Make a DIY Dinosaur Egg (PDF)
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Incubation Constancy in the Red-Winged Blackbird
INCUBATION CONSTANCY IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD LARRY C. HOLCOMB Avian incubation behavior is affected by a multitude of exogenous and en- dogenous factors. Kendeigh (1952, 196313) and Skutch (1962) reviewed in- cubation in many different orders of birds and discussed factors affecting the amount of time spent in incubation. Among workers recently reporting on incubation behavior in wild passerines are Prescott (1964)) Mumford (1964)) Erpino (1968)) Maxwell and Putnam (1972)) and Morton et al. (1972). In the Red-winged Blackbird (Ag e1 aius phoeniceus) , Nero (1956a, 195613) has published observations on female behavior during the repro- ductive cycle, but nothing was reported on the incubation constancy (per- cent of daylight hours spent on the nest). I have reported (Holcomb, 1968, 1970) that female Redwings incubated normal-sized artificial eggs a mean of 19.4 days before abandoning them. This is 8.4 days beyond the normal incubation period. The present study was designed to determine the incubation constancy in the egg-laying period, to discover if it increased each day as the incubation behavior developed, and to find if there was less incubation each day as females neared the day when eggs were abandoned in prolonged incubation. METHODS I studied the incubation behavior of Red-winged Blackbirds near Omaha, Nebraska, in 1968 and 1969. Birds were breeding in a variety of habitats, including weed, alfalfa, and clover fields, hedgerows, ditch banks, and marshes. I visited the nesting areas nearly every day, beginning in March and ending in August. Male Redwings generally arrived in early March and females soon afterward. -
[PDF] Dinosaur Eggshell from the Red Sandstone Group of Tanzania
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(2):494±497, June 2004 q 2004 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology NOTE DINOSAUR EGGSHELL FROM THE RED SANDSTONE GROUP OF TANZANIA MICHAEL D. GOTTFRIED1, PATRICK M. O'CONNOR2, FRANKIE D. JACKSON3, ERIC M. ROBERTS4, and REMEGIUS CHAMI5, 1Mich- igan State University Museum, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, [email protected]; 2College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701; 3Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717; 4Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, 5Antiquities Unit, P.O. Box 2280, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Investigations over the last several decades at Gondwanan Mesozoic Although the age of the Red Sandstone Group is poorly understood (see localities have signi®cantly expanded our knowledge of the diversity Damblon et al., 1998), a Cretaceous age is suggested at this site based and distribution of Southern Hemisphere dinosaurs. These records are on (1) the overall composition of the fauna, which includes titanosaurid? primarily based on skeletal remains, but included among them are in- sauropods and both avian and nonavian theropods, as well as osteo- stances of preserved eggshell, notably from Argentina (e.g., Calvo et glossomorph ®shes, and (2) the possibility that these deposits may be al., 1997; Chiappe et al., 1998) and India (e.g., Khosla and Sahni, 1995). approximately coeval with the Cretaceous dinosaur beds of Malawi (Ja- In general, however, dinosaur eggshell is relatively poorly known from cobs et al., 1990), which lie ca. 200 km southeast of the Mbeya region. Gondwana, and from Africa in particular. -
Care of Fertile Eggs Prior to Incubation 1
CARE OF FERTILE EGGS PRIOR TO INCUBATION 1. Keep eggs at 50º - 60º F (room temperature). (DON’T PUT IN A REFRIGERATOR, IT IS TOO COLD!) 2. Store the eggs with the BIG end up in egg cartons. 3. You can store for 10 days after they have been laid before hatch rate decreases (50% hatch rate is a good rate). Incubation / hatching time begins once the eggs are placed in the incubator and brought up to 99 ½ºF. Count day 1 after first 24 hours. Incubation/hatching time for chickens are 21 days and 28 to 33 days for ducks. INCUBATOR SET UP 1. Place the incubator(s) away from any windows as the sunlight will magnify thru the plexi-glass cover making it too hot. 2. Set up the incubator four (4) hours prior to adding eggs; it will give the incubator an opportunity to Diagram #2 Round Corner regulate the water temperature in the reservoir. Diagram #1 Put water into both of the troughs on the square Square corner incubator incubator cornered incubators (see diagram #1). In the round corner model which has a larger and smaller trough, place water in the outside trough labeled “circulating” (see diagram #2). (Be sure that the incubator turns on at 99º and off at 100ºF.) 3. Place the plastic thermometer, simply lay it across the top of the eggs, (see diagram #5). It will basically ride on top of the eggs. 4. Cover the adjusting stem on top with paper cup taped to help eliminate the likelihood of the setting being accidentally changed. -
