Initial Environmental Examination (Main Report – Part 3 of 7)
Project Number: 54211-001 March 2021 Document Stage: Draft
Viet Nam: Lotus Wind Power Project
Prepared by ERM Vietnam for Lien Lap Wind Power Joint Stock Company, Phong Huy Wind Power Joint Stock Company, and Phong Nguyen Wind Power Joint Stock Company as a requirement of the Asian Development Bank.
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DRAFT INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION BIODIVERSITY BASELINE Phong Nguyen Wind Farm Project
Figure 8.2 Protected Areas Surrounding Project Area
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8.7 Endemic Bird Areas An Endemic Bird Area (EBA) is an area to which at least two restricted range bird species (species with extent of occurrence (EOO) of ≤ 50,000 km2) are entirely confined (BirdLife International 2020). Vietnam has a total of seven EBAs. The Annamese Lowlands EBA overlaps the Project Area. The Annamese Lowlands EBA covers the lowland and foothills of north-central Vietnam (southern Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thu-Thien Hue province) and part of adjacent central Laos. The natural vegetation of the EBA is lowland evergreen forest, with smaller areas of limestone forest. However, a large proportion of the EBA has been deforested, and majority of the remaining natural vegetation is highly fragmented. There are 16 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are within the Annamese Lowlands EBA (Table 8.5 and Figure 8.3).
Figure 8.3 IBAs in Annamese Lowlands EBA20
20 Birdlife International. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/139 Accessed: 20 July 2020
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Table 8.5 IBAs within the Annamese Lowlands EBA
No. BA Code Site Name Country
1 LA026 Khammouan Limestone Laos
2 LA017 Upper Xe Bangfai Laos
3 LA018 Hin Namno Laos
4 LA023 Eastern Bolikhamxay Mountains Laos
5 LA025 Nakai-Nam Theun Laos
6 VN041 Truong Son Vietnam
7 VN019 Ke Go Vietnam
8 VN021 Phong Dien Vietnam
9 VN022 Vu Quang Vietnam
10 VN026 Bach Ma Vietnam
11 VN031 Dakrong Vietnam
12 VN034 Cuc Phong Vietnam
13 VN035 Khe Net Vietnam
14 VN039 Phong Nha Vietnam
15 VN040 Ke Bang Vietnam
16 VN042 Pu Mat Vietnam
Dakrong Important Bird Area is located 28 km to the southeast of the Project Area. The IBA which is 40,526 ha, is the southern part of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The common habitat in Dakrong IBA is forest and shrubland. Bird species of conservation significance inhabiting Dakrong proposed nature reserve include Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) [IUCN CR, VNRB EN], Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata) [IUCN EN].
In 1996, Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) was rediscovered in Phong My commune, Thua Thien Hue province, and in Huong Hoa commune, Quang Tri province. In December 1997, at least four specimens were trapped in Ba Long commune, Quang Tri province.
One juvenile male Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) was captured at Dakrong in February 2000 (Birdlife International., 2020).
Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata) is endemic to South-East Asia. The nominate subspecies occurs along the Annamite mountain chain in central and southern Vietnam and neighbouring eastern Laos, south to the Da Lat Plateau in southern VietnamIUCN ( Redlist, 2020). Truong Son IBA is 29.5 km away from the Project Area. The IBAhich w is 50,000ha, in the northwest part of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA). Similarto Dakrong IBA, the common habitat in Truong Son IBA is forest and shrubland. The typical species in Truong Son IBA is the Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata) [IUCN EN].
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8.8 Vietnam Forest Classifications Vietnam’s forests can be categorized into three categories (Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, 2009), namely special use, production and protection under the Law on Protection and Development of Forest of the National Assembly (Forest Law) (The REDD Desk, 2004):
Protection forest: Protection forests are used mainly to protect water sources and land, prevent erosion and desertification, restrict natural calamities and regulate climate, thus contributing to environmental protection. Protection forest may include (1) headwater protection forests; (2) wind- and sand-shielding protection forests; (3) protection forests for tide shielding and sea encroachment prevention; and (4) protection forests for environmental protection.
Special-use forest: Special-use forests, which are used mainly for conservation of nature, specimens of the national forest ecosystems and forest biological gene sources; for scientific research; protection of historical and cultural relics as well as landscapes; in service of recreation and tourism in combination with protection, contributing to environmental protection. Special-use forest may include (1) national parks; (2) nature conservation zones; (3) landscape protection areas; and (4) scientific research and experiment forests.
Production forest: Production forests are used mainly for production and trading of timber and non- timber forest products in combination with protection, contributing to environmental protection, including (1) natural production forests; (2) planted production forests; (3) seeding forests, including the selected and recognized planted forests and natural forests. The production forest and protection forest associated with Project area are illustrated in Figure 8.4. This forest is under management of People's Committee of Quang Tri.
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Figure 8.4 The Location of Protection Forest
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8.9 Species of Conservation Interest The IBAT database was used to identify potential critical habitat species (Critically Endangered, Endangered species, and Restricted Range species) within the Study Area in order to assess against the thresholds for Critical Habitat Criterion 1 (Critically Endangered and/or Endangered species), Criterion 2 (Endemic or restricted-range species) and Criterion 3 (Migratory or congregatory species). The complete IBAT risk screen report (dated 7 May 2020) is shown in Appendix C.
8.9.1 Threatened Species Threatened species are identified by screening from IBAT database as those classified on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Red List defines threatened species as those listed as being Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU). CR and EN species are considered to be at a heightened risk of extinction and are awarded an elevated level of consideration under IFC PS6. These species are candidates for screening against Critical Habitat Criterion 1. Vulnerable species are also considered under Criterion 1 where the Project impacts may impact the species to an extent as to warrant the species’ reclassification as either CR or EN. Threatened species that have been identified within the Study Area are listed in Table 8.6.
Table 8.6 Threatened Species Identified within the Study Area
N Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Vietnam Class Name o. Red List Red Data Book
1 Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile CR CR Reptilia
2 Indotestudo elongata Elongated Tortoise CR EN Reptilia
3 Manis javanica Sunda Pangolin CR EN Mammalia
4 Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin CR EN Mammalia
5 Pseudoryx Saola CR EN Mammalia nghetinhensis
6 Muntiacus Large-antlered CR NL Mammalia vuquangensis Muntjac
7 Cuora bourreti Bourret's Box Turtle CR NL Reptilia
8 Gyps bengalensis White-rumped Vulture CR CR Aves
9 Sarcogyps calvus Red-headed Vulture CR NL Aves
10 Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted CR NL Aves Bunting
11 Gyps tenuirostris Slender-billed Vulture CR DD Aves
12 Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasant CR EN Aves
13 Panthera pardus ssp. Indochinese Leopard CR NL Mammalia delacouri
14 Chrotogale owstoni Owston's Civet EN NL Mammalia
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N Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Vietnam Class Name o. Red List Red Data Book
15 Cuon alpinus Dhole EN EN Mammalia
16 Elephas maximus Asian Elephant EN CR Mammalia
17 Panthera tigris Tiger EN NL Mammalia
18 Nomascus gabriellae Red-cheeked Gibbon EN EN Mammalia
19 Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked Douc CR NL Mammalia Langur
19 Trachypithecus Indochinese Lutung EN NL Mammalia germaini
20 Nomascus siki Southern White- EN NL Mammalia cheeked Gibbon
21 Trachypithecus Hatinh Langur EN EN Mammalia hatinhensis
22 Nesolagus timminsi Annamite Striped EN NL Mammalia Rabbit
23 Viverra megaspila Large-spotted Civet EN VU Mammalia
24 Cuora mouhotii Keeled Box Turtle EN NL Reptilia
25 Protobothrops Three Horned-scaled EN NL Reptilia sieversorum Pitviper
26 Rheinardia ocellata Crested Argus EN NL Aves
27 Pavo muticus Green Peafowl EN NL Aves
28 Sterna acuticauda Black-bellied Tern EN NL Aves
29 Lonchura oryzivora Java Sparrow EN NL Aves
30 Calostoma insigne EN NL Agaricomycetes
31 Bos gaurus Gaur VU EN Mammalia
32 Panthera pardus Leopard VU CR Mammalia
33 Ursus thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear VU EN Mammalia
34 Arctictis binturong Binturong VU EN Mammalia
35 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra VU CR Reptilia
36 Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU CR Aves
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N Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Vietnam Class Name o. Red List Red Data Book
37 Petaurista elegans Spotted Giant Flying LC OR EN Mammalia Squirrel LR/LC
38 Theloderma corticale Tonkin Bug-eyed Frog LC OR EN Amphibia LR/LC
39 Rhacophorus kio Black-webbed LC OR EN Amphibia Treefrog LR/LC
40 Varanus salvator Common Water LC OR EN Reptilia Monitor LR/LC
41 Python reticulatus Reticulated Python LC OR CR Reptilia LR/LC
42 Nettapus Cotton Pygmy-goose LC OR EN Aves coromandelianus LR/LC
43 Pica pica Eurasian Magpie LC OR EN Aves LR/LC Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL : Not Listed
Source: IBAT, 2020
8.9.2 Restricted Range Species According to IFC PS6, restricted range species are defined as species with a limited extent of occurrence (EOO):
For terrestrial vertebrates and plants, restricted-range species are defined as those species that have an EOO less than 50,000 square kilometres (km2).
For marine systems, restricted-range species are provisionally being considered those with an EOO of less than 100,000km2.
For coastal, riverine, and other aquatic species in habitats that do not exceed 200 km width at any point (for example, rivers), restricted range is defined as having a global range of less than or equal to 500 km linear geographic span (i.e., the distance between occupied locations furthest apart). There are 25 restricted range species has been identified within the Study Area after screening from IBAT database (Table 8.7). These species are candidates for screening against Critical Habitat Criterion 2.
