December 1, 2014
Margaret Mears TMEP Lead – Environment Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. Suite 2700, 300 – 5th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 5J2
Dear Ms. Mears,
Re: Traditional Land and Resource Use Supplemental Report and Environmental and Socio-Economic Assessment Significance Ratings for the Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Trans Mountain Expansion Project
Since the submission of the supplemental Traditional Land and Resource Use (TLRU) report for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project (the Project) in July 2014 (Filing IDs A3Z4Z2 to A3Z4Z5), third-party TLRU reports have been received from the following Aboriginal communities:
• Gunn Métis Local 55;
• Lower Nicola Indian Band;
• Shackan Indian Band (Nicola Tribal Association);
• Nicomen Indian Band (Nicola Tribal Association);
• Nooaitch Indian Band (Nicola Tribal Association);
• Yale First Nation;
• Kwantlen First Nation; and
• Kwikwetlem First Nation. Gunn Métis Local 55, Lower Nicola Indian Band, Shackan Indian Band, Nicomen Indian Band, Nooaitch Indian Band, Yale First Nation, Kwantlen First Nation and Kwikwetlem First Nation have identified general Project concerns through their respective community-directed reports. These concerns are summarized in Table 5.1 of the Supplemental TLRU Technical Report No. 2 and mitigation measures are provided. TERA, a CH2M HILL Company (TERA) has reviewed the findings of the supplemental TLRU in the context of the Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment (ESA) (Volume 5B), and has determined that the significance conclusions of the ESA with regard to TLRU remain unchanged by the results of the supplemental TLRU information received for both Project-related effects (Section 7.10.2 of Volume 5B [Filing ID A3S2S9]) and the Project’s contribution to cumulative effects (Section 8.2.3 of Volume 5B [Filing ID A3S1T0]). We would be happy to respond to any questions or comments that Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC might have with respect to these documents. Please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned at ([email protected]). Sincerely,
CH2M HILL ENERGY CANADA, LTD. Original Signed Julie Prystupa Aboriginal Engagement Regulatory Team Lead
cc: Jason Smith, Vice President, TERA, a CH2M HILL Company
TERA File: L-NEB-TERA-00001 Via: Email
SUPPLEMENTAL TRADITIONAL LAND AND RESOURCE USE TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 2 FOR THE TRANS MOUNTAIN PIPELINE ULC TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT
December 2014
SREP-NEB-TERA-00028
Prepared for: Prepared by:
Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC
Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. CH2M HILL Energy Canada, Ltd. Suite 2700, 300 – 5th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 5J2 Suite 1100, 815 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P2 Ph: 403-514-6400 Ph: 403-265-2885
Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An Environmental and Socio-Economic Assessment (ESA) was completed by TERA, a CH2M HILL Company (TERA) and was submitted as part of the Trans Mountain Application to the National Energy Board (NEB) in December 2013 for the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project (referred to as “TMEP” or “the Project”). The NEB will conduct a detailed review and hold a Public Hearing to determine if it is in the public interest to recommend a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity for construction and operations of the Project. Subject to the outcome of the NEB Hearing process, Trans Mountain plans to begin construction in 2016 and go into service in 2018.
Trans Mountain will continue to engage Aboriginal communities through all phases of the Project. Traditional land and resource use (TLRU) information received from participating communities will be reviewed in order to confirm literature results and mitigation measures. Additional issues of concern, TLRU sites or features identified through ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities will be considered for incorporation into Project planning under the guidance of existing NEB regulations and mitigation recommendations. Further information is provided in Technical Report of Volume 5D-1 (Filing IDs A3S2G8 to A3S2H1) of the Trans Mountain Application.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYM LIST
Definition/Acronym Full Name AANDC Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada AB Alberta Aboriginal includes the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada AK Alternate Kilometre Avoidance a means to prevent a potential adverse effect through routing/siting of the project, changes to project design or construction timing ATK Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge BC British Columbia CEA Canadian Environmental Assessment CEA Agency Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment CNR Canadian National Railway CPCN Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Element a technical discipline or discrete component of the biophysical or human environment identified in the NEB Filing Manual EPP Environmental Protection Plan ESA Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment GPS Global Positioning System Indicator a biophysical, social, or economic property or variable that society considers to be important and is assessed to predict Project- related changes and focus the effects assessment on key issues. One or more indicators are selected to describe the present and predicted future condition of an element. Societal views are understood by the assessment team through published information such as management plans and engagement with regulators, public, Aboriginal, and other interested groups. IR Indian Reserve KMC Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. LOU Letter of Understanding LSA local study area, the zone of influence or area where the element and associated indicators are most likely to be affected by Project construction and operation. This generally represents a buffer from the centre of the proposed pipeline corridor Measurement one or more 'measurement endpoints' are identified for each indicator to allow quantitative or qualitative measurement of potential endpoint Project effects. The degree of change in these measurable parameters is used to characterize and evaluate the magnitude of Project-related environmental and socio-economic effects. Measurement endpoints are also the key variables for study in monitoring and follow-up programs. Mitigation measures mean measures for the elimination, reduction or control of a project’s adverse environmental effects, including restitution for any damage to the environment caused by such effects through replacement, restoration, compensation or any other means. NEB National Energy Board NPS Nominal Pipe Size O.D. outside diameter Post-construction a type of monitoring program that may be used to verify that mitigation measures effectively mitigated the predicted adverse monitoring environmental effects. Proposed pipeline generally a 150 m wide corridor encompassing the pipeline construction right-of-way and temporary workspace corridor RK Reference Kilometre RSA regional study area, the area extending beyond the LSA boundary where the direct and indirect influence of other activities could overlap with project-specific effects and cause cumulative effects on the environmental or socio-economic indicator Supplemental studies studies to be conducted post submission of the application to confirm the effects assessment conclusions and gather site-specific information for the implementation of mitigation from the Project-specific environmental protection plans. TBD To Be Determined TEK Traditional Ecological Knowledge the Project Trans Mountain Expansion Project TLRU Traditional Land and Resource Use TMEP Trans Mountain Expansion Project TMPL Trans Mountain Pipeline TMRU Traditional Marine Resource Use
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYM LIST ...... ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 1.1 Project Details ...... 1-1 1.2 Purpose of Report ...... 1-1 2.0 CONSULTATION AND ENGAGEMENT ...... 2-1 2.1 Public Consultation, Aboriginal Engagement and Landowner Relations...... 2-1 3.0 METHODS ...... 3-1 3.1 Project Interactions and Identification of Potential Effects ...... 3-1 3.2 Assessment Indicators and Measurement Endpoints...... 3-1 3.3 Study Area Boundaries ...... 3-1 3.4 Existing Conditions...... 3-1 3.5 Desktop Analysis and Literature Review ...... 3-1 3.6 Field Data Collection ...... 3-1 3.6.1 Community Engagement and Scoping ...... 3-1 4.0 RESULTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL TRADITIONAL LAND AND RESOURCE USE STUDIES ...... 4-1 4.1 Edmonton to Hinton Segment ...... 4-1 4.1.1 Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-1 4.2 Black Pines to Hope Segment ...... 4-6 4.2.1 Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-6 4.2.2 Shackan Indian Band ...... 4-14 4.2.3 Nicomen Indian Band ...... 4-18 4.2.4 Nooaitch Indian Band ...... 4-18 4.2.5 Yale First Nation...... 4-18 4.3 Burnaby to Westridge Segment ...... 4-23 4.3.1 Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-23 4.3.2 Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-27 5.0 DISCUSSION AND MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 5-1 5.1 Recommended Mitigation ...... 5-10 6.0 SUMMARY ...... 6-1 7.0 REFERENCES ...... 7-1 7.1 Literature Cited ...... 7-1
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Updated Socio-Economic Aboriginal Community Overviews for the Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Trans Mountain Expansion Project ...... A-1
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
LIST OF TABLES Table 3.6.1-1 Time Table of Traditional Land and Resource Use Studies for Each Participating Community ...... 3-2 Table 4.1.1-1 Trails and Travelways Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-2 Table 4.1.1-2 Habitation Sites Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-3 Table 4.1.1-3 Hunting Sites Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-4 Table 4.1.1-4 Fishing Sites Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-5 Table 4.1.1-5 Trapping Sites Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-5 Table 4.1.1-6 Gathering Places Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-6 Table 4.1.1-7 Sacred Areas Identified by Gunn Métis Local 55 ...... 4-6 Table 4.2.1-1 Trails and Travelways Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-7 Table 4.2.1-2 Habitation Sites Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-8 Table 4.2.1-3 Plant Gathering Sites Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-10 Table 4.2.1-4 Hunting Sites Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-11 Table 4.2.1-5 Fishing Sites Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-12 Table 4.2.1-6 Trapping Sites Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-12 Table 4.2.1-7 Gathering Places Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band ...... 4-13 Table 4.2.1-8 Sacred Areas Identified by Lower Nicola Indian Band...... 4-13 Table 4.2.2-1 Trails and Travelways Identified by Nicola Tribal Association ...... 4-15 Table 4.2.2-2 Plant Gathering Sites Identified by Nicola Tribal Association ...... 4-16 Table 4.2.2-3 Plants Gathered by Nicola Tribal Association ...... 4-16 Table 4.2.2-4 Fishing Sites Identified by Nicola Tribal Association ...... 4-17 Table 4.2.5-1 Trails And Travelways Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-19 Table 4.2.5-2 Habitation Sites Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-20 Table 4.2.5-3 Plant Gathering Sites Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-20 Table 4.2.5-4 Hunting Sites Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-21 Table 4.2.5-5 Fishing Sites Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-21 Table 4.2.5-6 Trapping Sites Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-22 Table 4.2.5-7 Sacred Sites Identified by Yale First Nation ...... 4-22 Table 4.3.1-1 Trails and Travelways Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-23 Table 4.3.1-2 Habitation Sites Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-24 Table 4.3.1-3 Plant Gathering Sites Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-25 Table 4.3.1-4 Hunting Sites Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-25 Table 4.3.1-5 Fishing Sites Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-26 Table 4.3.1-6 Trapping Sites Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-26 Table 4.3.1-7 Gathering Places Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-26 Table 4.3.1-8 Sacred Areas Identified by Kwantlen First Nation ...... 4-27 Table 4.4.2-1 Trails and Travelways Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-28 Table 4.4.2-2 Habitation Sites Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-29 Table 4.4.2-3 Plant Gathering Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-29 Table 4.4.2-4 Plants Gathered by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-29 Table 4.4.2-5 Hunting Sites Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-30 Table 4.4.2-6 Fishing Sites Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-31 Table 4.4.2-7 Trapping Sites Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-31 Table 4.4.2-8 Gathering Places Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-32 Table 4.4.2-9 Sacred Areas Identified by Kwikwetlem First Nation ...... 4-32 Table 5.1 Issues or Concerns Identified by Aboriginal Communities Included in Supplemental Technical Report 2 ...... 5-1 Table 5.2 Potential Effects and Mitigation Measures - Traditional Land and Resource Use - Project Construction and Operations ...... 5-11
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Details Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC (Trans Mountain) is a Canadian corporation with its head office located in Calgary, Alberta. Trans Mountain is a general partner of Trans Mountain Pipeline L.P., which is operated by Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. (Kinder Morgan), and is fully owned by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. Trans Mountain is the holder of the National Energy Board (NEB) certificates for the Trans Mountain pipeline (TMPL) system.
The TMPL system commenced operations 60 years ago and now transports a range of crude oil and petroleum products from Western Canada to locations in central and southwestern British Columbia (BC), Washington state, and offshore. The TMPL system currently supplies much of the crude oil and refined products used in BC. The TMPL system is operated and maintained by staff located at Trans Mountain’s regional and local offices in Alberta (Edmonton, Edson and Jasper) and BC (Clearwater, Kamloops, Hope, Abbotsford and Burnaby).
Trans Mountain submitted an application to the NEB in December 2013 for the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project (the Project or TMEP) (Filing ID A56004). On July 21, 2014 Trans Mountain submitted supplemental TLRU and TMRU reports to the NEB (Filing ID A61882 and Filing ID A61882). The proposed expansion will be comprised of the following:
• pipeline segments that complete a twinning (or “looping”) of the pipeline in Alberta and BC with about 987 km of new buried pipeline;
• new and modified facilities, including pump stations and tanks; and
• three new berths at the Westridge Marine Terminal in Burnaby, BC, each capable of handling Aframax class vessels.
The complete Project description is provided in the Project Overview, Economics and General Information in Volume 2 (Filing IDs A3S0Q8 to A3S0R0) and in Project Design and Execution in Volumes 4A, B and C of the Trans Mountain Application (Filing IDs A3S048 to A3S0L2). Pending regulatory approval, Trans Mountain plans to begin construction in 2016 and go into service in 2018.
1.2 Purpose of Report The purpose of this supplemental technical report is to provide additional information describing the existing characteristics of Traditional Land Resource Use (TLRU) assessed for the development of the Project for the pipeline component of the Project. The Aboriginal communities identified as having an interest in the Project or having interests potentially affected by the Project are listed in Section 1.0 of Technical Report 5D-1 of Volume 5D (Filing ID A3S2G8) and Part 3 of Consultation Update No. 1 (Filing ID A59348) of the Trans Mountain Application.
This supplemental technical report contains the results of the TLRU studies conducted by potentially affected Aboriginal communities for the Project and completed from July 18, 2014 to November 12, 2014. Approval to treat collected TLRU within this report as public knowledge was received by the participating Aboriginal communities listed herein.
Additional Socio-economic information pertaining to potentially affected Aboriginal communities is provided in Appendix A.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
2.0 CONSULTATION AND ENGAGEMENT Trans Mountain and its consultants continue to conduct a number of consultative and engagement activities to inform Aboriginal communities, stakeholders, the public and regulatory authorities about the approach to assessing potential environmental and socio-economic effects of the Project, and to seek input throughout the Project planning process.
2.1 Public Consultation, Aboriginal Engagement and Landowner Relations Section 2.0 of the Technical Report 5D-1 of Volume 5D (Filing ID A3S2G8) of the Trans Mountain Application provides a summary of the outcomes of the consultations and engagement activities conducted during the development of the Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report related to baseline survey methods as well as the assessment procedure, methods and mitigation recommendations. Since no new survey methods were implemented during the supplemental TLRU work, nor any new mitigation measures recommended that did not form part of the Application (Volumes 5A [Filing IDs A3S1L2 to A3S1R3]/5B [Filing IDs A3S1R4 to A3S1T0] or Environmental Protection Plans [EPPs] in Volumes 6B [Filing IDs A3S2S3 to A3S2S4] and 6C [Filing IDs A3S2S6 to A3S2S7]), no additional regulatory consultation was deemed necessary.
The full description of the public consultation, Aboriginal engagement and landowner relations programs are located in Volumes 3A, 3B and 3C (Filing ID A55987) of the Application, respectively. Consultation Update No. 2 was provided to the NEB as part of Technical Update No. 1 and Consultation Update No. 2 was filed with the NEB on August 1, 2014 (Filing IDs A3Z8J2 to A3Z8Q2). All TLRU issues and concerns associated with Consultation Update No. 1 & Errata were previously addressed in the Application - submitted to the NEB in December 2013. After consideration by technical experts, it was determined that no new mitigation is required beyond that provided in the Application. The significance conclusions presented in Volume 8A of the Application (Filing ID A3S443) did not change as a result of these consultation and engagement activities from August 1, 2013 to April 30, 2014.
Part 3 of Consultation Update No. 1 (Filing ID A59348) (the Update) also provides information on the Project Aboriginal Engagement Program for the pipeline and marine corridors between October 1 and December 31, 2013. The Update outlines engagement activity during the period and summarizes the comprehensive information provided as well as feedback received during the 3-month reporting period following the submission of the Application to the NEB pursuant to Section 52 of the NEB Act for the Project.
Part 6 of Consultation Update No. 2 (Filing ID A3Z8Q1 and A3Z8Q2) also provides information on the Project Aboriginal Engagement Program for the pipeline and marine corridors between January 1, 2014 and April 30, 2014. The Update outlines engagement activity during the period and summarizes the comprehensive information provided as well as feedback received during the 4-month reporting period following the submission of the Application to the NEB pursuant to Section 52 of the NEB Act for the Project.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
3.0 METHODS 3.1 Project Interactions and Identification of Potential Effects A description of Project interactions and identification of potential effects considered in this supplemental technical report is provided in Section 3.0 in Technical Report 5D-1 of Volume 5D (Filing ID A3S2G8) of the Application.
3.2 Assessment Indicators and Measurement Endpoints The indicators and measurement endpoints used in the assessment of Project-related effects and cumulative effects on TLRU are the same as those used in Technical Report 5C-1 (Filing IDA3S1T3) of Volume 5D and in the ESA Technical Reports of Volume 5A and 5B of the Trans Mountain Application. Further information on the selection and development of these indicators and measurement endpoints are provided in Technical Report 5D-1(Filing ID A3S2G8 to A3S2H1) of Volume 5D of the Application.
3.3 Study Area Boundaries A description of study area boundaries (e.g., TLRU local study areas [LSA] and TLRU regional study area [RSA]) considered in this supplemental report is provided in Section 3.0 in Technical Report 5D-1(Filing ID A3S2G8) of Volume 5D of the Application.
3.4 Existing Conditions A description of existing conditions considered in this supplemental report is provided in Section 3.0 in Technical Report 5D-1 of Volume 5D (Filing ID A3S2G8) of the Application.
3.5 Desktop Analysis and Literature Review A description of the collection and verification of background TLRU data considered in this supplemental report is provided in Section 3.0 in Technical Report 5D-1(Filing ID A3S2G8) of Volume 5D of the Application.
3.6 Field Data Collection A description of the methodology used to collect field data considered in this supplemental report is provided in Section 3.0 in Technical Report 5D-1(Filing ID A3S2G8) of Volume 5D of the Application.
3.6.1 Community Engagement and Scoping Following Project initiation, TERA, a CH2M HILL Company (TERA) on behalf of Trans Mountain, facilitated the TLRU studies conducted by interested Aboriginal communities for the Project (Table 3.6-11). The Project scope, timetable and location were discussed. Project information packages, which included a Project description, facts on the nature, timing, scope and location of the Project and relevant contact information for communication with Trans Mountain and TERA, were sent to each community and meetings were subsequently scheduled. Communities were also provided with copies of the proposed TLRU study methods and a draft outline of TERA’s TLRU study work plan. Participation in the TLRU studies, either as TERA-facilitated or community directed using a third-party consultant, was discussed with Aboriginal communities based on an indicated interest in participating in these studies.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 3.6.1-1
TIME TABLE OF TRADITIONAL LAND AND RESOURCE USE STUDIES FOR EACH PARTICIPATING COMMUNITY
Ground Results Review/ Community Map Review Interviews Overflight Reconnaissance Mitigation Meetings Saddle Lake Cree Nation TERA-facilitated TLRU study work plan development underway. Enoch Cree Nation June 7, 2013 August 29 to 30, September 7, 2013 September 18 to 26, 2013 To be determined 2013 Alexander First Nation October 4, 2012 October 18, 2012 October 30, 2012 October 30 to Alexander First November 1, 2012 Nation elected to conduct a third party TLRU study Samson Cree Nation September 20, 2012 September 20, 2012 March 22 to 23, November 6 to 9, 2012 December 18, 2013 2013 September 26 to October 3, 2013 Métis Nation of Alberta Independent, third-party engagement report (underway). (Region 4) O’Chiese First Nation Independent, third-party TLRU study. Final report received on September 25, 2013. Ermineskin Cree Nation September 4, 2012 N/A September 7, 2012 September 5 and 6, 2012 October 31, 2013 Montana First Nation August 7, 2013 August 8, 2013 TERA-facilitated TERA-facilitated TLU TERA-facilitated TLU TLU study study (underway). study (underway). (underway). Louis Bull Tribe TLRU study not requested by Louis Bull Tribe. Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation November 5, 2012 May 16 to 17, 2013 November 5, 2012 November 6 to 10, 2012 Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation elected to conduct a third party TLU study. Foothills Ojibway Society Declined TLRU study participation; identified preliminary interests on June 5, 2013. Paul First Nation November 14, 2012 November 14, 2012 December 3, 2012 December 3, 2012 November 8, 2013 Nakcowinewak Nation of September 19, 2013 September 20, 2013 N/A September 21 to 26, 2013 November 25, 2013 Canada November 5 to 6, 2013 Sunchild First Nation Independent, third-party TLRU study (underway). Interest letter received December 2, 2013 Michel First Nation Independent Treaty Rights study. Final report received on May 28, 2013. Gunn Métis Local 55 (Lac Draft independent third-party engagement report received on August 27, 2014. Ste. Anne Métis) Aseniwuche Winewak Nation Independent, third-party TLRU study. Final report received on November 18, 2013. Lheidli T’enneh Independent, third-party TLRU study (underway). Interim report received on November 20, 2013. Simpcw First Nation Independent, third-party TLRU study. Final report received on June 2, 2014. Lhtako Dene Nation TERA-facilitated TLRU study (underway). Canim Lake Band May 1, 2013 October 9, 2013 October 9, 2013 October 10, 2013 November 5, 2013 Métis Nation BC Independent, third-party Expansion Report. Final report received May 23, 2014. BC Métis Federation Independent third party engagement report. Final report received April 24, 2014. Tk'emlúps te Secwe̓pemc Joint third-party Cultural Heritage Study being negotiated with Skeetchestn Indian Band. Skeetchestn Indian Band Joint third-party Cultural Heritage Study being negotiated with Tk'emlúps te Secwe̓pemc. Penticton Indian Band TLRU study not requested by Penticton Indian Band. Upper Nicola Indian Band Independent, third-party TLRU study completed.. Lower Similkameen Indian TLRU study not requested by Lower Similkameen Indian Band. Band Upper Similkameen Indian TLRU study not requested by Upper Similkameen Indian Band. Band Lower Nicola Indian Band Independent, third-party TLRU study received in November, 2014. Interim summary of findings received on November 26, 2013. Coldwater Indian Band Joint third-party TLRU underway with Siska Indian Band, Boston Bar First Nation and Cooks Ferry Indian Band. Siska Indian Band Joint third-party TLRU underway with Coldwater Indian Band, Boston Bar First Nation and Cooks Ferry Indian Band. Boston Bar First Nation Joint third-party TLRU underway with Siska Indian Band, Coldwater Indian Band and Cooks Ferry Indian Band. Shackan Indian Band Joint third-party TLRU study with Nicomen Indian Band and Nooaitch Indian Band led by Nicola Tribal Association. Interim report received on February 17, 2014. Final report received July 2014.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 3.6.1-1 Cont'd
Ground Results Review/ Community Map Review Interviews Overflight Reconnaissance Mitigation Meetings Nicomen Indian Band Joint third-party TLRU study with Shackan Indian Band and Nooaitch Indian Band led by Nicola Tribal Association. Interim report received on February 17, 2014. Final report received July 15, 2014. Nooaitch Indian Band Joint third-party TLRU study with Nicomen Indian Band and Shackan Indian Band led by Nicola Tribal Association . Interim report received on February 17, 2014. Final report received July 15, 2014. Yale First Nation Independent, third-party Traditional Knowledge study. Interim report received May, 2014. Final report received September 1, 2014. Union Bar First Nations TLRU study not requested by Union Bar First Nations. Chawathil First Nation Independent, third-party TLRU study (underway). Interim report received on February 27, 2014. Shxw’ōwhámel First Nation May 28, 2013 Independent, third-party TLRU study (underway). Preliminary interests received on March 7, 2014. Cheam First Nation Joint third-party Integrated Cultural Assessment (ICA) with Sumas First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw Apilt First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Skowkale First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Yakweakwioose First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Cultural Use Assessment (CUA) draft provided February, 2014. Sumas First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw Kwaw Apilt First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Skowkale First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Yakweakwioose First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Peters Band Independent, third part TLRU study (underway). Seabird Island Band Independent third-party TLRU study (underway). Popkum First Nation April 24, 2013 April 24, 2013 N/A November 13 to 14, 2013 November 28, 2013 Scowlitz First Nation May 16, 2013 TLRU study not requested by Scowlitz First Nation. Skowkale First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw Kwaw Apilt First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Cheam First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Yakweakwioose First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Yakweakwioose First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw Kwaw Apilt First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Cheam First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Aitchelitz First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Kwaw Kwaw Apilt First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Cheam First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Skwah First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Kwaw Kwaw Apilt First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Kwaw-kwaw-apilt First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Soowahlie First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Shxwha:y Village, Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw-kwaw-apilt First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited (underway). Final report received on March 26, 2014. Shxwha:y Village Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw-kwaw-apilt First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Tzeachten First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw-kwaw-apilt First Nation, Squiala First Nation, Shxwha:y Village and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Squiala First Nation Joint third-party ICA with Sumas First Nation, Yakweakwioose First Nation, Skwah First Nation, Soowahlie First Nation, Cheam First Nation, Aitchelitz First Nation, Kwaw-kwaw-apilt First Nation, Tzeachten First Nation, Shxwha:y Village and Skowkale First Nation led by Ts’elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited. Draft indicator report received on November 15, 2013. Final report received on March 26, 2014. Leq’á:mel: First Nation April 23, 2013 April 23, 2013 September 11, September 11 to 13, 2013 November 8, 2013 2013
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TABLE 3.6.1-1 Cont'd
Ground Results Review/ Community Map Review Interviews Overflight Reconnaissance Mitigation Meetings Semiahmoo First Nation Independent, third-party TLRU/TMRU study (underway). Identified preliminary interests on August 6, 2013. Matsqui First Nation Interest in a TLRU study to be determined by Matsqui First Nation. Kwantlen First Nation Independent third-party TLRU study received on November 17, 2014 Katzie First Nation TLRU study being negotiated with Katzie First Nation. Kwikwetlem First Nation Independent third-party TLRU study received September 29, 2014. Qayqayt First Nation TLRU study not requested by Qayqayt First Nation. Squamish Nation TLRU study not requested by Squamish Nation. Tsleil-Waututh Nation TLRU study not requested by Tsleil-Waututh Nation. Musqueam Indian Band Third-party TLRU study completed for Musqueam Indian Band. Information not yet shared. Tsawwassen First Nation TLRU study not requested by Tsawwassen First Nation. T’souke (Sooke) First Nation TLRU study currently underway; TMRU study being negotiated.