Class Three: Breeding
Class Three: Breeding WHERE DO SEABIRDS LAY THEIR EGGS? Nest or no nest? • Some species use no nesting material. E.g., the white tern lays a single egg on an open branch. • Some species use a very little bit of nesting material. E.g., the tufted puffin may use a few pieces of grass and a couple of feathers. • Some species build more substantial nests. E.g. kittiwakes cement their nests onto small cliff shelves by trampling mud and guano to form a base. And, some cormorants build large nests in trees from sticks and twigs. [email protected] www.seabirdyouth.org 1 White tern • Also called fairy tern. • Tropical seabird species. • Lays egg on branch or fork in tree. No nest. • Newly hatched chicks have well developed feet to hang onto the nesting-site. White Tern. © Pillot, via Creative Commons. On the coast or inland? • Most seabird species breed on the coast and offshore islands. • Some species breed fairly far inland, but still commute to the ocean to feed. E.g., kittlitz’s murrelets nest on scree slopes on coastal mountains, and parents may travel more than 70km to their feeding grounds. • Other species breed far inland and never travel to the ocean. E.g., double crested cormorants breed on the coast, but also on lakes in many states such as Minnesota. [email protected] www.seabirdyouth.org 2 NESTING HABITAT (1) Ground Some species breed on the ground. These species tend to breed in areas with little or no predation, such as offshore islands (e.g., terns and gulls) or in the Antarctic (e.g., penguins, albatross). -
Egg Laying in Pet Birds Egg Laying in Pet Birds Can Be a Serious Health Threat
Egg Laying in Pet Birds Egg laying in pet birds can be a serious health threat. This article explains why (and what to do if) your bird starts laying eggs. Providing proper, non-incandescent lighting, a healthy diet, and adequate sleep, as well as removing nesting toys or materials are key to discouraging egg laying. Overview In wild birds and breeding birds, egg laying is a natural, seasonal process. However, female pet birds can also lay eggs, even without the presence of a male. Such eggs are infertile and will not hatch, even if incubated. A bird in the peak of health on an ideal diet may be able to sustain some egg production without serious harm. However, with captive pet birds, it can also become an obsession, because the eggs do not hatch and allow the full cycle to complete, thus turning off the hormonal trigger to lay eggs. Constant egg laying will deplete your bird of vital nutrients, and predispose her to malnutrition , osteoporosis, and life-threatening health problems, such as egg binding and yolk peritonitis. While egg laying can occur in any breed, it is most common in cockatiels, lovebirds, budgies, canaries, and finches. Egg laying can start anytime from 5 months to over 10 years of age. If you find an egg, you want to immediately correct any environmental factors that predispose your bird to lay eggs. If that does not work, your bird may require medical treatment to control egg laying, so you’ll want to get her to a qualified Avian vet. There are several safe, effective hormonal treatments available, which your Avian vet can tailor to your bird's needs. -
Nest Building and Egg Laying by Redwinged Blackbirds in Response to Artificial Manipulations
NEST BUILDING AND EGG LAYING BY REDWINGED BLACKBIRDS IN RESPONSE TO ARTIFICIAL MANIPULATIONS LARRY C. HOLCOMB THE responsesof breedingbirds to many external stimuli have been well reviewedby Lehrman (1959), Eisner (1960), and van Tienhoven (1961). The studiesperformed by Emlen (1941) on the Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaiustricolor) are especiallyrelevant to this paper because of somesimilarities of this icterid to the RedwingedBlackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).Orians (1961) reportsthe similaritiesand differencesin the ecologyand social systemsof the Redwingedand Tricolored Blackbirds. The objectivesof the presentstudy were to assesssome of the external stimuli that affect physiologicaland related behavioral patterns in the Red-wing. The two nmin objectiveswere to 1) determineresponses of Red- wings to artificial nest manipulations,compared with thosereported by Emlen (1941) for the TricoloredBlackbird, and 2) discoverif Red-wings are determinateor indeterminatelayers. Emlen found that the TricoloredBlackbird usually lays its first egg on the day followingnest completion.Payne (1965) reportsthat Tricolored Blackbirdsusually lay their first eggin the morningfollowing completion of the nestbut that Red-wingfemales have a rangeof 1-4 days. In addition Payne notes that all Tricolored Blackbirds had ovulated on the day of lining the nest, whereassix of eight Red-wing femalestaken from lined nestshad not ovulated. I have made similar observationson Red-wings. Payne statesthat "clutchsize of RedwingedBlackbirds is apparentlydeter- mined by the developmentof the ovary a few days before the final egg is laid." Holcomb and Twiest (1968) present data on the time between nest completionand egglaying for 42 uplandand marshbreeding Red-wings in May and June. Theseshow a meandelay in laying of 2.0 days after nest completion,with a range of between0 and 5 days. -
