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A New and Unusual Species of Hericium (Basidiomycota: Russulales, Hericiaceae) from the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon

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A New and Unusual Species of Hericium (Basidiomycota: Russulales, Hericiaceae) from the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon A new and unusual species of Hericium (Basidiomycota: Russulales, Hericiaceae) from the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon Blaise Jumbam, Danny Haelewaters, Rachel A. Koch, Bryn T. M. Dentinger, Terry W. Henkel & M. Catherine Aime Mycological Progress ISSN 1617-416X Volume 18 Number 10 Mycol Progress (2019) 18:1253-1262 DOI 10.1007/s11557-019-01530-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Mycological Progress (2019) 18:1253–1262 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01530-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A new and unusual species of Hericium (Basidiomycota: Russulales, Hericiaceae) from the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon Blaise Jumbam1 & Danny Haelewaters1 & Rachel A. Koch1 & Bryn T. M. Dentinger2 & Terry W. Henkel3 & M. Catherine Aime1 Received: 2 May 2019 /Revised: 25 September 2019 /Accepted: 28 September 2019 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Tropical rainforests form the most species-rich biome on the earth. The Dja Biosphere Reserve (DBR) in Cameroon is a biodiverse tropical forest characterized in part by upland monodominant stands of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Gilbertiodendron dewevrei and ECM Uapaca spp. scattered along river banks. This mostly primary Guineo-Congolian ever- green forest harbors natural populations of large megafauna and numerous plant and fungal species. Studies have indicated that some ECM fungal groups of the large order Russulales are abundant in certain localities in the tropics, including the DBR. However, currently, other predominantly wood-decaying families of Russulales are poorly represented in Africa. For example, only three records of the saprotrophic genus Hericium (Russulales, Hericiaceae) are known from the African continent. Here, we describe a new species of Hericium recently collected from the DBR. Morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses support placement of the Cameroonian collection in Hericium and its recognition as a new species within a larger H. coralloides species complex. The new species, H. bembedjaense, differs from H. coralloides in its smaller basidiospores (2.6– 3.0 × 1.7–2.2 μmcomparedto3.5–5.0 × 2.8–4.2 μm) and longer basidia (up to 27.0 μmcomparedto15.0μm). It differs from all other described Hericium species in the production of pleurocystidia. This is the first species of Hericiaceae known from sub- Saharan lowland tropical evergreen forests. This study highlights the need to increase fungal sampling in species-rich tropical forests such as those of the Congo Basin. Keywords Africa . rDNA systematics . Russulales . Taxonomy . Wood rot fungi Introduction Congo Basin. The DBR is exceptionally biodiverse (Hill and Hill 2001) with more than 90% of the forest area still in a Tropical rainforests form the most species-rich biome on natural state (Betti 2004). It consists mostly of primary ever- earth, harboring over 50% of species on just 7% of the land green forest that supports natural populations of large mega- area (Hill and Hill 2001; Wilson 1988). The Dja Biosphere fauna as well as various plant and fungal species (Sonké and Reserve (DBR) in the Central African region covers an area of Couvreur 2014; Verbeken et al. 2008). The reserve is more than 500,000 km2 (Carson et al. 2018) and is an integral surrounded by 36 villages spread around the buffer zones. part of the dense Guineo-Congolian forest encompassing the More than 6000 people live in these villages including the indigenous Baka (Carson et al. 2018). Within the reserve are Section Editor: Zhu-Liang Yang patches of forests dominated by a few ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species—Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Fabaceae subfam. * Blaise Jumbam Detarioideae) and some Uapaca spp. (Phyllanthaceae)— [email protected] scattered along the river banks (Castellano et al. 2016). Various studies have been conducted to document fungal 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West diversity within tropical forests around the world (e.g., Berndt Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2012; Cornejo et al. 1994;Henkeletal.2012;Piepenbring 2 Natural History Museum of Utah & School of Biological Sciences, et al. 2012). Some of these studies have indicated that, locally, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA the Russulaceae (Russulales) can be the most abundant group 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, of ECM macrofungi (Smith et al. 2017; Verbeken and Arcata, CA 95521, USA Walleyn 2010; Zhou and Dai 2013). Verbeken et al. (2008) Author's personal copy 1254 Mycol