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4.0 RESULTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL TRADITIONAL LAND AND RESOURCE USE STUDIES This section provides supplemental publicly available regional and traditional local resource use information for multiple Aboriginal communities based on information received from July 1 to November 17, 2014.
Qualitative descriptions of locations potentially requiring mitigation have been noted. Discrete site-specific locations have not been incorporated into mapping resources due to an absence of transferable quantitative spatial data. This section provides qualitative descriptions associated with mitigation measures, as requested.
4.1 Edmonton to Hinton Segment 4.1.1 Gunn Métis Local 55 Gunn Métis Local 55 elected to conduct a third-party traditional land use (TLU) information report for the proposed Project, prepared by Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. On August 21, 2014, Gunn Métis Local 55 provided Trans Mountain with the Gunn Métis Local 55 Land Use, Occupancy and Environmental Knowledge: Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014). The purpose of this report was to document Métis patterns of occupancy and land use and to discuss site-specific Métis traditional knowledge and to identify Project concerns and potential impacts to traditional land use and sites of community importance. Information in this report was derived from the 2013 Gunn Métis Local 55 Oral History Project and the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Project-Specific Métis Land Use, Occupancy and Environmental Knowledge Focus Group held in July 2014 in Wabamun, Alberta. For the oral history project, interviews were conducted with 19 community members using oral history methods and traditional land use mapping techniques. The focus group included 10 community members and Elders. Interviews were held and questions asked regarding potential impacts and maps of traditional use sites were produced.
The results of the Gunn Métis Local 55 TLU study (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014) are summarized below.
4.1.1.1 Community Participants Traditional land use and occupancy was documented between May 2013 and December 2013 as a result of increased concern about industrialization in Gunn Métis Local 55 territory.
Gunn Métis Local 55 thanks all the Métis community participants as well as community researchers Delaney Lothian, Athena McKenzie, Leslie Moncrieff, Tracy Friedel, Murleen Crossen, Debra Mills, Elsie Giles and Dermot O’Connor of Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc.
4.1.1.2 Results The Gunn Métis Local 55 Land Use, Occupancy and Environmental Knowledge report (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014) contains a ‘without prejudice’ clause that stipulates that information contained in the report does not limit any part of Gunn Métis Local 55 current or future claims to Aboriginal rights and title.
The TLU study provided information regarding the subsistence and cultural activities practiced throughout Gunn Métis Local 55 asserted traditional territory.
The review of Gunn Métis Local 55’s TLRU report did not reveal traditional land use sites within the TLRU RSA requiring mitigation as requested by Gunn Métis Local 55.
Concerns expressed in the TLU report include:
• effects to both marked and unmarked burial sites at and around Marlboro cemetery that have not been identified and may reside within the proposed pipeline corridor;
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• displacement of Métis families from their traditional harvesting and camping areas on Crown land during the construction phase and as a result of industrialization;
• human-wildlife encounters during the construction phase;
• predator-prey imbalances created as a result of driving fur-bearers out of the LSA;
• risk to bird populations at sites such as the Wagner Natural Area during the construction phase;
• health and safety risks to wildlife and local motorists as from Project construction disrupting the movement of big game that use the existing right-of-way as a corridor, pushing animals onto the Yellowhead Highway;
• the removal of native plant species along the right-of-way;
• the proximity of the proposed pipeline to an adjacent asbestos dump creating health and safety risks for workers and the local population, representing a risk of environmental contamination in the area;
• potential contamination of lakes (e.g., Wabamun) and regional watersheds and subsequent effects to freshwater resources and environmental contamination of soils;
• the construction phase could interfere with traffic patterns, create noise and air pollution pose a greater risk of accidents;
• effects of construction on traditional harvesting practices; and
• concerns about contamination of traditional plant harvesting areas.
Trails and Travelways Gunn Métis Local 55 identified five trails and travelways during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-1.
The Lac Ste. Anne trail was used historically as a walking and wagon trail system. Horse drawn sleigh rides are also a key means of transportation for Métis families to connect to school, work, harvesting areas and traditional markets. The Lac Ste. Anne trail is intact in some areas but in others it has been blocked by road, rail, or fences on private land. The trail is considered an important feature of Métis geography. The trails were also used by travellers coming from a distance and several stopovers are present along the trails.
Gunn Métis Local 55 expressed general concern about industrialization displacing Métis from their traditional use sites (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
TABLE 4.1.1-1
TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 11.9 km north of AK 94 Portions of the Lac St. Anne trail Current/historic None 17.3 km north of RK 83.5 Rabbit trail (from Lac Ste. Anne to Onoway) Current/historic None -- River Cart trail (from Noyes Crossing to St. Albert) Current/historic None Tete-Jaune corridor from Hinton-Jasper to interior British Columbia (along Edson to Historic -- None Jasper portion of proposed pipeline corridor) -- Existing pipeline corridor along the Yellowhead Highway and rail corridor Historic None Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
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No trails and travelways were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for trails and travelways by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Habitation Sites Gunn Métis Local 55 identified six habitation sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-2.
Clusters of Gunn Métis Local 55 habitation sites occur around the communities of Carvel/Duffield, Wabamun, Edson and Marlboro.
Four community members present at the TLU study interview have maintained properties despite the construction of highways, rail, mines and pipelines. Four of them have lived along the existing pipeline corridor for more than 40 years.
Gunn Métis Local 55 expressed concern that the pipeline construction phase of the Project could interfere with traffic patterns, create noise and air pollution and pose a greater risk of accidents. Concern was also expressed regarding potential adverse effects to traditional harvesting activities due to construction (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
TABLE 4.1.1-2
HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 830 m south of AK 95.5 Site of a former Métis settlement or village at Moonlight Bay Current/historic None 3 km south of RK 80.5 (Carvel)/4.4 km Habitation site at Carvel/Duffield Current/historic None south of RK 88.5 (Duffield) 1.2 km south of AK 97 Habitation site at Wabamun Current/historic None 1.7 km south of RK 233.5 Habitation site at Edson Current/historic None 930 m north of RK 259.5 Habitation site at Marlboro Current/historic None 2.5 km north of RK 254.5 Camp site at Highway 16 between Range Road 192 and Sundance Current/historic None Provincial Park Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
No habitation sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for habitation sites by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Plant Gathering Gunn Métis Local 55 identified several plant gathering sites during the TLU study for the Project.
Gunn Métis Local 55 gathers plants on Crown land around the waterbodies, on roads and on private lands owned by friends or family in areas along the proposed pipeline corridor for medicinal and subsistence purposes. However, both the locations and the specific uses of traditional use plants are proprietary to the community. Plant harvesting and berry picking often occur in the same location, although sometimes in different seasons.
Plants harvested or noted in the region by Gunn Métis Local 55 include raspberry, huckleberry, blueberry, goose berry, rat root, sweet grass, Frog pants (Ayitas in Plains Cree), Pitcher plant, wild chamomile, mint, Labrador tea, Jack in the pulpit, ladyslipper, elephant head and sage. Saskatoon berries and rosehips are gathered in the fall.
No plant gathering sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for plant gathering sites by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
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Hunting Gunn Métis Local 55 identified several hunting sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-3.
Gunn Métis Local 55 hunt for food on Crown land around the waterbodies, on roads and on private lands owned by friends or family between Edmonton and Hinton, including sections of the proposed pipeline corridor. Meat from hunting is eaten and is often shared with community Elders. Hunting is part of the Gunn Métis Local 55 way of life. One community member shared that a couple of animals caught in the past year fed six or seven families (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
TABLE 4.1.1-3
HUNTING SITES IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 34 km north of RK 76 Hunting for moose, deer and elk on Crown and private lands from Spruce Grove to Current/historic None Barrhead area 55.6 km north of RK 63 to RK 174 Hunting for moose, deer and elk on Crown and private lands from Spruce Grove Current/historic None west to Nojack and northwest to Whitecourt 15 km north of RK 109 Hunting for moose, deer and elk north of Darwell in Steger area Current/historic None 7.4 km south of RK 192.5 Hunting for moose, deer and elk south of Carrot Creek but still within study area Current/historic None 930 m north of RK 259.5 Hunting for moose, deer and elk in a large area north and south of Marlboro Current/historic None -- Hunting for moose, deer and elk in the Yellowhead corridor Current/historic None 1.2 km south of AK 97 Bird and geese habitat at Wabamun Lake Current/historic None 15 km north of AK 94 Bird and geese habitat at Lac Ste. Anne Current/historic None Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
No hunting sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Fishing Gunn Métis Local 55 community members identified five fishing sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-4.
Fish in the Project area include northern pike (jack fish), whitefish, walleye (perch), rainbow trout, pickerel, and lake trout. Sturgeon are present in Isle Lake, Chip Lake, Wabamun Lake, Lac Ste. Anne, Marlboro Lake, Gideon Lake and Miller Lake; as well as in the Lobstick and Pembina rivers and the Athabasca River and North Saskatchewan River systems.
Community members have both Métis and/or commercial fishing licences for lakes including Wabamun Lake and Isle Lake.
Commercial fishing in Wabamun Lake stopped because of the cumulative effects of industrial activity in the area, including coal-powered hydroelectric plants, coal mining and a 2005 spill from a rail accident. Residents were advised not to eat the fish from the lake, and several years later the lake was shut down. The fish were reported to be soft and squishy and residents are still wary of eating the fish from Wabamun Lake.
Gunn Métis Local 55 expressed concern about potential spills or leaks in the pipeline and potential adverse effects on fishing and lakes (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
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TABLE 4.1.1-4
FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Direction from Current/Past Requested Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 1.2 km north of RK 260.5 Fishing for trout at Marlboro Lake Current/historic None 930 m north of RK 259.5 Fishing for trout in the Marlboro region Current/historic None 15 km north of RK 260.5 Fishing for whitefish in Lac Ste. Anne area Current/historic None 5 km north of RK 117.5 Fishing for whitefish in Isle Lake Current/historic None 3.6 km south of RK 106 Fishing for whitefish, jack fish and ling cod in Wabamun Lake Current/historic None Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
No fishing sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Trapping Gunn Métis Local 55 community members identified three trapping sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-5.
Gunn Métis Local 55 snares for food on Crown land around the waterbodies, on roads and on private lands owned by friends or family, particularly along the Edmonton to Hinton segment of the proposed pipeline corridor.
Conservation officers hire Gunn Métis Local 55 community members to snare predatory animals such as foxes and coyotes in the Wagner Natural Area, a bird sanctuary where these animals are prevalent.
TABLE 4.1.1-5
TRAPPING SITES IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 4.5 km north of RK 54 Trapping in Wagner Natural Area Current/historic None At RK 45.5 to RK 57 Trapping beaver, muskrat, coyote and marten in a wetland area local Current/historic None residents refer to as “Big Lake” Between RK 90 and RK 100 Trapping beaver, muskrats, lynx, marten and skunk Current/historic None Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
Two trapping sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor; however, no site-specific mitigation was requested for trapping sites by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Gathering Places Gunn Métis Local 55 community members identified two gathering places during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-6.
Each July thousands of visitors make the pilgrimage to the Lac Ste. Anne lakeside Mission and shrine.
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TABLE 4.1.1-6
GATHERING PLACES IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 2.5 km north of RK 254.5 Camp site at Yellowhead Highway between Range Road 192 and Current/historic None Sundance Provincial Park 13 km north of AK 96 Lac Ste. Anne National Historic Site and pilgrimage area Current/historic None Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
No gathering places were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Gunn Métis Local 55 (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Sacred Areas Gunn Métis Local 55 community members identified three sacred areas during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.1.1-7.
There is a cemetery in the former settlement of Marlboro that has been used from the 1930s to the present. There are very important burial sites as Marlboro was a Métis settlement under the Population Betterment Act until the 1960s. The location of some graves outside the fenced boundaries and the exact locations of burial sites have not been identified through oral history. The unmarked burial sites are likely within a few metres of the proposed pipeline corridor and possibly within the 150 m proposed pipeline corridor. Additional studies with Métis residents of Marlboro would be necessary to identify the location of the burial sites.
Community members are not concerned about the graveyard in Wabamun being affected even though it is within 1 km of the proposed pipeline corridor because it is well-marked and has survived the expansion of a power plant on its western boundary.
TABLE 4.1.1-7
SACRED AREAS IDENTIFIED BY GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 1.2 km south of AK 97 Graveyard in Wabamun Current/historic None 930 m north of RK 259.5 Cemetery in former settlement of Marlboro Current/historic None 930 m north of RK 259.5 Concerns about disturbance to unmarked burial sites at Marlboro Current/historic None Source: Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014
An unknown number of identified burial sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. Gunn Métis Local 55 has requested additional studies with Métis residents of Marlboro to identify the location of these burial sites (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
4.2 Black Pines to Hope Segment 4.2.1 Lower Nicola Indian Band Lower Nicola Indian Band elected to conduct its own TLU study (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014) for the Project. This report is based on secondary research conducted by Lower Nicola Indian Band. The results of the Lower Nicola Indian Band Traditional Use Study (TUS) were received in November 2014 and are summarized below.
Lower Nicola Indian Band conducted a literature review that focused on TLU within its current asserted traditional territory crossed by the TLRU RSA. Lower Nicola Indian Band’s TUS report is based primarily on information from secondary research with some current information from documented interviews with
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Lower Nicola Indian Band community members from previous projects (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014). Lower Nicola Indian Band identified in its TUS report the following general concerns with the proposed Project:
• safety of people and the environment;
• monitoring;
• oil spills and leaks;
• cumulative effects with existing and future development;
• adverse effects from dust;
• adverse effects on water quality in the Clapperton Creek region;
• noise pollution; and
• access to traditional land use sites (LNIB 2014).
4.2.1.1 Results The review of Lower Nicola Indian Band’s TUS report revealed traditional land use sites within the TLRU RSA requiring mitigation as requested by Lower Nicola Indian Band.
Trails and Travelways Lower Nicola Indian Band identified several trails and travelways in its TUS report for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-1.
Historically, community members used a number of trails and travelways throughout the Nicola Valley and beyond to practice TLU and other cultural activities. Trade with First Nation communities on the Pacific Coast was also very important and trails and travelways were used to conduct this trade (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
TABLE 4.2.1-1
TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation -- 1849 Brigade Trail (a.k.a. Anderson Trail) Historic None -- Trail from Merritt to Anderson River (Boothroyd Region) Historic None 62 km west of RK 742 Beaver Ranch Historic None -- Boston Bar Trail (Trail from Boston Bar to Merritt) Historic None Intersects at RK 980 and RK 990 Coldwater River Historic None -- Coyote Valley Historic None -- HBC Trail to Kamloops – part of the Boston Bar Trail Historic None -- Trail from Hope to Boston Bar Historic None -- Trail from Hope to Kamloops Historic None -- Hope-Similkameen Trail Historic None -- Trails from Kamloops to Lytton Historic None -- Keekaloose Historic None 7.3 km west of RK 875 Lac Le Jeune Historic None -- Hope-Nicola Trail Historic None
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TABLE 4.2.1-1 Cont'd
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation 150 m west of AK 981 July Creek – a trail past Joeyaska’s cabin Historic None 2 km southeast of RK 920 Nicola Historic None -- Nicola Kamloops Trail Historic None 8 km southeast of RK 912 Trail passing along north shore of Nicola Lake Historic None -- Nicola Lake to Quilchena Lake Historic None -- Nicola-Merritt Trail Historic None -- Nicola Trail of 1875 Historic None -- Trail from Okanagan to Kamloops Historic None Intersects at RK 928 Trail along Nicola River from Shulus to Nicola Historic None Intersects at RK 918.5 Shutar Creek Historic None 4 km east of RK 887 Stump Lake Historic None -- Trail system in Lawless Creek region, from Tulameen via Historic None Juliet area -- Uzitius Creek Trail Historic None -- Fort Yale to Spuzzum to Merritt Trail Historic None Intersects at RK 917.5 to RK Zoht IR 4 Historic None 918.5 Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified three trails and/or travelways within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for trails and travelways by Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Habitation Sites Lower Nicola Indian Band identified several habitation sites in its TUS report for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-2, including summer campsites, village sites and ranches (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Before European colonisation brought about the removal of the Lower Nicola Indian Band from their traditional settlements, community members lived in villages of domed pithouses consisting of a few families to several hundred people. In the summer, people dispersed and stayed at seasonal summer camps (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Lower Nicola Indian Band expressed concern about potential disturbances to unrecorded pithouses located on the north end of Zoht IR No. 4 (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
TABLE 4.2.1-2
HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Requested Mitigation Intersects at RK 912 to Zoht IR No. 5 Current None RK 912.7 <500 m from RK 917. To Unrecorded historic pithouse sites located Historic Request that locations be left undisturbed and an RK 918.5 at north end of Zoht IR No. 4 Elder be consulted about the locations of these sites. -- Historic summer camp at the Bench Historic None Coldwater River intersects at Summer campsite at Coldwater Historic None RK 980 and RK 990 300 m east of RK 992.5 Summer berry picking campsite at Historic None Coquihalla Lakes -- Summer campsites at Kamloops Historic None 7.3 km west of RK 875 Summer campsite at Lac Le Jeune Historic None
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TABLE 4.2.1-2 Cont'd
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Requested Mitigation Nicola River Intersects at Nicola – campsite at the Nicola fishery Historic None RK 928 Nicola River Intersects of Summer campsites along the Nicola river Historic None RK 928 8 km southeast of RK 912 Habitation site at Nicola Lake Historic None Nicola River Intersects of Fish camp along the Nicola River Historic None RK 928 2.4 km west of RK 858.5 Habitation site at Rush Lake Historic None 4 km east of RK 887 Habitation site at Stump Lake Historic None -- Habitation site in Voght Valley Historic None -- Anglican Camp Site Historic None -- Armstrong Beach Site Historic None -- Winter village site at the Bench Historic None Coldwater River intersects at Winter village site at Coldwater Historic None RK 980 and 990 -- Winter village site at Komkona’tko (a.k.a. Historic None Fish Lake) -- Kwilchana – Village of Nicola Band on Historic None Nicola Lake 21.1 km northwest of RK 912 Winter village at Mamit Lake Historic None -- Nicola Valley Village Site Historic None -- Winter village site – Lower Nicola Historic None 8 km southeast of RK 912 Winter village site at Nicola Lake Historic None 5.7 km west of RK 925 Historic ranch near eastern boundary of Historic None Nicola-Mameet IR Nicola River intersects at Winter village sites along the Nicola River Historic None RK 928 At RK 931 Joeyaska IR No. 2 – historic pit houses Historic None 3.7 km west of RK 931 Habitation site at mouth of Coldwater River Historic None 5.4 km southeast of RK 907 Historic pithouse village of Second Beach Historic None on shores of Nicola Lake near Monck Park -- Winter village site at Shulus Historic None 4 km east of RK 887 Village site at Stump Lake Historic None 3.7 km west of RK 931 Village site at junction of Nicola and Historic None Coldwater rivers -- Village site on the Upper Nicola River Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified eight habitation sites during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. Lower Nicola Indian Band requested that unrecorded pithouse sites located on the north end of Zoht IR No. 4 be left undisturbed. Lower Nicola Indian Band requested that an Elder from the community be consulted regarding the locations of these unrecorded pithouse sites (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Plant Gathering Lower Nicola Indian Band identified several plant gathering sites during the TUS study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-3.
Community members currently still harvest berries and mushrooms. Historically, they would gather a variety of roots, berries, seeds, nuts, tree bark, lichen, mushrooms, tobacco, cedar and other wild plants; and regular controlled burning was used to clear brush to grow berries and roots for harvesting. Plants were used for food, medicine, dye, cleansing agents, adhesives, fuel, building material, baskets caches and trade purposes. Saskatoon berries are noted as an important resource that community members used to trade with Coastal First Nations.
