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Graphic/Descriptive Reports on Pine-Nut Gathering That Exis. in The

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Graphic/Descriptive Reports on Pine-Nut Gathering That Exis. in The 51 III. PINYON NUT GATHERING EQUIPMENT FROM THE VICINITY OF GARDNERVILLE, DOUGLAS COUNTY, NEVADA Colin I. Busby The materials described in this report were collected in the near vicinity of Gardnerville, Douglas County, Nevada during the late 1930's and early 1950's by R. F. Heizer. The basketry consists of three conical, twined, openwork burden baskets that were found cached in the branches of a pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla), 10 miles southeast of Gardnerville. The gathering hooks, of which three of a total of four are described here, along with several nondescript seed beaters, were collected in 1950 by members of a University of California Field Party in the Pine Nut Mountains east of Gardnerville. All the artifacts are believed to be of recent manufacture and their chief value lies in the fact that they are assignable to the ethnographic Washo Indians residing in the area (see Stewart 1966:196-203 for a discussion of the Washo territorial area). Since these are the only three burden baskets in the ethnographic collec- tions of the Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, known to have come from Washo territory, it was not possible to make an exhaustive comparison of attributes with other known Washo burden baskets of comparable function. However, a comparison was made with two other burden bas- kets from the S. A. Barrett collection in the Lowie Museum attributed to the Washo, although they were not collected in the Washo territory. A conical burden basket (LMA 1-10477) and an openwork burden basket (LMA 1-10493) were used for the comparison. Both are described as Washo by Barrett in the main museum catalogue. Except for the up to the right weft helix slant present on 1-10483, a pattern found in all Washo basketry where split and peeled shoots are used, the burden baskets are comparable in every way. Thus, on the basis of this limited comparative sample, their provenience in Washo territory and heir 6issizmilarity to known ethnographic Paiute basketry, these three burden baskets can be assigned to the Washo. The inferred uses of both the basketry and gathering hooks as part of the material culture of pinyon nut gathering, is based on both the use evidence present, especially in regards to the basketry, and on their direct association with the pinyon nut stands in the Pine Nut Mountains as well as on the ethno- graphic/descriptive reports on pine-nut gathering that exis. in the literature (see Coville:1892, Dutcher:1893, and Wheat:1967:29-39 among others for descrip- tions of the pine nut harvest). 52 DESCRIPTIONS LMA 1-39558 - Openwork, twined pinyon basket. Native Name and Classification - mama i - Burden basket - coarsely woven, plain twine technique (Barrett:1917 :20). Size - 63.5 cm high; 55.9 cm diameter at rim. Work Habit Features - Woven from point of base upward and rightward working on the exterior face. It is not possible to tell whether or not the strands were pulled to the front or back with each turn of the twining. Warp Material - Whole, peeled shoots. (Salix sp.). Average of 4mm thickness. Start - Simple layered crossing of 6 warp elements probably crossing 6 more elements and twined (over two) together. Much of the start destroyed by use. Warp Arrangement - Conical from the start. Warp Insertions - Butts sharpened with metal knife and wedged into weft rows so that they do not project on either face. Butt ends project 10-15mm below top row of twining turn. Degree of Warp Slant - 6 to the left of vertical (slightly more pronounced in upper portion of basket). Warp Selvage - Warp ends trimmed flush with last row of twining; probably trimmed and reworked when 'new' rim added. Onto this a semi-peeled shoot hoop, 9.0 mm thick, (Salix sp.) is lashed (up to the right slant). Weft Material - Whole, peeled roots. (Salix sp.). Average of 2.5 mm thick. Main Contruction Weave - Plain twining over single warp elements. Auxiliary Weave - Plain twining over two warp elements for 12.7 cm up from base of half-split non-peeled shoots (Salix sp.). Slant of Turns in Weft Helix - Main = Down to the right. Auxiliary = Up to the right. Spacing of Weft Rows - Openwork. Space between rows varies from 45-50 mm. Splices - Moving and fag ends both trimmed on work face. Two types of splices present. In the more common one, the fag end is caught under a turn of the twining on the work face with the end projecting down; moving ends continue 53 doubled up with the new strand until used up. In a few cases, the moving end is trimmed on the work face after being caught under the second turn of twining after the fag end appears. Weft Turn Count - 14.0 - 16.0 weft turns per 10.0 cm. 3.0 weft courses per 10.0 cm. Decoration - None. Superstructural Supports - 1. Hoop of partially peeled shoot (Salix sp.) lashed on to rim. 2. Interior hoop, 7.0 mm thick, of partially peeled shoot (Salix sp.) lashed on to interior, 23.5 cm. down from rim, with half-split, unpeeled shoots (Salix sp.) (up to the right slant). 