Table 8.7 Restricted Range Species
S/N Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Red Vietnam Class List Redbook
1 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR EN Mammalia
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S/N Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Red Vietnam Class List Redbook
2 Hipposideros scutinares Shield-nosed Leaf- VU NL Mammalia nosed Bat
3 Trachypithecus hatinhensis Hatinh Langur EN EN Mammalia
4 Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasant CR EN Aves
5 Nomascus siki Southern White- EN NL Mammalia cheeked Gibbon
6 Nesolagus timminsi Annamite Striped EN NL Mammalia Rabbit
7 Lycodon paucifasciatus Rendahl's Wolf VU NL Reptilia Snake
8 Bungarus slowinskii Red River Krait VU NL Reptilia
9 Garrulax konkakinhensis Chestnut-eared VU NL Aves Laughingthrush
10 Quasipaa verrucospinosa NT OR NL Amphibia LR/NT
11 Leptobrachium banae LC OR NL Amphibia LR/LC
12 Leptobrachella tuberosa LC OR NL Amphibia LR/LC
13 Amolops spinapectoralis LC OR NL Amphibia LR/LC
14 Odorrana absita LC OR NL Amphibia LR/LC
15 Odorrana orba LC OR NL Amphibia LR/LC
16 Takydromus hani South-east Asian LC OR NL Reptilia Green Grass Lizard LR/LC
17 Stachyris herberti Sooty Babbler LC OR VU Aves LR/LC
18 Nok hualon Bare-faced Bulbul LC OR NL Aves LR/LC
19 Acanthosaura nataliae LC OR NL Reptilia LR/LC
20 Theloderma truongsonense DD NL Amphibia
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S/N Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Red Vietnam Class List Redbook
21 Hylomys megalotis Long-eared DD NL Mammalia Gymnure
22 Planaeschna viridis DD NL Insecta
23 Emoia laobaoense Bourret's Emo DD NL Reptilia Skink
24 Cnemaspis laoensis Lao Rock Gecko DD NL Reptilia
25 Leptoseps poilani DD NL Reptilia
Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concer; NL : Not Listed
Source: IBAT, 2020
8.9.3 Migratory and/or Congregatory Species Species classified as migratory and/or congregatory were identified by screening using the IBAT database, the relevant BirdLife International database and IUCN species profiles. They are listed in order to assess against the thresholds for critical habitat Criterion 3 (Migratory and/or congregatory species). 171 migratory species were identified as candidates, as shown in Appendix C.
8.9.4 Species Identified from Desktop Conservation significant species were also identified using other datasets to diversify the source of information. Specifically, three reliable biodiversity databases were used to obtain information regarding the potential occurrences of conservation species including:
Occurrence database of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (available at: https://www.gbif.org/); and
Occurrence database of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology (https://ebird.org/). According to GBIF database, there are 166 bird species and 10 bat species recorded within the Study Area (see Appendix E). Of these species, there are 31 conservation significant species including five (5) avian fauna species, one (1) fish species, 18 flora species and seven (7) mammal species (Table 8.8). For eBird database, there are 214 avian fauna records within the Study Area (see Appendix F). Of these records, there is only one (1) conservation significant, which was the Crested Argus (Rheinardia Ocellata) [IUCN EN].
Table 8.8 Significance Conservation Species base on GBIF Database
No Species Scientific Name Common name IUCN Vietnam Red . Data Book
1 Bird Urocissa whiteheadi Hainan Magpie EN NL
2 Bird Rheinardia ocellata Crested Argus EN NL
3 Bird Chloropsis Javan Leafbird EN NL cochinchinensis
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No Species Scientific Name Common name IUCN Vietnam Red . Data Book
4 Bird Lophura edwardsi Edward’s Pheasant CR EN
5 Bird Pavo muticus Green Peafowl EN NL
6 Flora Madhuca pasquieri VU EN
7 Flora Fernandoa adenophylla NL VU
8 Flora Pterocarpus macrocarpus Burma Padauk EN EN
9 Flora Knema mixta VU NL
10 Flora Calamus poilanei NL EN
11 Flora Oryza rufipogon Wild Rice LC VU
12 Flora Magnolia rufibarbata EN NL
13 Flora Ixodonerium annamense NL VU
14 Flora Castanopsis ferox NL VU
15 Flora Lithocarpus fenestratus LC VU
16 Flora Lithocarpus vestitus NL EN
17 Flora Castanopsis lecomtei NL VU
18 Flora Castanopsis hystrix NL VU
19 Flora Murraya glabra NL VU
20 Flora Musa coccinea Okinawa Torch EN NL
21 Flora Cinnamomum Martaban Camphor Wood LC CR parthenoxylon
22 Flora Horsfieldia longiflora VU NL
23 Mamma Hipposideros scutinares Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed VU NL l Bat
24 Mamma Rhinolophus thomasi Thomas's Horseshoe Bat LC VU l
25 Mamma Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR EN l
26 Mamma Nycticebus coucang Greater Slow Loris EN NL l
27 Mamma Trachypithecus cristatus Silvered Langur VU NL l
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No Species Scientific Name Common name IUCN Vietnam Red . Data Book
28 Mamma Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin CR EN l
29 Mamma Tragulus javanicus Java Mousedeer DD VU l Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concer; NL : Not Listed
8.9.5 Species Identified Literature Review Flora: A systematic review of literature sources revealed no relevant information on flora diversity of the Huong Tan commune. However, there were various publications on flora diversity of the Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve and Quang Tri province. Mahood & Tran (2008) studied plant diversity at Bac Huong Hoa Natural Reserve and reported 25 threatened species both at national and global scale (Table 8.9). Xuyen et al. (2016) recorded 129 species of ferns and fern allies. In addition, various new- to-science plant species have been recently described in the Bac Huong Hoa-Dakrong corridor, as mentioned in Xuyen et al. (2016); Xu et al. (2018) and Cai et al. (2020).
Table 8.9 Threatened Plant Species at Bac Huong Hoa Natural Reserve Reported by Mahood, S. P. and Tran Van Hung (2008)
ID Scientific name IUCN Red List (2020) Vietnam Red Data book (2007)
1 Amoora dasyclada NL VU
2 Anoectochilus cetaceus NL EN
3 Aquilaria crassna CR EN
4 Ardisia silvestris NL VU
5 Asarum balansae NL EN
6 Cephalotaxus manii VU VU
7 Chukrasia tabularis NL VU
8 Cinnamomum balansae EN VU
9 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon DD CR
10 Cirsium japonicum NL VU
11 Coscinium fenestratum NL VU
12 Croton touranensis VU VU
13 Dendrobium amabile NL EN
14 Dendrobium farmeri NL VU
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ID Scientific name IUCN Red List (2020) Vietnam Red Data book (2007)
15 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus NL VU
16 Dipterocarpus hasseltii CR CR
17 Dipterocarpus kerrii NL CR
18 Erythrophleum fordii NL EN
19 Fagerlindia depauperata NL VU
20 Lithocarpus fenestratus NL VU
21 Lithocarpus haemispherica NL VU
22 Madhuca pasquieri NL EN
23 Melientha suavis NL VU
24 Paramichelia baillonii NL VU
25 Strychnos ignatii NL VU Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL: Not Listed
Non-volant mammalian fauna: There are 33 records of conservation significant species in Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, which includes:
Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygatthrix nemaeus) [IUCN CR];
Northern White-cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) [IUCN CR]; and
Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) [IUCN CR, VNRB EN]. Remarkably, the Saola is believed to occur in both Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve (Thai et al. 2013) and Dakrong Nature Reserve (Manh ND, 2009). Many endangered large mammals such as Large- antlered Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) [IUCN CR] and the Annamite MuntjacMuntiacus ( truongsonensis) [IUCN DD, VNRB DD] are believed to occur in the region. The primate diversity in both Bac Huong Hoa and Dakrong Nature Reserve is considered significant. There are nine (9) records of primate species (three (3) families) that were found in the Bac Huong Hoa- Dakrong corridor (Thanh et al. n.d., 2018)(Table 8.10). Of these species, eight (8) are listed as conservation significant species (lowest ranking was VU) by the IUCN Red List (2020). The Red-shanked Douc Langur and Northern White-cheeked Gibbon are both listed as CR species in IUCN Red List and have been targeted by multiple conservation campaigns (Mittermeier et al. 2010; Nadler 2010; Rawson et al. 2011). These species are not restricted-range species or endemic species. With repected to Saola, consultation with ecologists has experience in the area (Mr. Robert Timmins from Saola Working Group, Mr. Nguyen Hoai Bao, Ms. Nguyen Thi Anh Minh, Mr. Nguyen The Truong An) indicated that species is unlikely to utilize the habitat within the EAAA. As consulting: “It is extremely unlikely that any individuals could survive within the EAAA. There is perhaps a slightly higher probability, however still very unlikely probability, that Saola could occur in the tenuously connected forest block across the border in Lao. There have never been any verified or even highly likely reports of Saola from any of these areas.”
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Table 8.10 Eight Primate Species Recorded in Bac Huong Hoa - Dakrong
ID Scientific name IUCN Red List Vietnam Red Data book
1 Amoora dasyclada NL VU
2 Anoectochilus cetaceus NL EN
3 Aquilaria crassna CR EN
4 Ardisia silvestris NL VU
5 Asarum balansae NL EN
6 Cephalotaxus manii VU VU
7 Chukrasia tabularis NL VU
8 Cinnamomum balansae EN VU Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL: Not Listed
Bat fauna: Dang Ngoc Can et al., 2008; Kruskop, 2013; Manh et al., 2009; Ngo Kim Thai et al, 2013; Vuong Tan Tu, 2013 has indicated that almost nothing is known about bat diversity in the former protected area. Whereas bat records in Bac Huong Hoa and Dakrong Nature Reserves consist of at least 55 bat species. Among these records, six species are currently considered nationally threatened species based on Vietnam Red Data Book (MOST, 2007). of the species only the Shield-nosed Leaf- nosed Bat (Hipposideros scutinares) is considered threatened (Vulnerable) in accordance with the IUCN Redlist (IUCN, 2020) as it is only known from a few locations within the Annamite Range, the population is small and projected to decline at a rate of 10%ver othe next 15 years (Furey et al., 2019). In addition, two species have been categorised as “DD - dataficient" de in the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2020) as little or no information is available on their abundance and distribution. While four (4) other species have not yet having been assessed by theIUCN as they were either recently described or are being re-evaluated by their species rank. Avian fauna: the Project is about 24 km west from Dakrong Nature Reserve,hich w is recognized internationally as an IBA (Tordoff 2002; Birdlife International 2020). According to Birdlife International (2020), Dakrong Nature Reserve is a part of the Annamese Lowlands EBA that shelters various endemic bird species such as the Vietnam PheasantLophura ( edwardsi) [IUCN CR]. Trai et al. (2005) recorded 217 bird species of 48 families, 16 orders in Dakrong Nature Reserve. Many of the bird species can cover the 24 km distance from the Project area to Dakrong Nature Reserve with ease. Birds may also migrate short distances between the Dakrong Nature Reserve and the Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, thus passing through the Project area. Herpetofauna: few herpetofauna studies had been conducted in the surrounding areas. According to the latest paper of ‘herpetofauna in the North Central Vietnam’, a Vietnamese document (Hoang Ngoc Thao et al., 2020) and in the ‘A collection of amphibians and reptiles from Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve’ (Nguyen et al. 2016), 36 amphibian species and 77 reptilian species were recorded in the Quang Tri province. At least one (1) species that was new-to-science has been described at the Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve (Orlov & Ho 2005). According to Nguyen et al. (2016), the Impressed Tortoise (Manouria impressa) [IUCN VU] and the Big-headed TurtlePlatysternon ( megacephalum) [IUCN EN] should be the priority for herpetofauna conservationin Bac Huong Hoa area.