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Lower Nicola Indian Band reported concerns about potential adverse Project-related effects to berry gathering sites (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
TABLE 4.2.1-3
PLANT GATHERING SITES IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Mitigation -- Huckleberry picking along the Boston Bar Trail Historic None -- Strawberry picking site at Coal Hill Historic None Coldwater River intersects at Plant gathering sites along the Coldwater River Historic None RK 980 and RK 990 -- Coquihalla – berry picking and cedar gathering region Current/Historic None 300 m east of RK 992.5 Coquihalla Lakes – berry picking sites Historic None 13.6 km east of RK 939 Plant gathering at Corbett Lake Historic None At RK 931 Plant gathering at Godey Creek Historic None 8 km southeast of RK 912 Plant gathering at Nicola Lake Historic None Nicola River intersects at Culturally Modified Trees along Nicola River Historic None RK 928 7.5 km southeast of RK 907 Berry picking at Quilchena Creek Historic None 7.5 km southeast of RK 907 Plant gathering along Quilchena Creek Historic None -- Plant gathering at Sugerloaf Mountain, east of Joeyaska Historic None -- Saskatoon berry picking at skenaya (Mountain north of Merritt Airport) Historic None 4 km east of RK 887 Edible and medicinal plant gathering at Stump Lake Current None -- Huckleberry picking at Summit Historic None -- Plant gathering at Swakum Mountain Historic None <500 m northwest of RK 917.5 Plant gathering sites on north end of Zoht IR No. 4 Historic None to RK 918.5 Intersects at RK 912 to Berry picking on Zoht IR No. 5 Historic None RK 912.7 -- Upper Meadows - Berry picking site Historic None 8 km southeast of RK 912 Plant gathering at Nicola Lake Historic None -- Plant gathering in Vought Valley Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified four plant gathering sites during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for plant gathering sites by Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Hunting Lower Nicola Indian Band identified several hunting sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-4.
Historically, community members hunted moose, deer, elk, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, beaver and bear; as well as ducks, geese and grouse. Lower Nicola Indian Band indicated that they currently hunt moose and deer (LNIB 2014).
Lower Nicola Indian Band expressed concerns about potential disturbances to wildlife, as well as disturbances to hunting grounds used by community members (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
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TABLE 4.2.1-4
HUNTING SITES IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation At RK 912 to RK 912.7 Zoht IR #5 Current None -- Deer hunting at Black Mountain Historic None 30 km east of RK 898 Hunting at Chapperon Lake Historic None Clapperton Creek intersects at RK Bird hunting along Clapperton Creek Historic None 916 Coldwater River intersects at RK Hunting along the Coldwater River Historic None 980 and RK 990 -- Hunting in the Coquihalla region Current/Historic None 300 m east of RK 992.5 Deer hunting in the Coquihalla Lakes region Historic None 1.1 km north of RK 911.5 Hunting site at Fox Creek Historic None -- Deer hunting in Gilmore field (Nicola) Historic None Godey Creek intersects at RK 931 Hunting along Godey Creek Historic None -- Prairie chicken hunting on Hamilton Hill Historic None -- Hunting on Hamilton Mountain Historic None -- Bird hunting in Hamilton Range Historic None -- Deer hunting in Kamloops region Historic None 7.1 km west of RK 834 Deer hunting at Lac le Bois Historic None 7.5 km west of RK 874 Deer hunting in Lac Le Jeune region Current/Historic None 21.1 km northwest of RK 912 Hunting at Mamit Lake Historic None -- Bird hunting in Merritt region Historic None 6.6 km east of RK 881 Hunting at Napier Lake Historic None 8 km southeast of RK 912 Hunting at Nicola Lake Historic None Nicola River Intersects at RK 928 Hunting along the Nicola River Historic None 7.5 km southeast of RK 907 Hunting in Quilchena region Historic None -- Hunting in Siwash Meadows Historic None 4 km east of RK 887 Hunting in Stump Lake region Current/Historic None 30 km east of RK 846 Hunting along the Thompson River Historic None -- Deer hunting in Upper Meadows Historic None -- Deer hunting in Voght Valley Historic None -- Hunting at skenaya (north of Merritt Airport) Historic None 3 km southwest of RK 912.5 Deer and moose hunting on mountain southeast Historic None of Zoht IR #5 Clapperton Creek intersects at RK Hunting in Clapperton Creek region Historic None 912.5 -- Moose and deer hunting on Mount Mabel Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified six hunting sites during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Fishing Lower Nicola Indian Band identified several fishing sites in the TUS study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-5.
Historically, fishing was communal with each community having a fishery, usually designated by a fishing rock. Community members would catch trout, salmon, Dolly Varden, suckers, kokanee and whitefish. Various methods were used to catch fish including using fish traps, spears, gill nets, bag nets and corralling fish with stones. Currently, community members continue to fish for trout, salmon, whitefish and kokanee.
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Lower Nicola Indian Band raised concern about potential adverse Project-related effects to fishing sites (Lower Nicola Indian Band).
TABLE 4.2.1-5
FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation At RK 912 to RK 912.7 Zoht IR No. 5 Current None Clapperton Creek intersects at Fishing in Clapperton Creek region Historic None RK 916 Coldwater River intersects at Fishing along the Coldwater River Current/Historic None RK 980 and RK 990 300 m east of RK 992.5 Fishing at Coquihalla Lakes Historic None 200 m west of AK 1062 Fishing on the Fraser River Historic None 9.4 km northwest of RK 886 Fishing at Frogmore Lake Historic None 7.5 km west of RK 874 Fishing at Lac Le Juene Historic None 21.1 km northwest of RK 912 Fishing at Mamit Lake Current/Historic None Moore Creek intersects at Fishing in Moore Creek Current None AK 892.7 8 km southeast of RK 912 Fishing at Nicola Lake Current/Historic None Nicola River intersects at RK 928 Fishing in the Nicola River Current/Historic None 7.5 km southeast of RK 907 Fishing at Quilchena Historic None 4 km east of RK 997 Fishing at Stump Lake Historic None 30 km east of RK 846 Fishing in the Thompson River Historic None 8.1 km east of RK 874 Fishing at Trap Lake Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified five fishing sites during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
Trapping Lower Nicola Indian Band identified three trapping sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-6.
Community members reported historically trapping for species including beaver, coyote, marten, mink, muskrat, rabbit, fox, grouse, ermine, lynx and mink. Animals currently trapped include muskrat, beaver, bobcat, lynx, mink and weasel. There are four current trap line holders in the Coldwater River region. Of these four traplines, two are identified as TR0313T005 and TR0313T006 (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
TABLE 4.2.1-6
TRAPPING SITES IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation Coldwater River intersects at RK 980 and Trapping in the Coldwater River region Current None RK 990 Nicola River intersects at RK 928 Trapping for coyote in the Nicola region Historic None 120 m southwest of AK 981 Trapping in the July Creek region Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified two trapping sites during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for trapping sites by Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
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Gathering Places Lower Nicola Indian Band identified two gathering places during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in 4.2.1-7.
Historically, locations where pictographs were created became important gathering places for community members. Zoht IR# 5 was identified as a current community gathering place (LNIB 2014).
Lower Nicola Indian Band did not identify any Project-related concerns with respect to gathering places (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
TABLE 4.2.1-7
GATHERING PLACES IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation At RK 912 to RK 912.7 Zoht IR No. 5 Current None 5.4 km southeast of RK 907 Monck Park – pictographs Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified one gathering place during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for gathering places by Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014). Sacred Areas Lower Nicola Indian Band identified several sacred areas during the TUS study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.1-8. Spirituality and mythology are very important aspects of Lower Nicola Indian Band’s culture. Lower Nicola Indian Band identified a number of current and historical burial sites in its TUS report (LNIB 2014). Lower Nicola Indian Band expressed concern about potential disturbances to burial sites. The cemetery at Zoht IR No. 4 is near the existing pipeline and Lower Nicola Indian Band does not want this cemetery to be disturbed (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
TABLE 4.2.1-8
SACRED AREAS IDENTIFIED BY LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation <500 m northwest of RK 917.5 Burial site on Zoht IR No. 4 Current Protection of cemetery to RK 918.5 At RK 931 to 1.2 km southeast Burial site on Joeyaska IR No. 2 Current None of RK 931 -- Chutter Ranch Burial site Historic None -- Potential burial site at Clark Place Current None Coldwater River intersects at RK Potential burial site at Coldwater Historic None 980 and RK 990 At RK 931 to 1.2 km southeast Three burial sites at Joeyaska Historic None of RK 931 7.5 km west of RK 874 Burial site on north side of Lac Le Juene Historic None -- Burial site at Mamette – six graves Historic None -- Burial site in Meander Hills Historic None -- Burial site at Merritt Historic None -- Two burial sites at the Village of Nehyig Historic None 5.4 km southeast of RK 907 Talus slope burial sites in Monck Park Historic None 2 km southeast of RK 920 Several potential burial sites at near Nicola Historic None
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TABLE 4.2.1-8 Cont'd
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation 8 km southeast of RK 912 Burial sites at Nicola Lake Historic None -- Historic cemetery on north side of Nicola River on Nicola Historic None Ranch 7.5 km southeast of RK 907 Qulichena Historic None 7.5 km southeast of RK 907 Quilchena Hotel Historic None -- Two graveyards near Shulus Historic None 4 km east of RK 887 Burial sites at Stump Lake Historic None -- Burial site at Zoht Historic None -- Burial site at Old Zoht on Chutter Ranch Historic None -- Two burial sites on Nicola Ranch between Nicola and Historic None Merritt 5.9 km to 17.7 km northwest of Twin burial site on IR No. 1 Historic None RK 931 -- Mythological place along the Upper Nicola River Historic None -- Pictographs sites along Nicola River Historic None 8 km southeast of RK 912 Pictograph site on north shore of Nicola Lake Historic None Source: Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014
Lower Nicola Indian Band identified three sacred areas during its TLU study within the proposed pipeline corridor. Lower Nicola Indian Band requested that the cemetery located on Zoht IR No. 4 be left undisturbed (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014).
4.2.2 Shackan Indian Band Shackan Indian Band elected to complete a joint third-party TLU/TEK study with Nicomen Indian Band and Nooaitch Indian Band led by Nicola Tribal Association. TmixW Research, conducted community interviews and researched and catalogued TLU information collected over the past six years into the TmixW Research Database to create the Interim Report: TmixW Research Traditional Land Use/Traditional Knowledge Study, which was summarized in the Supplemental Technical Report submitted to the NEB on July 21, 2014 (Filing IDs A3Z4Z2 to A3Z4Z5). In September 2014, Nicola Tribal Association provided Trans Mountain with a copy of their Final Report: TmixW Research Traditional Land Use/Traditional Knowledge Study (TmixW Research 2014).
The results of the Nicola Tribal Association TLU/TEK study prepared on behalf of Shackan Indian Band in September 2014 are summarized below.
4.2.2.1 Community Participants Interviews were conducted with Nicola Tribal Association advisors and Elders. Focus groups identified by TmixW Research include Elders, family groups, ranchers and others with cultural knowledge about TLU. Nicola Tribal Association would also like to acknowledge the following participants in the TLU/TEK study.
TmixW research staff: Sharon Joe, Elizabeth M. Coutlee, Geraldine Tom, Janice Tom, Joanne Trosky, Leona Bob, Brian Michel, Evan Hall, Johnny Shackelly, Jody John and Jeanette McCauley.
Nicola Tribal Association staff: Rick Yellow Horn, Gerald Etienne, Noreen Cross, Elizabeth Gilchrist and Christy Whittaker.
Nicola Watershed Stewardship Fisheries Authority: Tracy Wimbush and Neil Todd.
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4.2.2.2 Results The Nicola Tribal Association Final Report (TmixW Research 2014) contains a ‘without prejudice’ clause that stipulates the report does not limit any part of Nicola Tribal Association’s current or future claims to Aboriginal rights and title.
In the TLU/TEK study, concerns were expressed about:
• additional heavy traffic in traditional gathering and hunting areas;
• increased access to traditional use areas in the Coquihalla Valley and Coldwater regions;
• the contamination of water as a result of a break in the pipeline;
• potential impacts of a rupture/spill on fish, animals, birds, water, air, etc.;
• wildlife displacement;
• species at risk including great horned owl, American badger, Lewis’s woodpecker and Williamson’s sapsucker;
• the impact of the proposed pipeline on birds; and
• potential impacts on traditional plants including huckleberry and blueberry (TmixW Research 2014). Additional TLU sites were identified on maps by Nicola Tribal Association during the TLU/TEK study; however, as the maps were not provided to Trans Mountain, these TLU sites are not included below.
Trails and Travelways Nicola Tribal Association identified four trails and travelways during the TLU/TEK study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.2-1.
The Fraser Mills area boasts a trail from Kwikwetlem reserves to west of Lulu Island that was used as a safe travel route during raids and warfare. The steep canyon section of road from Coquihalla Lake to Boston Bar Creek is reportedly owned by Trans Mountain but is used in the summer by tourists and fishers.
TABLE 4.2.2-1
TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY NICOLA TRIBAL ASSOCIATION
Approximate Distance and Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Mitigation From 2.3 km west (Murray Lake) to Trail from Hope to Murray Lake to Petit Creek Current/historic None 20 km northwest of RK 936 -- Coldwater Valley Current/historic None -- Coquihalla Valley Current/historic None 2 km north of AK 100.5 Coquihalla Lake to Boston Bar Creek Current/historic None Source: TmixW Research 2014
No trails and travelways were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for trails and travelways by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
Habitation Sites Nicola Tribal Association identified one habitation site during the TLU study for the Project. The habitation site is both an historic and a current camping site in the Coquihalla area.
No habitation sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for habitation sites by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
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Plant Gathering Nicola Tribal Association identified one plant gathering site during the TLU/TEK study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.2-2.
Nicola Tribal Association harvested large quantities of roots from the same areas every year. Roots and bulbs were an important part of their diet, partly because root crops were reliable. There is good huckleberry picking in dry gulch areas. The black huckleberry (celcale in the Nlaka’pmx language) is abundant in BC and is a deciduous shrub approximately 2 m tall. The fruit is a purple-black round shiny berry. A community member shared that women would pick berries while men went off to hunt.
Many useful items were made from plants. Roots and fibre were made into tools. Bows and arrows, spears, nets and harpoons were also made from plants. Plants were never wasted and were given due appreciation.
Many plants are extinct or are in too poor condition for harvesting due to urban sprawl, fire exclusion, grazing activities or pollution.
Nicola Tribal Association expressed concerns about additional heavy traffic and increased access to traditional gathering locations. Concern was also expressed regarding potential effects of the proposed Project on traditional plants including huckleberries and blueberries (TmixW Research 2014).
Plants, mushrooms, shrubs and trees used by Nicola Tribal Association are listed in the Table 4.2.2-3.
TABLE 4.2.2-2
PLANT GATHERING SITES IDENTIFIED BY NICOLA TRIBAL ASSOCIATION
Approximate Distance and Direction Current/Past Requested from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation -- Coquihalla and Coldwater areas Current/historic None Source: TmixW Research 2014 TABLE 4.2.2-3
PLANTS GATHERED BY NICOLA TRIBAL ASSOCIATION
Asparagus Bitter root Bull rush Cactus Cow parsnip Dandelion Devil’s Club Fern False box Hawthorn Horse tail Indian celery Indian hemp Indian tea Kinnikinick Mint Mullen Penstemon Pineapple weed Showy milk weed Stinging nettle Sunflower Tiger lily Tule/cat tail Watercress Wild onion Wild potato Yarrow Cotton wood mushroom Lightening Pine mushroom Puff ball mushroom Sand wood mushroom Shaggy mane mushroom Buffalo sage Juniper Rose Sage Sage brush Green willow bush Red willow Silver willow Water hemlock Wild weeping willow Wolf willow Alder Black moss from Jack pine Cedar and roots Douglas fir Fir tree Pine needles Larch Lodge pole pine Pine and pine pitch Ponderosa pine Tamarack Trembling aspen Western tamarack Yellow cedar Avalanche lilies Nodding onion Chocolate lilies Balsamroot Tiger lilies Cow parsnip Lichen Cactus
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No plant gathering sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for plant gathering sites by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
Hunting Nicola Tribal Association did not identify any hunting sites during the TLU/TEK study for the Project.
There are migratory bird wintering areas in Nicola Tribal Association’s traditional territory. Birds in their traditional territory include ducks such as teal, mallard and pintail; loons; and Canada geese. Four species of grouse are residents. Mammals include moose, white tailed deer, black bear, cougar, big horn sheep, mink, lynx, raccoon, beaver, muskrat, porcupine, skunk marmot, bats as well as several species of rabbits and squirrels. Moose are sometimes present in the study area. Hunters have noticed that elk are in decline.
Nicola Tribal Association hunts big game such as white-tailed and mule deer, moose and elk. Steep slopes that face south are wintering areas for big game. They also hunt birds such as brown and spruce grouse, geese, duck and small mammals like beaver, marmot, rabbit and otter.
An Elder shared that rock rabbits can still be seen in the Coquihalla area. Rock rabbits and a subspecies of the mountain beaver are blue-listed endangered species.
Nicola Tribal Association expressed concern about potential adverse effect on wildlife due to a pipeline rupture or spill, including potential effects of contamination reducing bear’s food supply of black huckleberries and the rest of the food chain. Concern was also expressed about additional heavy traffic and increased access to traditional gathering locations (TmixW Research 2014).
No hunting sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
Fishing Nicola Tribal Association community members identified three fishing sites during the TLU/TEK study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.2-4.
Some of the fish species in the study include salmon (coho and Chinook), trout, whitefish, sucker and minnow, as well as several types of reptiles and amphibians.
Large numbers of salmon were caught using nets, spit and hung up to be dried in the wind and sun. Salmon were also caught using spears, dip nets and by hook and line fishing. Trout were also harvested from creeks and small rivers during summer, helping to diversity their diet.
Nicola Tribal Association expressed concern about the potential adverse effects of a pipeline rupture or spill on fish (TmixW Research 2014).
TABLE 4.2.2-4
FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY NICOLA TRIBAL ASSOCIATION
Approximate Distance and Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Mitigation 54 km northeast of RK 919 Fishing for steelhead near Spence’s bridge Current/historic None 54 km west of RK 950 Fishing for sturgeon below Lytton Current/historic None -- Fishing for trout and other fish in upland lakes Current/historic None Source: TmixW Research 2014
No fishing sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
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Trapping Nicola Tribal Association snared grouse and collected eggs from some migrating birds.
No trapping sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for trapping sites by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
Gathering Places No gathering places were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for gathering places by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
Sacred Areas Nicola Tribal Association community members identified one sacred area during the TLU/TEK study for the Project.
From the Coldwater Valley to Hope, there are 45 ceremonial and spiritual sites in total; however, the specific locations of these sites were not provided in the TLU report. Nicola Tribal Association also reported that the Coquihalla is a spiritually and culturally important region (TmixW Research 2014).
No sacred areas were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for sacred sites by Nicola Tribal Association (TmixW Research 2014).
4.2.3 Nicomen Indian Band Nicomen Indian Band elected to complete a joint third-party TLU/TEK study with Shackan Indian Band and Nooaitch Indian Band led by Nicola Tribal Association. Section 4.2.2 provides a summary of the results of the Final Report: TmixW Research Traditional Land Use/Traditional Knowledge Study (TmixW Research 2014).
4.2.4 Nooaitch Indian Band Nooaitch Indian Band elected to complete a joint third-party TLU/TEK study with Shackan Indian Band and Nicomen Indian Band led by Nicola Tribal Association. Section 4.2.2 provides a summary of the results of the Final Report: TmixW Research Traditional Land Use/Traditional Knowledge Study (TmixW Research 2014).
4.2.5 Yale First Nation Yale First Nation elected to conduct an independent, third-party TLU/ study for the Project. Information was collected for the TLU study through interviews, research and ground-truthing to inform the Cultural Heritage Assessment and Traditional Knowledge Study of the Proposed Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline Route through Yale First Nation Traditional Territory (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014). Ethnographic information from previous studies was also considered, including studies from 2002, 2007 and 2008. Ground reconnaissance was also completed. The objectives of the study included compiling Yale First Nation’s traditional use and ethnographic data in the Coquihalla Valley and identifying potential impacts of the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion on Yale First Nation’s uses of the proposed pipeline corridor. Yale First Nation has noted that although the Fraser River is outside of Yale’s traditional territory boundary, the potential impacts from the pipeline to the Fraser River could affect Yale First Nation’s traditional activities along the Fraser River. There are dozens of Yale First Nation TLU sites along the Fraser River, roughly from Hope to Agassiz, BC. Yale First Nation also expressed concerns about the alienation of their people from the upland area of their traditional territory as a result of increased infrastructure.
The results of the Yale First Nation TLU study received in September 2014 are summarized below.
4.2.5.1 Community Participants Yale First Nation did not identify the names of participants in their TLU study.
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4.2.5.2 Results The TLU study provided information regarding the subsistence and cultural activities that are practiced throughout Yale First Nation asserted traditional territory.
Background research and interviews did not reveal any TLU sites within the proposed pipeline corridor requiring site-specific mitigation as requested by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Trails and Travelways Yale First Nation identified several trails and travelways during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.5-1.
Yale First Nation traded canoes with the upriver Thompson people. The current Coquihalla Highway follows an old trail.
TABLE 4.2.5-1
TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Mitigation From 13.5 km west of RK 968 Anderson Trail Current/historic None to 17.8 km west of AK 1010 (Head of Uztlius Creek along the Thompson Plateau south close to the Fraser River, directly south from Boston Bar by Anderson River and then over 2,750' high ridge down to river's edge opposite Spuzzum leading up and over the mountain on the opposite bank at Yale) Kms 1010-1030 TUS#274 At AK 992 to AK 1005 Coquihalla area Current/historic None 1.9 km south of RK 1038 Nicolum River Current/historic None -- Unknown location Current/historic None -- Trail near Hope and Dewdney Creek (used for communication) Current/historic None 48 km east of RK 975 Trail up Siwash Creek Current/historic None 12 km west of AK 1014 Trail up Qualark Creek Current/historic None 10 km northwest of RK 1029 Trail up Suka Creek Current/historic None At AK 1004 to AK 1018.5 Trail up Boston Bar Creek Current/historic None -- Travelways by canoe in watershed – unspecified location Historic None Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014
Two trails and travelways were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for trails and travelways by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Habitation Sites Yale First Nation identified three habitation sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.5-2. No site-specific mitigation was requested for habitation sites by Yale First Nation.
Yale First Nation dwellings were of two kinds. The first was a longhouse or shed-roof house made from cedar planks that served as a dwelling place and for ceremonies. This type of dwelling place provided some protection in case of attack. Villages were often comprised of a number of longhouses that housed a nuclear or somewhat extended family. Village inhabitants often cooperated on activities to meet the subsistence needs of the community.