Cairanoolithus: a Large Egg for a Small Dinosaur with Wide Hips
20/11/2020 <em>Cairanoolithus</em>: a Large Egg for a Small Dinosaur With Wide Hips - UABDivulga Barcelona Research & Innovation 02/2015 Cairanoolithus: a Large Egg for a Small Dinosaur With Wide Hips The study of the microstructure of the eggshell of Cairanoolithus conducted by Albert G. Sellés and Angel Galobart, both researchers at the Catalan Institute of Palaeontology Miquel Crusafont (ICP), reveals that this egg type does not belong to sauropod dinosaurs but to ankylosaurs, and probably to Struthiosaurus, a genus of armored dinosaurs. The finding would represent the first description of thyreophora eggs (a group that includes ankylosauria and stegosauria) in the world. It is an arduous task for paleontologists to assign the fossil eggs they found in excavations to a certain dinosaur species or group of dinosaurs, especially because the lack of bones of the parents in the nests and the low probability to find embryonic remains that would help in the taxonomic assignation of the eggs. Thus, we often do not known who laid a certain fossil egg. These limitations have led scientist to design a specific system for naming and classifying fossil eggs, using concepts such as "oogenera" and "ooespecies" for its phylogenetic classification. Cairanoolithus is an oogenus discovered and described in the early 90’s. It takes its name from the first place where it was found, a site near La Cairanne, a small town from southeastern France. From then on, Cairanoolithus has been found in 25 different sites. These eggs are between 72.2 and 71.4 million years old, they are large (over 15 cm in diameter) and have a rounded shape. -
Hatching Small Numbers of Eggs
PNW 478 Reprinted October 1995 Hatching small numbers of eggs J.C. Hermes ncubation is the process by which the embryo within the egg develops into a fully formed chick capable of breaking free from the shell. Incubat- Iing eggs requires several important environmental considerations if any chicks are to hatch. Of primary concern are temperature and relative humidity. Attention to secondary considerations can result in increased numbers of eggs hatching. Natural vs. artificial relative humidity within the proper limits to hatch chicks. incubation Artificial incubation is an The first decision to be made excellent alternative to the is whether to incubate eggs broody hen. naturally or artificially. Natural incubation uses a broody hen to Temperature incubate eggs by sitting on them Correct incubation tempera- in a nest. Broody hens, when ture depends on the type of available, work best for small incubator. In forced draft incuba- clutches of eggs. tors, those in which a fan is Broodiness, the behavior of a present, temperature should be incubators, humidity is attained setting hen, has been bred out of ° maintained between 99.5 F and by filling a pan or some other some chickens. Others don’t care ° 100 F for most bird eggs. In still reservoir in the incubator with for chicks effectively. Some air incubators, where no fan breeds commonly used to hatch water. is present, a temperature of For most eggs, a relative eggs include New Hampshires, between 101°F and 103°F Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island humidity of between 55 and measured at the top of the egg 60 percent is adequate during the Reds, and Cochins. -
Common Birds of the Estero Bay Area
Common Birds of the Estero Bay Area Jeremy Beaulieu Lisa Andreano Michael Walgren Introduction The following is a guide to the common birds of the Estero Bay Area. Brief descriptions are provided as well as active months and status listings. Photos are primarily courtesy of Greg Smith. Species are arranged by family according to the Sibley Guide to Birds (2000). Gaviidae Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata Occurrence: Common Active Months: November-April Federal Status: None State/Audubon Status: None Description: A small loon seldom seen far from salt water. In the non-breeding season they have a grey face and red throat. They have a long slender dark bill and white speckling on their dark back. Information: These birds are winter residents to the Central Coast. Wintering Red- throated Loons can gather in large numbers in Morro Bay if food is abundant. They are common on salt water of all depths but frequently forage in shallow bays and estuaries rather than far out at sea. Because their legs are located so far back, loons have difficulty walking on land and are rarely found far from water. Most loons must paddle furiously across the surface of the water before becoming airborne, but these small loons can practically spring directly into the air from land, a useful ability on its artic tundra breeding grounds. Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica Occurrence: Common Active Months: November-April Federal Status: None State/Audubon Status: None Description: The Pacific Loon has a shorter neck than the Red-throated Loon. The bill is very straight and the head is very smoothly rounded. -