8.10 Invasive Species Invasive species are non-native species to a particular ecosystem and whose introduction and spread causes, or are likely to cause, socio-cultural, economic, environmental harm or harm to human health. These species become naturalized in their introduced range, and often reproduce in large numbers and spread over a large area. This can result in competition and damage to native species.
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Invasive species have the capacity to exacerbate their role in ecosystem degradation through combination threats by habitat change, climate change, over-exploitation of ecosystem resources and pollution. These further enhance their threat to biodiversity and human health. According to the Global Invasive Species Database21, Vietnam is home to 131 invasive species, of which 102 are terrestrial species and 29 are aquatic species (freshwater and marine). The list of invasive species in Vietnam are shown in Appendix G. The invasive species recorded during field surveys are listed in Section 8.13.2.1
8.11 Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis In accordance with PS6 an Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis (EAAA) for analysis should be identified to determine the presence of critical habitat for each species. This is the area of analysis to assess the applicability of the critical habitat criteria and thresholds. PS6 notes when defining the boundaries the following aspects should be considered: distribution of the species or ecosystems, ecological patterns, processes, features, and functions that are necessary for maintaining them. The Study Area contains one key ecosystem which is renowned as the terrestrial environment. The majority of candidate species aligned with ecosystems within EAAA have been defined for this assessment (Table 8.11). The EAAA was defined based on the existing Project Area, the surrounding environmental condition, surrounding land uses, likely conservation significant species present (particularly mammals and terrestrial reptiles), main habitat types for critical habitat candidate species, natural barriers and existing anthropogenic impacts. The EAAA possesses a range of land class types including forests and agriculture areas which are scattered throughout the area. The EAAA is estimated to cover approximately 2,245 ha (Figure 8.5). The identified candidate species groups, main habitat types associated with these species, and type of EAAA that these habitat types have been included in are outlined below in Table 8.11.
Table 8.11 Candidate Species Habitat Requirements and EAAA
No. Identified candidate species EAAA Comment on inclusion/exclusion of groups habitat type
1. Migratory birds; resident birds, Forest and The area within and surrounding the Project forest dwelling herpetofauna and scrub land boundary contains tall evergreen and semi- mammals, native flora evergreen forest, which could be used by candidate species assessed.
2. Migratory birds; resident birds Agricultural and The area within and surrounding the Project cleared land boundary contains cleared and cultivated areas, which may be used by candidate species assessed.
21 GISD, 2019. Available at: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/. Accessed: 01 April 2020
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Figure 8.5 Ecologically Appropriate Area of the Project
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8.12 Project Area Habitat Type
8.12.1 Land Classification Landsat 8 satellite image with resolution 30m per pixel was used to calculate the normalised differential vegetation index (NDVI) of the Study Area, which was subsequently used to determine the vegetation cover. Calculated NDVI resulted in a raster output with each pixel assigned a value from -1 to 1, where values within -1 to 0 range are unlikely vegetation cover and values within 0 to 1 represent vegetation cover. The healthier vegetation cover is, the thicker canopy it has. Thicker canopy will have higher NDVI value. The calculated NDVI within the Project Area and its proximity is illustrated in Figure 8.6. The result of land classification is presented in Figure 8.7.
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Figure 8.6 Vegetation Class within EAAA
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Figure 8.7 Land Classification within EAAA
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Vegetation classes derived from the Study Area are described below with satellite imagery and photographs, and are shown in Figure 8.8- Figure 8.11. All satellite imagery were obtained from Google Earth and all site photographs were taken by ERM.
Plantation Forest: Based on the field survey result, planted protection forest is comprised predominantly of native flora species, namely Tenasserim Pine (Pinus latteri), Vernicia montana, Liquidambar formosana. Through consultations with the Management Board of Huong Hoa- Dakrong Protection forest, the plantation was raised in 2006,and it now resembles a degraded natural forest, with several natural species occurring within.While some of the ecological functions have been restored, it is deemed to not have attained a flevel maturity o level for it to support major ecological functions The area thereforeis considered as a modified habitat. -
Satellite imagery of forest Photograph of forest
Figure 8.8 Satellite Imagery and Photographs of Forest
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Agricultural land: Agricultural land refers to agricultural land and annual crop land. Species of conservation significance may include (migratory) bird species. This area is considered to be modified habitat.
Satellite imagery of agricultural land Photograph of agricultural land22
Figure 8.9 Satellite Imagery and Photographs of Agriculture Land
Bare land (infrastructure): Bare land refers to non-vegetated land that is generally void of vegetation. No species of conservation significance are likely to occur in this land class. This area is considered to be modified habitat.
Satellite imagery of bare land Photograph of bare land
Figure 8.10 Satellite Imagery and Photographs of Bare Land
Scrub: Scrub is an area of land which is covered with low trees and bushes. There was some trees belonging to secondary forest amongst the scrubland. This area is considered to be a modified habitat.
22 Dan Viet. Available at: http://danviet.vn/nha-nong/nhat-duoc-bi-quyet-trong-lua-huu-co-nong-dan-quang-tri-nhan-tenh- 804335.html. Accessed: 02 April 2020
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Figure 8.11 Satellite Imaginary of Scrub
8.12.2 Natural/Modified Habitat Assessment According to ADB SPS, the definition of Natural Habitat, Modified Habitat and Critical Habitat are presented as below:
Natural Habitat These are land and water areas where the biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and were human activity has not essentially modified the area’s primary ecological functions. In areas of natural habitat, the project will not significantly convert or degrade such habitat, unless the following conditions are met:
No alternatives are available;
A comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the overall benefits from the project will substantially outweigh the project costs, including environmental costs;
Any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated. Mitigation measures will be designed to achieve at least no net loss of biodiversity. They may include a combination of actions, such as post-project restoration of habitats, offset of losses through the creation or effective conservation of ecologically comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity while respecting the ongoing use of such biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or traditional communities, and compensation to direct users of biodiversity.
Modified Habitat These areas are characterised by an environment that has been altered by human activity, and its population of native species reduced. In areas of modified habitat, where the natural habitat has apparently been altered, often through the introduction of alien species of plants and animals, such as in agricultural areas, the borrower/client will exercise care to minimize any further conversion or degradation of such habitat, and will,
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depending on the nature and scale of the project, identify opportunities to enhance habitat and protect and conserve biodiversity as part of project operations.
Critical Habitat It is an area of high biodiversity value, which includes habitat supporting critically endangered or endangered species; having special significance for endemic or restricted-range species; sites supporting migratory species; areas supporting globally significant concentrations of individuals of congregatory species; areas with unique assemblages of species associated with key evolutionary processes or providing key ecosystem services; and areas with biodiversity of significant social, economic, or cultural importance to local communities. No project activity will be implemented in areas of critical habitat unless the following requirements are met:
There are no measurable adverse impacts, or likelihood of such, on the critical habitat which could impair its high biodiversity value or the ability to function.
The project is not anticipated to lead to a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species or a loss in area of the habitat concerned such that the persistence of a viable and representative host ecosystem be compromised.
Any lesser impacts are mitigated in accordance with the requirement of mitigation measure mentioned above for natural habitat
There is currently no methodology within ADB SPS 2009, IFC PS6 and the associated Guidance Note (GN) on the approach to assess the distribution of these habitat types. ERM has utilised methods used previously in consultation with the IFC to complete this assessment using remote sensing techniques for the Study Area. The vegetation class assessment above and remote sensing have been used to define these areas. Figure 8.12 shows the natural and modified habitat areas. Modified habitat accounts for the entire of the EAAA including plantation forest (92.3%), bareland (1.6%), scrub (4.6%), and agricultural land (1.5%). The area of the Project Footprint is modified habitat accounted for approximately 16.4 ha. (Table 8.14).
Table 8.12 Natural and Modified Habitat Areas within the Study Areas
Habitat Type EAAA Project Area (of acquired land)
Area (ha) Percentage (5%) Area (ha) Percentage (5%)
Natural Habitat 0 0% 0 0
Modified Habitat 2245 100% 16.4 100%
Total 2245 100% 16.4 100%
Table 8.13 Habitats and Area within EAAA
Habitat Type Type of habitats Area (ha) Percent (%)
Modified Agricultural Land 34 1.5%
Modified Bareland 36 1.6%
Modified Scrub 103 4.6%
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Habitat Type Type of habitats Area (ha) Percent (%)
Modified Plantation Forest 2072 92.3%
Total 2245 100%
Table 8.14 Habitats and Area (of Acquired Land) within Project Footprint
S/N Habitat type Area Protection Agricult Residential (ha) forest ural area land (ha) (plantation) (ha) (ha) I Fixed-term Land use 10.37 1 Turbine foundation 1.80 1.8 2 Transmission line 35KV and 35 TL towers 0.3 0.3 3 Internal roads 8.27 8.27 II Temporary Land Use 6.03 4 Two spoil disposal sites 1.13 1.13 5 Laydown area and Crane installation area 4.9 Total acquired land 16.40 11.56 III Rental Land 4.54 Batching plant 0 0 Worker camp 0.04 0.04 Two spoil disposal sites 4.5 4.5 IV Voluntary land use transfer 0.94 Operation house 0.94 0.64 0.3 Grand Total 21.88 20.94 0.64 0.3
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Figure 8.12 Modified Habitat Areas within EAAA
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8.13 Biodiversity Field Surveys ERM contracted biodiversity specialists to undertake biodiversity surveys of the Project Area and surrounds. Biodiversity survey reports are provided in Appendix H.
8.13.1 Field Survey Program Multi-taxa biodiversity field surveys were undertaken within the Project Area and surrounds. A summary of the survey activities is provided in Table 8.15.