Yale First Nation camps and villages were found along the Fraser River and the Fraser Canyon north of Yale. Yale is nestled between two cultural groups, the Fraser Valley Coast Salish and the Interior Salish, allowing the Yale to trade with groups both up and downriver. For example, Yale traded mats made of rushes and goat-wool blankets for items such as oil and Indian hemp with the Thompson (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
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TABLE 4.2.5-2
HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation -- Twenty villages – unknown location Historic None -- Historic villages along Fraser River Historic None -- Historic villages in Fraser Canyon Historic None Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014
No habitation sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for habitation sites by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014). Plant Gathering Yale First Nation identified four plant gathering sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.5-3. Yale First Nation traded for items such as Saskatoon berries with the upriver Thompson peoples. Plants were often collected during hunting expeditions, upland of the Fraser River. Yale First Nation collected plants including roots, berries, mushrooms and stinging nettle. Cranberries were gathered in late summer and early autumn. Cedar was an important resource and was used for building and canoe construction, cordage, clothing, hats and utensils such as bowls and baskets. Yale First Nation expressed concern about potential adverse effects to plants due to a rupture in the pipeline (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
TABLE 4.2.5-3
PLANT GATHERING SITES IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction Current/Past Requested from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation -- Berry picking in Fraser Canyon Historic None 5.3 km west of RK 1027 Plant gathering at Qw’eywelh (near Jorgensen Peak) Unknown None 40 m west of AK 1031 Gathering blueberries at 9 Mile Creek Current/historic None -- Plant gathering along the Fraser River east towards the Coquihalla Highway Current/historic None Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd.
One plant gathering sites was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for plant gathering sites by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Hunting Yale First Nation identified three hunting sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.5-4.
Hunting was an important activity for subsistence purposes. Upland areas away from the Fraser River were used for hunting. Yale people would sometimes also gather plants during hunting expeditions to the Coquihalla Valley that were presumed to last for several days. They followed the animals who would come for the lush vegetation in the spring.
The hunting calendar was comprised of three separate seasons: when the cold came; when the snow came; and spring.
Traditional hunting territory was north from 5 Mile and Spuzzum Creek and west to Harrison Lake, south to Hope. Community members could walk to both Spuzzum at the northern boundary of their traditional territory and to Emory Creek to the south for resource gathering within half a day. Boston Bar Creek and Coquihalla were approximately a full day’s walk from the Yale village. They would take advantage of the resources at lower elevations before moving upland to harvest resources later in the season.
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Yale trapped or snared deer, elk and bear. They also hunted waterfowl using a bow and arrow, and in more recent times, with a shotgun. Sometimes ducks were hunted from a canoe in the dark using nets. Duck meat was sometimes dried over fires in a manner similar to drying fish.
Yale community members reported hunting in upland regions like the Coquihalla Valley, similar in its environment to places like Frozen Lakes, which is closer to Yale. Elk and deer are hunted year-round. The best tasting black bear are hunted in the fall and at higher elevations. Blue grouse and moose are also hunted. The whistler is a special kind of marmot that is a delicacy roasted in a fire and eaten during hunting expeditions.
Hides were used for clothing, including moccasins and gloves. Hides were soaked and the hair scraped of them using a scraper made of wood or bone. The hide was then stretched over a square frame with tension gradually increased. The hide was softened using deer brains (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Yale First Nation expressed concern about potential adverse effects to hunting due to a rupture in the pipeline. Concern was also expressed about the potential adverse effects of noise pollution and dust on animals, particularly migrating birds, due to construction (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
TABLE 4.2.5-4
HUNTING SITES IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation -- Hunting in the Upland of Fraser River Historic None 5.3 km west of RK 1027 Hunting at Qw’eywelh (near Jorgensen Peak) Unknown None -- Hunting along the Fraser River east towards the Coquihalla Highway Current/historic None Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014
No hunting sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services 2014).
Fishing Yale First Nation community members identified three fishing sites during the TLU for the Project detailed in Table 4.2.5-5.
Many species of fish are present in the Coquihalla River system and are important to Yale First Nation. Coho and chum salmon spawn in the river, and trout are also present.
Yale First Nation also traded dried smoked salmon with the Thompson peoples, and exchanged salmon for other kinds of fish, seal skins and wild potatoes with their downriver neighbors.
Yale First Nation expressed concern about potential adverse effects to fish from a rupture in the pipeline, as well as concern about temporary Project workers disrupting fishing sites (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
TABLE 4.2.5-5
FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation -- Fishing at Coqwalitha, on Coquihala River Current/historic None -- Fishing along the Fraser River east towards the Coquihalla Highway Current/historic None -- Fishing – dozens of fishing sites along Fraser River from Hope to Agassiz Current/historic None Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014
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No fishing sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Trapping Yale First Nation community members identified three trapping sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.2.5-6.
TABLE 4.2.5-6
TRAPPING SITES IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation At AK 1004 to AK 1018.5 Trapping on trail along Boston Bar Creek Unknown None At RK 1022 Trapping on trail along Dewdney Creek Unknown None -- Trapping on trail along Coquihalla Highway Unknown None Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014
Two trapping sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Gathering Places No gathering places were identified by Yale First Nation and no mitigation was requested for gathering places by Yale First Nation during the TLU study (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
Sacred Areas Yale First Nation community members identified two sacred areas during the TLU for the Project, detailed in Table 4.2.5-7.
Shamans sought watered areas including streams, lakes and waterfalls for fasting and vigils. Water is a place of cleansing and water is considered sacred. Therefore, clean water is very important (DM Cultural Services Ltd.).
Yale First Nation expressed concern about potential adverse effects to water, which is considered sacred, from a rupture in the pipeline (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
TABLE 4.2.5-7
SACRED SITES IDENTIFIED BY YALE FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation 5.3 km west of RK 1027 Named place at Qw’eywelh (near Jorgensen Peak) Unknown None Coqwalitha, on Coquihala River Fishing Current/historic None Kms 1015 – 1030 #387 Source: DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014
No sacred sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for sacred sites by Yale First Nation (DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014).
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4.3 Burnaby to Westridge Segment 4.3.1 Kwantlen First Nation Kwantlen First Nation elected to conduct an independent, third-party TLU study for the Project. Kwantlen First Nation conducted background research and community interviews with Kwantlen Elders and other community knowledge holders during the summer and fall of 2013. A Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment of the Proposed Kinder Morgan Pipeline through Kwantlen Territory report (Kwantlen First Nation 2014) was submitted to Trans Mountain on November 17, 2014.
Kwantlen First Nation identified trails and travelways, habitation sites, plant gathering sites, hunting sites, fishing sites, trapping sites, gathering places and sacred sites within the proposed pipeline corridor (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Kwantlen First Nation’s concerns included in their TLU study are summarized below:
• risks to heritage sites;
• risk of spills;
• cumulative effects of past developments, land alienation and rapid development of Kwantlen First Nation’s traditional territory;
• impacts of a potential spill to Kwantlen First Nation’s fishing practices;
• global consequences of increased oil production; and
• alteration of archaeological sites. Request for archaeological overview assessments and archaeological impact assessments to be conducted prior to development (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
4.3.1.1 Community Participants Interviews were conducted with Kwantlen First Nation Elders and other culturally knowledgeable community members for their shared interest in the Project area.
4.3.1.2 Results The TLU study provided information regarding the subsistence and cultural activities that are practiced throughout Kwantlen First Nation’s asserted traditional territory. Site-specific TLU information was not provided in the study.
Background research and interviews did not reveal any TLU sites within the proposed pipeline corridor requiring site-specific mitigation as requested by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Trails and Travelways Kwantlen First Nation identified several trails and travelways during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-1.
TABLE 4.3.1-1
TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 4 km north of RK 1153 Trail – Southeast from south bank of Fraser River -- None 18.2 km southwest of AK 1160 Trail/canoe route – Connects Mud Bay to the Raser River -- None (Mud Bay)
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TABLE 4.3.1-1 Cont'd
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 3.5 km south of AK 1149 Trail/canoe route – From the Fraser River along the Salmon River to the Serpetine River -- None Crosses route at RK 1114 Trail – Mouth of the Chiliwack River southwards to Sumas Lake (former) and westwards -- None to the Nicomekl River 3.2 km south of AK 1148 Trail/canoe route – From mouth of Salmon River to Upper Micomekl River -- None Crosses route at AK 517 Trails and Travelways – Crooked Creek -- None 4 km north of RK 1153 Trail – Bank of the Fraser River southwards -- None 5.1 km north of RK 1118 Trail – Along northwest foot of Sumas Ridge -- None 4.7 km north of RK 1116 Trail – Clayburn to mouth of the Sumas River -- None Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
Kwantlen First Nation identified two trails or travelways during its TLU study for the proposed Project within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for trails and travelways by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Habitation Sites Kwantlen First Nation identified various habitation sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-2. Nation
TABLE 4.3.1-2
HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 589 m east of AK 1168 A site at the mouth of Coquitlam River -- None 2.6 km northeast of AK 1151 A site on the shore of Brae Island opposite mouth of the Salmon River -- None 2.4 km east of AK 1151 Sandy beach area on the south side of Bedfor Channel, inside McMillan Island, -- None between Fort Langley and the mouth of the Salmon River 2.2 km south of RK 1116 A site on Upper Sumas I.R. No. 6 -- None Salmon River crosses route at Salmon River and areas along its shores, banks and drainages -- None RK 1147.5 4.8 km south of RK 1127 Matsqui -- None 458 m from AK 1168 The east end of Tree Island -- None 3 km north of RK 1147 A site on the Salmon River near its mouth -- None 853 m south of AK 1173 North Side of the Fraser River – Port Marlboro to Pattullo Bridge Historic None 2 km south of AK 1173 South Side of the Fraser River – Port Marlboro to Pattullo Bridge Historic None 1.5 km south of AK 1148 Glover and Trinity Western Historic None Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
Kwantlen First Nation identified one habitation site during its TLRU study for the proposed Project within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for habitation sites by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Plant Gathering Kwantlen First Nation identified seven plant gathering sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-3. Community members reported gathering hundreds of different plant species for a variety of uses (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
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TABLE 4.3.1-3
PLANT GATHERING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation -- Berry picking plant gathering site – inland along south side of the Fraser River -- None 1.9 km southwest of AK 1174 Berry picking plant gathering site – east side of the Brunette River near its mouth -- None At AK 1167 Berry picking plant gathering site – inland from south shore of the Fraser River -- None opposite and west of the mouth of the Coquitlam River 919 m northeast of RK 1163 Berry picking plant gathering site – inland from south shore of Fraser River between -- None Barnston and Douglas Islands -- Berry picking plant gathering site – a bog located on the west side of the Coquitlam -- None River 677 m south of AK 1129 Berry Picking plant gathering site – Matsqui I.R. No. 2 -- None Crosses route at RK 1149 and Plant gathering site – South bank of the Fraser River from 240th to 264th streets Historic None RK 1139 including inland areas Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
Kwantlen First Nation identified two plant gathering sites during its TLU study for the proposed Project within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for plant gathering sites by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Hunting Kwantlen First Nation identified five hunting sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-4.
TABLE 4.3.1-4
HUNTING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 3 km north of RK 1147 A site on the Salmon River near its mouth -- None -- Inland along southside of the Fraser River -- None 5.8 km north of RK 1112 Sumas Mountain -- None 4.12 km north of RK 1115 Sumas Mountain Range -- None 1.8 km north of RK 1146 East of Fort Langley Historic None Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
No hunting sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Fishing Kwantlen First Nation identified six fishing sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-5. Community members shared that they fish for a variety of species including, but not limited to, trout, sucker, whitefish and salmon (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Community members shared that they were concerned with the potential effects an oil spill could have on their cultural fishing practices, especially near the Fraser River (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
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TABLE 4.3.1-5
FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation Crosses route at AK 1118 Clayburn Creek (upper portion) -- None 582 m east of AK 1168 A site at the mouth of the Coquitlam River -- None 3 km north of RK 1147 A site on the Salmon River near its mouth -- None -- Fraser River Current/Historic None 3.3 km south of AK 1148 The Nicomekl River and the Salmon River -- None (Nickomekl River) and crosses route at RK 1147.5 (Salmon River) At RK 1111 Sumas Lake Historic None Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
Kwantlen First Nation identified three fishing sites during its TLU study for the proposed Project within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Trapping Kwantlen First Nation community members identified four trapping sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-6.
TABLE 4.3.1-6
TRAPPING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 3 km north of RK 1147 A site on the Salmon River near its mouth -- None -- Inland along south side of the Fraser River -- None 5.8 km north of RK 1112 Sumas Mountain -- None Nathan Creek crosses routhe West Creek and Nathan Creek Historic None at RK 1138 and West Creek crosses route at RK 1143 Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
Kwantlen First Nation identified one trapping site during its TLU for the proposed Project within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for trapping sites by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
Gathering Places Kwantlen First Nation community members identified one gathering place during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-7.
TABLE 4.3.1-7
GATHERING PLACES IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 2.2 km south of RK 1116 A site on the Upper Sumas I.R. No. 6 -- None Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
No gathering places were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for gathering places by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
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Sacred Areas Kwantlen First Nation identified several sacred areas during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.3.1-8.
TABLE 4.3.1-8
SACRED AREAS IDENTIFIED BY KWANTLEN FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 2.2 km south of RK 1116 A site on Upper Sumas I.R. No. 6 -- None 720 m north of RK 1116 A site on the south side of Smuas Mountain, to the north of Upper Sumas I.R. No. 6. -- None 582 m east of AK 1168 A site at the mouth of the Coquitlam River -- None 2.7 km no9rtheast of AK 1168 Upstream from the mouth of the Coquitlam River -- None 2.4 km northeast of AK 1165 Mouth of the Pitt River at its confluence with the Fraser River -- None 3 km north of AK 1148 A site on the shore of Brae Island opposite the mouth of the Salmon River -- None 4.8 km south of RK 1127 Matsqui Current/Historic None 6.5 km north of RK 1116 West side of Sumas Mountains -- None 4.1 km north of RK 1115 Sumas Mountain Range -- None Source: Kwantlen First Nation 2014
No sacred areas were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for sacred areas by Kwantlen First Nation (Kwantlen First Nation 2014).
4.3.2 Kwikwetlem First Nation Kwikwetlem First Nation elected to conduct an independent, third-party TLU study for the Project. Kwikwetlem conducted background research and interviewed community members using traditional knowledge and use study methods that have been developed over the course of several project studies, including the use of a comprehensive questionnaire. Archival grey literature was also reviewed for relevant information. A report titled: Respect and Care for Our Lands, Water, and Heritage: Report on Kwikwetlem Interests as Related to Kinder Morgan Canada’s Proposed Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014) was submitted to Trans Mountain in September 2014.
Kwikwetlem First Nation states that the information provided in the TLU report is provisional and subject to amendment; the information should not to be considered a comprehensive account of Kwikwetlem First Nation’s TLU, and is aimed at providing information for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Additionally, all parts of Kwikwetlem First Nation’s traditional territory were used and occupied. This includes traditional riverside locations and higher elevation uplands around Coquitlam Lake that recent archaeological discoveries show were also regularly and intensively used.
Named places additional to those listed below exist in south Burrard Inlet but were not included in Kwikwetlem First Nation’s TLU report. The report states to contact Kwikwetlem First Nation for further information on such named places.
The results of the Kwikwetlem First Nation TLU study received in September 2014 are summarized below.
4.3.2.1 Community Participants Interviews were conducted with 12 Kwikwetlem First Nation community members. A community meeting was also held with 11 additional band members to gather additional information and review existing information.
4.3.2.2 Results The TLU study provided information regarding the subsistence and cultural activities that are practiced throughout Kwikwetlem First Nation asserted traditional territory.
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Concerns were expressed about the potential for the proposed Project to have an adverse effect on lands, water and/or heritage. Further concern was expressed about the displacement of Kwikwetlem First Nation due to the industrialization, urbanization and privatization of lands in Kwikwetlem First Nation’s traditional territory. Concern was also expressed about the health of the Fraser River fishery and the effects of large construction projects on local area natural resources. The conservation of species including eulachon, heron and sturgeon was also raised.
Background research and interviews revealed one multiple use TLU site within the proposed pipeline corridor at Fraser Heights/Surrey Bend; however, no specific mitigation was requested for this site by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Trails and Travelways Kwikwetlem First Nation identified several trails and travelways during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-1.
The Fraser Mills area is remembered as a trail from Kwikwetlem reserves to west of Lulu Island that was used as a safe travel route during raids and warfare.
TABLE 4.4.2-1
TRAILS AND TRAVELWAYS IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation At RK 1154 to 41.6 km north Overland travel route on Fraser Heights due south of the Coquitlam River mouth, Current/historic None west of RK 1154. southeast to Yorksen Creek -- Trail from Coquitlam IR No. 1 west through Colony Farm, Cape Horn, Fraser Mills to Current/historic None Sapperton and beyond 1.3 km east of AK 1168/.5 Fraser Mills area, from Kwikwetlem reserves to west of Lulu Island Current/historic None 470 m southwest of AK 1173 Brunette River – travelway Historic None 1.7 km southwest of AK 1178 Trail to Burnaby Mountain/Burrard Inlet via Brunette River and Burnaby Lake and Current/historic None northwards overland 5.5 km northeast of AK 1173 Trails from Kwikwetlem reserves to the eastern end of Moody Inlet Current/historic None 14.5 km northeast of AK 1169 Trails from Kwikwetlem reserves to Coquitlam Lake Current/historic None 11.1 km north of RK 1171.5 Trails from Kwikwetlem reserves to Buntzen Lake Current/historic None 18 km west of AK 3 South Burrard Inlet – travelway Current/historic None Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
One trail was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor. No site-specific mitigation was requested for trails and travelways by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Habitation Sites Kwikwetlem First Nation identified various habitation sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-2.
Kwikwetlem First Nation habitation sites include settlements such as villages, resource camps and refuge locations. The historic village of slakaya’nc is located on present-day IR No. 1. The name slakaya’nc translates to “young sockeye” and was named for the small species of red sockeye salmon that ran in Coquitlam River and spawned exclusively in Coquitlam Lake.
A community member in his eighties recalled travelling with his mother and his grandfather to an area up around the Fraser River and New Westminster where camps were set up, as well as taking trips to the “market” to purchase and sell well goods, and for entertainment (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
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TABLE 4.4.2-2
HABITATION SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 465 m east of AK 1168.5 slakaya’nc (current IR No. 1) Current/historic None 128 m northeast of RK 1162 Fishing camps along shoreline of south Fraser River at Fraser Heights/Surrey Bend Current/historic None -- Village locations, fishing camps, along north bank of Fraser River at Fraser Crossing Current/historic None -- th’qwa:ya:la – a settlement meaning “any fish container” Historic None 2 km northeast of AK 1168 miss-kew-um – the “Mary Hill site” (former settlement) Historic None 3.7 km southwest of AK 1174 New Westminster Historic None 26.7 km southwest of AK Three villages at mouth of Fraser River (skaiametl, sta’tәlәw and scli’qәn) Historic None 1172 -- stá’telew - a settlement located on a creek just downriver from the modern penitentiary Historic None Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
One habitation site was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor at Fraser River Heights/Surrey Bend. However, no site-specific mitigation was requested for habitation sites by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Plant Gathering Kwikwetlem First Nation identified five plant gathering sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-3.
Kwikwetlem First Nation gathered plants, berries and roots for food and medicinal purposes. Wood and bark were also harvested and ritual and utilitarian objects such as canoes, nets, baskets and masks were made from these materials. A list of plants and trees used by Kwikwetlem First Nation is provided in Table 4.4.2-4. Specific uses and locations of plant gathering are proprietary to the community.
TABLE 4.4.2-3
PLANT GATHERING IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 128 m northeast of RK 1162 Picking berries and collecting cedar roots at Fraser Heights/Surrey Bend Park Current/historic None 2 km northeast of RK 1179 Plant and wood harvesting at Fraser Crossing Current/historic None At AK 1172 Root and berry gathering at Fraser Mills/Brunette River area Current/historic None 2 km northeast of RK 1179 Plant and wood gathering at Burnaby Mountain Current/historic None 792 m northeast of AK 2 'T[C]hluk-Thluk-Way-Tun' – named place meaning ‘where the bark gets peeled in the Current/historic None spring’ – at the base of Burnaby Mountain along Burrard Inlet Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014 TABLE 4.4.2-4
PLANTS GATHERED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Redcedar wood Crabapple Salmon berries and shoots Redcedar bark Alder Huckleberry Redcedar root Sap Cranberry Yellow cedar Balsam Blueberry Cascara bark Stinging nettle Blackberry Yew wood and bark Cattail Saskatoon berry Douglas fir Salal Saskatoon wood Birch Devil’s Club Hazelnut Cottonwood Labrador tea Big leaf maple Cherry bark “Frog leaf” Oregon grape Wapato
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One plant gathering site was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor at Fraser Heights/Surrey Bend Park. However, no site-specific mitigation was requested for plant gathering sites by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Hunting Kwikwetlem First Nation identified five hunting sites during the TLU study for the Project a detailed in Table 4.4.2-5.
Kwikwetlem First Nation hunted large and small mammals, waterfowl and birds, in addition to trapping small animals using snares, nets and trap lines.
Carnivores hunted by Kwikwetlem First Nation include bear, cougar, wolverine, coyote, wolf and lynx. Ungulates hunted include deer, mountain goat and elk. Small mammals hunted include rabbit, mink, marten, fisher, beaver and muskrat. Birds hunted include pheasant, grouse, geese, duck and swan.
Kwikwetlem First Nation expressed concern about the conservation of species including heron (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
TABLE 4.4.2-5
HUNTING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation 128 m northeast of RK 1162 Deer hunting on Fraser River/Surrey Bend Park Current/historic None -- Elk, deer, fowl, bird, carnivore and small mammal hunting/trapping at Fraser Crossing Current/historic None At AK 1172 Ungulate and carnivore hunting at Fraser Mills/Brunette River Current/historic None 470 m southwest of AK 1173 Fishing on Brunette River Current/historic None -- Deer and bear hunting Current/historic None Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
One hunting site was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor at Fraser River/Surrey Bend Park. However, no site-specific mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Fishing Kwikwetlem First Nation community members identified several fishing sites during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-6.
The Kwikwetlem are “people of the river,” part of the Halkomelem speaking Stó:lō cultural grouping, whose cultural identity is connected to the Fraser River and its resources. Many Kwikwetlem First Nation families have specific fishing spots along the shoreline of the south Fraser River. They also set nets and do drift fishing from the Port Mann Bridge to Douglas.
The Kwikwetlem fished sockeye, chum and Coho salmon, steelhead and eulachon. They gathered both marine and freshwater shellfish including freshwater clams, scallops, marine shellfish and freshwater shellfish. Freshwater fish species fished include sturgeon, jack spring, cutthroat trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, carp, catfish, red-sided shiner, three-spine stickleback and crayfish.
Kwikwetlem First Nation used drift nets, gills nets dip nets as well as a hook and line for fishing. They also made use of fish weirs and traps and fished out of catfish ponds. Fish could be smoked, dried, salted, stored outdoors in boxes or frozen.