Progress (2019) 18:1253–1262 revealed that Lactifluus (Pers.) Roussel and Russula Pers. the genus (Das et al. 2011, 2013; Hallenberg et al. (Russulaceae) were the dominant ECM macrofungal genera 2013). Most of the known species of Hericium have been in a G. dewevrei monodominant Guineo-Congolian rainforest described from higher latitude ecosystems of the of Central Africa. In the Guiana Shield, the Russulaceae were Americas and Eurasia. Presently, there are 26 accepted also abundant in a long-term study in monodominant forests species of Hericium (Index Fungorum 2019), all docu- of ECM Dicymbe (Henkel et al. 2012; Miller et al. 2012; mented from temperate North and South America, Asia, Smith et al. 2017). In contrast, few tropical studies have re- Europe, Australia, and Africa (Tunisia alone) (Boddy vealed representatives of saprotrophic Russulales. In temper- et al. 2011; Fraiture and Otto 2015;Ginns1985; ate regions, saprotrophic species such as members of Hallenberg et al. 2013; Kalucka and Olariaga Ibarguren Hericiaceae can be important both during wood decay and n.d.; Ouali et al. 2018). Thus far, no reports are known as causal agents of white rot of hardwood and coniferous trees from the sub-Saharan lowland tropical evergreen forests. (Boddy et al. 2011; Das et al. 2011;Hallenbergetal.2013). Here, we describe a new species of Hericium from the Dja Hericium Pers. (Hericiaceae) is a dentate and coralloid ba- Biosphere Reserve in Cameroon. We provide morphological, sidiomycete genus. Ecologically, members are white rotters. molecular phylogenetic, ecological, and geographic data to But, importantly, many species within the genus are important support recognition of the new species. as sources of food (Hallenberg et al. 2013) and medicinals (e.g., Mori et al. 2008; Pegler 2003; Thongbai et al. 2015)that have a long history of traditional use (e.g., Khan et al. 2013; Materials and methods Ramberg et al. 2010). For example, several species such as H. erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., H. flagellum (Scop.) Pers., and Field collections H. coralloides (Scop.: Fr) Pers. are cultivated for food and production of beneficial secondary metabolites. Active com- Basidiomata were collected in Cameroon during the April– pounds (hericenones, hericene, hericerine, erinacines, en- May early rainy season of 2018 from the Dja Biosphere zymes, etc.) isolated from members of the genus are useful Reserve, Northwest Sector, near the village of Somalomo. in therapeutic treatments because they have negligible side Specifically, the study site is in the Upper Dja River Basin, effects in patients, unlike chemotherapeutic medication within a 2-km radius of a base camp located at 3° 21′ 29.8″ N (Thongbai et al. 2015). These extracts also contain anti- 12° 43′ 46.9″ E, 650 m a.s.l., in forests dominated by bacterial and anti-aging properties (Kim et al. 2000, 2012; Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Peh et al. 2014). Descriptions of Wittstein et al. 2016;Xuetal.2010) as well as the ability to macromorphological features were made from freshly collect- prevent the Crohn’s disease (Abdulla et al. 2008;Wongetal. ed basidiomata in the field. Colors were compared with plates 2013). Hericium compounds are being used in the prevention in the Online Auction Color Chart (Online Auction Color and treatment of diabetes and various types of cancers (Kim Chart Co 2004). Fresh specimens were photographed in situ et al. 2011, 2013;Maetal.2012;Yangetal.2003). In cancer and in the field camp. Basidiomata were dried in the field patients, Hericium secondary compounds enhance immune using silica gel. The holotype collection is deposited at PUL responses by increasing their CD4 T cells, which are cytotoxic (Kriebel Herbarium, Purdue University); an isotype is depos- to tumor cells (Liu et al. 2000) and seem to increase the life ited at YA (National Herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé). span (Ying et al. 1987). Many supplements for cognitive brain Photomicrographs were taken with an Olympus SC30 function and memory improvement contain compounds camera mounted on an Olympus BH2 bright field com- from Hericium (Obara and Nakahata 2002;Rupcicetal. pound microscope (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan) using 2018)andcouldbeusedinthetreatmentofAlzheimer’s cellSens 1.18 imaging software. disease (Allen and Dawbarn 2006;Prineetal.2014). Micromorphological features were observed from Finally, Hericium is a model for bio-transforming active rehydrated sections of specimens. For basidia, cystidia, plant material (Thongbai et al. 2015). basidiospores, sterigmata, and hyphal features, rehydrated Among species of Hericium, variations of micromor- tissue was mounted in water, 3% KOH or Melzer’sre- phological characters can be very subtle, even when con- agent, and at least 20 individuals were measured. Line sidering specimens from different geographic regions drawings of basidiospores were made using tracing paper (Hallenberg et al.
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