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Table 8.15 Field Surveys Undertaken within the Study Area
Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique
Flora First Survey (16 and Line Line transect surveys occurred along roads (10 m buffer) connecting to The length of line transect is 18 May 2020) Transect each designed wind-turbine. Plants with flowers or fruits or with both were estimated at approximately 8km Survey collected, photographed, pressed, dried and deposited in field herbarium. which mainly along the ridge. Each (Figure Common plant species were not collected but identified in the field. The transect was surveyed one time. 8.14) specimens were identified by morphology and based mainly on an
illustrated flora of Vietnam (Pham Hoang, 1999), floras of adjacent area, monographs, type specimens and protologues.
Vegetation Results from the line transect surveys were used as ground-truthed data for 18 reference points were used. The type the remote sensing analysis. Several free sources including google aerial reference points along with the mapping imagery, Esri aerial imagery were used to identify by visualization with transect survey and the observation software QGIS version 3.12. from Stateline.
16.678435°, 106.659987°
16.678030°, 106.649917°
16.673688°, 106.642862°
16.673043°, 106.661611°
16.679404°, 106.644606°
16.684422°, 106.666997°
16.678133°, 106.636961°
16.671906°, 106.637428°
16.667478°, 106.646444°
16.678559°, 106.623798°
16.674367°, 106.614097°
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Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique
16.682736°, 106.595571°
16.686995°, 106.579264°
16.680561°, 106.602957°
16.682794°, 106.597726°
16.677632°, 106.613224°
16.679193°, 106.617522°
16.667288°, 106.645630°
Avifauna First Survey (18-21 Vantage At each point, one experienced bird observer equipped with binoculars and 2 vantage point surveys (VP1: (Bird) May 2020) Point (VP) a camera with long tele lens (Nikon D4 with lens 400mm F2.8 and TC 2X) (16.68565° N; 106.58230° E); and Survey23 would be stationed and actively scan the whole area within a 2 km radius VP2: (16.67012° N; 106.58389° E)) Second Survey (4-8 (Appendix from the vantage point for avifauna’s activity occurred in a 4-day period (from October, 12 H) 06:00-11:00 and 14:00 to 18:00), at November 2020) nine (9) hours per day. Total 72-hour observation at two VPs, 36 hours each season.
Dry Season (16 and Transect The observers moved slowly along transects by walking and using Survey times were from 06:00-10:00 19 May 2020) Survey binoculars to detect bird species, and counted the number of individuals and then 15:00-18:00 as these are (Appendix present. Identifiable vocalizations were also counted as records. GPS the most active times for birds. Total Second Survey (4-5 H) positions, photographs (where possible), distance and compass bearing to transect 9.552km was surveyed each October, 12 the sighted animals were recorded. All observers undertaking the surveys season. November 2020) are highly skilled at identifying all taxa in the region by direct observation or their species-specific vocalizations. Observations were checked against field guides including but not limited to Field Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asian
23 Scottish Natural Heritage. 2014. Recommended bird survey methods to inform impact assessment of onshore wind farms:1–37.
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Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique
Avifauna First Survey (19-21 Acoustic Six stationary acoustic monitoring stations were deployed in strategic points Six stations with 500 m long area (Bat) May 2020) monitoring inside the area. At each station, a high-sensitive recording system, the each have been used to survey bats station hand-held Echo Meter Touch and SM4Bat FS was deployed to record bat activities in the project area. Second Survey (15-17 (Figure acoustic signals between sunset (local time 17:30) and sunrise (local time September 2020) 69 hours in total. Survey time: 18:00- 8.17) 7:30). 05:30 next day
Mist-net/ A series of mist-net with 360m2mnh mesh size and harp trap of 86.4 m2mnh Mist-netting: Six stations (1080 Harp trap were set up in strategic points inside the project area to collect bat samples. m2mnh) each season. Survey time: The use of harp traps (1.8mx2.0m) was effective only at certain sites which 18:00-22:00 next day retain some patches of scrubs; while mist-nets were suitable for capturing Harp trap: 259,2 m2hth each season. fruit eating and open-space foraging bats and were set at ground level (up Survey time: 18:00-05:30 next day to 6 m high)
Non-volant Second Survey (16 Line Surveyors followed transects, spotted and identified all encountered wild The survey was conducted in both Mammal May 2020) Transect animals. The opportunistic observations were taken both in day and night daytime (4:00 to 12:00) and night- Survey Survey time in order to fit with different active time of different group of mammals, time (16:30 to 23:00) to record both (Figure for example, primates are mainly active at daytime while small carnivores diurnal and nocturnal animals. Total 8.26) are often active at night time. GPS positions, photographs (where possible), transect 16.37km. distance and compass bearing to the sighted animals were recorded for further analysis.
Rapid The interview s followed semi-structure interview protocol, with image Three interviewers would approach survey catalogue that have both close and open questions. seven people including three rangers interview and four frontier solders
Camera Five camera traps were set up to increase and diversify detection effort Five camera traps has been set up trapping within EAAA. The camera trapping data will be resulted after collected in from May to September (5 moths are (16 May – the second survey in the Project area. equivalent to roughly 150 nights). 17 September
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Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique
2020) (Figure 8.29)
Primate 15- 22 September Distance Distance sampling could be done by applying point transect and line Red-shanked douc Langur: Focused 2020 sampling transect. Line transects were used to estimate the population size of two fourteen transects with the total Survey (Red- method studied species. In theory, the method was developed with the strip line length of 26.7 km, range from 0.7 to shanked (Buckland et al. 1993) but conducting this such method for dense forest 3.5 km was deployed. douc Langur, was costly and time consuming due to cut the straight lines (Hiby & Krishna Pygmy Slow Loris: the survey on Pygmy Slow 2001). Because of the complexity of terrain and dense vegetation cover, ten transects with total length of Loris) cutting straight line to conduct the survey is expensive. For this case, the transects was 9.250 m. survey was conducted with using of available paths as the transect in line transect method and data can analysed using standard methods (Hiby & Each transect was survey twice, Krishna 2001). therefore the total length of survey is 53.4 km for red-shanked douc and 18.5 km for loris
Herpetofauna Dry Season (16th May Line Surveyors followed transects, spotted and identified all encountered wild The survey was conducted in both 2020) Transect animals. The opportunistic observations were taken both in day and night daytime (4:00 to 12:00) and night- Survey time in order to fit with different active time of herpetofauna are mainly time (16:30 to 23:00) to record both (Figure active at daytime while small carnivores are often active at night time. GPS diurnal and nocturnal animals. 8.28) positions, photographs (where possible), distance and compass bearing to the sighted animals were recorded for further analysis.
Rapid The interview followed semi-structure interview protocol, with image Three interviewers would approach survey catalogue that have both close and open questions. seven people including three rangers interview and four frontier solders
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8.13.2 Field Survey Results
8.13.2.1 Terrestrial Flora
8.13.2.1.1 Flora collection
Line transects along road connecting to each designed wind-turbine and opened up to 10 meters to two sides of the transect were set to survey.
Figure 8.13 Flora Survey Transects A total of 42 taxa (mostly identified to species, 5 specimens were not identified yet due to lack of flower) were recognized and belonged 30 families (Table 8.16). The most commonly families were Rutaceae and Fagaceae (4 taxa); Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae and Thelyperidaceae (3 taxa), other families have only 1 or 2 taxa. In general, vegetation at Phong Nguyen wind power Project is dominated by forest plantation. The plantation is mixed between pine (Pinus latteri), Vernicia montana, Liquidambar formosana and other forest plants such as tree fern (Alsophila latebrosa Wall. ex Hook.), Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm., Barringtonia sp., Smilax sp., Schefflera sp. and bamboo while the bushes is dominated by Alpinia sp., Crotalaria sp., Indigofera sp., Mussaenda sp., Rubus ssp. One (1) species Barringtonia( scortechinii King) maybe a new record to Vietnam, this will be reviewed to onfirmc after rainy season survey. One (1) confirmed species (Pinus latteri) is listed as Near Threatened (NT) in IUCN redlist 2020 however this species is widely replanted in the central region of Vietnam.
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Table 8.16 List of Plant Species Recorded at Phong Nguyen Windfarm Project
No. Scientific name Family Vietnamese IUCN VNRB Native/ name Red List Invasive 1 Vernicia montana Lour. Euphorbiaceae Trẩu NL NL Native
2 Liquidambar formosana Altingiaceae Sâu trắng, Bạch NL NL Native Hance giao, Trao, Sau sau 3 Sauropus sp. Euphorbiaceae NL NL Native
4 Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae NL NL Native
5 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Caprifoliaceae Kim ngân NL NL Native
6 Ficus esquiroliana H. Moraceae Sung Esquirol NL NL Native Lév. 7 Polygala chinensis L. Polygalaceae Bất hoán, Kích NL NL Native nhũ Trung Quốc 8 Hedyotis cf. lineata Rubiaceae An điền NL NL Native Roxb. 9 Rubus cochinchinensis Rosaceae Dum ngấy, Ngấy NL NL Native Tratt. trắng 10 Rubus sp. Rosaceae NL NL Native
11 Pronephrium sp. Thelypteridaceae Ráng tiền thận NL NL Native
12 Alsophila latebrosa Wall. Cyatheaceae Ráng Tiên tọa NL NL Native ex Hook. rộng 13 Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Cibotiaceae Cẩu tích, Lông cu NL NL Native Sm. li 14 Eustigma balansae Oliv. Hamamelidaceae Chân thư NL NL Native Balansa 15 Barringtonia scortechinii Lecythidaceae Chiếc Scortechini NL NL Native King 16 Pinus latteri Pinaceae Thông 2 lá VU NL Native
17 Ficus sp. 2 Moraceae NL NL Native
18 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Cỏ cứt heo NL NL Invasive
19 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Apocynaceae Hoa sữa, mò cua NL NL Native Br. 20 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Xuyến chi, Song NL NL Native nha 21 Blechnum orientale L. Blechnaceae NL NL Native
22 Christella parasitica (L.) Thelypteridaceae NL NL Native H. Lév. 23 Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae Cỏ lào, yên bạch NL NL Invasive (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. 24 Crotalaria sp. Fabaceae Sục sạc NL NL Native
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No. Scientific name Family Vietnamese IUCN VNRB Native/ name Red List Invasive 25 Cyclosorus interruptus Thelypteridaceae NL NL Native (Willd.) H. Itô 26 Dicranopteris linearis Gleicheniaceae Ráng Tây sơn NL NL Native (Burm. f.) Underw. 27 Elaeocarpus sp. Elaeocarpaceae Côm NL NL Native
28 Hopea odorata Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Sao đen NL NL Native
29 Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Lycopodiaceae Thông đất NL NL Native Pic. Serm. 30 Mimosa diplotricha C. Fabaceae Trinh nữ móc NL NL Invasive Wright 31 Mimosa pigra L. Fabaceae Mai dương NL NL Invasive
32 Mussaenda sp. Rubiaceae Bướm bạc NL NL Native
33 Odontosoria chinensis Lindsaeaceae Rán Ô phỉ NL NL Native (L.) J. Sm. 34 Smilax sp. Smilacaceae NL NL Native
35 Streptocaulon griffithii Apocynaceae Hà thủ ô NL NL Native Hook. f. 36 Thysanolaena latifolia Poaceae Đót NL NL Native (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda 37 Zanthoxylum Rutaceae Hoàng mộc nhiều NL NL Native myriacanthum Wall. ex gai Hook. f. Notes: NL : Not Listed; Vu : Vulnerable
8.13.2.1.2 Invasive Species
Five alien invasive species were found at Phong Nguyen Project area. All of them occurred along the edge of forest (plantation) or along the road.