There was a small species of red sockeye salmon that used to have an abundant run in the Coquitlam River after and that spawned in Coquitlam Lake. This is the salmon after which the Kwikwetlem take their name. It is speculated that it is likely the same species of salmon that pays a prominent role in a traditional story
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014 about the creation of sockeye salmon. In the story, Coquitlam is one of the only named places along the Fraser River, known for its abundant salmon and as a place where the salmon were born.
Kwikwetlem’s use of the Fraser River for fishing extends from the Pattullo Bridge to Douglas Island.
Kwikwetlem First Nation expressed concern about the health of the Fraser River fishery, as well as concern about the conservation of species including eulachon and sturgeon. Concern was also expressed about the potential adverse effects of large construction project on the local region and natural (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
TABLE 4.4.2-6
FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Mitigation -- slakaya’nc Historic None 128 m northeast of RK 1162 Fishing for salmon, eulachon and sturgeon along Fraser Heights/Surrey Current/historic None Bend Park -- Fishing for all species at Fraser Crossing Current/historic None 589 m east of AK 1168 Fishing at kwikwetl’em in the Coquitlam River and drainage, and at the Current/historic None river mouth -- xvmuthkvi’um – fishing creek Current/historic None 470 m southwest of AK 1173 Fishing on Brunette River Current/historic None From 470 m southwest of AK Fishing camps from the Brunette River mouth south to New Westminster Historic None 1173 (Brunette River) to 3.7 km southwest of AK 1174 (New Westminster) 26.7 km southwest of AK 1172 Fishing camp (Tsitslhes) at the mouth of the Fraser River that may mean Historic None “dried out” or “drying up down at the mouth”; (Skwekwte’xwqen); (Schechi:les) meaning “strong lungs” 18 km west of AK 3 Fishing and marine resource harvesting on south Burrard Inlet Historic None Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
One fishing site was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor at Fraser River/Surrey Bend Park. No site-specific mitigation was requested for fishing sites by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Trapping Kwikwetlem First Nation community members identified three trapping sites during the TLU study for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-7.
Kwikwetlem First Nation used snares, nets and trap lines to trap small animals.
TABLE 4.4.2-7
TRAPPING SITES IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation -- Fraser Crossing Current/historic None 128 m northeast of RK 1162 Fraser River/Surrey Bend Park Current/historic None -- Animal trapping at Fraser Crossing Current/historic None Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
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One trapping site was identified within the proposed pipeline corridor at Fraser River/Surrey Bend Park. However, no site-specific mitigation was requested for trapping sites by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Gathering Places Kwikwetlem First Nation community members identified one gathering place during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-8.
TABLE 4.4.2-8
GATHERING PLACES IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Direction from Project Area Site Description Current/Past Use Requested Mitigation 470 m southwest of AK 1173 Brunette River – place of occasional excursions Historic None Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
No gathering sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for gathering places by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
Sacred Areas Kwikwetlem First Nation community members identified four sacred areas during the TLU for the Project as detailed in Table 4.4.2-9.
There are a number of river drainages that serve as gathering places for cultural activities, both past and present. These include places such as Barker Creek, Como Creek, Bon Accord Creek, Cape Horn Creek and Mundy Creek, and are used for spiritual activities such as bathing as well as subsistence activities. Brunette River mouth was an area of important cultural use.
Culturally meaningful areas can also include distinctive geographic features such as promontories, pools and rocks and land forms marking travel. There are known spirit places where xexá:ls – the transformer - exists. Xexá:ls is a central figure in spiritual cosmology who created resources or landscape features.
TABLE 4.4.2-9
SACRED AREAS IDENTIFIED BY KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION
Approximate Distance and Current/Past Direction from Project Area Site Description Use Requested Mitigation -- tl’ékwela – the location where a deaf spiritual warrior was turned to stone Current/historic None 1.3 km northeast of AK spi:petolh – whirlpool in the Coquitlam River (“baby vision seer”) Current/historic None 1168.5 840 m east of AK 1168.5 Smallpox and raiding burials at Colony Farm Current/historic None At AK 1172 Fraser Mills/Brunette River - petroglyphs and potential burial site Current/historic None At AK 1172 a transformation event (sxwóyemlh) meaning “place where people died” Current/historic None and where a warrior was transformed to stone near the Fraser Mills/Brunette River area Source: Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014
Four sacred areas were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor and no site-specific mitigation was requested for sacred sites by Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
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5.0 DISCUSSION AND MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS This section presents an overview of the potential effects and associated mitigation measures related to TLRU. This overview considers the potential interactions discussed in Section 3.0 of Technical Report 5D-1 of Volume 5D (Filing ID A3S2G8) of in the context of the Project and the existing TLRU presented in previous sections. The issues raised by participating Aboriginal communities through the identification of preliminary interests and TLRU studies for the Project are summarized below in Table 5.1. Trans Mountain will continue to engage Aboriginal communities through all phases of the Project. Ongoing TLRU study work with participating Aboriginal communities is scheduled for completion prior to construction of the Project. Information gathered during ongoing TLRU studies will be considered for incorporation into Project planning including the final EPPs and the Environmental Alignment Sheets, as appropriate.
TABLE 5.1
ISSUES OR CONCERNS IDENTIFIED BY ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES INCLUDED IN SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNICAL REPORT 2
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Potential Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • Trans Mountain will implement the Reclamation Management Plan (Appendix C of disturbances to plant Nicola Tribal Volume 6B of the Trans Mountain Application (Filing ID A3S2S3) that includes gathering sites Association construction reclamation measures to be implemented prior to, during and Request for Lower Nicola Indian following pipeline installation in order stabilize and revegetate affected lands that replanting of native Band in time achieve land productivity along the right-of-way equivalent to the adjacent species to a similar land use and ensuring the ability of the land to support various land uses to the pre-disturbance state extent feasible for an operating pipeline. Impacts to vegetation • Trans Mountain will work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to Use of herbicides and community members. pesticides • Trans Mountain will utilize an Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM) approach Disturbance of plants Project Footprint Lower Nicola Indian to carry out problem vegetation management practices for the Project and to meet in the Coquihalla area Band the overall objectives of IVM for all Trans Mountain pipelines and facilities. Trans Mountain will consult with the public, adjacent landowners and Aboriginal communities affected by the Project regarding problem vegetation management and methods of treatment. IVM is an adaptive management process involving the use of various methods in a cost-effective and responsible manner to reduce the use of herbicides, promote healthy ecosystems, provide measurable results and facilitate better management of problem vegetation. The Weed and Vegetation Management Plan will address non-chemical, cultural and chemical techniques for problem vegetation management along the construction right-of-way through recommendations of vegetation management procedures, which include: timing considerations; select methods and equipment; and specific vegetation management procedures based on prevention, identification, monitoring, treatment thresholds, vegetation management options and post treatment evaluation considerations. • Further discussion is provided under vegetation in Section 7.2.9 of Volume 5B of the Application (Filing ID A3S1S7). Mitigation measures for vegetation are outlined in the Pipeline EPP (Volume 6B of the Application (Filing IDs A3S2S3 to A3S2S4). General pipeline Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • A discussion on the probability and consequences of a pipeline spill is provided in spills/leaks Association Section 3.0 of Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4V5). The environmental Kwantlen First effects of a large crude oil spill to agricultural or forested land would undoubtedly Nation be substantial. However, unless there was a unique environmental feature such as Lower Nicola Indian critical habitat for an endangered mammal, bird, or plant species present, the Band environmental effects would generally be localized, reversible through the spill response and clean-up process, and affect only a small area of land in the context of the larger ecoregion within which effects would occur. A summary of the potential effects of land based spills is provided in Section 3.5 of Technical Report 7-1 in Volume 7 Qualitative Risk Assessment of Pipeline Spills in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4W9).
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 General pipeline See above See above • Additional spill modelling information can be found in Part 1 Westridge Delivery spills/leaks (cont’d) Pipelines Routing Update and Part 2 NPS 42 Pipeline from Hargreaves to Blue River, BC of Project in Technical Update No. 4. • Potential environmental effects from oil spills to the terrestrial environment are discussed in Section 3.0 of Technical Report 7-1 in Volume 7 Qualitative Ecological Risk Assessment for Pipeline Spills (Filing ID A3S4W9). Further details regarding the controls that can be implemented or advisories that can be issued by the local, provincial and/or federal authorities are provided in Section 3.0 of the Qualitative Human Health Risk Assessment in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4V5) and in the Human Health Risk Assessment of Pipeline Spills filed with the NEB in June 2014 (Filing ID A3X6U1). • In the unlikely event of a pipeline or facility release to land, local, provincial and/or federal regulatory authorities can implement controls or issue advisories to protect public health under the authority vested in ordinances, acts and/or regulations under which the agencies operate. Examples of such controls include forced evacuation of neighbourhoods, restricted access to neighbourhoods, road closures and the issuance of food consumption advisories. These measures will act to reduce the potential opportunities for exposure of people to the chemicals released as a result of a spill. In addition, controls that limit the migration of a crude oil spill would be implemented where practical, followed by remediation and reclamation activities to restore impacted lands to equivalent ecological function prior to the release. Finally, sampling and monitoring may be required to confirm residual risks are below acceptable levels. Potential effects of oil Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • In the unlikely event of a pipeline or facility release to a freshwater environment, spills on fishing Association local, provincial and/or federal authorities will implement controls or issue activities and Kwantlen First advisories to protect public health. Examples of such controls include closure of watercourses Nation commercial and recreational fisheries, beach closures, forced evacuation of Spill near Coldwater Coldwater River Lower Nicola Indian people off-shore and/or on-shore if public health and safety are threatened, and River must be Band the issuance of fish. In this regard, once a spill has occurred, Fisheries and discussed with Lower Oceans Canada (DFO) is notified. DFO along with other regulatory authorities Nicola Indian Band such as Environment Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency will assess the spill and, based on its location, size and the potential opportunities for people to be exposed to the oil through different exposure pathways, will determine the types of added control measures, if any, that may be necessary. These measures will reduce the potential opportunities for exposure of people to the chemicals released during a spill through secondary pathways on a long-term basis. • Additional spill modelling information can be found in Part 1 Westridge Delivery Pipelines Routing Update and Part 2 NPS 42 Pipeline from Hargreaves to Blue River, BC of Project in Technical Update No. 4. • As well, monitoring programs may be initiated to track both the movement of the oil slick itself as well as the presence of any spill-related chemical residues in different environmental media, including the water column, soils and/or sediment, and extending to fish and other possible foodstuffs if necessary to protect public health. The results of the monitoring program(s) will be used, in part, to guide decision-making opposite the need for control measures such as fisheries closures, beach closures and/or food advisories. These controls will remain in place until the results of the monitoring program(s) indicate that public health and safety is no longer threatened. The implementation of the monitoring programs and introduction of such control measures will serve to reduce the opportunities for exposure of the public to the chemicals, especially any exposures that could be received through secondary pathways on a longer-term basis.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Spill near Coldwater See above See above • A discussion on the probability and consequences of a pipeline spill is provided in River must be Section 3.0 of Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4W9). Biological effects discussed with Lower of oil spills to freshwater environments vary widely in relation to the characteristics Nicola Indian Band of spilled oil, physical dimensions and characteristics of receiving waters, season, (cont’d) and other factors. Based on the results of the Ecological Risk Assessment, it is clear a crude oil spill into a freshwater environment could have substantial negative environmental effects that could be long-lasting if not effectively remediated. This confirms that the primary focus of spill prevention and response activities must always be to reduce the probability of an oil spill to be as low as reasonably practical, and to have adequate spill response plans and procedures in place. • An evaluation of the potential range of ecological effects resulting from hypothetical oil spills to aquatic environments is provided in Section 6.0 and 7.0 of Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4V6), and in Technical Report 7-1 Qualitative Ecological Risk Assessment for Pipeline Spills in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4W9). Further details regarding the controls that can be implemented or advisories that can be issued by the local, provincial and/or federal authorities are provided in Section 3.0 of Technical Report 7-3 Qualitative Human Health Risk Assessment in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4X2), and in the Human Health Risk Assessment of Pipeline Spills filed with the NEB in June 2014 (Filing ID A3X6U1). Potential effects to Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • Trans Mountain will ensure equipment is well-maintained during construction to wildlife and people Nicola Tribal minimize air emissions and unnecessary noise. Additionally, Trans Mountain will caused by noise Association restrict the duration that vehicles and equipment are allowed to sit and idle to less Lower Nicola Indian than 1 hour unless air temperatures are less than 0°C. Standard mitigation plus Band noise-specific mitigation measures will be implemented. Mitigation to reduce light and visual effects may include landscaping to limit visual effects to wildlife and public (i.e., leave a vegetation buffer) and installing lighting control systems in the facility site permitting reduction of the amount of light during periods of low activity. • Further discussion on mitigation measures for environmental resources, including noise, wildlife air emissions and visual effects, is provided in the Pipeline, Facilities and Westridge Marine Terminal EPPs, Volumes 6B, 6C and 6D of the Trans Mountain Application ( Filing IDs A3S2S3 and A3S2S4; A3S2S6 and A3S2S7; and A3S2S9, respectively). Safety of pipeline Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • Pipeline safety is Trans Mountain’s top priority. With 60 years of operating Nicola Tribal experience, Trans Mountain employs rigorous safety standards. Association • The control centre for the pipeline is located at the Edmonton terminal, the start Kwikwetlem First of the TMPL system. Control Centre Operators (CCOs) remotely monitor all Nation aspects of pipeline operations. Operating conditions are monitored 24 hours a Yale First Nation day, 7 days a week by staff using a SCADA computer system. This electronic Lower Nicola Indian surveillance system gathers and displays such data as pipeline pressures, Band volume and flow rates and the status of pumping equipment and valves. Alarms notify CCOs if parameters deviate from prescribed operating limits. Both automated and manual valves are strategically located along the pipeline system to enable the pipeline to be shut down immediately and sections to be isolated quickly, if necessary. In the event of a precautionary shutdown of the pipeline, there is a formal protocol which must be followed prior to restarting. This protocol includes analysis of SCADA and leak detection system data, aerial or foot patrols of the pipeline as appropriate, completion of any inspections or repairs, notifications to regulators, and development of a restart plan. The approval of two operations directors is required prior to the restart of the pipeline.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Safety of pipeline See above See above • Operations staff trained to maintain the pipeline and respond in the event of a (cont’d) spill or other safety-related incidents are located in communities along the pipeline route. Through central BC in the communities of Blue River, Clearwater, and Kamloops, an additional 40 operations personnel maintain the pipeline while in southern BC, 60 staff are located in Hope, Sumas (near Abbotsford) and Burnaby. • The pipeline right-of-way is regularly patrolled by both land and air. Any unauthorized activity or encroachment is reported and investigated. Trans Mountain has a public awareness program designed to create awareness about pipelines, provide important safety information, increase knowledge of the regulations for working around pipelines, and educate first responders and the public on our emergency preparedness response activities. • The integrity of the pipeline is regularly monitored using electronic equipment called “smart pigs”. These devices inspect the pipeline from the inside and can identify potential anomalies or changes to the condition of the pipe. The collected data is analyzed to pinpoint locations where further investigation is required. If necessary, a section of the pipe is exposed and assessed by qualified technicians so that it can be repaired or replaced. • As a federally regulated company, Trans Mountain is regularly audited by the NEB. Any concerns identified in these audits are addressed through a comprehensive Corrective Action Plan approved by the NEB that remains in place until all items are completed. • Trans Mountain is committed to continually improving pipeline and facility integrity to protect the safety of the public, the environment, and company employees. Impacts to and loss of Project Footprint Kwantlen First • Trans Mountain is fully committed to environmental management, protection and traditional use sites Nation stewardship of the land during the construction and operations of all its facilities. Lower Nicola Indian • A comprehensive ESA has been completed for the Project. Over 30 types of Band environmental surveys have been completed by local and regional biologists and resource specialists in support of the ESA. Traditional use sites have been identified and assessed as part of this Project. • Pipeline construction is a sequential series of activities, which do not remain in one area for an extended period of time. EPPs and Environmental Alignment Sheets (Filing IDs A3S2S2 to A3SY30) form part of the Application submitted to the NEB, and provide mitigation strategies to help avoid or minimize environmental effects from construction. • The Pipeline and Facilities EPPs and Environmental Alignment Sheets are provided in Volumes 6B, 6C, and 6E of the Trans Mountain Application, respectively (Filing IDs A3S2S2 to A3SY30). These will be updated prior to construction as per draft certificate conditions No. 29 and 30. • Trans Mountain will work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to its members. Potential effects to, Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • Pipeline safety is Trans Mountain’s top priority. Dedicated staff work to maintain and potential Association pipeline integrity through Trans Mountain’s maintenance, inspection, and contamination of Lower Nicola Indian awareness programs. waterways and Band • Trans Mountain has comprehensive spill response plans in place for the Trans forests Mountain pipeline and facilities. These plans are constantly being updated to keep them current and are regularly practiced through deployment exercises. While the specific strategies used in response to a spill will vary depending on the circumstances, the primary objectives in all cases are to ensure safety and to minimize environmental damage. • A comprehensive ESA has been completed for the Project. Over 30 types of environmental surveys, including aquatics and forests, have been completed by local and regional biologists and resource specialists in support of the ESA. • See Table 5.2 for additional measures pertaining to potential effects on waterways and forests.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Cumulative effects of Project Footprint Kwantlen First • A comprehensive ESA has been completed for the Project. Over 30 types of the pipeline Nation environmental surveys, have been completed by local and regional biologists Lower Nicola Indian and resource specialists in support of the ESA. Band • Potential Project-related cumulative effects will be mitigated with implementation of the following design and construction measures. • Align the proposed pipeline corridor to follow existing linear features such as pipelines and disturbed areas such as facilities/clearings to the extent practical. • Encourage rapid regeneration of natural vegetation to the extent feasible for an operating pipeline. • The Project’s contribution to cumulative effects with reasonably foreseeable developments is assessed in Section 8.0 of Volumes 5A (Filing IDs A3S1R1 to A3S1R3) and 5B (Filing ID A3S1T0) of the Application. • See Table 5.2 for additional measures pertaining to the potential effects to subsistence activities and sites and cultural sites. Impacts to water, land Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • As part of Trans Mountain’s commitment to environmental protection, Trans and air Nicola Tribal Mountain will minimize potential adverse effects to wetlands by expediting Association construction in and around wetlands by restoring wetlands to their original Kwikwetlem First configurations and contours, by segregating topsoil during excavation, by Nation permanently stabilizing upland areas near wetlands as soon as possible after Yale First Nation backfilling, by inspecting the right-of-way periodically during and after Lower Nicola Indian construction, and by repairing any erosion control or restoration features until Band permanent revegetation is successful. • A comprehensive ESA has been completed for the Project. Environmental surveys have been completed by local, regional biologists and resource specialists in support of the ESA. For more information, refer to Volume 5A ESA - Biophysical, of the Application (Filing IDs A3S1L2 to A3S1R2). • Pipeline construction is a sequential series of activities, which do not remain in one area for an extended period of time. EPPs and Environmental Alignment Sheets form part of the Application submitted to the NEB, and document the construction right-of-way and provide mitigation strategies to help avoid or reduce environmental effects from construction, Trans Mountain is committed to best practices in reclamation, always striving for opportunities leading to advancement. Trans Mountain will reclaim any areas affected by the Project. Trans Mountain is committed to reclamation of the pipeline right-of-way and surrounding areas following construction and aims to return the right-of-way to pre-construction conditions, to the extent practical. This could include adding new footpaths, enhancing habitats, improving water crossings or bettering migration corridors. Reclamation efforts could include the planting of native plant and grass species, riparian and wetland areas, wildlife habitats and any other areas disturbed during construction. • Trans Mountain will implement the Reclamation Management Plan that includes construction reclamation measures to be implemented prior to, during and following pipeline installation in order to stabilize and revegetate affected lands that in time achieve land productivity along the right-of-way equivalent to the adjacent land use and to ensure the ability of the land to support various land uses to the extent feasible for an operating pipeline. Post-Construction Environmental Monitoring and ongoing right-of-way maintenance will continue following construction. Erosion, sediment Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • Crossings of wetlands and watercourses will be planned during suitable ground control and impacts to Association and weather conditions with consideration for sensitive fish and wildlife timing water quality windows. Additionally, water quality will be monitored during all instream activity. Each watercourse will be approached correctly so the cumulative effects of changes to all the crossings and the surrounding watershed will be limited.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Erosion, sediment See above See above • As part of Trans Mountain’s commitment to environmental protection, Trans control and impacts to Mountain will minimize potential adverse effects to wetlands by expediting water quality (cont’d) construction in and around wetlands, restoring wetlands to their original configurations and contours, segregating topsoil during excavation, permanently stabilizing upland areas near wetlands after backfilling, inspecting the right-of-way periodically during and after construction, and repairing erosion control or restoration features until permanent revegetation is successful. • Further discussion on mitigation measures for environmental resources is provided in the Pipeline, Facilities and Westridge Marine Terminal EPPs, Volumes 6B, 6C and 6D of the Trans Mountain Application (Filing IDs A3S2S3 and A3S2S4; A3S2S6 and A3S2S7; and A3S2S9, respectively). Oil spill fate in the Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • Volume 7 of the Application (Filing IDs A3S4V5 to A3S4W8) provides a Fraser River Association comprehensive overview of measures to prevent oil spills, risks related to oil spills, emergency response in event of a spill, fate/behaviour of spills, and ecological and human health risks associated with a spill. • Pipeline safety is Trans Mountain’s top priority. Dedicated staff work to maintain the integrity of the pipeline through maintenance, inspection and awareness programs. • Trans Mountain control centre operators monitor the pipeline 24 hours per day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year using a sophisticated leak detection system as well as pressure and flow alarms. Operators are prepared to shut the pipeline down immediately if there is any indication of a potential problem on the pipeline. In the event of an emergency, Trans Mountain will immediately mobilize all of the necessary resources to minimize the effect on the public and the environment. • Trans Mountain has comprehensive spill response plans in place for the Trans Mountain pipeline and facilities. These plans are constantly being updated to keep them current and are regularly practiced through deployment exercises. While the specific strategies used in response to a spill will vary depending on the circumstances, the primary objectives in all cases are to ensure safety and to minimize environmental damage. • Additional details of the fate and behaviour of a hydrocarbon release are provided in Section 5.0 of Volume 7 of the Application (Filing IDs A3S4V5 to A3S4V6). Impacts of oil spill on Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • In the unlikely event of a pipeline or facility release to a freshwater environment, aquatic resources Association local, provincial and/or federal authorities can implement controls or issue harvested Kwantlen First advisories to protect public health. Examples of such controls include the Nation issuance of fish consumption advisories. In this regard, once a spill has occurred, DFO is notified. DFO along with other regulatory authorities such as Environment Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency will assess the spill and, based on its location, size and the potential opportunities for people to be exposed to the oil through different exposure pathways, will determine the types of added control measures, if any, that may be necessary. These measures will reduce the potential opportunities for exposure of people to the chemicals released during a spill through secondary pathways on a long-term basis. • Monitoring programs may be initiated to track the movement of the oil slick itself as well as the presence of any spill-related chemical residues in different environmental media, including the water column, soils/sediment, extending to fish and other possible foodstuffs, if necessary, to protect public health. Results of the monitoring program(s) will be used, to guide control measures such as fisheries and beach closures and/or food advisories. Implementation of the monitoring programs and introduction of control measures will serve to reduce opportunities of public exposure to the chemicals, especially any exposures that could be received through secondary pathways on a longer-term basis.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Impacts of oil spill on See above See above • A discussion on the probability and consequences of a pipeline spill is provided aquatic resources in Section 3.0 of Volume 7 in the Application (Filing ID A3S4V5). Biological harvested (cont’d) effects of oil spills to freshwater environments vary widely in relation to the Disturbance of fish in Coquihalla region Lower Nicola Indian characteristics of spilled oil, physical dimensions and characteristics of the the Coquihalla region Band receiving waters, season, and other factors. Based on the results of the Ecological Risk Assessment, it is clear a crude oil spill into a freshwater environment could have substantial negative environmental effects that could be long-lasting if not effectively remediated. This confirms the primary focus of spill prevention and response activities must always be to reduce the probability of an oil spill to be as low as reasonably practical, and to have adequate oil spill response plans and procedures in place. • Additional spill modelling information can be found in Part 1 Westridge Delivery Pipelines Routing Update and Part 2 NPS 42 Pipeline from Hargreaves to Blue River, BC of Project in Technical Update No. 4. • An evaluation of the potential range of ecological effects resulting from hypothetical oil spills to aquatic environments is provided in Sections 6.0 and 7.0 of Volume 7 in the Application (Filing ID A3S4V6), and in Technical Report 7-1 Qualitative Ecological Risk Assessment for Pipeline Spills in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing IDs A3S4W9 to A3S4X0). • Further details regarding the controls that can be implemented or advisories that can be issued by the local, provincial and/or federal authorities are provided in Section 3.0 of Technical Report 7-3 Qualitative Human Health Risk Assessment in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4X2), and in the Human Health Risk Assessment of Pipeline Spills filed with the NEB in June 2014 (Filing ID A3X6U1). Potential adverse Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • In the unlikely event of a pipeline or facility release to land, local, provincial effects of oil spill on Association and/or federal regulatory authorities can implement controls or issue advisories terrestrial resources to protect public health under the authority vested in ordinances, acts and/or harvested regulations under which the agencies operate. Examples of such controls include forced evacuation of neighbourhoods, restricted access to neighbourhoods, road closures and the issuance of food consumption advisories. These measures will act to reduce the potential opportunities for exposure of people to the chemicals released as a result of a spill. In addition, controls that limit the migration of a crude oil spill would be implemented where practical, followed by remediation and reclamation activities to restore impacted lands to equivalent ecological function prior to the release. Finally, sampling and monitoring may be required to confirm residual risks are below acceptable levels. • A discussion on the probability and consequences of a pipeline spill is provided in Section 3.0 of Volume 7 in the Application (Filing ID A3S4V5). The environmental effects of a large crude oil spill to agricultural or forested land would undoubtedly be substantial. However, unless there was a unique environmental feature such as critical habitat for an endangered mammal, bird, or plant species present, the environmental effects would generally be localized, reversible through the spill response and clean-up process, and affect only a small area of land in the context of the larger ecoregion within which effects would occur. A summary of the potential effects of land based spills is provided in Section 3.5 of Technical Report 7-1 Qualitative Risk Assessment of Pipeline Spills in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4W9). • Additional spill modelling information can be found in Part 1 Westridge Delivery Pipelines Routing Update and Part 2 NPS 42 Pipeline from Hargreaves to Blue River, BC of Project in Technical Update No. 4. • Potential environmental effects from oil spills to the terrestrial environment are discussed in Section 3.0 Technical Report 7-1 Qualitative Ecological Risk Assessment for Pipeline Spills in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4W9). Further details regarding the controls that can be implemented or advisories that can be issued by the local, provincial and/or federal authorities are provided in Section 3.0 of Technical Report 7-3 Qualitative Human Health Risk Assessment in Volume 7 of the Application (Filing ID A3S4X2) and in the Human Health Risk Assessment of Pipeline Spills filed with the NEB in June 2014 (Filing ID A3X6U1).