Paleontological Discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina
Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 21(2): 217-293, 2019 ISSN 1514-5158 (impresa) ISSN 1853-0400 (en línea) Paleontological discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina Fernando. E. NOVAS1,2, Federico. L. AGNOLIN1,2,3, Sebastián ROZADILLA1,2, Alexis M. ARANCIAGA-ROLANDO1,2, Federico BRISSON-EGLI1,2, Matias J. MOTTA1,2, Mauricio CERRONI1,2, Martín D. EZCURRA2,5, Agustín G. MARTINELLI2,5, Julia S. D´ANGELO1,2, Gerardo ALVAREZ-HERRERA1, Adriel R. GENTIL1,2, Sergio BOGAN3, Nicolás R. CHIMENTO1,2, Jordi A. GARCÍA-MARSÀ1,2, Gastón LO COCO1,2, Sergio E. MIQUEL2,4, Fátima F. BRITO4, Ezequiel I. VERA2,6, 7, Valeria S. PEREZ LOINAZE2,6 , Mariela S. FERNÁNDEZ8 & Leonardo SALGADO2,9 1 Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina - fernovas@yahoo. com.ar. 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. 3 Fundación de Historia Natural “Felix de Azara”, Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BDB Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 Laboratorio de Malacología terrestre. División Invertebrados Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 5 Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 6 División Paleobotánica. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 7 Área de Paleontología. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina. 8 Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (CONICET-INIBIOMA), Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. -
The First Dinosaur Egg Remains a Mystery
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.10.406678; this version posted December 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 The first dinosaur egg remains a mystery 2 3 Lucas J. Legendre1*, David Rubilar-Rogers2, Alexander O. Vargas3, and Julia A. 4 Clarke1* 5 6 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78756, 7 USA. 8 2Área Paleontología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile. 9 3Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, 10 Chile. 11 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.10.406678; this version posted December 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 12 Abstract 13 A recent study by Norell et al. (2020) described new egg specimens for two dinosaur species, 14 identified as the first soft-shelled dinosaur eggs. The authors used phylogenetic comparative 15 methods to reconstruct eggshell type in a sample of reptiles, and identified the eggs of 16 dinosaurs and archosaurs as ancestrally soft-shelled, with three independent acquisitions of a 17 hard eggshell among dinosaurs. This result contradicts previous hypotheses of hard-shelled 18 eggs as ancestral to archosaurs and dinosaurs. -
Dinosaurs Put All Colored Birds' Eggs in One Basket, Evolutionarily Speaking 31 October 2018
Dinosaurs put all colored birds' eggs in one basket, evolutionarily speaking 31 October 2018 red and blue, to create all of the various egg colors, spots, and speckles. Wiemann and her colleagues analyzed 18 fossil dinosaur eggshell samples from around the world, using non-destructive laser microspectroscopy to test for the presence of the two eggshell pigments. They found them in eggshells belonging to Eumaniraptoran dinosaurs, which include small, carnivorous dinosaurs such as Velociraptor. Fossil theropod dinosaur egg (front), with corvid eggs in a nest. Fossil Deinonychus and oviraptor eggs were probably similar in coloration to corvid eggs. Credit: Jasmina Wiemann/Yale University A new study says the colors found in modern birds' eggs did not evolve independently, as previously thought, but evolved instead from dinosaurs. Illustration of a hatching Deinonychus chick from a blue According to researchers at Yale, the American egg with brown spots. The diversity researchers Museum of Natural History, and the University of recovered for dinosaur egg colors mirrors that found for Bonn, birds inherited their egg color from non- modern bird eggs. Credit: Jasmina Wiemann/Yale avian dinosaur ancestors that laid eggs in fully or University partially open nests. The researchers' findings appear Oct. 31 in the online edition of the journal Nature. "We infer that egg color co-evolved with open "This completely changes our understanding of nesting habits in dinosaurs," Wiemann said. "Once how egg colors evolved," said the study's lead dinosaurs started to build open nests, exposure of author, Yale paleontologist Jasmina Wiemann. the eggs to visually hunting predators and even "For two centuries, ornithologists assumed that nesting parasites favored the evolution of egg color appeared in modern birds' eggs multiple camouflaging egg colors, and individually times, independently." recognizable patterns of spots and speckles." The egg colors of birds reflect characteristic preferences in nesting environments and brooding behaviors.