Table 8.17 Invasive Species Within and Around the Project Area
No. Scientific name Family Vietnamese name
1 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Cỏ cứt heo
2 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Xuyến chi, Song nha
3 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Asteraceae Cỏ lào, yên bạch
4 Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright Fabaceae Trinh nữ móc
5 Mimosa pigra L. Fabaceae Mai dương
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8.13.2.2 Terrestrial Fauna
8.13.2.2.1 Bird
The methodology used for avian surveys followed standard survey methodologies, consistent with the Scottish Natural Heritage Guidance (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2014). For the Phong Nguyen proposed wind power project, two (2) Vantage Points (VPs) were chosen:
VP1: (16.68565° N; 106.58230° E); and
VP2: (16.67012° N; 106.58389° E)) In terms of line transect, the observers moved slowly along the transects by walking and using binoculars to detect bird species, and count the number of individuals present. Identifiable vocalizations were also counted as records.
Figure 8.14 Vantage Points and Line Transects for Bird Survey
8.13.2.2.1.1 Species richness by transect survey
Species composition was compiled from 40 mackinnon-lists, of which 25 lists were collected in dry season and 15 were collected in rainy season. Total 69 bird species were recorded, 50 species were detected during dry season survey and 48 species were dectected during rainy season survey. All recorded species are considered as common in the region, none of them are listed threatened category in IUCN red list nor Vietnam Red Data Book (Table 8.18) bellow shows detail records of each species including Relative species abundance (RSA) is its frequency of occurrence throughout 40 mackinnon- lists in percentage and detected times (DT) reflex to number of times that species was observed/heard during surveys.
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Table 8.18 Birds recorded by transect surveys at Phong Nguyen project
No Scientific name English name IUCN 2020 Dry Rainy Both season season survey
RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT
1 Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul LC 52% 13 40% 6 48% 19
2 Hypsipetes Black Bulbul LC 36% 9 53% 8 43% 17 leucocephalus
3 Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow LC 44% 11 13% 2 33% 13
4 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle LC 36% 9 20% 3 30% 12
5 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal LC 36% 9 20% 3 30% 12
6 Psilopogon incognitus Moustached Barbet LC 32% 8 27% 4 30% 12
7 Macropygia unchall Barred Cuckoo-dove LC 36% 9 13% 2 28% 11
8 Nyctyornis athertoni Blue-bearded Bee-eater LC 32% 8 20% 3 28% 11
9 Glaucidium brodiei Collared Owlet LC 32% 8 20% 3 28% 11
10 Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo LC 32% 8 13% 2 25% 10
11 Irena puella Asian Fairy-bluebird LC 16% 4 33% 5 23% 9
12 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike LC 32% 8 7% 1 23% 9
13 Spilopelia chinensis Eastern Spotted Dove LC 24% 6 13% 2 20% 8
14 Coracina javensis Large Cuckooshrike LC 28% 7 7% 1 20% 8
15 Harpactes Red-headed Trogon LC 24% 6 13% 2 20% 8 erythrocephalus
16 Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet LC 20% 5 20% 3 20% 8
17 Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow LC 28% 7 0% 0 18% 7
18 Arborophila Bar-backed Partridge LC 24% 6 7% 1 18% 7 brunneopectus
19 Oriolus traillii Maroon Oriole LC 24% 6 7% 1 18% 7
20 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo LC 12% 3 20% 3 15% 6
21 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow LC 0% 0 40% 6 15% 6
22 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo LC 24% 6 0% 0 15% 6
23 Aerodramus fuciphagus Edible-nest Swiftlet LC 24% 6 0% 0 15% 6
24 Lophotriorchis kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle NT 12% 3 20% 3 15% 6
25 Accipiter virgatus Besra LC 16% 4 7% 1 13% 5
26 Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed Malkoha LC 20% 5 0% 0 13% 5
27 Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl LC 20% 5 0% 0 13% 5
28 Garrulax castanotis Rufous-cheeked LC 16% 4 7% 1 13% 5 Laughingthrush
29 Zosterops simplex Swinhoe's White-eye LC 0% 0 33% 5 13% 5
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No Scientific name English name IUCN 2020 Dry Rainy Both season season survey
RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT
30 Ictinaetus malaiensis Black Eagle LC 16% 4 0% 0 10% 4
31 Merops leschenaulti Chestnut-headed Bee-eater LC 16% 4 0% 0 10% 4
32 Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna LC 16% 4 0% 0 10% 4
33 Muscicapa sibirica Dark-sided Flycatcher LC 0% 0 27% 4 10% 4
34 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail LC 0% 0 27% 4 10% 4
35 Apus nipalensis House Swift LC 12% 3 7% 1 10% 4
36 Psilopogon lagrandieri Red-vented Barbet LC 16% 4 0% 0 10% 4
37 Hirundapus Silver-backed Needletail LC 0% 0 27% 4 10% 4 cochinchinensis
38 Leiothrix argentauris Silver-eared Mesia LC 12% 3 7% 1 10% 4
39 Loriculus vernalis Vernal Hanging-parrot LC 16% 4 0% 0 10% 4
40 Erpornis zantholeuca White-bellied Erpornis LC 16% 4 0% 0 10% 4
41 Garrulax vassali White-cheeked LC 12% 3 7% 1 10% 4 Laughingthrush
42 Sturnia sinensis White-shouldered Starling LC 8% 2 13% 2 10% 4
43 Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher LC 0% 0 20% 3 8% 3
44 Chloropsis moluccensis Blue-winged Leafbird LC 0% 0 20% 3 8% 3
45 Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed Drongo LC 0% 0 20% 3 8% 3
46 Cissa chinensis Common Green Magpie LC 4% 1 13% 2 8% 3
47 Psilopogon Coppersmith Barbet LC 12% 3 0% 0 8% 3 haemacephalus
48 Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird LC 0% 0 20% 3 8% 3
49 Zosterops palpebrosus Indian White-eye LC 12% 3 0% 0 8% 3
50 Lalage polioptera Indochinese Cuckooshrike LC 12% 3 0% 0 8% 3
51 Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal LC 8% 2 7% 1 8% 3
52 Eurystomus orientalis Oriental Dollarbird LC 0% 0 20% 3 8% 3
53 Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle-dove LC 12% 3 0% 0 8% 3
54 Mixornis gularis Pin-striped Tit-babbler LC 8% 2 7% 1 8% 3
55 Pellorneum albiventre Spot-throated Babbler LC 8% 2 7% 1 8% 3
56 Pomatorhinus White-browed Scimitar- LC 12% 3 0% 0 8% 3 schisticeps babbler
57 Garrulax leucolophus White-crested LC 4% 1 13% 2 8% 3 Laughingthrush
58 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna LC 0% 0 13% 2 5% 2
59 Ducula badia Mountain Imperial-pigeon LC 8% 2 0% 0 5% 2
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No Scientific name English name IUCN 2020 Dry Rainy Both season season survey
RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT
60 Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey-buzzard LC 0% 0 13% 2 5% 2
61 Apus pacificus Pacific Swift LC 8% 2 0% 0 5% 2
62 Crypsirina temia Racquet-tailed Treepie LC 8% 2 0% 0 5% 2
63 Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow LC 8% 2 0% 0 5% 2
64 Accipiter badius Shikra LC 8% 2 0% 0 5% 2
65 Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail LC 0% 0 13% 2 5% 2
66 Emberiza Bunting species LC 0% 0 7% 1 3% 1
67 Chloropsis hardwickii Orange-bellied Leafbird LC 0% 0 7% 1 3% 1
68 Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned Forktail LC 0% 0 7% 1 3% 1
69 Geopelia striata Zebra Dove LC 0% 0 7% 1 3% 1
TOTAL species 50 48 Note: LC: Least Concern NT: Near Threatened
Jacknife estimation (described in method section) indicates that about 78 species occurrence in Phong Nguyen project area (11 more species if further survey is carried out), this result reflex that our surveys have conducted relative comprehensively. The accumulated curve below also shows that it is nearly approached asymptotic.
Species accumulation curve 80
70 69 60
50 48 50 40
30
20 Number of species record species of Number 10
0 1 3 5 7 9 111315171921232527293133353739 Number of Mackionnon-list
All Dry season Rainy season
Figure 8.15 Species accumulation curve of birds at Phong Nguyen project The two seasonal surveys were analysised separately, the results show an estimation by Jacknife is 59 species in dry season and 63 species in rainy season while the actual results were 50 and 48 respectly.
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This indicated that more “hidden” species during rainy season, the fact that hazard weather was impacted our rerult in the rainy season.