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Concerns for the lack Project Footprint Kwantlen First • Trans Mountain is fully committed to environmental management, protection and of protection of Nation stewardship of the land during the construction and operations of all its facilities. historic campsites Lower Nicola Indian • A comprehensive ESA has been completed for the Project. Over 30 types of and villages near Band environmental surveys have been completed by local and regional biologists and TMEP. Lower Nicola resource specialists in support of the ESA. Traditional land uses have been Indian Band identified and assessed as part of this Project. specifically identified • Pipeline construction is a sequential series of activities, which do not remain in unrecorded pithouses one area for an extended period of time. EPPs and Environmental Alignment located on north end Sheets form part of the Application submitted to the NEB, and provide mitigation of Zoht IR No. 4 strategies to help avoid or minimize environmental effects from construction.
• The Pipeline and Facilities EPPs and Environmental Alignment Sheets are provided in Volumes 6B, 6C, and 6E of the Trans Mountain Application, respectively (Filing IDs A3S2S2 to A3S3Y0). These will be updated prior to construction as per draft certificate conditions No. 29 and 30. • In the event archaeological, palaeontological or historical sites are discovered during construction, follow the contingency measures identified in the Heritage Resources Discovery Contingency Plan (Appendix B of Volume 6B) (Filing ID A3S2S3). • Implement appropriate measures identified in the TLRU Sites Discovery Contingency Plan in the event of discovery of sacred areas during construction activities [Appendix B]. • Implement appropriate measures identified in the Heritage Resource Discovery Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. • Further discussion is provided under heritage resources in Section 7.2.1 of Volume 5B of the Application (Filing ID A3S1S7). The impact of the Project Footprint Nicola Tribal • Schedule clearing and construction activities outside the migratory bird breeding proposed pipeline on Association season of March 15 to August 15 (Wilson pers. comm.). In the event clearing or birds construction activities are scheduled during the migratory bird breeding season, Species at risk Project Footprint Nicola Tribal follow measures for conducting migratory bird nest sweeps described below. including great Association • In simple habitat types where active nests are easier to locate (i.e., previously horned owl, American cleared areas and open areas with sparse vegetation and few trees), a nest badger, Lewis’s sweep may be completed within seven days of activity that is scheduled to occur woodpecker and within the migratory bird Restricted Access Period (RAP). Use non-intrusive Williamson’s methods to conduct an area search for evidence of nesting (e.g., presence of sapsucker singing birds, territorial males, alarm calls, distraction displays). In the event an active nest is found, it will be subject to site-specific mitigation measures (i.e., clearly marked protective buffer around the nest and/or non-intrusive monitoring). • In complex habitats where active nests are more difficult to find (e.g., forests), it is recommended that pre-clearing be conducted. If this is not feasible and activity is scheduled to occur within the migratory bird RAP, contact Environment Canada prior to activity to discuss the area to be cleared. Use non-intrusive methods to conduct an area search for evidence of nesting (e.g., presence of singing birds, territorial males, alarm calls, distraction displays). In the event an active nest is found, it will be subject to site-specific mitigation measures (i.e., clearly marked protective buffer around the nest and/or non-intrusive monitoring). • Conduct species specific surveys to identify important wildlife features for species known to occur in the Important Bird Area (e.g., Douglas Lake Plateau: sharp-tailed grouse leks, burrowing owl burrows, Lewis’s woodpecker or Williamson’s sapsucker nest; English Bay and Burrard Inlet: bald eagle nests, great blue heron colonies). In the event these are found, consult with BC MFLNRO to discuss practical options and mitigation strategies.
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Supplemental Traditional Land and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Resource Use Technical Report No. 2 Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Risk to bird Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • Access will be managed, where required, along the Project where new populations at sites, Wagner Natural temporary and permanent access is created for the construction and operation such as the Wagner Area of the pipeline. To mitigate environmental effects associated with increased Natural Area, during access, which could further lead to increased concentrations of hunting and the construction fishing activities at previously unattainable locations, increased predation of phase. wildlife, disturb reclamation efforts on sensitive terrain, and other anthropogenic disturbances, Trans Mountain will manage access along portions of its right-of- way where new access is/was created by implementing one or more of the mitigation measures to manage access during the pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases. • The proposed pipeline corridor will parallel the existing Trans Mountain Pipeline (TMPL) system right-of-way to the greatest extent feasible considering, among other factors, present land uses and terrain adjacent to the existing TMPL system right-of-way. To reduce the area of new disturbance, the proposed pipeline corridor will parallel other existing linear disturbances where feasible. For the purposes of this ESA, existing linear disturbance include electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines, fibre optic lines, railways, highways and permanent roads. Human and wildlife Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • The three main components of habitat fragmentation are habitat loss, reduced encounters during the habitat patch size and increased isolation of patches. Effects of habitat construction phase. fragmentation will be reduced by alignment of the proposed route parallel to and Predator and prey Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 contiguous with existing linear features, and minimizing the Project footprint to imbalance, caused by the maximum extent feasible. A suite of mitigation measures will be implemented pushing fur-bearers to reduce the potential effects of the Project on wildlife habitat, movement and out of the LSA mortality risk. Health and safety Project Footprint Gunn Métis Local 55 • Trans Mountain will facilitate wildlife movement during construction by ensuring risks to wildlife, local Lower Nicola Indian the contractor conducts work expeditiously to maintain a tight construction motorists and people Band spread to reduce the duration of the open trench and to reduce potential barriers in general from and hazards to wildlife, and by placing gaps in the pipe. Project-related • During construction, Trans Mountain will manage access (human and predator) construction activities at slope changes, crossings (i.e., watercourse, road, pipeline right-of-way and railway) and bends. Measures will be implemented to reduce access (human and predator) along the pipeline right-of-way and will include using woody debris as rollback, and planting trees and/or shrubs at select locations along the pipeline right-of-way. Where rollback and coarse woody debris are needed for access management, erosion control and habitat enhancement, the contractor will ensure that a sufficient supply is set aside for this purpose during final clean- up. Habitat connectivity will be restored by redistributing large-diameter slash (rollback) over select locations on the pipeline right-of-way (e.g., where high levels of coarse woody debris occur prior to construction), to provide cover and facilitate movement of wildlife. • Wildlife is further discussed in Section 7.2.10 of Volume 5A (Filing ID: A3S1Q9) Alteration of Project Footprint Kwantlen First • Trans Mountain is completing studies along the proposed pipeline corridor to archaeological sites Nation gather data for the ESA. This assessment will consider: the potential Alteration of environmental and socio-economic effects of the construction, operations and archaeological sites maintenance of the pipeline; ways in which these effects can be minimized or avoided altogether; and mitigation and reclamation strategies that will further reduce these effects. Overall, Project-related effects on heritage resources are addressed in the ESA. • This will include development of mitigation measures to reduce effects related to archaeological, palaeontological and historical sites. • Trans Mountain will follow any conditions or recommendations identified in the permits for the Heritage Resources Impact Assessment (HRIA) for Alberta and Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) for BC. • In the event archaeological, palaeontological or historical sites are discovered during construction, follow the contingency measures identified in the Heritage Resources Discovery Contingency Plan (Appendix B of Volume 6B) (Filing ID A3S2S3). • No work at that particular location shall continue until permission is granted by the appropriate regulatory authority. • Further discussion is provided under heritage resources in Section 7.2.1 of Volume 5B of the Application (Filing ID A3S1S7).
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TABLE 5.1 Cont’d
Approximate Aboriginal Site Description/ Distance and Communities Summary of Interest Direction from That Expressed or Concern Project Interest or Concern Response Summary1 Concern about Project Footprint Lower Nicola Indian • Aboriginal Monitors onsite through the construction of the Project will work with monitoring Band Environmental Inspectors to provide traditional knowledge to the construction program to ensure protection of the environment; to discuss upcoming traditional and western science elements with the Environmental Inspector to ensure protection and monitoring; and to monitor mitigation success in protecting the environment. Trans Mountain will continue to engage Aboriginal communities through all phases of the Project. Concern about Project Footprint Lower Nicola Indian • To reduce or avoid the potential for dust emissions, Trans Mountain, when adverse effects of Band warranted, will direct the watering down of construction sites and access roads. dust Water, or approved tackifier, will be applied to exposed soil piles if wind erosion occurs, as well as to disturbed areas if traffic and wind conditions result in pulverized soils and dust problems. Trans Mountain will ensure that watering of roads and sites does not generate excessive formation of surface water accumulation (i.e., puddles or excessive mud generation), or result in overland water flow or sedimentation of watercourses/wetlands/lakes. Only approved chemical dust suppressants will be used (Section 8.2 of Volume 6B [Filing ID A3S2S3]). Concern about Project Footprint Lower Nicola Indian • Since April 2012, Trans Mountain has engaged with Aboriginal communities that changes to the Band may be affected by the Project based on their assertion of traditional and cultural access of TLU sites use of resources to maintain a traditional lifestyle. Trans Mountain has facilitated Traditional Land Use (TLU) studies with potentially affected Aboriginal communities to gather data for the environmental and socio-economic effects of the Project; ways in which these effects can be minimized or avoided altogether, and key mitigation strategies in place that will further reduce these effects. • An environmental education program will be developed and implemented to ensure that all personnel working on the construction of the Project are informed of the location of known TLU sites. All sensitive resources identified on the Environmental Alignments Sheets within the immediate vicinity of the right-of- way will be clearly marked before the start of clearing. Trans Mountain will: - work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to its members; - provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline corridor maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities; and - install signage notifying of construction activities in the area. • Access will be managed, where required, along the Project where new temporary and permanent access is created for the construction and operation of the pipeline. To mitigate environmental effects associated with increased access, which could further lead to increased concentrations of hunting and fishing activities at previously unattainable locations, increased predation of wildlife, disturb reclamation efforts on sensitive terrain, and other anthropogenic disturbances, Trans Mountain will manage access along portions of its right-of- way where new access is/was created by implementing one or more of the mitigation measures to manage access during the pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases.
5.1 Recommended Mitigation Mitigation measures to reduce potential environmental effects on TLRU indicators associated with the construction and operations of the Project are provided in the EPPs prepared for this Project (see Volumes 6B [Filing IDs A3S2S2 to A3S2S4], 6C [Filing IDs A3S2S5 to A3S2S7] and 6D [Filing IDs A3S2S8 to A3S2S9] in the Application), in Table 6.3 of Technical Report 5D-1 of Volume 5D (Filing ID A3S2H1) and in Table 7.2.2-4 (Filing ID A3S1S7) of Volume 5B ESA of the Application (Filing ID A3S1S7).
Table 5.2 provides the potential effects and mitigation measures for traditional land and resource use.
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TABLE 5.2
POTENTIAL EFFECTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES - TRADITIONAL LAND AND RESOURCE USE - PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 1. Traditional Land and Resource Use Indicator – Subsistence Activities and Sites 1.1 Disruption of use New pipeline Footprint • Upon Footprint finalization, applicable mitigation options listed below for previously identified of trails and segments trails and travelways within the proposed pipeline corridor (Table 5.1) will be confirmed travelways Temporary based on the following criteria: the location of the site with respect to the proposed area of facilities development, the relative importance of the site to the community, and the potential for an Black Pines alternative mitigation strategy to reduce or avoid sensory disturbance. Pump Station • Should additional trails and travelways be identified during ongoing engagement with and power line Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Kingsvale Pump Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: Station and - detailed recording and mapping to within 100 m on both sides of the pipeline right-of- power line way; in partnership with community representatives, a decision is then made about the relative importance of the trail and, if warranted, how best to maintain and control access; - signage or scheduling construction during periods of least effect; and/or - alternative site-specific mitigation strategies recommended by participating Aboriginal communities. • Implement appropriate measures identified in the Heritage Resource Discovery Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). All components RSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • See Section 7.2.6 of Volume 5B Navigation and Navigation Safety (Filing ID A3S1S7) for measures regarding navigable watercourses. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 1.2 Loss of habitation New pipeline Footprint • Upon Footprint finalization, applicable mitigation options listed below for previously identified sites or reduced segments habitation sites within the proposed pipeline corridor (Table 5) will be confirmed based on the use of habitation Temporary following criteria: the location of the site with respect to the proposed area of development, sites facilities the relative importance of the site to the community, and the potential for an alternative Black Pines mitigation strategy to reduce or avoid sensory disturbance. Pump Station • Avoid disturbance of built features during final route selection, to the extent practical [Socio- and power line Economic Management Plan (SEMP) Section 4.6]. Kingsvale Pump • Reduce the amount of land disturbed by using previously disturbed areas for stockpiles, Station and staging areas and camps where possible [SEMP Section 4.6]. power line • Narrow the construction right-of-way at key locations to avoid valued built or natural features, to the extent practical [SEMP Section 4.6]. • Should additional habitation sites be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - detailed mapping, photographic recording and avoidance of the location by the development; - should avoidance of a site not be feasible, mitigation measures consisting of detailed recording and controlled excavations may be implemented; and/or - alternative site-specific mitigation strategies recommended by participating Aboriginal communities. • See Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A for additional mitigation measures (Filing ID A3S1Q9). • Implement appropriate measures identified in the Heritage Resource Discovery Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs).
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TABLE 5.2 Cont’d
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 1.2 Loss of habitation See above See above • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route sites or reduced maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their use of habitation respective communities [Section 4.0]. sites (cont’d) • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. All components RSA • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to its members [Section 4.0]. • See Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A for additional mitigation measures (Filing ID A3S1Q9). • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 1.3 Alteration of plant All components LSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route harvesting sites maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Ensure equipment arrives at all construction sites clean and free of soil or vegetative debris. Inspect and identify equipment deemed to be acceptable with a suitable marker, such as a sticker. Do not allow any equipment arriving in a dirty condition on-site until it has been cleaned [Section 7.0]. • Should additional plant harvesting sites be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - limiting the use of chemical applications; - replacement of plant species during reclamation; - alternative site-specific mitigation strategies recommended by participating Aboriginal communities. • See Section 7.2.9 Vegetation of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for additional mitigation measures. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Ensure equipment arrives at all construction sites clean and free of soil or vegetative debris. Inspect and identify equipment deemed to be acceptable with a suitable marker, such as a sticker. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 1.4 Disruption of All components LSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route subsistence maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their hunting activities respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • See Section 7.2.10 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for mitigation relevant to sensory disturbance, loss or alteration of wildlife habitat, injury and mortality. • Should additional hunting sites be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - adhering to species-specific timing constraints to the extent feasible; - leaving breaks in the pipeline trench to allow animals to cross; - limiting the use of chemical applications; and/or - alternative site-specific mitigation strategies recommended by participating Aboriginal communities. • See Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for additional mitigation measures. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs).
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TABLE 5.2 Cont’d
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 1.4 Disruption of See above See above • Implement measures to reduce access (human and predator) along the right-of-way subsistence following construction. Measures may include but are not limited to planting tree seedlings hunting activities and/or shrubs in select locations to facilitate rapid regeneration of natural vegetation, and (cont’d) blocking access entry points by mounding, rollback, boulder barriers, earth berms or locked gates. The locations of access control measures along the right-of-way will be determined in consideration of consultation with provincial regulatory authorities. All components RSA • Apply appropriate measures (e.g., signs, boundary markers, gates, fences, etc.) to ensure that pipeline construction vehicles remain on the designated access road right-of-way. Adhere to measures provided in the Traffic and Access Control Management Plan [see Appendix C]. • Block access to the public along new temporary roads located within sensitive areas with fences and locked gates. Where warranted, man the gates when hauling or construction activities are scheduled to occur during sensitive periods. Monitor road use and, where warranted, implement additional/alternative measures to ensure access is blocked. • See Section 7.2.10 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for mitigation relevant to sensory disturbance, loss or alteration of wildlife habitat, injury and mortality. • See Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for additional mitigation measures. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 1.5 Disruption of All components LSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route subsistence maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their fishing activities respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Prohibit recreational fishing by Project personnel on or in the vicinity of the construction right- of-way. The use of the construction right-of-way to access fishing sites is prohibited [Section 7.0]. • Should additional fishing sites be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - recording and mapping of fishing locales; - strict adherence to the regulations, standards and guidelines set by provincial and federal regulatory authorities for watercourse crossings; and/or - alternative site-specific mitigation strategies recommended by participating Aboriginal communities. • See Section 7.2.3 Water Quality and Quantity of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for mitigation measures relevant to potential effects on water quality and quantity. • See Section 7.2.7 Fish and Fish Habitat of Volume 5A for mitigation (Filing ID A3S1Q9) measures relevant to potential effects on fish and fish habitat. • See Section 7.6.9 Marine Fish and Fish Habitat of Volume 5A of the Application (Filing ID A3S1R0) for mitigation measures relevant to potential effects on marine habitat, injury and mortality. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). All components RSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to its members [Section 4.0]. • Prohibit recreational fishing by Project personnel on or in the vicinity of the construction right--of-way. The use of the construction right-of-way to access fishing sites is prohibited [Section 7.0]. • See Section 7.2.3 Water Quality and Quantity of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for mitigation measures relevant to potential effects on water quality and quantity.
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TABLE 5.2 Cont’d
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 1.5 Disruption of See above See above • See Section 7.2.7 Fish and Fish Habitat of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9)) for mitigation subsistence measures relevant to potential effects on fish and fish habitat. fishing activities • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (cont’d) (e.g., integrity digs). 1.6 Disruption of All components LSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route subsistence maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their trapping activities respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Prohibit the vandalism or theft of trapper equipment or trapped animals if they are observed on the construction right-of-way or the construction site prior to clearing [Section 7.0]. • See Section 7.2.4 Human Occupancy and Resource Use (HORU) (Filing ID A3S1S7) of Volume 5B (Filing ID A3S1S7) for measures regarding trapping activities. • Should additional trapping sites or trap line equipment be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - maintaining access to the trap line; - moving of trap line equipment by the trapper prior to construction; and/or - alternative site-specific mitigation strategies recommended by participating Aboriginal communities. • See Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for additional mitigation measures. • See Section 7.2.10 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for mitigation relevant to sensory disturbance, loss or alteration of wildlife habitat, and wildlife mortality. All components RSA • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Prohibit the vandalism or theft of trapper equipment or trapped animals if they are observed on the construction right-of-way or the construction site prior to clearing [Section 7.0]. • See Section 7.2.4 HORU of Volume 5B (Filing ID A3S1S7) for measures regarding trapping activities. • See Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for additional mitigation. • See Section 7.2.10 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for mitigation relevant to sensory disturbance, loss or alteration of wildlife habitat, and wildlife mortality. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 2. Traditional Land and Resource Use Indicator – Cultural Sites 2.1 Disturbance of New pipeline Footprint • Upon Footprint finalization, applicable mitigation options listed below for previously identified gathering places segments gathering places within the proposed pipeline corridor (Table 5.1) will be confirmed based on Temporary the following criteria: the location of the site with respect to the proposed area of facilities development, the relative importance of the site to the community, and the potential for an Black Pines alternative mitigation strategy to reduce or avoid sensory disturbance. Pump Station • Avoid disturbance of known gathering places during right-of-way finalization, to the greatest and power line extent practical. Kingsvale Pump • Narrow construction right-of-way at key locations to avoid known gathering places. Station and • Reduce the amount of land disturbed by using previously disturbed areas for stockpiles, power line staging areas and camps where possible.
