Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology UK Cornell University Ithaca, NY USA TING WANG Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group ANDREAS WERNER EML Research gGmbH Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences Heidelberg University of Newcastle Germany Newcastle upon Tyne UK ERICH E. WANKER [email protected] Department of Neuroproteomics Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch HAUKE WERNER Berlin Department of Neurogenetics Germany Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine [email protected] Goettingen Germany [email protected] DERICK G. WANSINK Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular SABINE WERNER Life Sciences Department of Biology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center Institute of Cell Biology Nijmegen ETH Zurich, Zurich The Netherlands Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors xli
LOUISE VAN DER WEYDEN MICHAEL V. W ILES Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton The Jackson Laboratory The Sanger Institute Maine, ME Cambridge USA UK [email protected]
MILES F. WILKINSON ROBERT J. WHITE Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences Department of Immunology University of Glasgow The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Glasgow Houston, TX UK USA [email protected] [email protected]
JULIE M. WILLIAMS CAROL WICKING Renal Immunobiology The Institute for Molecular Bioscience The Medical School, University of Birmingham The University of Queensland Birmingham St Lucia, QLD UK Australia [email protected] [email protected] MATTHIAS WILMANNS STEFAN WIECZOREK EMBL Hamburg Outstation Human Genetics c/o DESY Ruhr-University Hamburg Bochum Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] WOLFGANG WINTERMEYER Institutes of Molecular Biology and Physical Biochemistry STEFAN WIEMANN University of Witten/Herdecke Department of Molecular Genome Analysis Germany German Cancer Research Center [email protected] Heidelberg Germany [email protected] ERHARD WINTERSBERGER Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology BÉ WIERINGA Medical University of Vienna Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Vienna Center for Molecular Life Sciences Austria Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center [email protected] Nijmegen The Netherlands JOACHIM WITTBRODT [email protected] Developmental Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory MICHAEL WIESE EMBL Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Heidelberg Bonn Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] STEFAN WÖLFL Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, BURKHARD WIESNER Abteilung Biologie, Arbeitsgruppe Bioanalytik und Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology Molekularbiologie Berlin Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg [email protected] [email protected]
SUSAN WIJNHOVEN CHUN XIE National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Simmons Arthritis Research Center and Department of Laboratory of Toxicology, Pathology and Internal Medicine/Rheumatology Genetics The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Bilthoven Center at Dallas The Netherlands Dallas, TX [email protected] USA xlii List of Contributors
JU-HUA XU WALTER ZIEGLGÄNSBERGER Department of Chemistry Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Munich Minneapolis, MN Germany USA [email protected]
YUKI YAMAGUCHI HEIKE ZIMDAHL Tokyo Institute of Technology Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology Berlin Midori-ku, Yokohama Germany Japan JOOST C.B.M. ZOMERDIJK UWE ZANGEMEISTER-WITTKE Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, Wellcome Department of Oncology Trust Biocentre University of Zurich University of Dundee Zurich UK Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] EBERHART ZRENNER MAŁGORZATA Z. ZDZIENICKA University Eye Hospital Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, The L. Rydygier Eberhard Karl University Tübingen Collegium Medicum Germany Nicolaus Copernicus University [email protected] Bydgoszcz Poland
ULRIKE ZIEBOLD Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany [email protected]