8.13.2.2.1.2 Vantage Point Survey
A total of 35 species were recorded in second survey (21 species at VP1 and 20 species at VP2) while 47 recorded in first survey (66 records at VP1 and 48 records at VP2). During the first survey, 77 hours were spent undertaking VP count method surveys (38 hours at VP1 and 39 hours at VP2). The VP count resulted in 394 records of 47 species, of which, 33 species were observed at VP1 while 32 species were observed at VP2. There were 13 species that were detected at VP2 but those did not occur at VP1, likewise 16 species at VP1 were not found at VP2 (Error! Reference source not found.). As the number of records were low during the time of the second survey, bird activities data was low significant for statistical analysis. A total of 3,120 seconds was observed that birds acted fly from VP1 and 1,110 acted fly from VP2 (much lower compare to 7,920 seconds and 20,325 seconds respectively in first survey). The height of flights were observed in three bands including band 1 (<35m), band 2 (35-150m), band 3 (>150m). The proposed turbine height is 105m, the diameter is 150m (refer to Project Description), thus the rotor swept zone (RSZ) is 30-180m. In order to assess the risk of collisions between birds and wind turbines, the collision risks of birds employed the flights in band 2 and band 3 will be considered higher in comparison with band 1. The first survey indicated that more than 60% of birds flew in RSZ (band 2 and band 3), which could be explained by the Project area being located in a mountainous area.There were 17 species and nine species of bird flying at Band 2 and Band 3 during the survey. None of recorded species are listed as global threatened species. Due to strong wind during second survey, fewer birds were able to fly high. At VP1, nine bird species experienced 20 times flew in RSZ, only once bird flew above RSZ (Black Eagle Ictinaenus malaiensis) and the 46 remained records were below RSZ. Similar, at VP2 birds were recorded only two times that flew in RSZ, zero bird flew above RSZ and 44 times below RSZ. Only two species were observed in RSZ, which a re raptor Oriental Honey-Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) [IUCN LC] once and Chestnut-headed Bee-eater ( Merops leschenaulti) (3 times) [IUCN LC].
8.13.2.2.1.3 Flock Size
In first survey, maximum flock 22 individuals wasof Pacificobserved Swiftwhich mean number of birds in observed flock was (second5.5 birds greatest), the specieswhich had greatest mean number of birds in observed flock was House Swift (6.25 VP2,birds) theat biggestVP1. Atflock was 55 individuals of Pacific Swift and had mean number of birdsock in9.33 observed (second in greatest),fl the Red- rumped Swallow had greatest mean number of birdsock in(16.67 observed birds) fl however this species was recorded only three times at VP2 general,during averagesurvey. Inflock size observed was higher at VP2 compareVP1, (2.21to birds and 1.86 birds respectively) (Figure 8.16).
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18.00 17.00 16.00 15.00 14.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00
Mean number of birds in observed flock observed in of birds number Mean 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 VP1 VP2 Vantage point
Figure 8.16 Mean of flock size at each Vantage Point (First survey) Total 223 individual birds were counted during second survey (118 at VP1 and 105 at VP2), there was no big flock of birds accept a group of 12 Silver-backed Needltails [IUCN LC] flew through RSZ at VP1, 10 of White-crested Laughingthrushes were moving under the bush and another flock of 12 Chestnut- headed Bee-eaters were flew brieftly at VP2.
8.13.2.2.1.4 Collision Risk
Five species were considered as “potential high speciesrisk” andwere fourconsidered as “potential medium-risk” prone to collision in the first survey,ing risk however model us assessment of these species resulted all of them are either lowgnificant significant levels. or Allinsi potential risk species are very common in the Asia, albeit that the majoritys recorded of thelow specieabundances. In contrast, there was no bird fall through collision risk vey.during second sur
Table 8.19 Collision riskssment acce for high-risk species
Species name BirdLength Wingspan Fly Bird speed Upwind Downwind Average (m) (m) mode (m/s) (F/G) House Swift 0.17 0.4 G 31 3.70% 1.20% 2.40%
Pacific Swift 0.18 0.54 G 28 3.80% 1.40% 2.60%
Crested Serpent-eagle 0.7 1.55 G 19 6.30% 3.60% 4.90%
Mountain Imperial-pigeon 0.5 0.72 F 27 4.50% 2.00% 3.30%
Red-rumped Swallow 0.19 0.34 F 60 2.70% 0.90% 1.80%
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Calculation by using data from Table 8.19, number of birds fatal within 77 hours in daytime during the time of first suvey which is presented in Table 8.20.
Table 8.20 Estimated mortalities of birds
No. Species name NB APC % fly RSZ Fatal Mortality/year (35- 180m)
1 House Swift 219 2.40% 0.78 4.10 233
2 Pacific Swift 117 2.60% 0.94 2.86 162
3 Crested Serpent-eagle 17 4.90% 0.55 0.46 26
4 Mountain Imperial-pigeon 46 3.30% 0.85 1.29 73
5 Red-rumped Swallow 65 1.80% 0.52 0.61 35
Total bird death/year 529 Note: NB: number of bird counted within time survey (77 hours) APC: Average probability of collision for single bird transit through rotor % fly RSZ: percentage of species fly into rotor swept zone Fatal: number of birds death Mortality/year: an estimation number of birds death per year for that species.
The collision risk ananlysis results that Phong Nguyen project may kill approximately 529 birds a year.
8.13.2.2.2 Bat
Sampling efforts were undertaken at six sites (ca. 500 m long each) within the Project area. Each site was surveyed for one night using both live-trapping and acoustic samplings or acoustic method only. Live-trapping was regarded as providing valuable information for assessing and confirming the presence of both resident and migrating species (Kunz et al., 2007a).
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Figure 8.17 Acoustic Sampling and Live Trapping Locations for Bat Survey
8.13.2.2.2.1 Potential Bat Roosts And Foraging Areas Within The Project Area
Observations during the field survey indicated that proposed wind turbines are surrounded mostly by Mu oil tree plantations mixed with secondary forest (Figure 8.18). There were also water bodies (i.e. streams and ponds) in and nearby the Project area. Water sources were affected by drought conditions. Interviews with local people confirmed that there is no cave or rock crevice habitat in the Project area. However, a variety of habitats, particularly the secondary forest patches found sporadically in the foothills and valleys within Project area, can provide suitable day roosts for bat colonies with small number of individuals or foraging habitat for local bat assemblages including fruit-eating bats.
Access road Mu oil tree plantation
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Opened habitats Secondary forest patches at the foothills
Figure 8.18 Major Habitat Types within and nearby Project Area
8.13.2.2.2.2 Overall Bat Diversity Within The Project Area
Based on live-trappings and acoustic samplings, the habitats within project area supports at least 23 bat species (Figure 8.19, Figure 8.20, Table 8.21). Of which, 15 bat species have been identified, and 07 bat calls of distinct phonic types were also recorded. These unidentified phonic types might represent aerial insectivores of Molossidae (one Taphozous sp. – F24) and Vespertinilonidae (06). The identity of seven bat species detected by acoustic samplings remains to be investigated and thus their conservation status is unknown. Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros scutinares) is currently listed as VU in the IUCN Red List; while the othert species ba are not globally or nationally threatened species. It should be noted that Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat, and batother species i.e.Hipposideros armiger, Taphozous sp. are known to roost in caves; whereas during the survey, no cave habitat was recorded or documented within the Project vicinity. Acoustic sampling did not identify specific areas where this is likely to be roosting. During the survey, the observation and interview with local people confirmed that there are no caves or rock crevices in the project area. This suggests that this vulnerable species may roost in nearby areas and could forage in the Project area. In addition, based on the results of live- trappings and acoustic samplings, the relative abundance of this vulnerable species in the Project area is likely to be low.
Rousettus cf. leschenaultii Sphearias blanfordi
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Megaerops niphanae Rhinolophus affinis
Rhinolophus pusillus Hipposideros scutinares
Kerivoula titania Kerivoula depressa
Figure 8.19 Portraits of Bat Species Captured by Live-Trapping during Field Study
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A – CF (constant frequency) bat species
B –FM (frequency modulate) bat species
Figure 8.20 Echolocation Call Structures of Bat Species Recorded by Acoustic Samplings during the Present Survey
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Table 8.21 Bat species recorded within the surveyed sites in Phong Nguyen Wind Farm No. Scientific name Common name IUCN PN01* PN02 PN03 PN04* PN05 PN06* 5/20 9/20 5/2 9/2 5/2 9/2 5/20 9/2 5/2 9/2 5/20 9/20 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. Pteropodidae Fruit bats 1 Rousettus cf. leschenaultii Fulvous fruit bat LC 2 2 Megaerops niphane Greater Shortnosed Fruit Bat LC 6 6 3 Sphearias blanfordii Blanford’s fruit bat LC 3 1 2. Rhinolophidae Horseshoe bat 4 Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate horseshoe bat LC E E E,2 E E E,7 E E E 5 Rhinolophus luctus Greater horseshoe bat LC E E 6 Rhinolophus pearsonii Pearson’s horseshoe bat LC E 7 Rhinolophus malayanus Chasen’s horseshoe bat LC E E E 8 Rhinolophus pusillus Least horseshoe bat LC E E E, 1 E E E E E E 3. Hipposideridae Leaf-nosed bats 9 Hipposideros armiger Great leaf-nosed bat LC E E E E 10 Hipposideros scutinares Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat VU E 1 E E E E 4. Vespertilionidae Vesper bats 11 Kerivoula depressa Flat-headed woolly bat NE 1 3 1 5 12 Kerivoula titania Titania’s woolly bat LC 1 2 13 Murina cyclotis Round-eared Tube-nosed Bat LC 1 14 Murina feae Ashy-gray tube-nosed bat NE 1 1 15 Murina fionae Fiona's Tube-Nosed Bat NE 1 16 Myotis cf. muricola (FM56) Nepalese whiskered myotis LC E E E E E E E E E E E 17 Phonic type/species (FM17) E EEEEEEEEEEE 18 Phonic type/species (FM30) E EEEEEEEEEEE 19 Phonic type/species (FM35) E E E E E E E E E E E E 20 Phonic type/species (FM40) EEEEEEEEE 21 Phonic type/species (FM45) E EEEEEEEEEEE 22 Phonic type/species (FM50) E E E E E E E E E E E 5. Emballoniridae Sheath-tailed bats 23 Taphozous sp. (FM24) Tomb bat LC E E E E E E E E E E E E
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No. Scientific name Common name IUCN PN01* PN02 PN03 PN04* PN05 PN06* 5/20 9/20 5/2 9/2 5/2 9/2 5/20 9/2 5/2 9/2 5/20 9/20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0* Total 9 12 15 17 8 15 9 11 12 9 10 13 Note: IUNC: VU – Vunerable; LC – Least concern; NA – Not Evaluated; cf. – initial species identification.- * Data obtained from acoustic sampling only; E – Acoustic detection: Numbers are bat inviduals recorded by live-trapping;
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8.13.2.2.2.3 Seasonal Variation In Activity Patterns Of Local Bat Assemblages
Data Derived From Live-Trappings: During the two field surveys, a total of 46 individuals representing 11 bat species of four families were captured by trapping divices (mist-nets and harptraps) set at ground level at survey sites (Figure 8.21, Table 8.21). Of the recorded species, Megaerops niphanase, Kerivoula depressa, K. titania, Rhinolophus affinis, and Sphearias blanfordii were found in both two field surveys; whereas the resting taxa that were only recorded either in May 2020 (Rousettus leschenaultii, Hipposideros scutinares, and R. pusillus) or in September 2020 (Murina cyclotis, M. feae, and M. fionae). Addtionally, M. niphanase, K. depressa, and R. affinis were found to be more abundant (9 – 12 individuals), while theresting species were found to be less bundanta with 01 to 04 individuals recorded. The pairwise comparison of data obtained from the two field surveys shows the seasonal variation in relative abundance of bat species in the project area was low. For instance, the total number of invididuals per species recorded in May 2020 and in Septemberere w found indifferent e.g. ranging between 01-06 and 01-07 respectively. Similarly, the specieschness ri and relative abundance of bats among study sites were found to be varied and possibly relatedto the available habitats therein. However, such distributional patterns were obtained from onlywo t short field surveys and can be biased low sampling efforts. Hence,additional surveys are needed to onfirmc this inference. Of the captured bats in the two field survey, most females captured in May 2020 were lactating, while those recorded in September 2020 were reproductively inactiveparous ( or non pregnancy). In addition, juveniles started weaning were also only captured in May 20 while some nulliparous females and immature males were only found in September 20. These evidences thus suggests that March–July period may be the critical period of breeding season of localat b fauna – which is consistent with previous studies in the North fo Vietnam (e.g. Furey et al. 2011).