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TABLE 5.2 Cont’d
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 2.1 Disturbance of See above See above • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route gathering places maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their (cont’d) respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Should additional gathering places be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - detailed recording, mapping and avoidance; - assess visual effect; and/or - additional mitigation measures will be refined and optimized through community discussions. • See Section 7.2.4 Air Emissions, Section 7.2.5 GHG Emissions and Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for measures pertaining to nuisance air and noise emissions, respectively. • Implement appropriate measures identified in the Heritage Resource Discovery Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). All components RSA • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • See Section 7.2.4 Air Emissions, Section 7.2.5 GHG Emissions and Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for measures pertaining to nuisance air and noise emissions, respectively. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 2.2 Disturbance of New pipeline Footprint • Upon Footprint finalization, applicable mitigation options listed below for previously identified sacred sites segments sacred sites within the proposed pipeline corridor (Table 5.1) will be confirmed based on the Temporary following criteria: the location of the site with respect to the proposed area of development, facilities the relative importance of the site to the community, and the potential for an alternative Black Pines mitigation strategy to reduce or avoid sensory disturbance. Pump Station • Avoid disturbance of known sacred areas during right-of-way finalisation, to the greatest and power line extent practical. Kingsvale Pump • Narrow construction right-of-way at key locations to avoid known sacred areas. Station and • Reduce the amount of land disturbed by using previously disturbed areas for stockpiles, power line staging areas and camps where possible. • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Should additional sacred areas be identified during ongoing engagement with Aboriginal communities, implement the TLRU Sites Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. Mitigation may include one or more of the following measures: - detailed recording, mapping and avoidance; - assess visual effect; and/or - additional mitigation measures will be refined and optimized through community discussions. • See Section 7.2.4 Air Emissions, Section 7.2.5 GHG Emissions and Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for measures pertaining to nuisance air and noise emissions, respectively.
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TABLE 5.2 Cont’d
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 2.2 Disturbance of See above See above • Implement appropriate measures identified in the TLRU Sites Discovery Contingency Plan in sacred sites the event of discovery of sacred areas during construction activities [Appendix B]. (cont’d) • Implement appropriate measures identified in the Heritage Resource Discovery Contingency Plan [Appendix B]. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule and pipeline route maps, a minimum of two weeks prior to the start of construction in the vicinity of their respective communities [Section 4.0]. • Install signage notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • See Section 7.2.4 Air Emissions, Section 7.2.5 GHG Emissions and Section 7.2.6 Acoustic Environment of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1Q9) for measures pertaining to nuisance air and noise emissions, respectively. • Implement applicable mitigation measures listed above during maintenance activities (e.g., integrity digs). 3. Traditional Land and Resource Use Indicator – Traditional Marine Resource Use 3.1 Disruption of Westridge Marine • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule, a minimum of subsistence Marine TLRU RSA two weeks prior to the commencement of construction [Section 4.0]. activities Terminal • Install signage (e.g., Warning – Construction in the Vicinity) off shore and on shore, notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Ensure equipment is well-maintained during construction to minimize air and noise emissions [Section 7.0]. • Noise abatement and construction scheduling will be considered during noise-sensitive times, to limit disruption to sensitive receptors (i.e., neighbouring landowners, wildlife migratory periods, nesting birds, etc.) [Section 7.0]. • Enclose noisy equipment and use baffles, where and when feasible, to limit the transmission of noise beyond the construction site [Section 7.0]. • Vessel operators will avoid rapid acceleration to control noise [Section 8.2]. • Direct the lighting for all construction activities downward and, where feasible, positioned to avoid or reduce effect to nearby residents [Section 7.0]. • Design lighting requirements at the Westridge Marine Terminal to meet the Canada Labour Code and Transport Canada - International Ship and Port Requirements [Section 7.0]. • Use low level and low intensity lighting and reduce night lighting, when feasible [Section 7.0]. • See all other noise, light and air emissions-related mitigation measures in the Westridge Marine Terminal EPP. • See Section 7.6.9 Marine Fish and Fish Habitat of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1R0) for mitigation measures relevant to potential effects on marine habitat, injury and mortality. • See Section 7.6.11 Marine Mammals of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1R0) for mitigation relevant to sensory disturbance and injury. • See Section 7.6.12 Marine Birds of Volume 5A (Filing ID A3S1R0) for mitigation relevant to sensory disturbance, change in habitat quality or availability, and wildlife mortality. 3.2 Disturbance of Westridge Marine • Provide Aboriginal communities with the anticipated construction schedule, a minimum of cultural sites Marine TLRU RSA two weeks prior to the commencement of construction [Section 4.0]. Terminal • Install signage (e.g., Warning – Construction in the Vicinity) off shore and on shore, notifying of construction activities in the area [Section 4.0]. • Work with Aboriginal communities to develop strategies to most effectively communicate the construction schedule and work areas to community members [Section 4.0]. • Ensure equipment is well-maintained during construction to minimize air and noise emissions [Section 7.0].
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TABLE 5.2 Cont’d
Project Spatial Potential Effect Component(s) Boundary1 Key Recommendations/Mitigation Measures [EPP Reference]2 3.2 Disturbance of See above See above • Noise abatement and construction scheduling will be considered during noise-sensitive cultural sites times, to limit disruption to sensitive receptors (i.e., neighbouring landowners, wildlife (cont’d) migratory periods, nesting birds, etc.) [Section 7.0]. • Enclose noisy equipment and use baffles, where and when feasible, to limit the transmission of noise beyond the construction site [Section 7.0]. • Vessel operators will avoid rapid acceleration to control noise [Section 8.2]. • Direct the lighting for all construction activities downward and, where feasible, positioned to avoid or reduce effect to nearby residents [Section 7.0]. • Design lighting requirements at the Westridge Marine Terminal to meet the Canada Labour Code and Transport Canada - International Ship and Port Requirements [Section 7.0]. • Use low level and low intensity lighting and reduce night lighting, when feasible [Section 7.0]. • See all other noise, light and air emissions-related mitigation measures in the Westridge Marine Terminal EPP (Filing ID A3S2S9). Notes: 1 LSA = TLRU LSA; RSA = TLRU RSA. 2 Detailed mitigation measures are outlined in the Project-specific EPPs (Volumes 6B, 6C and 6D) (Filing IDs A3S2S2 to A3S2S9).
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6.0 SUMMARY The proposed expansion of the TMPL system will comprise of the following:
• pipeline segments that complete a twinning (or “looping”) of the pipeline in Alberta and BC with about 987 km of new buried pipeline;
• new and modified facilities, including pump stations and tanks; and
• three new berths at the Westridge Marine Terminal in Burnaby, BC, each capable of handling Aframax class vessels.
The results of the literature/desktop review, TLRU studies conducted and interests identified to date indicate that Aboriginal communities have historically used and use the TLRU RSA to maintain a traditional lifestyle and continue to use environmental resources throughout the TLRU RSA for a variety of purposes including hunting, trapping, fishing, trapping, plant gathering, and spiritual/cultural pursuits.
The potential effects of Project on TLRU include: disruption of subsistence hunting, fishing, trapping and plant gathering activities; disruption of use of travelways and habitation sites; and the disturbance of gathering places and sacred areas.
Trans Mountain will continue to engage Aboriginal communities through all phases of the Project. Ongoing LRU study work with participating Aboriginal communities is scheduled for completion prior to construction of the Project. Additional information gathered during ongoing TLRU studies will be considered for incorporation into Project planning including the final EPPs and the Environmental Alignment Sheets, as appropriate. The results of these ongoing engagement efforts will be provided to the NEB in future supplemental filings in Q1 2015.
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7.0 REFERENCES 7.1 Literature Cited DM Cultural Services Ltd. 2014. Cultural Heritage Assessment and Traditional Knowledge Study of the Proposed Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline Route through Yale First Nation Traditional Territory. Prepared for Yale First Nation. Mill Bay, BC. 32 pp.
Kwantlen First Nation. 2014. A Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment of the Proposed Kinder Morgan Pipeline through Kwantlen Territory. Prepared by Jenny Storey, Duncan McLaren, Ashley Doyle and Brendan Gray. Kwantlen, BC. 58 pp.
Kwikwetlem First Nation. 2014. Respect and Care for Our Lands, Water and Heritage:Kwikwetlem First Nation Interests as Related to Kinder Morgan Canada’s Proposed Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project in Kwikwetlem Territory. Part A. Kwikwetlem Cultural Heritage, Traditional Knowledge & Land Use. 25 pp.
Lower Nicola Indian Band. 2014. Traditional Land Use Report. Lower Nicola Indian Band. 121 pp.
TmixW Research Ltd. 2014. Traditional Land Use/Traditional Knowledge Study. Prepared for Kinder Morgan Canada. TmixW Research gathered on behalf of Nooaitch, Shackan and Nicomen. Merritt, BC. 55 pp.
Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014. Gunn Métis Local 55 Land Use, Occupancy and Environmental Knowledge: Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project. 46 pp.
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APPENDIX A
UPDATED SOCIO-ECONOMIC ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY OVERVIEWS FOR THE TRANS MOUNTAIN PIPELINE ULC TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT
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A
UPDATED SOCIO-ECONOMIC ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY OVERVIEWS FOR THE TRANS MOUNTAIN PIPELINE ULC TRANS MOUNTAIN EXPANSION PROJECT
December 2014 Document # SREP-NEB-TERA-00034
Prepared for: Prepared by:
Vista Strategy Corp. Calgary, Alberta
In Association with:
Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC
Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. CH2M HILL Energy Canada, Ltd. Suite 2700, 300 – 5th Avenue S.W. Suite 1100, 815 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 5J2 Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P2 Ph: 403-514-6400 Ph: 403-265-2885
Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Updated Socio-Economic Aboriginal Community Overviews Trans Mountain Expansion Project December 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 2.0 YALE FIRST NATION ...... 2-1 3.0 LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND ...... 3-1 4.0 KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION ...... 4-1 5.0 GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55 ...... 5-1 6.0 REFERENCES ...... 6-1
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.0-1 Yale First Nation – Overview ...... 2-1 Table 2.0-2 Yale First Nation – Reserves ...... 2-1 Table 3.0-1 Lower Nicola Indian Band – Overview ...... 3-1 Table 3.0-2 Lower Nicola Indian Band – Reserves ...... 3-2 Table 4.0-1 Kwikwetlem First Nation – Overview ...... 4-1 Table 4.0-2 Kwikwetlem First Nation – Reserves ...... 4-1 Table 5.0-1 Gunn Métis Local 55 – Overview ...... 5-1
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1.0 INTRODUCTION This document provides updated socio-economic community overview information pertaining to Aboriginal communities for which Traditional Land and Resource Use (TLRU) studies or independent third-party studies have been completed since the July 2014 Supplemental Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report (Filing ID A3Z4Z2) and where permission to share such reports has been granted.
Of the Aboriginal communities identified as having an interest in the Trans Mountain Expansion Project (the Project) or having interests potentially affected by the Project, a number of Aboriginal communities have completed and submitted additional TLRU information since the July 2014 supplemental filing. This information was reviewed to ascertain any new socio-economic information about those communities that could supplement the Aboriginal Community Overviews (the Overviews) that were presented in Technical Report 5D-2 in Volume 5D, Socio-Economic Technical Report of the Facilities Application (Filing ID A3S212). The Overviews in the Facilities Application were prepared in light of Aboriginal communities having unique relationships with land and water related to their traditions of hunting, trapping, fishing, gathering and other cultural practices, and also given that many members of Aboriginal communities reside in locations other than band Indian Reserves (IRs), and members may reside in IRs that are not located near the Project. All Band members of potentially affected Aboriginal communities could, regardless of geography of residence, be interested in participating in the Project opportunities or use land or resources in the vicinity of the Project for traditional purposes at times. In essence, the Aboriginal communities relevant to the Project are not tied to a particular geography in the same way non- Aboriginal communities are. As such, stand-alone overviews were prepared for each Aboriginal community identified as potentially affected by the Project.
The Overviews discuss information pertaining to band population, labour force, traditional culture, economic and livelihood activities, as well as any infrastructure or services pertinent to IRs that are crossed by the proposed pipeline corridor. The Overviews also summarize key socio-cultural issues and interests that emerged during Project engagement or TLRU. In some instances, information that was noted about subsistence hunting, trapping, and fishing, and gathering resources themselves are noted. Detailed TLRU information is provided in the Technical Report 5D-1 in Volume 5D, Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report (Filing IDs A3S2G8 to A3S2H1), Supplemental Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report (Filing ID A3Z4Z2) and further TLRU information contained in this December 2014 supplemental filing, which should be read in conjunction with these overviews. While specifics of the cultural or livelihood concerns associated with a particular resource may not have been articulated and, therefore not noted in the Overviews, it is generally understood that traditional harvesting has a high cultural value and plays an important role in the economic, social, cultural and mental/physical well-being of many Aboriginal communities.
The Aboriginal communities for which additional TLRU information has been received since July 2014 are noted below:
• Nicola Tribal Association (on behalf of Nicomen Indian Band, Nooaitch Indian Band and Shackan Indian Band);
• Kwantlen First Nation;
• Yale First Nation;
• Lower Nicola Indian Band;
• Kwikwetlem First Nation; and
• Gunn Métis Local 55.
Nicola Tribal Association submitted a draft third-party report, which was considered in the July 2014 Supplemental Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report (Filing ID A3Z4Z2). While Nicola Tribal Association submitted a final third-party report prepared by Tmixw Research, no additional socio-economic information was contained in the final report. As such, no further update on the Aboriginal
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Community Overviews for Nicomen Indian Band, Nooaitch Indian Band and Shackan Indian Band has been conducted for this supplemental filing.
Kwantlen First Nation submitted a cultural heritage overview report which does not contain broader socio-economic information, thus the Aboriginal Community Overview for the Kwantlen First Nation has not been updated
The Overviews of the other four Aboriginal communities (Yale First Nation, Lower Nicola Indian Band, Kwikwetlem First Nation and Gunn Métis Local 55) have been updated based on the completed TLRU/third-party reports (desktop data has not been further updated). These four updated Overviews are presented in this document. An Overview of the Métis Nation of Alberta was included in the Facilities Application (Filing ID A3S212), but specific information on Gunn Métis Local 55 (a local council of the Métis Nation of Alberta) was not. Gunn Métis Local 55 have been engaging with the Project since the Facilities Application was filed, and thus an Overview is now presented.
The data contained within the Overviews were collected from both primary and secondary sources. As discussed in Section 3.0 of the Technical Report 5D-2 in Volume 5D of the Facilities Application (Filing ID A3S212), secondary or desktop research was first conducted to gather information from community, government and organization websites, as well as other available resources. Primary data was also gleaned from the results of a number of Project-related engagement and information gathering activities conducted by both TERA, a CH2M HILL Company (TERA) and Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC (Trans Mountain). These engagement activities included the following:
• Aboriginal community participation in biophysical studies for the Project;
• socio-economic interviews conducted with representatives of participating Aboriginal communities;
• meetings conducted with Aboriginal communities by TERA and/or Trans Mountain to introduce the Project or discuss procurement and other issues; and
• Project-specific TLRU studies.
Some TLRU and third-party studies for Aboriginal communities are still ongoing. Other completed studies will inform a future supplemental filing with the National Energy Board (NEB) in Q1 2015.
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2.0 YALE FIRST NATION The Yale First Nation is an independent band located north of the District of Hope, British Columbia (BC). The Yale First Nation is in the final stages of negotiating a treaty with the provincial Government of BC and federal Government of Canada (Yale First Nation 2013), and the Final Agreement is positioned to become effective in April 2015 (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). There are 16 Yale First Nation IRs, and the main IR and location of the Band headquarters is Stullawheets 8 (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada [AANDC] 2012). The Yale First Nation also has 22 parcels of Treaty Settlement Land (TSL), which total 1,749.5 hectares (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014).
As of 2013, the total population of the Yale First Nation was 162 people, of which 67 live on IRs and 95 live off IRs (AANDC 2013). Approximately 12.5% of the Yale First Nation population that lives on IRs is under the age of 34, while the median age of the population on reserve is 55.7 years old (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). According to the Yale Community Plan released in 2013, the off-reserve population is approximately 1.4 times the size of the on-reserve population (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014).
An overview of the Yale First Nation is provided in Table 2.0-1.
TABLE 2.0-1
YALE FIRST NATION – OVERVIEW
Tribal Traditional Band Population Affiliation Language Traditional Cultural Practices Economic Development Goals/Business Capacity Total: 162 Stó:lō Nation Hul’q’umi’num’/ Fishing Band and member-owned businesses: Halq'eméylem Hunting • Cascade Lower Canyon Community Forest On IRs: 67 Gathering (non-profit); • Penny’s First Aid Services (ground ambulance Off IRs: 95 services, non-emergency patient transportation, air ambulance repatriation, medical services; First Aid Level 3, Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) - Registered Nurses; Licensed Emergency Medical Responder, Primary Care Paramedics, EMT - A, Advanced Care Paramedics, Occupational First Aid, 4X4 ambulance, security services); • Hansen Forest Services; • E&K Construction; • Emory Creek Campground; and • Hope River store and gas bar. Sources: AANDC 2012, 2013, First Peoples’ Language Map of BC (FPLMBC) 2013, Kinder Morgan Canada (KMC) Inc. 2013, Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014, Yale First Nation 2013
More details on Yale First Nation IRs are provided in Table 2.0-2. None of the Yale First Nation IRs are crossed by the proposed pipeline corridor; however, 4½ Mile 2, Albert Flat 5, Kaykaip 7, Lukseetsissum 9, Qualark 4, Squeah 6, Stullawheets 8, Yale 18, Yale 19, Yale 20, Yale 21, Yale 22, Yale 23, Yale 25 and Yale Town 1 are located in the Socio-Economic Regional Study Area (RSA). Other Yale First Nation IRs are located outside the Socio-Economic RSA.
TABLE 2.0-2
YALE FIRST NATION – RESERVES
IR Size of Labour Unemployment Location in Relation to Project: Proposed Pipeline IRs Population Force (No.) Rate (%) Corridor/Socio-Economic RSA/Outside Study Area 4½ Mile 2 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Albert Flat 5 15 n/a2 n/a2 Socio-Economic RSA Kaykaip 7 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Lukseetsissum 9 21 n/a2 n/a2 Socio-Economic RSA Qualark 4 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA
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TABLE 2.0-2 Cont'd
IR Size of Labour Unemployment Location in Relation to Project: Proposed Pipeline IRs Population Force (No.) Rate (%) Corridor/Socio-Economic RSA/Outside Study Area Squeah 6 n/a1 n/a2 n/a2 Socio-Economic RSA Stullawheets 8 48 40 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 18 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 19 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 20 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 21 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 22 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 23 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale 24 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Outside Study Area Yale 25 n/a2 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Yale Town 1 10 n/a2 n/a2 Socio-Economic RSA Sources: AANDC 2012, Statistics Canada 2012, 2013 Notes: 1 Statistics Canada does not provide information for this community. 2 Data for this area has been suppressed for data quality or confidentiality reasons.
The Yale First Nation is a remote community with limited economic opportunities and high unemployment. Some members rely on income assistance, while others find alternate means of supporting themselves (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). Key on-reserve economic activities of the Yale First Nation include forestry, fisheries, land clearing and small commercial enterprises (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). The Yale First Nation also offers contracting for energy industry development and has partnered with the District of Hope and the Fraser Valley Regional District in creating the Cascade Lower Canyon Community Forest Corporation, a non-profit organisation that operates a community forest (Yale First Nation 2013).
When ratified, the treaty Final Agreement will provide the Yale First Nation with ownership of subsurface and forest resources and rights to fish, gather and harvest for members’ own purposes. Access to commercial fishing opportunities for salmon are addressed outside of the treaty in a separate Harvest Agreement (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). Also to be provided by the treaty is the designation of up to 12 hectares of provincial Crown land for which the Yale First Nation can apply for a guided adventure tourism tenure. Though the eco- and cultural tourism industry has yet to be developed, members of the Yale First Nation are interested in pursuing this as a potential economic opportunity (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014).
The results provided in the third party report Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project on Yale First Nation (the Yale First Nation Report) (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014) indicate that the Project could benefit the economic conditions of the Yale First Nation as a result of increases in employment opportunities and income, regional economic development and local business contracting opportunities (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). However, improvements to the local economy will depend largely on the capacity of the local population and their skill sets. Barriers to employment and skills and training for members of the Yale First Nation were identified in the Yale First Nation Report, and include a lack of transportation options, work experience or local job opportunities, as well as the need for training in computer and technology skills, basic life skills, and driver education (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). Key training and educational priorities for the community include programming funded by the Stó:lō Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy (SASET) program (SASET 2011). More information on SASET’s mandate is available in Section 5.5.2 of Technical Report 5D-2 in the Facilities Application (Filing ID A3S212).
The results of qualitative data summarized in the Yale First Nation Report indicate that salmon is one of the main traditional foods consumed by family households on the Yale First Nation IRs (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). Yale First Nation members continue to fish for salmon and sometimes sturgeon for economic and subsistence purposes, but have noticed a decline in numbers over recent years. Trout, coho, sockeye and king salmon spawn in the navigable Rostin Bar Creek, and there is a
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sockeye salmon run in the Fraser River. Band members also hunt and gather for subsistence purposes. The Yale First Nation Report also indicated that fishing is an important lifestyle activity for many members of the Yale First Nation, and that the activity is linked to the community’s cultural heritage. However, over 60% of on-reserve family households reported that they did not practice a cultural way of life in the Traditional Yale territory (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014).
The following educational and community services and infrastructure are provided by the Yale First Nation (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014):
• Yale Public Elementary School in the Town of Yale (grades 1-6);
• Sea Bird Reserve School in Lukseetsissum 9 (grades K-12);
• Yale First Nation Government Centre in Yale Town 1;
• residential housing in Lukseetsissum 9;
• Emory Creek Campground and trailer camp in Stullawheets 8;
• Hope River store and gas bar in Albert Flat 5; and
• Chawalthel volunteer fire department in Lukseetsissum 9. The Yale First Nation Report identified that the economic, physical and emotional health of individual members and the broader community influence Yale First Nation members’ overall quality of life. The main issue identified regarding the quality of life in the community was the loss of language, traditions and culture (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014). The physical health of the younger generation of members was identified as being overall active, while members of the older generation often suffer from arthritis, cancer, obesity and diabetes. The Yale First Nation Report indicated that members have felt emotionally uncertain due to ongoing treaty negotiations and changes in leadership, but that many are optimistic about their community’s future (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014).