3. Cloth strip for carrying basket tied to hoop rim support at two points 56.0 cm apart. 4. Leather thong (on outside) tied to interior rim. 5. Base - covered with a piece of leather (boot remnant) and lashed onto basket with a leather thong. Use Evidence - Small globules of pitch of Pinus mgnophyLla (?) on interior of basket. Basket heavily used - mended in many places due to breaking of warp and weft elements. Mending consists of simple lashing of broken elements together with either whole or half split unpeeled shoots (Salix sp.). Rim is pulled loose in some places and is semi-detached. From a comparison with the other burden baskets studied and with other specimens present in the Lowie Museum collections, it appears that the original selvage of this piece has been trimmed and a new hoop rim lashed on. Dawson (personal communication) indicates that it was customary for a new rim to be fitted if the previous one had been broken through hard usage, and in this particular specimen, this appears to have been the case. LMA 1-39559 - Openwork, twined pinyon basket. Native Name and Classification - mama i - Burden basket - coarsely woven, plain twined technique (Barrett:1917:20). Size - 71.0 cm high; 62.9 cm diameter at rim. Work Habit Features - Woven from point of base upward and rightward working on the exterior face. It is not possible to tell whether or not the strands were pulled to the front or back with each turn of the twining. Warp Material - Whole, peeled shoots. (Salix sp.). Average of 5.0 mm thick. 54 Start - Simple layered crossing of 6 warp (?) elements crossing 6 more (?) and twined (over two) together. Much of the start destroyed by use. Warp Arrangement - Conical from the start. Warp Insertions - Butts sharpened with a metal knife and wedged into weft rows so that they do not project one ither face. Butt ends project 13-16 mm below top of twining turn. Degree of Warp Slant - 8 to the left of vertical (slightly more pronounced in upper portion of basket). Warp Selvage - The warp ends are bunched together either into groups of two or three, with three being the more common arrangement. Usually one of the elements in each grouping is trimmed flush, 4.7-5.2 cms above the last row of twining and the element or elements remaining is then bent down to the right and plain twined a few turns with an up to the right slant around the group of elements ahead and to the right. Those warps that serve as wefts in the selvage end up trimmed on the exterior side of the basket, tips pointing downward. This, process is repeated util all the warps have been so treated. (Process is similar to that illustrated in Barrett:1917:19). Onto this, a peeled shoot hoop (Salix sp. ), 11.0 mm thick is lashed (up to the right slant). Weft Material - Whole, peeled roots. ( Salix sp.). Average of 3.0 mm thick. Main Construction Weave - Plain twining over single warp elements. Auxiliary Weave - Plain twining over two warp elements for 2.5 cm up from base of half split, non-peeled shoots (Sa)4x sp.). Slant of Turns in Weft Helix - Main = Down to the right. Auxiliary = Up to the right. Spacing of Weft Rows - Openwork. Space between rows varies from 44-47 mm. Splices - Moving and fag ends trimmed on work face. Two types of splices pre- sent. In the more common one, the fag end is caught under a turn of the twin- ing on the work face with the end projecting down; moving ends continue doubled up with the new strand until used up. In a few cases, the moving end is trimmed on the work face after being caught under the second turn of twining after the fag end appears. Weft Turn Count - 14.0 - 16.0 weft turns per 10.0 cm. 3.0 weft courses per 10.0 cm. Decoration - None. 55 Superstructural Supports - 1. Hoop of peeled shoot (Salix sp.) lashed on to rim. 2. Interior hoop, 11.0 mm thick, of peeled shoot (Salix sp.), lashed on to interior, 23.5 cm down from rim, with half split unpeeled shoots (Salix sp.) (up to the right slant). 3. Two leather thongs (on outside) tied to interior rim and placed 34.0 cm apart. Joining these is a piece of canvas webbing approximately 72.0 cm long.
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