May'20 Sep'20 R. pusillus A M. fionae M. cyclotis H. scutinares R. leschenaultii M. feae
Species K. titania S. blanfordii R. affinis K. depressa M. niphane
02468101214 No. of individuals
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18
16 B 1 M. fionae 1 14 M. feae M. cyclotis 12 K. titania 7 10 K. depressa H. scutinares 8 1 R. pusillus 1 1 1 No. of individuals of No. 6 2 1 1 R. affinis 6 1 S. blanfordii 4 2 1 6 M. niphane 5 2 3 3 R. leschenaultii 2 0 May'20 Sep'20 May'20 Sep'20 May'20 Sep'20* PN02 PN03 PN05
Figure 8.21 Seasonal variation in species diversity and relative abundance of local bat assemblage recorded by live-trappings Note: A – pooled all sites, B –sites separated and * refers to the fact that live-trapping was not performed due to storm.
Data Derived From Acoustic Samplings: Based on the data derived from live-trapping presented above, three fruit-eating bat species (Megaerops niphanase, Sphearias blanfordii and Rousettus leschenaultii) are non echolocators while Kerivoula spp. and Murina spp. are known to emit calls with low energies to be detectedby bat detectors. Likewise, all other insectivorous bat species recorded by live-trappings were acoustically detected by bat dectectors. In addition to these, the passivecoustic a samplings at 06 point-counts within the project areas also recorded additional aerial batecies sp that have not been captured by trapping divices set at ground levels. For instance, the acoustic samplings in May 2020 and September recorded a total of 2962 and 1912 bat passes, respectively. seThe detected bat calls were identified into 15 phonic types/species . Based on the acoustic keys developed from individuals captured by live- samplings and previous studies elsewhere, recorded calls withF Cstructure may be attributed to 07 species of the two families, RhinolophidaeR. ( affinis, R. luctus, R. malayanus, R. pearsonii and R. pusillus) and Hipposideridae (H. armiger and H. scutinares), while those with FM types were identitied as Myotis muricola (FM56), Taphozous sp. and 06 unidentified distinct phonic types/species. Of which, apart from R. pearsonii and H. scutinares that were acoustically detected only in May 2020 and September 2020, respectively, lla other species were recordedn iboth field surveys (Figure 8.22).
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C68 (R. pearsonii) C86 (R. malayanus) May'20 Sep'20 C32 (R. luctus) H66 (H. scutinares) C60 (H. armiger) C95 (R. pusillus) C76 (R. affinis) F50 F24 (Taphozous sp) M. muricola F35 F17 F45 F30 F40 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 No. of bat passes
Figure 8.22 Seasonal variation in species diversity and relative abundance of local bat assemblage recorded by acoustic samplings As presented in Figure 8.22, the comparison of data recorded in May 2020 relative to that in September 2020 shows that the relative abundance of FM bat species detected in both field surveys was always significantly higher than that of co-distributed CF taxa. Whereas most taxa maintains relatively stable population size, while the relative abundances of two phonic types/species (FM40 and FM45) experienced a significant reduction. The species richness of local bat assemblage in the project area recorded by acoustic samplings was found to be relatively stable e.g. 9.4±1.6 species detected in May 2020 versus 10.6±1.7 species in September 2020 (Figure 8.23). However, there was a considerable reduction in the relative abundance (bat passes/night) of local bats recorded in May 2020 relative to those in September 2020, e.g. 494.0±373.0 and 318.7±264.6, respectively.
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Figure 8.23 Pairwise comparison of average activitiy patterns of bats recorded in the two field surveys The activitity patterns of echolocating bats in the project area were found to be likely correlated with the available habitats within studied sites and weather conditions during the two field surveys, respectively. For example, the relative abundances of bat species recorded in study sites (PH01-PH04) where are surrounded by most plantations or opened habitats were significantly lower thant those found in PN05- PN06 where are surrounded by suitable habitats for roosting or foraging of local bats (e.g. secondary forests, streams) (Figure 8.24). It should be noted that the reduction of relative abundance of bats recorded in PN05 between May 2020 and September 2020 might be due to the accumulative impacts of typhoon and road widening activities therein. However, the observed spatial and season variations in activity patterns of local echolocating bat assemblages might be biased the low sampling efforts, and thus should, again, be cautiously interpreted.
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Bat passes/night Species richness 1200 13 14 12 12 1060 12 1000 11 11 11 10 10 840 9 9 10 800 793 8 7 8 600 481 6 Species richness 400 368 No. of bat passes/night bat of No. 325 4 245 180 184 202 200 116 2 80
0 0 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII PN01 PN02 PN03 PN04 PN05 PN06
Figure 8.24 Seasonal variation in overall activity patterns of bats per sites recorded by acoustic samplings
8.13.2.2.2.4 Seasonal Variation In Nightly Activity Patterns Of High Risk Species Within The Project Area
Seasonal variation in nightly activity patterns of “high risk bat species” at surveyed sites per acoustic samplings are depicted in Figure 8.25. In general, bat activity patterns were found to be varied among sites (or habitats, time of the night and weather conditions. The nightly bat activity at surveyed sites is generally characterized by bimodal peaks of foraging activity which is consistent with the findings of previous studies elsewhere in temperate zones (Ciechanowski et al., 2010; Gehrt and Chelsvig, 2004; Hayes, 1997; Krauel and LeBuhn, 2016). The two foraging bouts were confined to a few hours immediately after sunset (i.e. from 19 to 22 hrs) and from 02 to 04 hours; while between the two bouts, bat activity was reduced.
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Figure 8.25 Seasonal variation in nightly abundance of bats at surveyed sites per acoustic samplings: I – May, 2029 and II – September, 2020
8.13.2.2.2.5 Collision Risk
All bat species identified theduring surveys are categorizedased onb their foraging preferences, and collision risks, as shownError! in Reference source not found.(Furey & Racey, 2016).
Table 8.22 Risk Classification Guide of Bat Species
Category Description Risk Classification
I Insectivorous species that forage in the highly cluttered airspace Low within the forest interior (or forest interior specialists). II Insectivorous species that forage in partially cluttered spaces such Medium as clearings, streams or other tunnels within the forest or just above the canopy (edge and gap foragers).
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III Insectivorous bats that forage in unobstructed airspaces found in High large clearings or high above the forest canopy (open-space foragers). IV Fruit and nectar-eating bats that fly into the partially cluttered air- Medium spaces between tree canopies, roost in small numbers and forage locally. V Fruit and nectar-eating bats that fly in unobstructed airspaces, roost High in large colonies and forage over large areas.
Based on their foraging strategies a large number of bat species recorded in the Project area, including the globally vulnerable Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat are recognized as “low risk of collision”, while Rousettus leschenaultia, Myotis muricola, Taphozous sp., and other six unidentified FM bats species are open foragers and thus can be regarded as “high risk of collision” with wind turbines (Table 8.23) (See section “Assessment of potential risks of collision at wind farms” for further explanations). Two fruit-eating bat species, Megaerops niphanae and Sphearias blanfordii are known to fly into the partially cluttered airspaces under a range of heights, whichnclude i areas swept by turbine blades, and makes them “medium risk of collision”. This is because they are relatively large-size bats and can be attracted by the ripe fruits or nectar from trees existing inhe t areas surrounding the proposed turbines.
Table 8.23 Collision Risks of Bat Species Recorded in Phong Nguyen Wind Farm
Scientific name Roosting Preferences Foraging Strategies1 Collision risk
Rhinolophus affinis Cave, hollow tree I Low
Rhinolophus luctus Cave, hollow tree I Low
Rhinolophus malayanus Cave, hollow tree I Low
Rhinolophus pearsonii Cave, hollow tree I Low
Rhinolophus pusillus Cave, hollow tree I Low
Hipposideros armiger Cave, hollow tree I Low
Hipposideros scutinares Cave, hollow tree I Low
Kerovoula depressa w tree, banana leaf I Low
Kerivoula titania Hollow tree, banana leaf I Low
Murina cyclotis Hollow tree, banana leaf I Low
Murina feae Hollow tree, banana leaf I Low
Murina fionae Hollow tree, banana leaf I Low
Megaerops niphane Foliage IV Medium
Sphearias blanfordii Foliage IV Medium
Myotis cf. muricola Crevice, building, hollow tree III High
Phonic type/species (FM17) III High
Phonic type/species (FM30) III High
Phonic type/species (FM35) III High
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Scientific name Roosting Preferences Foraging Strategies1 Collision risk
Phonic type/species (FM40) III High
Phonic type/species (FM45) III High
Phonic type/species (FM50) III High
Taphozous sp. (FM24) Cave III High
Rousettus leschenaultia Cave V High
8.13.2.2.3 Non-volant Terrestrial Mammals
Small paths, roads were mainly employed for opportunistic observation of mammals. The surveyor walked along the path to prevent any disturbance to the mammals, which also helps to increase the opportunities of animals which could be seen and identified. The opportunistic observations were taken both in day and night time in order to fit with different active time of different group of mammals, for example, primates are mainly active at daytime while small carnivores are often active at night time.