Key Project-related issues raised by Yale First Nation members during Project-related engagement include:
• concerns about pesticide use on the right-of-way; and
• concerns that the Project may affect access to sacred or ceremonial sites. Additional Project-related issues raised by Yale First Nation members and identified in the Yale First Nation Report (Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014) include:
• concerns that the Project may affect access to or quality of traditional foods, diet and health;
• concerns about the possibility of a spill and the environmental impact on the land, the water, the air and the food supply;
• concerns that potential Project-related environmental damages will impact cultural cohesion and the ability to teach youth cultural practices;
• concerns about the Project’s potential effects on health through increases in income;
• concerns about the cumulative effects of multiple pipeline projects on the environment and food supply;
• concerns that the increases in Project-related employment opportunities will require that workers relocate to urban centres, which would impact family structure and community cohesiveness; and
• concerns that Project-related employment opportunities may bring an influx of workers that will affect recreational activities.
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3.0 LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND The Lower Nicola Indian Band is a Nłeʔkepmxcín band located in the City of Merritt, BC (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). As of 2010, the total population of Lower Nicola Indian Band was 1,000 people (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009), of which approximately 43% live on IRs, and the majority of the remainder live in Merritt, Kamloops and Vancouver (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009, 2013). There are 10 Lower Nicola Indian Band IRs (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013). The main IR and location of the Band headquarters is Nicola Mameet 1 (AANDC 2012).
Lower Nicola Indian Band has 10 IRs covering over 7,500 ha of land, including the Zoht IR 4, Zoht IR 5, and Joeyaska IR 2 (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009), which are crossed by the proposed pipeline corridor.
Roughly 30% of the Lower Nicola Indian Band’s population that lives on IRs is 20 years old or younger, and another 35% is over the age of 40 (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). In 2009, more than 70 Band members eligible for employment were receiving social assistance from the Band, and the Band recognized the need to help these members to re-enter the workforce (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). Between 2004 and 2009, the number of Lower Nicola Indian Band children in government care fell by 50%, and education is recognized as one of the best opportunities for improvement of the quality of life of Lower Nicola Indian Band members (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009).
An overview of the Lower Nicola Indian Band is provided in Table 3.0-1.
TABLE 3.0-1
LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND – OVERVIEW
Tribal Traditional Economic Development Band Population Affiliation Language Traditional Cultural Practices Goals/Business Capacity Total: 1,081 None Nłeʔkepmxcín Hunting Band-owned businesses and Traditional crafts partnerships: On IRs: 541 Sweat houses Shulus Cattle Company; Fishing Shulus Forest Enterprises; Off IRs: 540 Traditional games Stuwix Resource Joint Venture Trade (General Contracting). Meetings Business goal: Working towards self-sufficiency and developing a skilled workforce. Sources: AANDC 2012, 2013, FPLMBC 2013, KMC 2013, Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009, 2014
More details on Lower Nicola Indian Band IRs are provided in Table 3.0-2. The Joeyaska IR 2, Zoht 4 and Zoht 5 are crossed by the proposed pipeline corridor and Nicola Mameet 1, Pipseul 3, Speous 8 and Zoht 14 are located in the Socio-Economic RSA (AANDC 2012).
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TABLE 3.0-2
LOWER NICOLA INDIAN BAND – RESERVES
Location in Relation to Size of Project: Proposed Pipeline Land Use IR Labour Unemployment Corridor/Socio-Economic Plans/ On-reserve On-reserve IRs Population Force (No.) Rate (%) RSA/Outside Study Area Priorities Services Infrastructure Hihium Lake 6 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Outside Study Area n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 Joeyaska 2 45 20 n/a2 Proposed Pipeline Corridor n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 Logan’s 6 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 Nicola Mameet 585 215 30.2 Socio-Economic RSA n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 1 Pipseul 3 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 Speous 8 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 Zoht 4 25 n/a2 n/a2 Proposed Pipeline Corridor 14 residences Semi-urban/rural n/a3 here; pasture community; land and community irrigated hay water systems; land; individual septic Clapperton systems for and Shuta sewage disposal Creeks provide irrigation and domestic water Zoht 5 n/a1 n/a1 n/a1 Proposed Pipeline Corridor One home; Semi-urban/rural Unknown4 4,000+ cubic community; metres of community timber; water systems; pasture land; individual septic limited road systems for access; not sewage disposal connected to BC Hydro; designated “agricultural” under Physical Development Plan Zoht 14 0 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA n/a3 n/a3 n/a3 Sources: AANDC 2012, Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009, Statistics Canada 2012, 2013 Notes: 1 Statistics Canada does not provide information for this community. 2 Data for this area has been suppressed for data quality or confidentiality reasons and/or rounded to zero. 3 This information is not required for this IR as the IR is located beyond the proposed pipeline corridor. 4 Data could not be found in desktop research or field notes.
Key economic activities of the Lower Nicola Indian Band include Shulus Forest Enterprises Inc. and Shulus Cattle Company. The former provides timber development, silviculture work and cultural resource management and the latter manages agriculture land, growing forage crops for cattle (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013). The results of Aboriginal engagement for the Project indicate that, historically, the forestry industry has been a major employer for Lower Nicola Indian Band members, but the closing of lumber mills has led to loss of work. Mining has somewhat filled the employment gap, and the Nicola Valley Institute of Technology provides good training for industrial jobs.
The Lower Nicola Indian Band is developing a Comprehensive Community Plan (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). The Plan will focus on reviving, promoting and preserving their language and culture for all members; addressing members’ educational needs; practicing better governance of the Nation; encouraging and supporting engagement and involvement for all members; addressing members’ social needs; improving members’ holistic health and well-being; conserving and restoring cultural and
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traditional resources; addressing members’ housing issues; and creating business and job opportunities for all members (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009).
The City of Merritt serves as the Lower Nicola Indian Band’s main service centre, providing education and employment for many members (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). Services unavailable in Merritt are sought in Kamloops, which is about an hour away. In addition to the Shulus Cattle Company and Shulus Forest Enterprises Inc., Band-owned companies include LNIB Construction, LNIB Natural Resources and Lower Nicola Enterprises (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013). Partnerships include Suwix Resources Ltd. (a forestry company), Nicola Valley Indian Services Association, Spayum Developments and the Nicola Valley Institute of Technology. Many members operate their own small businesses both on and off the IR, including a gas station and store, forestry operations, mechanics and skilled crafts people (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013).
In 2009, enterprises and business partnerships owned by the Lower Nicola Indian Band were looking to improve revenue performance and management (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). That year, the community developed several small business ideas that would meet community needs and which could be owned and operated by Band members (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). These included accounting and tax services, massage therapy, a hair salon, a laundromat, and a restaurant or cafe (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009). For Band members who pursue post-secondary education, business, management and administration are the most popular fields of study, and the Band is committed to supporting entrepreneurs in the community.
Hunting continues to be an important element of livelihood and culture for Lower Nicola Indian Band members (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013), and results of Aboriginal engagement for the Project indicate that they use animal by-products to make traditional items and members tan and prepare hide themselves using traditional methods. The Nicola and Fraser Rivers are of particular importance to the Lower Nicola Indian Band, and fish such as burbot, kokanee, whitefish and other species continue to be an important resource for the community. Medicinal plants are still consumed by members of the community for spiritual and physical healing purposes. The results of Aboriginal engagement for the Project indicate that Band members gather plants for subsistence, ceremonial and medicinal use. Band members fish for salmon in the Nicola, Coldwater, Fraser and Thompson rivers using traditional dip and gill nets; they ice fish for rainbow trout on Mammot Lake, Fish Lake and Nicola Lake; burbot, kokanee and whitefish are also harvested and Band members preserve fish by drying, canning or smoking them.
The following community services are provided by the Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013):
• Lower Nicola Indian Band School;
• Lower Nicola Indian Band Health Centre;
• Scw’exmx Child and Family Services;
• Band-owned and operated Shulus Community Arena;
• Shulus Arbour outdoor event space;
• a community hall; and
• a fire department.
The following social services are provided by the Lower Nicola Indian Band (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2013):
• community health prevention and promotion;
• Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program;
• dental/oral health;
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• Communicable Disease Control Program;
• Tuberculosis Elimination Strategy;
• community nutrition;
• Aboriginal Diabetes Initiative;
• First Nations and Inuit Home and Community Care Program;
• Building Healthy Communities (mental health);
• fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects initiatives;
• Brighter Futures;
• HIV/AIDS Strategy;
• National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program; and
• Solvent Abuse Program.
The Lower Nicola Indian Band Community Profile (2009) identifies air quality, drinking water and the Coldwater River as areas of environmental and health concern. Management of drinking water sources and coordination with other users is required in order to ensure safety of drinking water for Lower Nicola Indian Band communities. The Lower Nicola Indian Band does not have any programs in place that would enable management of possible water emergencies, nor do they have water conservation programs. There is also a need to educate members about water resources (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2009).
The results of Aboriginal engagement for the Project indicate that Lower Nicola Indian Band members are not concerned about large animals (ungulates, cougars) adjusting to the right-of-way as there is already similar disturbance in the area. Key Project-related issues that have been raised by Lower Nicola Indian Band members during engagement include:
• concerns about the Project’s potential effects on wildlife hunted for subsistence purposes;
• concern that the Project may affect or affect access to sacred or ceremonial sites;
• concerns about the possibility of a spill; and
• concern that herbicides used to manage plants in the right-of-way would contaminate waterways.
The Lower Nicola Indian Band Traditional Land Use report (Lower Nicola Indian Band 2014) identifies concerns related to the Project in the Zoht IR 5, Zoht IR 4 and Clapperton Areas, including the following:
• hunting areas;
• berry picking grounds;
• cemetery;
• fishing sites; and
• Clapperton Creek (water).
A range of Project-related issues were identified in the Lower Nicola Indian Band Traditional Land Use report that expand on those gathered during engagement, including:
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• disruption of hunting, fishing and gathering activities;
• concerns about the Project’s potential effects on residents, grazing, water, wildlife, fisheries and plants;
• concern that the Project may affect unrecorded pit houses and cemeteries;
• potential disruption to Mill Creek Road;
• concerns regarding pipeline safety, monitoring and construction related disturbance to nearby lands and resources;
• potential effects on residents from noise, dust or construction debris; and
• cumulative effect of development in the Joeyaska and Coldwater River areas.
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4.0 KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION The Kwikwetlem First Nation is a Stó:lō band located on the Coquitlam River in BC (Metro Vancouver 2012). The Band is not currently involved in treaty negotiations (Metro Vancouver 2012). The Band has social development, post-secondary education, health, infrastructure, land and resource, operations and maintenance, and economic development departments. As of 2013, the total population of the Kwikwetlem First Nation was 82 people, of which 40 live on IRs and 42 live off IRs (AANDC 2013). There are two Kwikwetlem First Nation IRs with a combined gross area of 84.5 hectares (AANDC 2012, Metro Vancouver 2012, Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014). The main IR and location of the Band headquarters is Coquitlam 1, however development is planned for Coquitlam 2 in an effort to encourage members living off IRs to relocate (Metro Vancouver 2012).
The asserted traditional territory of the Kwikwetlem First Nation is crossed by the proposed pipeline corridor. An overview of the Kwikwetlem First Nation is provided in Table 4.0-1.
TABLE 4.0-1
KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION – OVERVIEW
Tribal Traditional Traditional Cultural Band Population Affiliation Language Practices Economic Development Goals/Business Capacity Total: 82 None Hul’q’umi’num’/ Fishing Band-owned businesses and partnerships: Halq'eméylem/ Hunting & Trapping KFN Land Development; On IRs: 40 hənqəminəm Food Preservation KFN Logistics; Plant & Wood Gathering KFN Vanpile; ̓ ̓ ̓ Off IRs: 42 (food and medicinal KFN Quantum Murray LP; plant/berry gathering; KFN Quantum Facilities JV; wood, bark and root KFN Domcor; harvesting) KFN Core6; Craft & Technologies KFN Morningstar. Trade Business goals: Travel Continue economic diversification within traditional territory Social & Spiritual activities and beyond; (bathing, oral histories, Pursue policy of expansion of land base through fee simple smokehouse) land purchases; Completion of a comprehensive community plan that includes a strategic economic development plan; Investments in resource businesses; Partnerships in a variety of industries. Sources: AANDC 2012, 2013, FPLMBC 2013, Kwiketlem First Nation 2014
More details on Kwikwetlem First Nation IRs are provided in Table 4.0-2. Neither of the Kwikwetlem First Nation IRs are crossed by the proposed pipeline corridor; however, Coquitlam 1 and Coquitlam 2 are located in the Socio-Economic RSA (AANDC 2012).
TABLE 4.0-2
KWIKWETLEM FIRST NATION – RESERVES
Size of Labour Unemployment Rate Location in Relation to Project: Proposed Pipeline IR IR Population Force (No.) (%) Corridor/Socio-Economic RSA/Outside Study Area Coquitlam 1 39 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Coquitlam 2 5 n/a1 n/a1 Socio-Economic RSA Sources: AANDC 2012, Statistics Canada 2012, 2013 Note: 1 Data for this area has been suppressed for data quality or confidentiality reasons.
The following community services and infrastructure are provided on the two Kwikwetlem First Nation IRs (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014):
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• fully serviced housing complex;
• a Band office;
• a hall complex;
• a boathouse/workshop;
• various outbuildings;
• potable water connections to the City of Coquitlam water system;
• fire hydrants;
• septic holding tanks that connect to the City of Coquitlam sanitary system; and
• hydro, telephone and television/broadband cable services.
Information provided in the report Kwikwetlem First Nation Interests As Related to Kinder Morgan Canada’s Proposed Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project in Kwikwetlem Territory (the Kwikwetlem First Nation Report) (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014) indicates that Metro Vancouver’s local economic conditions, the expansion of residential and commercial developments, and multiple large public sector projects in the region have all benefitted the Kwikwetlem First Nation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014). Though there is no data available regarding Kwikwetlem First Nation members’ participation in the labour force, the Band has been successful in securing employment opportunities through market mechanisms and Aboriginal rights accommodation (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014). According to the Kwikwetlem First Nation Report, economic indicators are positive and the Kwikwetlem First Nation forecasts that anticipated upcoming resource projects will continue to provide their members with opportunities for economic prosperity (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
The Kwikwetlem receive funding for grades K-12 and post-secondary education, and other training programs including (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014):
• professional and institutional development;
• training employment support initiative;
• planning and skill development; and
• Band employee benefit.
Though there is a lack of information regarding the education and skill levels of Kwikwetlem First Nation members, the Kwikwetlem First Nation Report indicated that members have benefitted from training opportunities provided by projects that they have been involved with (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014). Members have been trained in flagging and heavy equipment operations, archaeology assistance and monitoring, and a variety of project-specific training for regional public sector projects (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014).
While the Kwikwetlem First Nation relies predominantly on outside services and federal funding, the following health, emergency and social services and programs are available in the community (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014):
• general health planning and management;
• Communicable Disease Control;
• Aboriginal Diabetes Initiative;
• Brighter Futures;
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• general service delivery;
• social development;
• special needs;
• national child benefit;
• adult in-home care;
• family violence;
• Emergency Social Services; and
• Disaster Financial Assistance.
Though specific Project-related concerns were not identified in the Kwikwetlem First Nation Report, it was highlighted that the Fraser River is central to the cultural identity of the Kwikwetlem First Nation, and that protecting the health of the river is of high importance to members (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014). The Band is working on the Wilson Farm Habitat Enhancement Project in the Coquitlam River estuary, where they have restored tidal function and built habitat for juvenile salmon (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014). The Kwikwetlem First Nation Report also indicated that altering traditional lands and restricting the ability of members to engage in traditional activities has “...represented a profound cultural loss to the Kwikwetlem community” (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2014, page 19), and has challenged members’ sense of culture.
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5.0 GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55 Gunn Métis Local 55 is a local council of the Métis Nation of Alberta (MNA), and represents the interests of the Lac Ste. Anne Métis community in west central Alberta. Gunn Métis Local 55 is a local council in Zone 4 of the MNA. Lac Ste. Anne (mânitow sâkahikanihk) is located on Highway 43, approximately 75 km west of the City of Edmonton, and is part of the traditional territory of the Métis community, which extends “…west towards the Rocky Mountains, north towards Lesser Slave Lake, east towards St. Albert, and south across the North Saskatchewan River” (Gunn Métis Local 55 n.d.).
Métis community farms and dwellings in the Lac Ste. Anne area are typically near fishing lakes and hunting areas. Métis families currently live in the hamlets of Wabamun, Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta Beach, Gunn, Onoway, Marlboro, Darwell and Duffield, among other communities. Members of the Métis community are local landowners in the local and regional study areas of the proposed Project (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014). Other Métis community members living in the City of Edmonton or outside the area retain ties with the Lac Ste. Anne area (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014). Métis community members continue to hunt, fish, harvest plants and trap for food in the Lac Ste. Anne area, on Crown land, roadway allotments, and privately-owned land (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014). Métis community members also gather and camp at fishing spots and berry patches in the Wabamun to Marlboro corridor in many areas (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014).
Table 5.0-1 presents a brief overview of Gunn Métis Local No. 55.
TABLE 5.0-1
GUNN MÉTIS LOCAL 55 – OVERVIEW
Tribal Traditional Traditional Cultural Economic Development Goals/ Population Affiliation Language Practices Business Capacity Total: Unknown1 Métis Nation of Cree Hunting, fishing, trapping, Businesses and partnerships Alberta berry picking, medicinal affiliated with the MNA include: plant gathering Apeetogosan Métis Development Inc.; and Métis Nation Holdings. Sources: Gunn Métis Local 55 n.d., Métis Nation of Alberta 2007, Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014. Note: 1 Data not found.
The MNA is affiliated with a number of organizations which were created to provide socio-economic and cultural support to Métis communities and people, including the following.
• Apeetogosan Métis Development Corporation (AMDI) provides commercial financial services and business management advisory services to Métis entrepreneurs. AMDI has lent more than $39 million since 1988 and helped more than 800 Métis-owned businesses in Alberta (MNA 2014).
• Métis Nation Holdings Ltd. holds full or partial title to three properties in the City of Edmonton, housing the MNA Head Office, the Métis Urban Housing Building, and other services for Métis people, including a labour market delivery program and a Métis Business Development Centre (MNA 2014).
Métis community members have traditionally fished for both domestic and commercial purposes. Commercial fishing in Lake Wabamun has ceased in recent years due to industrial activity including coal mining, coal-powered hydroelectric plants, and spills from a 2005 rail accident (Gunn Métis Local 55 n.d.). Alberta Métis community members have harvesting rights for hunting, fishing and trapping for domestic purposes (Government of Alberta 2010). No commercial trapping activities are identified in the Project Footprint in the Gunn Métis Local 55 traditional territory; however, subsistence trapping activities take place on private land within 15 km of the Project Footprint, near the Wagner Natural Area between Edmonton and Spruce Grove and in other areas (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014). Berry and food-plant harvesting takes place within 300 m of the Project Footprint, in areas such as Wabamun and Moonlight Bay in Wabamun Provincial Park (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014). Due to increasing competition for space and harvesting areas between Edmonton and Hinton, Métis community
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The third party report Gunn Métis Local 55 Land Use, Occupancy and Environmental Knowledge: Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project (Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014) identifies the following environmental and health concerns of Gunn Métis Local 55 which have a socio-economic context:
• safety of residents, motorists and workers due to increased human-animal encounters during the construction phase of the proposed Project along the Yellowhead Highway;
• destruction or removal of food and medicinal plants during the construction phase of the proposed Project;
• contamination of harvested plants from vegetation management for the proposed Project;
• potential for a leak or spill into Wabamun Lake, and longer-term concerns about risks to drinking water and commercial and subsistence fisheries;
• unmarked burial sites outside Marlboro Cemetery, which may be in the Project Footprint;
• displacement of Métis families engaged in traditional and informal camping on Crown land during Project construction activities by outside workers and recreational users;
• changes in traffic patterns around Métis community dwellings in the Acoustic Environment RSA (i.e., 5 km), and associated localized increase in noise levels, air pollution, accident risk, and changes to access to residences and harvesting areas; and
• risks to human and ecological health related to the proximity of the proposed Project to an asbestos dump on an industrial property near the north shore of Wabamun Lake.
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6.0 REFERENCES Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2012. Community Profiles. Website: http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/index.aspx?lang=eng. Accessed: January 2013.
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2013. Registered Population. Website: http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=462 &lang=eng. Accessed: November 2013.
First Peoples’ Language Map of British Columbia. 2013. First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council. Website: http://maps.fphlcc.ca/. Accessed: January 2013
Government of Alberta. 2010. Sustaining the Subsistence Food Fishery and Conserving Fish Stocks for Future Generations: A Summary of Domestic Fishing Regulations in Alberta. Website: http://esrd.alberta.ca/fish-wildlife/fishing-hunting- trapping/documents/SummaryOfDomesticFishingRegsInAlberta-Feb11-2010.pdf. Accessed: November 2014.
Gunn Métis Local 55. n.d. Place-based Connections. Website: http://lacsteanneMétis.com/place-based- connections/. Accessed: November 2014.
Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. 2013. Kinder Morgan Canada First Nation Database. Accessed: August 2013.
Kwikwetlem First Nation. 2014. Kwikwetlem First Nation Interests as Related to Kinder Morgan Canada’s Proposed Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project in Kwikwetlem Territory.
Lower Nicola Indian Band. 2009. Lower Nicola Indian Band Community Profile. 50 pp.
Lower Nicola Indian Band. 2013. Lower Nicola Indian Band. Website: http://www.lnib.net/. Accessed: March 2013.
Lower Nicola Indian Band. 2014. Traditional Land Use Report. 121 pp.
Métis Nation of Alberta. 2014. Métis Nation of Alberta Affiliates. Website: http://www.albertaMétis.com/Affiliates.aspx. Accessed: November 2014.
Metro Vancouver. 2012. A Profile of First Nations, Tribal Councils, Treaty Groups and Associations with Interests within Metro Vancouver and Member Municipalities. Website: http://www.metrovancouver.org/region/aboriginal/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed: March 2013.
Quintessential Research Group Inc. 2014. Final Report – Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project on Yale First Nation. Prepared for Yale First Nation. Victoria, BC.
Statistics Canada. 2012. Census Profile. Website: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. Accessed: June 2013.
Statistics Canada. 2013. National Household Survey Profiles, 2011 National Household Survey. Website: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. Accessed: July 2013.
Stó:lō Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training. Stó:lō Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training. 2011. Website: http://www.saset.ca/. Accessed: May 2013.
Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. 2014. Gunn Métis Local 55 Land Use, Occupancy and Environmental Knowledge: Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project. 46 pp.
Yale First Nation. 2013. Yale First Nation. Website: http://www.yalefirstnation.ca/. Accessed: February 2013.
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