Figure 8.26 Non-Volant Mammal Survey Transect There were four (4) mammalian records from the visual survey, which included (Figure 8.27):
Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) [IUCN NT];
Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) [IUCN CR];
Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) [IUCN EN]; and
Pallas's Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) [IUCN LC].
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The interview results indicated 23 species are likely to occur at Project area. Table 8.24 shows the list on non-volant mammals recorded both in line transect survey and interview. Among four identified species, the Red-shanked Douc and Pygmy Slow Loris are considered as conservation significant species and are listed in international (IUCN Red List) and national regulations (Decree No. 06/2019/ND-CP on the management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals and implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The Slow Loris has a wide distribution from the north to centre of Vietnam. However, there had not been any direct record of Slow Loris in the Project area as well as other adjacent areas of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve. However, previous surveys within Bac Huong Hoa have records of Slow Loris (Mahood et al. 2008). A group of 5 (five) Red-shanked Douc Langur individuals was observed during the survey. According to forest rangers and frontier soldiers, this mammal species often occurs in the area but moves largely through the Laos border.
Figure 8.27 Mammal Observation within the Project Area and Vicinity Table 8.24 List of Non-Volant Mammal in Quang Tri Province from Interview Results
No. English Name Scientific Name IUCN VNRD Likelihood
1 Northern Treeshrew Tupaia belangeri LC NL VL
2 Northern Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis VU VU VL
3 Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus VU VU Confirmed
4 Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides VU VU L
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No. English Name Scientific Name IUCN VNRD Likelihood
5 Northern Pig Tailed Macaque Macaca leonina VU VU U
6 Assammese Macaque Macaca assamensis NT VU VL
7 Red-shanked Douc Langur Pygathrix nemaeus CR EN Confirmed
8 Gibbon Nomascus sp. EN EN U
9 Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor NT VU Confirmed
10 Pallas's Squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus LC NL Confirmed
11 Red-cheeked Squirrel Dremomys rufigenis LC NL VL
12 Cambodian Striped Squirrel Tamiops rodolphii LC NL VL
13 Indian Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista philippensis LC VU VL
14 Flying Squirrel Hylopetes sp(p). NL NL VL
15 Hairy-footed flying squirrel Belomys pearsonii DD NL VL
16 Bamboo Rat Rhizomys sp. LC NL VL
17 Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura LC NL P
18 Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus LC NL P
19 Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela kathiah LC NL U
20 Stripe-backed Weasel Mustela strigidorsa LC NL L
21 Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata LC NL VL
22 Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus LC NL VL
23 Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata LC LR VL
24 Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha LC NL U
25 Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica LC NL VL
26 Owston's Palm Civet Chrotogale owstoni EN VU U
27 Spotted Linsang Prionodon pardicolor LC VU VL
28 Ferret Badger Melogale LC NL VL
29 Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula LC NL VL
30 Small Asian Mongoose Herpestes javanvicus LC NL L
31 Crab-eating Mongoose Herpestes urva LC NL L
32 Annamite Striped Rabbit Nesolagus timminsi EN EN P
33 Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica CR EN L
34 Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis LC NL VL
35 Eurasian Wild Pig Sus scrofa LC NL VL
36 Red Muntjac Muntiacus vaginalis LC VU U
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No. English Name Scientific Name IUCN VNRD Likelihood
37 Lesser Oriental Chevrotain Tragulus kanchil DD VU P
38 Rooseveltorum Group Muntjac Muntiacus rooseveltorum s.l. DD DD P
39 Chinese Serow Capricornis milneedwardsii NT EN P Note: LC – Least Concern, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, EN = Endangered, DD = Data Deficient, CR = Critically Endangered; NL = Not Listed; VL = Very Likely, L = Likely, P = Possible, U = Unlikely, EX = presumed extirpated
8.13.2.2.4 Herpetofauna
Diurnal survey was carried out along main road where turbines proposed to build, small trails from the main road that across different habitats (planted Acacia forests, coffee farm and rice fields), and along water reservoirs. Nocturnal survey was at rice fields and small streams surrounding.
Figure 8.28 Herpetofauna Survey Transects Ten (10) species of frogs were collected, all of them are common species with wide range distribution (Table 8.25). For reptiles, four lizard species and four snake species were recorded by both transect survey and interview methods. According to forest rangers, the Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) occurs on trees along streams in the region. However, this species was not recorded in surveys. The species is restricted to low-elevation closed-canopy forests along water courses and listed as Vulnerable in the Red list of IUCN. The other seven reptilian peciess are common species (Table 8.25).
Table 8.25 Amphibian and Reptilian Species Recorded in Phong Nguyen
No. Scientific name Common name Sources IUCN VNRB AMPHIBIA
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No. Scientific name Common name Sources IUCN VNRB 1 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Asian common toad Specimen LC NL 2 Limnonectes poilani Poilan’s forest frog Specimen LC NL 3 Fejervarya limnocharis Rice field frog Specimen LC NL 4 Occidozyga martensii Round-tongue floating frog Specimen LC NL 5 Microhyla heymonsi Taiwan rice frog Specimen LC NL 6 Microhyla mukhlesuri Narrow-mouthed frog Specimen LC NL 7 Microhyla pulchra Pygmy frog Specimen LC NL 8 Sylvirana nigrovittata Black-striped frog Specimen LC NL 9 Polypedates mutus Burmese whipping frog Specimen LC NL 10 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Asian common toad Specimen LC NL REPTILIA 1 Physignathus cocincinus Chinese water dragon Interview VU VU 2 Calotes emma Emma Gray's forest lizard Specimen NA NL 3 Gekko gecko Tokay gecko Interview LC VU 4 Hemidactylus frenatus Common house gecko Specimen LC NL 5 Hebius leucomystax White-lipped keelback Specimen LC NL
6 Rhabdophis subminiatus Red-necked keelback Specimen LC NL
7 Bungarus candidus Malayan krait Interview LC NL 8 Bungarus fasciatus Banded krait Interview LC NL Note: LC – Least Concern, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened, EN – Endangered, DD – Data Deficient, CR – Critically Endangered, NA – Not Applicable; NL – Not Listed
8.13.2.3 Camera Trap In May 2020, five camera traps were deployed in the EAAA. Locations with dense vegetation that species are likely to occur that were chosen for camera traps. Figure 8.29 illustrates the locations of camera traps. However, all the camera trap were lost except for HH02. The camera trap HH02 recorded in five months from May to September which is equivalent to about 150 nights.
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Figure 8.29 Camera Trapping Locations Camera trap obtained the image of Stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) [IUCN VU, VNRB VU]. Stump-tailed Macaques live in groups and often the number exceeds fifty individuals (Pham Nhat 1993). In this observation, the group could have more than one animal but the high impact in the past could lead to the small group rather than a large group. In addition, the camera trap recorded the presence of Bar-backed Partridge (Arborophila brunneopectus) [IUCN LC] and Small/Large-ttothed Ferret-badger [IUCN LC] has not been identified.
8.13.2.4 Primates (Red-shanked Douc Langur and Pygmy Slow Loris Focused Survey)
8.13.2.4.1 Red-shanked Douc Langur
Five individuals of Red-shanked douc Langur consisting of three adults and two young animals were found within Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis (EAAA) shared by Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen project but outside the Project. The survey detail is presented in Appendix U. The group was 535m from the sampling locations. During the observations, animals seemed to move in the valley, nearby the border checkpoint. The forest at the site where the species was observed was perhaps of the highest quality within the project area and within the EAAA with many large trees and some food trees of species (the fig tree). The previous survey also found one group of five animals at the same site in July 2020. That group also had two young animals which was a similar group structure to the group in this survey. Additionally, the forest patch is isolated from the large remnant forest areas and size is quite small (approximately 35 ha based on the measurement from Google Earth application). So far, within the project region, it is probable that only one group inhabits the forest patch.
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8.13.2.4.2 Pygmy Slow Loris
In the survey, no individual of Pygmy Slow Loris was found. The occurrence of one individual was recorded in Phong Nguyen Project in previous survey, July 2020 confirmed the distribution of species in the site. None of observation of species in this survey suggest the species occupy in the site perhaps with very low density. The survey detail is presented in Appendix U.
Figure 8.30 Red-shanked douc Langur and Pygmy Slow Loris records within the Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis (EAAA)
8.13.3 Shared Data from Other Project The Project signed an agreement with the GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Projects (Vietnam Electrical Equipment JSC) and Phu Dien Wind Power Projects (Huong Tan and Tan Linh JSC) (Figure 8.31) to share information and data for the IESE.
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Figure 8.31 The locations of GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Projects and Phu Dien Wind Power Projects
8.13.3.1 GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Projects GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Projects including Huong Phung 2 Wind Farm and Huong Phung 3 Wind Farm located in Huong Phung commune, Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province. These projects are approximately 2km to the northeast of the Project area. The biodiversity field surveys for GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Projects were conducted two times, one in January 2020 and one in May 2020. The detailed result of the surveys are presented in Appendix O. The survey results are summarised below:
Total of 109 plant taxa were found. However, there were only 28 flora species are listed in IUCN Red List. Among these, one Endangered (Coffea arabica L.) which is planted; one Near- Threatened NT Pinus ( latteri Mason); and 26 species are Least Concern LC) (Table 2.2). Lithocarpus vestitus (Hickel & A.Camus). None species are recorded in Vietnam Red Data Book. Additionally, two endemic species recorded during this rapid survey: Alocasia decumbens Buchet and Semecarpus anacardiopsis Evrard & Tardieu. Nevertheless, due to differrent habitat, these species are unlikely to be relevant to the Project;
In terms of birds, 31 species were recorded in January 2020. Four (4) species flew in band 2, including the Little Egret [IUCN LC], Large-billed Crow [IUCN LC], Black Eagle [IUCN LC] and Crested Serpent Eagle [IUCN LC]. Total of 46 species were recorded in May 2020. Five (5) species flew in RSZ (35-150m), including the Lesser Whistling Duck [IUCN LC], Edible-nest Swiftlet [IUCN LC], Eastern Spotted Dove [IUCN LC], Black Drongo [IUCN LC] and Black-collared Starling [IUCN LC]. All species recorded in two surveys have not been listed as species of conservation significance nationally or internationally. No endemic bird species were found. GELEX Huong Phung Power Projects are unlikely to contain the habitat supporting globally significant concentrations of migratory species;
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